Ungathanda igama le-Linux Torvalds amayuningi, kodwa ungathanda . Futhi lokhu kuyimfuneko! (Lesi isithombe eside, ngakho sicela uxhumane kuze kube lokugqibela malunga ne-interview ye-2026 okuyinto yakhiwa). Richard Stallman Phakathi nesikhathi eside, esihlalweni esihlalweni se-digital age, uRichard Matthew Stallman (RMS) itholakala njenge-singular, ingxubevange-indigestible singularity. Kuyinto i-ghost e-machine ye-computing esidumile, umbhali wayo ikhodi ivela i-internet kodwa isifilosofi wayo ihlukaniswe ngokuvamile kumazwe abavelisi abavelisi. Ukuze ufunde isitimela se-infrastructure yekhompyutha yama-21, kufanele uxhumane ne-Stallman i-paradox: uye ngokuvamile u-architect e-industry kanye ne-paria yayo eningi e-ostracized. Uye wahlala isakhiwo, kodwa ayikwazi ukufinyelela ekhaya. U-Stallman akuyona kuphela umdlali; uye wabanjwa lokugqibela kwezivumelwano ebuthile — umculo wama-hacker we-MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory e-1970. Ukusebenza kwakhe lokuzalwa kwama-desperate, isixazululo se-desperate yokukhuthaza i-ethic of that destroyed world through legal and technical fortification. Nakuba abacwaningi ezifana neBill Gates noSteve Jobs wabhala i-software njenge-product eyenza kanye nokuthengiswa, u-Stallman wabhala njenge-scientific truth to be shared. Lokhu ukuxhaswa okuqhubekayo wabheka uqala i-GNU Project, ushiye i-General Public License (GPL), nokuvimbela i-Free Software Movement. Iphrofayili elihlanganisa ubomi we-Stallman, izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe, ukucindezeleka kwe-philosophical, kanye nezixazululo ezivela ekubunjiniya yayo. I-profile ithatha imiphumela yayo ukusuka ku-"last true hacker" e-MIT kuya ku-"Saint Ignucius" ye-Free Software Foundation, i-exile yayo kanye nokuguqulwa ngemuva kwe-2019 Epstein scandal, futhi i-cruisade yayo esidlulile esidlulile ngokumelene ne-Generative AI. Ekugcineni, ithimba ne-profil enhle, enhle yama-atmospheric yama-man eyi-8th yama-decade, ukubuyekeza kwakhe njengomhlaba ebonakalayo ebonakalayo kakhulu I-Part I: I-Eden ye-AI Lab (1971-1983) 1.1 I-Hacker Ethic ne-Incompatible Timeshare System U-Richard Stallman waya e-Harvard University ngo-1970 njengomkhulu we-physics, kodwa ukuhambisa wakhe wokuhamba amayiloli amabili ngaphansi kwe-Charles River e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ngo-1971, uye wahlolwe njenge-system programmer e-MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, isakhiwo esizayo eyakhelwe ekubunjini yayo wonke. The AI Lab of the 1970s was an anomaly in the history of labor. It was a meritocratic anarchy governed by what Steven Levy later termed "The Hacker Ethic." This ethic was not a written manifesto but a lived reality, predicated on the belief that information—specifically the logic governing computers—should be free. The lab operated on the PDP-10 mainframe, a machine the size of a room, running the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS). ITS was built by the hackers themselves, designed for maximum flexibility and minimum security. Kulokhu, "ukhuseleko" yayingathwa njengama-impedisi yokuphumula. Akukho ama-passwords ku-ITS system. Noma wonke abasebenzisi angakwazi ukufinyelela noma iyiphi i-terminal, ukufinyelela, futhi ukuguqulwa noma iyiphi ifayela ku-system. Lokhu ukufinyelela okuphumula kwangempela; uma umbhakabhaka wabhala isithombe esithile ekhompyutha ka-colleague ku- 3:00 AM, bakwazi ukuguqulwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuhamba isicelo.2 U-Stallman, owavumela ukufinyelela kwe-"RMS", wahlula kulesi-ecosystem. I-TECO (Text Editor and Corrector), i-Lisp Machine Operating System, futhi i-optimized i-utilities ye-lab nge-intens I-culture ivela ngaphandle kwe-screen. I-"Tourist Policy" ivumela wonke umngciwane-uchofoza ukufinyelela kwelebhu futhi usebenzisa imishini, uma akuyona akuvimbele ukuhlola okuqhubekayo. Lokhu ukufudumeza okukhuthaza i-cross-pollination ye-ideas ukuthi uStallman wabhala njengezimo se-computing - i-scientific common where knowledge was shared like recipes.2 I-Enclosure of the Commons: I-Xerox 9700 Incident I-Serpent waya kule-Eden ngaphansi kwe-laser printer. Ngemuva kwama-1970, i-AI Lab yatholakala isithombe se-Xerox 9700, isithombe se-high-speed laser ephezulu. Kuyinto ukuguqulwa kakhulu kusuka ku-printer edlule ye-lab, isixhobo esebenzayo esithathwe yi-DPP-10. Ukuze isithombe se-old, uStallman wabhala ikhodi enikezela abasebenzisi lapho imisebenzi yayo yokudluliselwa zihlukile, noma uma isithombe yayingathwa-ukudluliselwa ebalulekile emkhakheni lapho isithombe sise emkhakheni eyahlukile.4 Uma i-Xerox 9700 yasungulwa, uStallman wabhala ukufaka izici ezivamile ze-notification. Nokho, ngaphandle kwe-home-brewed hardware ye-PDP-10 era, umbhali we-Xerox wasebenza nge-software e-proprietary enikezelwe nguMvelisi. Uma uStallman wabhala ukuguqulwa kwedivayisi, u-Stallman wahlukaniswa: ikhodi lokuqala yasungulwa. Ayikwazi ukufunda; ayikwazi ukuguqulwa.4 I-Stallman yasebusuku lapho uStallman wabhala ukuthi umongameli we-Carnegie Mellon University uye i-copy ye-source code. I-Stallman wabhala u-professor, ngokuvumelana ne-hacker-traditional exchange of knowledge. Ngokungafani kwakhe, umongameli wabhala ukusabalalisa i-code, ngokuvumelana ne-Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) ebhaliswe ne-Xerox. Ngokuba uStallman, lokhu ukuchithwa akuyona isizukulwane yobuchwepheshe; kuyinto isixazululo se-moral. I-NDA yakhelwe ukuchithwa kwe-obligation yobuchwepheshe yokusiza umphakathi. I-NDA yaba-contract eyenza umbhali ukuba isebenzise ngokumangalisayo, ukuchithwa ulwazi olusebenzayo emkhakheni. Lesi sikhathi u-Stallman wahlukanise. Uyaziyazi ukuthi umkhakha we-software uye wahluka kwimodeli ye-shared scientific inquiry kuya kwimodeli ye-proprietary control, lapho abasebenzisi bayahlaziywa ukuxhumana noma ukuguqulwa izixhobo ezinokutholukile. Uyaziyaziyaza okuhlolwa 1.3 I-Password Wars kanye nokushintshwa kwe-Lab Njengoba ama-1980 yakhiwa, ukucindezeleka kwamakhemikhali waqala ukuchithwa I-AI Lab. I-Administration, ngokuvumelana nezinkinga zokhuseleko kanye nama-government contracts, wahlala ukufaka uhlelo lokulawula i-password ku-computers ye-lab ngo-1977. Ukuze Stallman, lokhu kunikeza "i-fascism ye-bureaucratic", isakhiwo se-wall e-comune. I-Stallman yasungula i-campaign ye-civil disobedience. Uyaziwa indlela yokufaka ifayela le-password. Ngemuva kokufaka ama-passwords, uyavumela isitimela esithathwe ngamunye abasebenzisi ku-system: "Ngithola ikhasimende yakho. Kuyinto [ukhasimende]. Ufuna ukuguqulwa kwelanga eluhlaza." Ubhalisela i-” emthombo emhlane” – ngokuvamile akukho ikhwalithi – ukugcina ukufinyelela okuzenzakalelayo okuzenzakalelayo, okuzenzakalelayo kwe-ITS era. Nakuba wabhalisela ukuthi ama-20% yabasebenzisi abalandeli isicelo wakhe, isivumelwano ngempumelelo. I-password system ivele, futhi isakhiwo se-psychological ye-lab wahluka kusuka ku-trust kuya ku-control.3 I-Symbolics kanye ne-Lisp Machines Inc. (LMI) ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye z U-Stallman, owaqhathanisa ukuxhumana ne-exodus, wahlala kwelebhu njengoba ifakwe. Kusukela ku-1982 kuya ku-1983, wahlala isixazululo se-One-Man nge-Symbolics. I-reverse-engineered imiphumela yayo ku-Lisp Machine uhlelo lokusebenza futhi ivumela ku-LMI ne-public domain, ukuhlangabezana ne-Symbolics ukunambitheka ubuchwepheshe. Kuyinto isitimela esithakazelisayo, esizayo, futhi ekupheleni kokuphumelela. I-community was dead.2 I-Part II: I-GNU Manifesto kanye ne-Toolchain (1984-1991) 2.1 Ukukhangisa okungenani NgoJanuwari 1984, uRichard Stallman waqala ukuchofoza okuphumelela kakhulu kwelanga wakhe. Uye wahlala kwempumelelo yakhe ku-MIT. Uye wahlala ngakho-ke akuyona indawo ye-computer science, kodwa ukugcina. Uyaziyaza ukuthi uma uye wahlala abasebenzi, iYunivesithi angakwazi ukunqoba i-copyright yayo yokusebenza esitsha futhi i-license ku-corporation, okuphumelela isicelo wakhe. Uyaziyaziyaza ukugcina ibhizinisi yakhe njenge-"Visiting Scientist" - umphumela wahlala kuze ku-2019 - kodwa ngokwemvelo, uye kwaba-agent free.7 Umthombo wayo wabhala kakhulu: ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza ephelele, elawulwa nge-Unix, okuyinto software ephelele. Wabhala GNU, i-acronym recursive ye-"GNU's Not Unix." Umbhalo wabhala we-hacker, kodwa wabhala isinyathelo se-strategic. I-Unix yaba uhlelo elawulwa, kodwa isakhiwo se-modular ne-portable. Ngokuvimbela isakhiwo se-Unix, uStallman wabhala ukuthi inqubo yayo entsha iyahambisana ne-hardware kanye ne-software eyenziwe, okwenza ukusetshenziswa kulula.6 2.2 Izimpendulo ezine Kwi-GNU Project kuleli kuluhlu "umthombo" ukuthi Stallman uyavumela izinsuku ezingu-40 ezilandelayo ukucubungula nokuthintela. Uyaziqhathanisa phakathi kwebhizinisi nomthwalo: "Think of free speech, not free beer."12 Lezi philosophy lihlanganisa ku-Four Essential Freedoms, okuyinto lihlala le-Free Software Foundation (FSF), eyasungulwa ngo-October 1985 ukweseka inkqubo. Freedom Definition Implication for the User Freedom 0 The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose. No restrictions on commercial, military, or "unethical" use. The tool is neutral. Freedom 1 The freedom to study how the program works, and change it. Access to source code is a strict prerequisite. Freedom 2 The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. Sharing is an ethical imperative; preventing sharing is antisocial. Freedom 3 The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions. The community benefits from individual improvements; the fork is a right. 13 Imigomo 0 I-Freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose. Ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo ye-commercial, yama-military, noma i-”unethical” usebenzisa. I-tool iyona-neutral. Imigomo 1 I-Freedom to study how the program works, futhi ukuguqulwa. Ukufinyelela kwe-source code iyisisindo esisodwa. Imigomo 2 I-freedom to redistribute copies ukuze ungahambisana nabanye. Sharing kuyinto impendulo ethiki; ukuhlangabezana ukuxhumana kuyinto anti-social. Ukuhlobisa 3 I-Freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions. I-Community ibhizinisi kusuka ku-improvements ye-individual; i-fork iyinto. 13 2.3 Ukwakhiwa kwe-Toolchain: GCC ne-Emacs Ukuze ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza ukusuka kwangaphambili, uStallman wahlala izixhobo zokwakha izixhobo. I-productivity yayo phakathi kwama-1980s kuyinto emangalisayo ku-anals ye-computer science. I-GNU Emacs (1985): Umhlahlandlela wokuqala wesikhulu we-Stallman yaba i-GNU Emacs. Nakuba i-editor ye-text, i-Emacs yinkimbinkimbi elawulwa, umbhali we-dialect ye-Lisp. I-GNU Emacs iyatholakala ngokuqondile, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukubhala amamakhelwane zabo, amakhasimende ze-imeyili, kanye namadivayisi e-editor. I-Emacs yaba "i-killer app" yokuqala ehlabathini le-free software, ebonakalisa ukuthi izixhobo zamahhala angafana noma afana nezingcali zamahhala afana ne-commercial like Gosling Emacs.11 I-GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) (1987): Kuyinto ingxenye yayo. I-operating system ibhalwe ngezilimi ephezulu (ngokusho C), okuyinto kufanele ifakwe ku-machine code ngu-compiler. I-compiler eyenziwa yaba-proprietary futhi ifakwe ku-hardware esifanele. U-Stallman wabhala i-GCC ukuba i-compiler eyenziwe, enikeze ukuthi ingatholele izakhiwo eziningana. I-code ingatholwe nje futhi isebenza kumakhasimende eziningana eziningi. I-GCC yaba i-compiler ye-standard yebhizinisi lonke, enikezela kuphela i-GNU, kodwa ekugcineni i-majority ye-Unix-like systems.11 Ku-1990, i-GNU Project yathunyelwe i-shell (i-Bash), i-compiler (i-GCC), i-editor (i-Emacs), i-debugger (i-GDB), ne-c library (i-glibc). I-cathedral yathunyelwa cishe ephelele. Kuncike into eyodwa kuphela: isikhunta. I-Part III: I-The Legal Hack – GPL ne-Copyleft Nangona Stallman iyinkqubo enhle, umphumela wayo enhle kakhulu emhlabeni iyatholakala umkhakha we-legal. Uyazi ukuthi ukulethwa kwe-software ku-public domain ayikho; uma ikhowudi iyatholakala ku-Public Domain, i-corporation ingasebenza ukulethwa, ukulethwa, futhi ukulethwa kwe-binary njenge-proprietary, ngokuvumelana ngokuvumelana ngokuvumelana. Ukuze ukunceda lokhu, Stallman yasungulwa i-Copyleft. I-Copyleft isetshenziselwa isixhobo se-copyright yokuthintela isicelo se-usebenzayo. Ngaphandle kwe-"All Rights Reserved", i-Copyleft ibonise i-"All Rights Reversed." 3.1 I-GNU General Public License (i-GPL) I-GNU General Public License (GPL) yenzelwe ikakhulukazi ngo-1989. I-GPL ibonise abasebenzisi Amabhayisikobho Amabhayisikobho, kodwa ibonise isimo esikhulu esaziwa ngokuthi i-"viral clause" (I-Section 2b ku-GPLv2): "Ukuhlinzeka zonke izidakamizwa ukuthi usithunyelwe noma zithunyelwe, okuyinto ngokugcwele noma ngokugcwele, noma zithunyelwe ku-Program ... ukuze zithunyelwe ngokugcwele ngaphandle kwemali kumazwe omhlaba wonke ngaphansi kwezimo ze-License." Lezi zimo zihlanganisa ukuthi uma umphakeli usebenzisa ikhodi ye-GPL kumphrojekthi yabo, inkqubo yayo jikelele kufanele ifumanwe ngaphansi kwe-GPL. Lokhu kuncike izindlela ze-"embracing, extend, extinguish". Lezi zihlanganisa isifunda esifundeni lapho ikhodi yebhizinisi angakwazi ukujikeleza, ngaphandle kokubeletha kwe-proprietary. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-corporations ukukhuthaza ezivela ku-common ifuna ukusebenzisa isofthiwe.10 U-license yaziwa ngokumangalisayo kwebhizinisi le-software. Umongameli we-Microsoft wabelane i-GPL njenge-"cancer" ngenxa yayo yokuthambisa. Nokho, kuleli le lisenti eyakhelwe ukuvuselelwa kwezinto ze-GNU kanye, ekugcineni, i-Linux kernel. I-GPL yasungulwa ekhukhwini elihlukile ye-shared value okuyinto engathengiswa.16 3.2 Side bar: Top 5 Izincwajana on GitHub (2025/2026) Ngokusekelwe ku-usage ye-statistics ezidlulile, i-MIT License ikakhulukazi i-dominant, ezijoliswe ngempumelelo ku-Apache 2.0. I-GPL (i-versions 2 ne-3) ne-BSD 3-Clause ikakhulukazi ku-top five. Feature MIT License Apache License 2.0 GNU GPLv3 GNU GPLv2 BSD 3-Clause Rank (Approx.) #1 (Most Popular) #2 #3 #4 #5 Type Permissive Permissive Copyleft (Strong) Copyleft (Strong) Permissive Main Philosophy "Do whatever you want, just keep my name on it." "Do whatever you want, but don't sue me for patents." "If you share this, you must share your changes under the same license." Same as v3, but with loopholes for hardware locking (Tivoization). Similar to MIT, but you can't use my name to endorse your product. Commercial Use? Yes. Can be used in proprietary software. Yes. Can be used in proprietary software. Yes. But the source code of the entire product must be released if distributed. Yes. Same source code disclosure requirement as v3. Yes. Can be used in proprietary software. Patent Grant No explicit grant. Yes. Includes an explicit patent license from contributors to users. Yes. Includes explicit patent protection clauses. No explicit grant (implicit in some jurisdictions). No explicit grant. Must Share Source? No. You can keep your modifications private. No. You can keep your modifications private. Yes. Modifications must be open-sourced if the software is distributed. Yes. Modifications must be open-sourced if distributed. No. You can keep your modifications private. Tivoization Allowed (No restriction on hardware locking). Allowed. Banned. You cannot prevent the user from running modified versions on the hardware. Allowed. Allowed. License Notice Required. Required (plus NOTICE file if present). Required. Required. Required. Ukulungiswa (Ukulungiswa) #1 (Ukuhlobene kakhulu) #2 Ukusebenza #3 #4 #5 Uhlobo Ukuvumelana Ukuvumelana I-Copyleft (I-Copyleft) I-Copyleft ye-Copyleft I-Copyleft (I-Copyleft) I-Copyleft ye-Copyleft Ukuvumelana Ukulungiselela "Ukuyenza ukuthi uyazi, nje ubhale igama yami." "Ukuyenza ukuthi ufuna, kodwa awukwazi ukuxhumana nathi ngenxa ye-patents." "Uma usahlanganyela lokhu, kufanele usahlanganyele izinguquko zakho ngaphansi kwelinye isivumelwano." I-v3 efanayo, kodwa ne-lockholes ye-hardware locking (i-Tivoization). Ngokufanayo ne-MIT, kodwa ungenza usebenzisa igama yami yokukhuthaza umkhiqizo yakho. Ukusetshenziswa komphakathi? Yes. Ungasebenzisa ku-proprietary software. Yes. Ungasebenzisa ku-proprietary software. Yini. Kodwa ikhowudi wokugqibela umkhiqizo kufuneka ifumanwe uma ifakwe. Yini. Isidingo esifanayo yokubonisa ikhodi yokuqala njenge-v3. Yes. Ungasebenzisa ku-proprietary software. I-Grant ye-Patent Ngaphandle kwe-Grant Yes. Kufaka isivumelwano esifundeni esifundeni kusuka kumakhasimende kubasebenzisi. Yes. Kubandakanya izicelo zokhuseleko ze-patent. No explicit grant (implicit in some jurisdictions). Ngaphandle kwe-Grant Ingabe kufanele usahlanganyele isilinganiso? Ngaba ungenza izinguquko zakho ezingenalutho. Ngaba ungenza izinguquko zakho ezingenalutho. Yes. Imibuzo kufanele yenzelwe emaphaketheni epholile uma isofthiwe kusetshenziselwa. Yes. Imibuzo kufuneka i-open-source uma ifakwe. Ngaba ungenza izinguquko zakho ezingenalutho. Ukuhlobisa Allowed (No restriction on hardware locking). Ukuvumelana I-Banned. Ingaba ungenza abasebenzisi ukuqhuba ama-versions ezilinganiselwe ku-hardware. Ukuvumelana Ukuvumelana Ukubuyekezwa Ukubalwa I-Required (plus ifayile ye-NOTICE uma itholakala). Ukubalwa Ukubalwa Ukubalwa I-Part IV: I-Kernel ebangeni kunye ne-Linux Synthesis 4.1 I-Hurd Debacle Kuqala kwama-1990s, uhlelo le-GNU iyinhlangano yezinhlangano ezihlangeneyo ngaphandle kwelanga. I-kernel ebangeni-i-kernel-i-program core elawula i-hardware, i-memory, ne-CPU izinhlelo. I-Stallman ne-FSF baye basungula umsebenzi ku-kernel ebizwa ngokuthi i-GNU Hurd. The Hurd was architecturally ambitious. It was designed as a microkernel, a collection of servers running on top of the Mach microkernel. This design was theoretically elegant, promising greater stability and modularity. However, it was a nightmare to debug. The asynchronous message-passing between the components created complex race conditions that stalled development for years. While Stallman waited for the "perfect" design, the GNU system remained unbootable on its own.11 I-Enter Linus Torvalds Ngo-1991, umfundi we-Finnish Linus Torvalds waqala inqubo yokuzonwabisa: i-core monolithic ye-Intel 386 processor. I-Torvalds ayikho umkhosi we-ethical; umbhali we-pragmatist owawufuna ukuqhuma i-Unix ku-PC yayo. I-kernel yayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Linux. Critically, in 1992, Torvalds released the Linux kernel under the GNU GPL. This decision was the catalyst for the modern open-source revolution. Developers around the world realized they could combine the working Linux kernel with the rich suite of existing GNU tools (GCC, Bash, Emacs). I-Synthesis yenzelwe ngokushesha. Ukusebenzisana kwenza uhlelo lokusebenza ephelele, enhle, enhle. Kuyinto ukuhlangabezana ne-dream ye-Stallman, kodwa akuyona inkqubo owenziwe. I-chimera.11 4.3 The Naming Controversy: GNU/Linux I-system ehlanganisiwe lithunyelwe ngokuvamile njenge-"Linux." Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uStallman. Uqala isixazululo se-decade-long, ngokuvamile esizayo ukuthi uhlelo lithunyelwe njenge-GNU/Linux. I-Argument ye-Stallman iyatholakala ezintathu: I-Quantity: Kwi-distributors ezivamile, isofthiwe se-GNU iye yakhelwe inqubo eningi kakhulu kune-kernel. Taxonomy: I-kernel ayikho inkqubo yokusebenza; kuyinto ingxenye. Ukubhalisa inkqubo ephelele "Linux" kubhalwe ngempumelelo. I-Philosophy: Kuyinto ingxubevange. I-Torvalds ayihambisana ne-FSF ye-ethical position. I-open source yaziwa njenge-methodology ye-development ephezulu, akuyona i-imperative ye-moral. I-Stallman uxhumane ukuthi uma abasebenzisi abavela inkqubo ku-"Linux", bakwazi ukuxhaswa yonke imiphumela ku-Pragmatism ye-Torvalds kanye nokuhlala i-ethical philosophy ye-freedom eyenza inkqubo.17 I-community reaction was mixed. Ezinye izidakamizwa (i-Debian) zilandele ukuthatha i-nomenclature ye- "GNU/Linux", kodwa iningi kakhulu yomhlaba - ne-media - zilandele ukusetshenziswa kwe-"Linux." Ukucindezeleka kwe-Name ka-Stallman wabhala ukubukwa kwe-egoist, kodwa wabhala ukuthi kuyinto ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwezidingo zopolitiki ze-projekthi. I-Linux wabhala ngokuvamile, "I-Linux iyinzuzo yesibini ... ukunikezela umbhali we-kernel kuyinto njenge-crediting ye-bricklayer ye-cathedral."19 I-Side Bar: I-Cold Peace Of Two Titans Ukuxhumana phakathi kweRichard Stallman (RMS) noLinus Torvalds iyinhlangano "odd pair" yesakhiwo yekhompyutha esidumile. Kuyinto engaphansi isivumelwano yekhompyutha, futhi engapheliyo isixazululo eside phakathi kwe-Idealism (Stallman) ne-Pragmatism (Torvalds). I-Dynamics: I-Saint ne-Engineer U-Richard Stallman (I-The Philosopher): Uhlola i-software njenge-moral issue. Ngokuvamile, i-"Free Software" kuyinto impendulo yobumfihlo ebomvu. Uhlala ukusetshenziswa kwe-software ye-proprietary, ngisho nangokufanele. Linus Torvalds (The Pragmatist): Views software as an engineering challenge. He supports "Open Source" because it creates better code through collaboration, not because of a moral crusade. He is willing to use proprietary tools (like BitKeeper) if they get the job done. Nangona awukwazi "ukubuyekeza" imibuzo yabo ngokwenene, babangena emzimbeni wokushisa okushisayo, ukuhlangabezana nathi ukuthi noma iyiphi ingakufinyelela ngaphandle kwelinye. Akukho ukujabulela elilodwa noma isivumelwano. Ngaphandle kwalokho, isivumelwano lihlala ku-functional separation of powers: Torvalds ukulawula ikhodi esebenza emhlabeni (i-Kernel). Stallman controls the conscience of the movement (the Philosophy). U-Torvalds wabheka ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-GPL, i-Linux ingatholakala ku-corporations. U-Stallman wabheka ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-Linux kernel, uhlelo lwe-GNU akuyona ikheli le-tools ngaphandle kwe-body. Part V: The Schism — Open Source vs. Free Software 5.1 I-Palo Alto Meeting kanye ne-Rebranding Ngo-1998, i-Netscape yasungulwa ukuthi ithipha ikhodi yomsindo ye-browser yayo. Kuyinto umphumela enhle ye-free software, kodwa abasebenzi abasebenzi abacebile nge-stallman's radical language. I-terms "Free Software" yaziwa ngempumelelo (ukukhuthaza i-zero-cost) futhi ukubhuka kwe-FSF we-"ethics" ne-"social evils" yaziwa kwebhizinisi. Iqembu le-technologists, kuhlanganise Eric S. Raymond (umbhali we- ) noBruce Perens, wahlala ePalo Alto ukuze uqhagamshelane. Bhalisa ukuguqulwa umkhakha ukuze kwenziwe ngempumelelo kwebhizinisi yebhizinisi. Bhalisa igama le-Open Source.12 The Cathedral and the Bazaar 5.2 Divergent Philosophies U-Stallman wahlala isikhathi esitsha futhi wahlala ukuxhumana ne-Open Source Initiative (OSI). U-Official wahlala ukuthi ukuhlangabezana phakathi kwezimo ezimbini kubalulekile futhi engatholakali: Feature Free Software Movement (FSF/RMS) Open Source Movement (OSI) Core Value Freedom and Justice. Practicality and Technical Efficiency. View on Proprietary Code It is unethical; a social trap. It is a suboptimal development model. Goal To liberate the user. To create better, bug-free software. Slogan "Free as in Speech." "The Cathedral and the Bazaar." Imininingwane Freedom and Justice. I-Practicality kanye ne-Technical Efficiency. View on Ikhodi yekhwalithi It is unethical; isikhwama yomphakathi. It is a suboptimal development model. Waze Ukukhuthaza abasebenzisi. Ukuze ukudala okungcono, bug-free software. Ukubuyekezwa “I-Free as in Speech” “I-Cathedral neBazaar” U-Stallman wahlala ngokugqithisileyo isixazululo: "I-open source iyindlela yokuthuthukiswa; i-software free iyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo." U-Stallman wabheka ukuthi i-"Open Source" inesibopho ngokugqithisile. I-program ingaba i-"open source" (i-code iyatholakala) kodwa ivimbele ukuxhaswa kwamakhasimende ngokusebenzisa i-tivoization (i-hardware locking) noma ama-patents. Ukuze u-Stallman, i-Open Source Movement yinkimbinkimbi oluthile yokuthuthukiswa kwe-cause, indlela ye-corporations ukuxhaswa umsebenzi we-hackers ngaphandle kokufanele imithi yabo.12 I-Part VI: Ukukhula nokukhula (2019-2026) 6.1 I-Persona: U-Saint Ignatius ne-Rider Ku-2000s, Stallman uye kwenziwa e-globe-trotting evangelist. Wakhula isikona okuyinto ingxenye nabaprofesa, ingxenye umbhali umphumela. Uyaziwa i-halo kanye ne-halo eyenziwe nge-hard drive engaphezulu, ufakele ukuthi Saint Ignucius of the Church of Emacs. Uyaziya "ukubhalisa" ama-computers kanye nokukhuthaza "ama-spirit of evil" ye-proprietary software (ngokuningi i-editor) Nangona kubalulekile njenge-parody ye-religion, i-parody yakhuthaza ukubukeka kwakhe njenge-dogmatist.24 Ngena ngemvume I-excentricities yayo yasungulwa ngokugqithisileyo. I- "i-riders" ebonakalayo ngenxa ye-talking engagements yaziwa umntu we-intensive, izidingo ezithile: I-Temperature: Ayikwazi ukujula kwelanga engaphezulu kwe-72 ° F. Pets: He loves parrots but asks hosts not to buy him one. Ukudluliselwa: Ufuna isikhwama akuyona "ukudluliselwa kakhulu." 6.2 I-Resignation (2019) I-catalyst yatholakala ku-MIT CSAIL mailing list mayelana ne-Marvin Minsky, umbhali we-AI no-Stallman. I-Minsky yatholakala emakhasini esebenzayo ne-Jeffrey Epstein; omunye ama-victim e-Epstein, i-Virginia Giuffre, wabhala ukuba i-minsky yabaqhathaniswa ukuxhumana ne-Minsky lapho yaba-minor. U-Stallman wahlanganyela ku-thread nge-argument semantic malunga ne-definition ye-"aggression sexual." Uyazi: "I-scenario enhle kakhulu kuyinto ukuthi inikeza kwakhe njengomthombo enhle." U-Stallman wahlanganyela ukuguqulwa kwe-age-of-consent amasethi ezahlukile. Ngokuhambisana ne- #MeToo movement kanye ne-intensive scrutiny ye-MIT's financial ties to Epstein, imibuzo ye-Stallman yaziwa njenge-defense ye-sex trafficker kanye ne-dismissal ye-victim. I-reaction yaziwa ngokushesha futhi enhle. Izinhlangano zezinkonzo ezinkulu zezinkonzo zithunyelwe i-FSF. Ngezinye izinsuku, u-Stallman wahlala emkhakheni yayo njenge-Scientist Visiting at MIT kanye ne-President of the Free Software Foundation.4 6.3 Ukuguqulwa kwelanga noMzantsi (2021) U-Stallman waya e-exile eminyakeni angu-18. Ngemuva kwalokho, ku-LibrePlanet ibhizinisi ngoMarch 2021, wabhala isivumelwano esizayo: "Ndiya ndingathanda kwebhizinisi le-Free Software Foundation ... Abanye kubangeli lokhu, futhi abanye bangathanda, kodwa umuntu uyazi? Noma kunjalo, lokhu kuyinto. " Ukubuyekeza umkhosi we-Civil War e-Open Source Community. I-Opposition: I-Open Source Initiative, i-Mozilla, i-Red Hat, ne-Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) zithunyelwe izihloko ezingenalutho. Umbhali wokubiza ukuguqulwa kwelinye ibhizinisi le-FSF lithunyelwe amabili amabhizinisi. Zihlanganisa ukuthi umbhalo we-Stallman we-"tone-deaf" kanye ne-harassment eyenziwe ngempumelelo yokuxhumana kanye ne-responsibility ye-movement.31 I-The Loyalists: A counter-letter, ebizwa nangama-milleys, wathiwa ukuthi uStallman uye "ukushintshwa" ngu-mob. Zihlanganisa ukuthi ukujabulela kwayo ngokufanelekayo kanye nezimo zopolitiki zokusabela akuyona izinzuzo zayo noma ikhono lokuvela isivakashi se-philosophical. Zihlanganisa ukuxhumana kwe-interest ye-corporate yokuvala isikhunta se-radical ye-free software.33 U-Stallman wahlala kwebhizinisi, kodwa i-FSF wahlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo, eyahlukile kusuka ku-mainstream ye-corporate eyenza e-ecosystem. 6.4 The Cancer Diagnosis (2023) Ngo-September 2023, ekuqaleni kwe-40 yonyaka kaGNU Project eSwitzerland, uStallman wabhala nge-videolink. Ukuguqulwa kwangaphambili. Ubuza umlilo, akukho umlilo, futhi wahlala i-mask. Ubhalisela ne-frailty enikezela ibhasi. Ubhalisela ukuthi uye atholakala ne- follicular lymphoma, uhlobo le-non-Hodgkin lymphoma. "Ngokuqhelile futhi ayikho umlilo," wathi, ekubuyekeza ukuchithwa kwegama lomkhiqizo wayo. Ubhalisela ukuthi umdlavuza wama-remission futhi ingozi wayo iyona elungileyo, kodwa umfanekiso we-lion of free software shorn of his man was a sharp rem 6.5 I-Late Crusade: Anti-AI (2024-2026) Njengoba ubomi wakhe ukuguqulwa, Stallman wabhala umngciwane omtsha, omunye okungenani engaphansi kwe-proprietary operating systems: I-Generative AI. Ukusuka ku-2024 futhi kuqhubeke ku 2025-2026 ukubhaliswa wakhe, Stallman waqala ukubhaliswa kwe-Large Language Models (LLMs) njenge-ChatGPT. Izimpendulo zayo zihlanganisa ngokucacileyo: I-Semantic Precision: Uyakhiwa ukusetshenziswa kwegama le-"Intelligence Artificial," ngokuvumela ukuthi inikeza i-agentship ku-machine. Uyakhiwa i-"bullshit generator" noma i-"pretend intelligence". Uyakhiwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuba izinhlelo ziye "ukwazi" noma "ukufuna" umqondo, zikhona ngokuvamile izinjini ze-deception. I-Copyright ne-Commons: Nakuba uye ukholelwa ukuthi ukufundisa idatha kuyinto ukusetshenziswa okwenziwe, wathi ukuthi uma i-AI ikhiqiza ikhowudi enikezela umdlali, kuyimfuneko i-common's social contract. I-SaaS Trap: Inikeza ukuthi cishe zonke i-AI iyinhlangano ye-Software as a Service (SaaS). Abasebenzisi awukwazi ukuqhuma imodeli kwekhompyutha yabo; kufanele zithumela idatha yabo kwi-server ye-corporate. Lokhu, wathi, kuyinto ukuchithwa kwe-ultimate ye-freedom.38 I-Part VII: I-2026 I-Interview Yenziwe Engaphansi Ngokuya ngoJanuwari 2026, ngithumela i-imeyili uRichard for a interview. Ngingathanda kakhulu, kodwa ukuze ukwandisa izinzuzo zayo ngithunyelwe inethiwekhi yomsebenzisi. " ” Ngithanda ukubonisa kwakho lapho ngaba umfundi we-Australian National University e-Canberra lapho uye wathatha i-cap. Futhi e-imeyili yayo lokuphendula kuqala lokhu: [[[ To any NSA and FBI agents reading my email: please consider ]]] [[[ whether defending the US Constitution against all enemies, ]]] [[[ foreign or domestic, requires you to follow Snowden's example. ]]] Thina wayengumthombo enhle futhi enhle ngemva eminyakeni, futhi ungenza ukujabulela izindiza ezivela emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo emangalisayo. ngaphandle kwe-JavaScript, njengoba ungathanda ukucubungula. Simple Blog Site Usebenzisa kuphela HTML / CSS Kodwa ngokugcwele, uRichard wahlala ukujabulela ngokushesha. Ngingathanda ngakho-ke, njengoba ngazi ukuthi uye wahlala ngokushesha ngenxa ye-free software yethu. Futhi njengoba isibuyekezo, uye wahlanganyela ngalinye. P.S. Ngithunyelwe lapha imibuzo yokuxhumana ngithunyelwe kwakhe, ngokuvumelana ukuthi ngosuku eyodwa uyavumelana. Umthombo we-AI 1. I-Bullshit Generator ne-Commons: "Umehlise amamodeli amabhizinisi amakhulu (LLMs) efana ne-ChatGPT hhayi 'Intelligence ye-artificial,' kodwa 'generators ye-bullshit' noma 'I-Pretend Intelligence.' Umehlise ukuthi umshini eyenziwe nge-comons ezivamile ze-human knowledge - ngaphandle kokubizwa umbhali-ukukhangisa isakhiwo se-sharing ethics esekelwe ku-GNU Project, noma i-'learning' kusuka ku-code yindlela yokusetshenziswa okwenziwe?" 2. The End of Authorship: "Uma izixhobo ze-generative ngempumelelo ukuguqulwa kwe-human programmers ukudala ikhodi yobugcisa, kufanele ukuguqulwa kwe-Free Software? Uma 'isithombe ye-software' kuyinto i-prompt kanye ne-output kuyinto isikhwama se-code eyenziwe yi-model ye-proprietary, kanjani sinikeze Amalungelo ezine ekhukhwini lapho ikhodi ayibhekwa ngabantu?" On Personal Philosophy and Health 3. I-Mortality ne-Mission: "U-2023 uboniswa ne-lymphoma ye-folicular futhi uhlangabezana ne-crisis ye-health. Ingabe ukuxhumana ne-mortality yakho uhlangabezana ne-time-line ye-Free Software Movement? Ufuna ukugcina imicimbi ezithile kakhulu, noma uye uye wahlangabezana ne-ideya ukuthi 'u-batch' uzama? " 4. The 'Digital Hermit' Dilemma: "Uyazi ukuthi unemibuzo i-mobile phones futhi ukholelwa ukuthi zihlola izixhobo. Ngo-2026, izinsizakalo eziningi eziyinhloko-banking, i-ID ye-government, i-two-factor authentication - ngokuvumelana ngempumelelo ukusetshenziswa kwe-smartphone. Uyazi ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwe-privacy ye-digital iyatholakala ikhoyili kuphela abanemibuzo abacindezelwe kumazwe, futhi yinkonzo yakho kumadoda we-labour who cannot afford to be a 'digital ermit'?" mayelana ne-State of the Movement 5. I-Open Source vs. I-Free Software: "Imininingwane engama-30 ezedlule ukususwa kwegama le-Open Source ukuze kwenziwe izakhiwo zakho zokusebenza kahle. Namhlanje, i-Microsoft ne-Google zihlanganisa kakhulu ku-open source, kodwa zihlanganisa izinhlelo ze-proprietary software eningi emkhakheni. Ngokusho yakho, i-Open Source Movement uye wahlala isitimela sokusebenza kwe-code kodwa wahlala isitimela sokuhamba kokusebenzisa?" 6. I-Schism kanye ne-Purity: "Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwakho nokugqoka kwebhizinisi le-Free Software Foundation, ibhizinisi lithunyelwe. Abaningi zihlanganisa ukuthi umchwepheshe uxhumano owenziwe ngempumelelo yokuzonwabisa kwe-co-option yebhizinisi; abanye zihlanganisa ukuthi lokhu ukuxubevange ama-generations ezintsha. Ingabe kukhona indawo yokuxhumano ku-Free Software umchwepheshe, noma i-compromise iyatholakala ngokuvamile ngokuvumelana?" Ngo-Technology ne-Education 7. I-Cloud ne-SaaS: "Ukuvela isikhathi eside ukuthi 'Software as a Service' (SaaS), ubizwa ngokuthi 'Service as a Software Substitute.' Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi iningi yokucubungula kusebenza ku-cloud - ku-computers ye-other's - i-concept ye-'controling your own computing' ikhona enhle? Ukubuyekezwa 8. Ukulungiswa: "I-Free Software Movement ikakhulukazi ikakhulukazi ikakhulukazi i-philosophy yakho yobumfihlo nokugqithisa iminyaka eminyakeni. Uyaziqhathanisa umugqa wokugqithisa noma isakhiwo se-government enokuvumela ukuvikelwa kwelinye isakhiwo se-ethic ngaphandle kokuchithwa kwelinye, noma uyaziqhathelene ukuthi i-FSF uhamba ku-pragmatism lapho uyazi?" 9. I-Ultimate Metric: "Uma ungayifaka izindandatho zakho futhi ufumane emhlabeni umugqa elilodwa yedijithali - ukuguqulwa kwezinsizakalo noma ikhowudi esebenzayo kumazwe lethu - lokho kuyinto, futhi kanjani ukuthi linchpin ngoba konke okunye?" I-Personals 10. Linus Torvalds: Have you met Linus Torvalds in person? If you do meet him, will you shake hands with him and make peace? I-Evangelist vs. I-Engineer: Ukubuyekeza kulabo, ungathanda ukuthi ungatholakala kakhulu ngokuvumelana nokukhuthaza umqondo we-free software kunazo ku-code kanye ne-software? Imininingwane ye-image credit: U-Richard Stallman the Preacher (isithombe ka-Anders Brenna) Ukuhlobisa I-Biography - uRichard Stallman, https://stallman.org/biographies.html I-GNU Project - I-Free Software Foundation, https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html Umbhali we-Richard Stallman - dlab @ EPFL, https://dlab.epfl.ch/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/r/Richard_Stallman.htm Richard Stallman - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman Imininingwane kusuka ku-Richard Stallman's talk. by Hima Bindu - Medium, https://medium.com/@himabindu13198/takeaways-from-richard-stallmans-talk-2badfe29f85f A Brief History of Free and Open Source software through the eyes of guyf4wk3s. - Medium, https://medium.com/@abrahamraji99/a-brief-history-of-free-and-open-source-software-through-the-eyes-of-guyf4wk3s-7e22c73b2449 Umbhalo we-Richard Stallman, I-Free Software Foundation, & I-Fakta we-Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Stallman RICHARD STALLMAN BY BINTU BALACHANDRAN ROLL NO:12 | LBS kuttipedia, https://lbsitbytes2010.wordpress.com/2013/03/26/richard-stallman-by-bintu-balachandran-roll-no12-2/ I-Open and Shut?: Ukungena ngemvume ngeRichard Stallman - Poynder Blogspot, https://poynder.blogspot.com/2006/03/interview-with-richard-stallman.html I-FSF History - I-Free Software Foundation, https://www.fsf.org/history I-GNU Project - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU.org, https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.en.html I-Free Software ne-Open Source Software: Yintoni izidakamizwa ezivela ku-InterHop, https://interhop.org/en/2021/01/18/opensource-libre-difference Yini Software Free? - LibreTech Collective, https://ltc.gtorg.gatech.edu/main-page/what-is-free-software/ Ukwakhiwa kwe-GNU: I-World's First Open-Source Software - I-YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQDvkd2wtxU I-40 Years-of-gnu-and-the-free-software-foundation / I-40 Years-of-gnu-and-the-free-software-foundation I-GNU/Linux naming polemics - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy Ingabe u-Stallman awukwazi ukuchithwa nge-debate yokubizwa kwe-GNU/Linux? - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/2ho70q/isnt_stallman_discrediting_himself_with_the/ I-GNU/Linux FAQ - I-GNU Project - I-Free Software Foundation, https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.en.html Yesterday's Man: The Fall of Richard Stallman - FOSS Force, https://fossforce.com/2019/09/yays-man-the-fall-of-richard-stallman/ Yintoni uRichard Stallman usihlobene nezinhlangano ezinzima phakathi kwe- 'open source' ne- 'free software'? - Quora, https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Richard-Stallman-obsessed-with-pedantic-differences-between-open-source-and-free-software Why “Free Software” is better than “Open Source” - GNU.org, https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html ELI5: Yintoni ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwe-free software ne-open source software? - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qj64r/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_free_software/ Saint IGNUcius - Richard Stallman, https://stallman.org/saint.html U-Richard Stallman usebenza njenge-Saint IGNUcius e-Emacs Church - I-YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzS1j4vh9Y rre-rms/rider.txt ku master - GitHub, https://github.com/ddol/rre-rms/blob/master/rider.txt I-Holy Crap... Umbhali we-Richard Stallman we-EPIC. Ukubandakanya konke kusuka ku-love yayo ye-paparazzi kuya ku-crap_holy_richard_stallmans_speech_rider_is_epic/ https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/lq01m/holy_crap_richard_stallmans_speech_rider_is_epic/ I-Richard Stallman's Disgrace - I-Daring Fireball, https://daringfireball.net/2019/09/richard_stallmans_disgrace I-MIT Scientist ibhalisele ngenxa ye-imeyili zihlanganisa i-academic eyenziwe nge-Epstein - I-The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/sep/17/mit-scientist-emails-epstein Top isayensi ikhompyutha ukhohlwe i-MIT, Imininingwane Age ACS, https://ia.acs.org.au/article/2019/top-computer-scientist-quits-MIT.html I-General Resolution: Isibuyekezo malunga ne-Richard Stallman yokubuyekezwa kwebhizinisi le-FSF - Debian, https://www.debian.org/vote/2021/vote_002 I-Free Software Advocates ihamba ukususwa kwe-Richard Stallman ne-FSF yonke ibhodi, https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/free-software-advocates-seek-removal-of-richard-stallman-and-entire-fsf-board/28290 Umbhali wophuhliso uRichard Matthew Stallman ukuguqulwa ku-Free Software Foundation : r/linux - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/mc3cua/an_open_letter_in_support_of_richard_matthew/ Umbhalo we-Stallman, https://stallman-report.org/ Free software pioneer Richard Stallman is battling cancer - The Register, https://www.theregister.com/2023/09/29/richard_stallman_cancer/ U-Seven Years After, Stallman Is Still Stallman - FOSS Force, https://fossforce.com/2026/01/seven-years-after-stallman-is-still-stallman/ Yini uRichard Stallman wathi mayelana ChatGPT futhi uyazi? - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/ChatGPT/comments/1bk7zw8/what_does_richard_stallman_say_about_chatgpt_and/ Reasons not to use ChatGPT - Richard Stallman, https://www.stallman.org/chatgpt.html LifeStyle - uRichard Stallman, https://stallman.org/rms-lifestyle.html Ngaba uRichard Stallman akuyona ngaphandle kwe-smartphone? - Privacy Guides Community, https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/how-can-richard-stallman-even-live-without-a-mobile-phone/29311 Richard Stallman - How I do my computing : r/programming - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/1l9720y/richard_stallman_how_i_do_my_computing/ https://stallman.org/biographies.html https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html https://dlab.epfl.ch/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/r/Richard_Stallman.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman https://medium.com/@himabindu13198/takeaways-from-richard-stallmans-talk-2badfe29f85f https://medium.com/@abrahamraji99/a-brief-history-of-free-and-open-source-software-through-the-eyes-of-guyf4wk3s-7e22c73b2449 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Stallman https://lbsitbytes2010.wordpress.com/2013/03/26/richard-stallman-by-bintu-balachandran-roll-no12-2/ https://poynder.blogspot.com/2006/03/interview-with-richard-stallman.html https://www.fsf.org/history https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.en.html https://interhop.org/en/2021/01/18/opensource-libre-difference https://ltc.gtorg.gatech.edu/main-page/what-is-free-software/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQDvkd2wtxU https://www.zdnet.com/article/40-years-of-gnu-and-the-free-software-foundation/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/2ho70q/isnt_stallman_discrediting_himself_with_the/ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.en.html https://fossforce.com/2019/09/yesterdays-man-the-fall-of-richard-stallman/ https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Richard-Stallman-obsessed-with-pedantic-differences-between-open-source-and-free-software https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qj64r/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_free_software/ https://stallman.org/saint.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzS1j4vh9Y https://github.com/ddol/rre-rms/blob/master/rider.txt https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/lq01m/holy_crap_richard_stallmans_speech_rider_is_epic/ https://daringfireball.net/2019/09/richard_stallmans_disgrace https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/sep/17/mit-scientist-emails-epstein https://ia.acs.org.au/article/2019/top-computer-scientist-quits-MIT.html https://www.debian.org/vote/2021/vote_002 https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/free-software-advocates-seek-removal-of-richard-stallman-and-entire-fsf-board/28290 https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/mc3cua/an_open_letter_in_support_of_richard_matthew/ https://stallman-report.org/ https://www.theregister.com/2023/09/29/richard_stallman_cancer/ https://fossforce.com/2026/01/seven-years-after-stallman-is-still-stallman/ https://www.reddit.com/r/ChatGPT/comments/1bk7zw8/what_does_richard_stallman_say_about_chatgpt_and/ https://www.stallman.org/chatgpt.html https://stallman.org/rms-lifestyle.html https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/how-can-richard-stallman-even-live-without-a-mobile-phone/29311 https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/1l9720y/richard_stallman_how_i_do_my_computing/
