Ungasikhetha njani isitaki seSeva ekuqalisweni kweMveliso

Ukukhetha isitakhi seseva esigqibeleleyo sokusungula imveliso sisigqibo esinobunzima obuninzi. Olu khetho aluchaphazeli nje ukuthunyelwa kokuqala kodwa ukuguquguquka kwexesha elide kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kosetyenziso lwakho. Ukuba ungumphuhlisi ophezulu okanye ukhokela iqela, uthwala uxanduva lwezi zigqibo zezakhiwo, uhluza ulwandle lweelwimi kunye nesikhokelo sokufumana okufanelekileyo kwiimfuno ezizodwa zeprojekthi yakho. Umsebenzi wakho apha kukwenza ukhetho olubalulekileyo, oluya kubambelela njengoko iprojekthi yakho ikhula kwaye isanda.

NdinguGrigorii Novikov, uMphuhlisi oMkhulu we-Backend onamava eminyaka ekukroleni nasekukhupheni i-architectures ye-software. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wam, bendijongene nezigqibo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ekukhetheni istaki seseva. Isigqibo ngasinye songeze iileya ekuqondeni kwam indlela yokulungelelanisa iteknoloji kunye neemfuno zeprojekthi ekhulayo. Kweli nqaku, ndiza kubelana nawe ngezinye zezo nkcukacha zifunyenwe nzima, kukunceda ukhethe isitaki somncedisi esiya kuthi silungele iimfuno zangoku zeprojekthi yakho kwaye sixhase ukukhula kwayo kwexesha elizayo. Ndiyakumema ukuba uphonononge kunye nam ins and outs yokwenza izigqibo zetekhnoloji ezivula indlela yempumelelo, uqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi yakho imi kumhlaba ovuthiweyo wokukhula, ukuba bhetyebhetye, kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

Ukuba ungumphuhlisi ophezulu okanye ukhokela iqela, uthwala uxanduva lwezi zigqibo zezakhiwo, uhluza ulwandle lweelwimi kunye nesikhokelo sokufumana okufanelekileyo kwiimfuno ezizodwa zeprojekthi yakho.

1. Amaxwebhu azenzelayo

Nangona ingahambelani nekhowudi nganye, le ngongoma ibaluleke kakhulu kufuneka ixoxwe kuqala. Amaxwebhu aqinileyo lilitye lembombo lophuhliso olusebenzayo, ngakumbi xa kuziwa kuphuhliso lwecala lomxumi kunye novavanyo losetyenziso. Izixhobo zokwenziwa kwamaxwebhu ngokuzenzekela ziyiguqule le nkqubo, ziqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu agcina isantya sotshintsho lwe-API lwamva nje, ukuqukuqela kophuhliso lophuhliso, kunye nokunciphisa umzamo owenziwe ngesandla wokugcina amaxwebhu eprojekthi yakho esexesheni.

Phakathi kwezixhobo ezifumanekayo kumphuhlisi, ndincoma iSwagger ngokuguquguquka kwayo, ukwamkelwa okubanzi, kunye nenkxaso enamandla yoluntu. Olunye ukhetho oludumileyo yiRedoc, ebonelela ngojongano olunomtsalane, olunokwenziwa ngokwezifiso kumaxwebhu e-API. Kwiiprojekthi ezifuna uhlengahlengiso olubanzi ngakumbi, izixhobo ezifana ne-Apiary zibonelela ngokuguquguquka kunye nesakhono samaxwebhu, nangona zinokufuna ukuseta okuthe kratya.

Nokuba sesiphi isixhobo osikhethayo, injongo kufuneka ibe kukwandisa inkqubo yamaxwebhu ukuze usebenze kakuhle ngaphandle kokuvumela isixhobo ngokwaso ukuba sibe lixesha elibalulekileyo lokutshona. Khetha isisombululo esinciphisa iinzame zokubhaliweyo ngesandla ngelixa unikezela ukuguquguquka ukuziqhelanisa neemfuno ezizodwa zeprojekthi yakho.

2. Inkxaso ye-Bug Tracker

Ukulandelela ibug okusebenzayo kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo yesicelo sakho. Ukudibanisa umkhondo webug osebenzayo, ndisebenzisa izixhobo ezifana neJira kunye neBugzilla, zombini ziqhayisa ngeseti etyebileyo kunye nokuguquguquka. I-Jira, ngokukodwa, inika amandla okudibanisa okuqinileyo kunye neendawo ezininzi zophuhliso; IBugzilla, kwelinye icala, yaziwa ngobulula kunye nokusebenza kwayo, ngakumbi kwiiprojekthi ezinomthombo ovulekileyo apho ukulandelela ibug ngokuthe ngqo kuyeyona nto iphambili.

Nantsi ingqiqo yakho: ukudibanisa abalandeleli bebug kunye nabathunywa abakhawulezayo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo loguqulelo kuya konyusa intsebenziswano kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweqela lakho. Umzekelo, iJira + Bitbucket combo ihambisa ukuhamba komsebenzi, ivumela ukulandelwa kwemicimbi engenamthungo ngaphakathi kwendawo yolawulo lwenguqulelo. Oku kubhanqa kuququzelela inkqubo ecacileyo, ye-agile yophuhliso, apho uhlaziyo lwekhowudi kunye nezisombululo zemiba zixhunyaniswe ngokusondeleyo, zivumela ukuphindaphinda ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho wekhowudi.

Olunye udibaniso olunamandla yiMattermost + Focalboard, ebonelela ngeqonga lentsebenziswano elibanzi. Idibanisa izibonelelo zonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo lwe-Mattermost kunye neprojekthi kunye namandla okulawula umsebenzi weFocalboard, ukuxhobisa amaqela ngohlaziyo lwexesha lokwenyani ekulandeleni ibug, ecaleni kokuguquguquka kokulawula imisebenzi kunye nokuhamba komsebenzi ngaphakathi konxibelelwano olumanyeneyo. Udibaniso olunjalo aluphelelisi inkqubo yokusonjululwa kwebug kuphela kodwa lukwakhuthaza imekobume yophuhliso ehambelanayo kunye nedala, ekugqibeleni iphucula imveliso kunye neziphumo zeprojekthi.

3. Ukwandisa Ukukhula

Xa imveliso yakho iqalisa ukubamba, uya kujongana nocelomngeni lokukala . Kwaye andithethi nje ngenani elandayo labasebenzisi. Ukulinganisa kubandakanya ukufaneleka kwiimpawu ezintsha, ukuphatha i-database ekhulayo, kunye nokugcina amanqanaba okusebenza kwekhowudi yakho kunye nesiseko sedatha ngokufanelekileyo. Apha kuxa uyilo olukhethileyo lwestack yeseva yakho lungena ludlala.

Ngokomzekelo, ekusungulweni kweprojekthi yakho, ukuya kwi-architecture ye-monolithic kunokubonakala ngathi yindlela elinganayo. Kodwa njengoko imveliso yakho ikhula kwaye itshintsha, uya kuqala ukubona apho isilela khona. Ukutshintshela kulwakhiwo lwee-microservices okanye ukuzisa iinkonzo zelifu ezinobungakanani kunokukunika ulawulo olulunge ngakumbi kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yesicelo sakho.

Ukufumana izisombululo zesitaki somncedisi, ndingqiyama kubuchwephesha obunje ngeKubernetes kunye neDocker. Ezi zixhobo ziya kukunika ukuguquguquka kokulinganisa iinkonzo ngokuzimeleyo, ukulawula ukuthunyelwa ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwiindawo zakho zonke. Ngaphaya koko, ababoneleli ngenkonzo yelifu njengeeNkonzo zeWebhu zeAmazon, iLifu likaGoogle, kunye neMicrosoft Azure babonelela ngeenkonzo ezilawulwa kakuhle ezinokwenza lula uhambo lwakho lokunyusa.

Ukukhetha i-architecture enokunyuka kuthetha ukulungelelanisa izinto zokulinganisa kunye nobunzima bokulawula inkqubo esasazwayo. Ekugqibeleni, injongo yakho apha kukukhetha isitakhi seseva esihlangabezana neemfuno zakho zangoku kwaye sinokuguquguquka kokujongana nokukhula kwexesha elizayo.

4. Ukufumana iFit Fit: Phakathi koLuntu kunye noKhuseleko

Akukho kunqongophala kweelwimi zokucwangcisa kunye nezicwangciso ezikhoyo, nganye ineseti yayo yezinto ezifana nenkxaso yoluntu, ukufumaneka kwezixhobo, kunye neempawu zokhuseleko. Le yantlukwano ivumela ukhetho olubanzi lwezisombululo ezingajongi kuphela imingeni yophuhliso olukhawulezileyo kodwa zilungelelanise neenjongo zeprojekthi yexesha elide, kubandakanywa ukhuseleko kunye nokunciphisa .

Ubuchwephesha obuxhaswa luluntu olukhulu kunye nezixhobo ezininzi, ezifana nePython kunye neJavaScript - kunye nezicwangciso zabo ezihlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwezi lwimi ezifana ne-Django okanye i-React - zibonelela ngobutyebi bolwazi kunye nemizekelo yekhowudi ekulungele ukusetyenziswa. Obu butyebi bunciphisa kakhulu ixesha obuya kulichitha ekuxazululeni iingxaki, ngokunikwa amathuba amancinane okudibana nomcimbi ongaqwalaselwanga ngumntu ophambi kwakho. Ngokwahlukileyo, itekhnoloji entsha okanye ye-niche inokuzisa izinto ezizodwa etafileni, kodwa zihlala zikushiya ujongana nexesha elinzima xa kufikwa ekufumaneni izisombululo ezikhawulezayo.

Omnye umzuzu obalulekileyo kukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenziseka. Kwiiprojekthi apho ukhuseleko lwekhowudi yemvelaphi yeyona nto ixhalabisayo, cinga ukusebenzisa iilwimi kunye nobuchwepheshe obuxhasa ukucaciswa lula kunye nokupakishwa okukhuselekileyo. Umzekelo, iJava kunye .NET ziseke izixhobo kunye ne-ecosystems kwikhowudi ye-obfuscating. Itekhnoloji ye-Containerization efana ne-Docker iya kukunceda apha. Ngokupakisha usetyenziso kunye nokusingqongileyo kwisikhongozeli, uyaqinisekisa ukuba umxhasi ufumana yonke into efunekayo ukuqhuba usetyenziso ngaphandle kokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwikhowudi yakho. Le ndlela ayigcini kuphela ikhowudi kodwa yenza lula inkqubo yokuthunyelwa.

5. Iindleko

Ukuqwalaselwa kweendleko kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhetheni isitaki setekhnoloji. Kumalunga neendleko zokuseta kokuqala, kuya kufuneka ucinge ixesha elide malunga nokuba kuya kubiza ntoni ukugcina kunye nokulinganisa inkqubo yakho .

Itekhnoloji yomthombo ovulekileyo iza ne-pek emnandi ye-zero intlawulo yelayisensi ngaphambili. Ukuqala okanye nayiphi na iprojekthi kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluqinileyo, oku kunokuba ngumzobo omkhulu. Ukongeza, iiphuli ezinkulu zabaphuhlisi abanobuchule ziya kukunceda ugcine iindleko zabasebenzi zilawuleka ngakumbi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iteknoloji eyinkimbinkimbi kunye neyodwa, njenge-blockchain okanye i-data analytics platforms, inokufuna utyalo-mali lokuqala oluphezulu. Ngelixa zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo malunga nokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko, kufuneka ulinganise ixabiso elipheleleyo lobunini ngokuchasene nezibonelelo eziqikelelweyo.

Ngapha koko, iinkonzo zelifu, ngelixa zinciphisa imfuno yeziseko ezingundoqo, ziza neendleko zazo. I-AWS ekhankanywe ngasentla, iLifu likaGoogle, kunye ne-Azure zibonelela ngeemodeli ezahlukeneyo zamaxabiso ezinokulinganisa ngokusetyenziswa kwakho; ukanti ngaphandle kokulawula ngononophelo, ezi ndleko zinokukhula njengoko iprojekthi yakho ikhula.

6. Ukuhanjiswa kwekhowudi

Ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwekhowudi ngokufanelekileyo kugxininise kwinkqubo yokuthunyelwa, ngokuyinhloko ngokuBambisana ngokuqhubekayo / ukuThuthwa ngokuqhubekayo (CI / CD) imibhobho. Le ndlela igxininisa ukubaluleka kokuzenzekelayo ukudluliselwa kwekhowudi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukuphuculwa kophuhliso kunye nokuhamba komsebenzi wokuvelisa.

Izixhobo ezifana ne-GitLab CI kunye ne-CircleCI zibonelela ngezisombululo ezomeleleyo zovavanyo oluzenzekelayo kunye neenkqubo zokusasazwa. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokubhala ezifana ne-Ansible kunye neTerraform kuphucula ngakumbi oku kuzenzekelayo, ukuvumela ukubonelela kunye nokulawulwa kweziseko ezingundoqo ngekhowudi.

Ezi teknoloji ziya kukunceda ukuba wakhe umbhobho ongenamthungo ohambisa ikhowudi ukusuka kuphuhliso ukuya kwimveliso ngokuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka. Ngokudibanisa ezi zixhobo ekuhambeni kwakho komsebenzi, useka isakhelo esingakhawulezisi nje kuphela imijikelo yophuhliso kodwa sikwaqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kunye nokuzinza kuzo zonke iindawo.

7. Okusingqongileyo

Ukudala nokulawula imeko yophuhliso yinkalo esisiseko kodwa entsonkothileyo kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi. Ukuyila indawo enobungozi kunye nokugcinwa kuyo kunokubonakala kunzima, ngakumbi kumaqela angenayo ingcali ye-DevOps ezinikeleyo.

Kumaqela amaninzi, impendulo yombuzo malunga neyona ndlela ilungileyo yolawulo lokusingqongileyo ilele ekuxhaseni ngeenkonzo ezisekwe kwilifu kunye nokufakwa kwesikhongozeli. Kwakhona, i-AWS, iLifu likaGoogle, kunye neAzure zibonelela ngoluhlu lweenkonzo ezinokuthi zilungelelaniswe ukuze zilingane nobungakanani kunye nobunzima beprojekthi yakho. La maqonga abonelela ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko ekudaleni ubume obuguquguqukayo, obunokwehla ngaphandle kwesidingo solawulo olubanzi lweziseko zophuhliso. Ngaphaya koko, ukwamkelwa kweetekhnoloji ezinje ngeDocker kunye neKubernetes kwenza ukusasazwa kuzo zonke izigaba zophuhliso, uvavanyo, kunye nemveliso engaguqukiyo kwaye inokuthenjwa.

Ukwakha imeko-bume esebenzayo kunye nekhululekileyo akukho malunga nokucwangciswa kweseva kuphela kodwa malunga nokucwangciswa kweemeko zendawo zendawo kubaphuhlisi . Lo mba ubalulekile kwi-DevOps, njengoko ihlala isenza izikripthi ukwenza lula inkqubo yokusungula iiprojekthi ekuhlaleni. Nangona kunjalo, lo msebenzi awusoloko ulula. Umzekelo, ukulungiselela imeko-bume yendawo kwi.NET inokuba ngumngeni omkhulu, iqaqambisa imfuno yokukhetha itekhnoloji kunye nezixhobo ezilungelelanisa zombini umncedisi kunye noseto lwendawo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphuhlisi banofikelelo olungenamthungo kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo zophuhliso lwengingqi kubalulekile ekugcineni imveliso kunye nokuququzelela ukuhamba kakuhle komsebenzi.

Ukukhetha isitaki esifanelekileyo somncedisi weprojekthi yakho kufana nokubeka iziseko zesakhiwo: kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngenyameko, ukubona kwangaphambili, kunye nokulinganisela phakathi kweemfuno zangoku kunye nokukhula kwexesha elizayo. Ukhetho ngalunye olwenzayo luchaphazela impumelelo yeprojekthi yakho kunye namandla ayo okuziqhelanisa kwaye achume kumhlaba oguqukayo wetekhnoloji. Ngeli nqaku, bendijonge ukukukhokela kwezi zigqibo zibalulekileyo, ndikuxhobisa ngolwazi lokujongana nobunzima obuzayo. Ndiyathemba ukuba ulwazi olufumene namhlanje luya kukunceda wenze ukhetho olunolwazi olukhokelela kwimpumelelo yeeprojekthi zakho zangoku nezexesha elizayo!

ISIFUNDO A: IPROJEKTHI YE-MASS LIE detector

Kuphuhliso lwesixhobo sokuhlola ubuxoki esenzelwe ukuvavanywa ngobuninzi, iprojekthi ephawulwe njengeyokuqala yohlobo lwayo eMpuma Yurophu, bendijongene nokukhetha isitaki somncedisi njengenkokeli yeqela lophuhliso. Ezona mfuno ziphambili zeprojekthi - inani elikhulu loqhagamshelo lwemicroservice kunye nokusebenza okubanzi kweefayile ukusetyenzwa kweziphumo ezahlukeneyo zoluvo - kufuna isisombululo esomeleleyo kodwa esibhetyebhetye ngasemva.

Sikhethe iPython nge-FastAPI ngaphezulu kwabanye abakhuphisanayo njengePython/Django kunye neGo/Fiber. Isigqibo sixhomekeke kwinkxaso ephezulu ye-FastAPI yeprogram ye-asynchronous, into ebalulekileyo yokusingatha iimfuno zokucwangcisa idatha yeprojekthi ngokufanelekileyo. I-Django, ngelixa inamandla, ibekwe bucala ngenxa yobume bayo obuhambelanayo, obungenako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zethu zokubambisana okuphezulu kunye nokuphathwa kwedatha yexesha langempela. Ngokufanayo, i-Go yathathelwa ingqalelo yokusebenza kwayo kodwa ekugqibeleni yagqithiswa ngokuthanda amandla ophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwe-FastAPI kunye nenkxaso eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi yamaxwebhu e-Swagger, exabiseke kakhulu kwixesha lethu lophuhliso lwe-MVP.

Kwangaxeshanye, iprojekthi ifuna ukwenziwa kwento ethambileyo ekwaziyo ukulawula uqhagamshelo lwekhamera yewebhu kunye nokwalathisa umjelo wevidiyo kwiitshaneli ezahlukeneyo. I-C ++ ibe lulwimi olukhethiweyo kulo msebenzi, ngenxa yesantya esingenakulinganiswa sokwenza kunye nokuhambelana kweqonga.

Izigqibo esizenzileyo kule projekthi azikhange zibe lula kwimpumelelo yokuqala yeprojekthi kuphela kodwa zibeke isiseko esiluqilima sokukhula kwayo okuqhubekayo nokuziqhelanisa.

I-CASE STUDY B: I-CRM ICLABU YOBUGCISA

Kule projekthi, ndiqale ndakhetha iPython kunye ne -Django , ndibakhethela amandla abo ophuhliso olukhawulezileyo oluyimfuneko kuphehlelelo olukhawulezayo. Olu khetho lubonakale lusebenza kumanqanaba okuqala, lunegalelo ngokuthe ngqo ekwandeni kwengeniso yeklabhu ngokuphuculwa kolawulo lokuzimasa.

Njengoko ububanzi beprojekthi busanda ukubandakanya iimpawu ezifana nolawulo lwabasebenzi, uhlalutyo, kunye nenkqubo yemiyalezo yangaphakathi, imida ye-Django yokusingatha izinto ezinzima, iinkqubo ezihambelanayo ziye zabonakala. Oku kuqonda kwandikhokelela ekubeni ndidibanise iGo, ndisebenzise ii-goroutines zayo kunye ne-Fasthttp kuphuhliso lomthunywa wethu wangaphakathi. Ukusebenza kweGo ekulawuleni imisebenzi ngaxeshanye kusincedile ukuba sandise ukusebenza kweCRM, kusivumela ukuba sigcine ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nentloko encinci.

Isigqibo sokusebenzisa indlela ye-teknoloji ye-hybrid, ukusebenzisa i-Django kwimisebenzi engundoqo kunye ne-Go for high-performance components, ibonakalise ukuba yinto ebalulekileyo. Esi sicwangciso sandivumela ukuba ndilinganise uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kunye nokulinganisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iCRM inokuvela ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno ezikhulayo zeklabhu.