Most of the time when we fetch data, we do that from an external endpoint (API) which is a server. Once that data is fetched, we do a CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operation on it. This article will demonstrate how to correctly fetch data from a JSON file in your React & Redux app and consume it on the frontend, while also explaining the workflow of React-Redux. We are going to create a badge to award users who have received more than 5 votes. We would mock the JSON data locally and give every user that has more than a badge using react and redux to consume the data. five-votes Before going further I presume that you have basic knowledge of , & . React React-Redux JSON Setting Up a Local JSON file In a blank Create React App project, create a local JSON file named inside the public directory. data.json Your Fetch API calls made from a React component always look for files or any other relevant assets inside this public directory. doesn't put your assets automatically inside this directory during compilation so you have to do this manually. Create-React-App Next, put some dummy JSON data inside this file. For demonstration purposes, the JSON data used in the example below is generated from JSON Generator. If you are using your own JSON, ensure that it is correctly formatted. [
  {
    "id": 1,
    "name": "Daniel",
    "email": "daniel@gmail.com",
    "post": "I love football",
    "votes": 5
  }
] Setting up React-Redux We would need to install some dependencies, which we would be using throughout the project. To install that open your project directory in your terminal and write the following code: npm i -s react-redux redux axios redux-thunk
or 
yarn add react-redux redux axios Also, we would install , where we would import icons as a badge. fontaweasome npm i --save @fortawesome/fontawesome-svg-core
npm install --save @fortawesome/free-solid-svg-icons
npm install --save @fortawesome/react-fontawesome or yarn add @fortawesome/fontawesome-svg-core
yarn add @fortawesome/free-solid-svg-icons
yarn add @fortawesome/react-fontawesome In the src/ directory let's make 6 Files src/ constants.js action.js reducer.js store.js fontAwesome.js src/ .js constants Inside constant.js, we need to add a state for fetching user: const USER = {
  LOAD: "REQUEST_USERS_DATA",
  LOAD_SUCCESS: "RECEIVE_USERS_DATA",
};

export default USER; src/ .js reducer We are going to import the constant in the reducer. A reducer is a that takes an action and the initial state of the application and returns the new state. pure function The action describes what happened and it is the reducer's job to return to the new state based on that action. import USER from "./constants";

const initalState = {
  usersData: [],
  isLoading: false,
  isError: false,
};

const reducer = (state = initalState, action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case USER.LOAD:
      return {
        ...state,
        isLoading: true,
        isError: false,
      };
    case USER.LOAD_SUCCESS:
      return {
        ...state,
        usersData: action.usersData,
        isLoading: false,
      };
    default:
      return state;
  }
};

export default reducer; src/ .js action This action file carries a payload of information from your application to store. Redux relies on actions that get dispatched and listened to by reducers, which update the state accordingly. import axios from "axios";
import USER from "./constants";

export const requestUsers = (data) => async (dispatch) => {
  dispatch({
    type: USER.LOAD,
  });
  try {
    const json = await axios.get("data.json");
    console.log(json);
    dispatch({
      type: USER.LOAD_SUCCESS,
      usersData: json.data,
      isError: false,
    });
  } catch (e) {
    dispatch({
      type: USER.LOAD_SUCCESS,
      usersData: [],
      isError: true,
    });
  }
}; src/ .js index In the index file we would import so any components could inherit from it. fontawesome We would also need a provider and a store. The Provider component makes the Redux store available to any nested components that need to access the Redux store. Redux stores are global states that store data you want to use across multiple components without drilling props at every level in your component tree. A Redux store doesn't have a limit on the amount of data stored, so you can pretty much use it to store almost anything, including bulky JSON data. import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
import App from "./App";
import { store } from "./store";
import { Provider } from "react-redux";
import "./fontAwesome";

ReactDOM.render(
  <Provider store={store}>
    <App />
  </Provider>,
  document.getElementById("root")
); src/ .js fontAwesome import { library } from "@fortawesome/fontawesome-svg-core";

import {
  faGithubAlt,
  faGoogle,
  faFacebook,
  faTwitter,
  faJediOrder,
} from "@fortawesome/free-brands-svg-icons";

library.add(faGithubAlt, faGoogle, faFacebook, faTwitter, faJediOrder); src/ .js store A store holds the whole state tree of your application. The only way to change the state inside is to dispatch an action on it. The store will then pass the new state received from the reducer to the component. import thunkMiddleware from "redux-thunk";
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from "redux";
import reducer from "./reducer";

export const store = createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(thunkMiddleware)); src/ .js data [
  {
    "id": 1,
    "name": "Daniel",
    "email": "daniel@gmail.com",
    "post": "I love football",
    "votes": 5
  }
] src/ .js App We import the following hooks from react-redux: and . useSelector useDispatch is a function that takes the current state as an argument and returns whatever data you want from it and it allows you to store the return values inside a variable within the scope of your functional components instead of passing them down as props. useSelector is equivalent to . We will invoke and store it to a variable, dispatch. This hook returns a reference to the dispatch function from the Redux store. useDispatch mapDispatchToProps useDispatch You may use it to dispatch actions as needed. And we dispatch it by calling dispatch passing in the return value from the action creator. import React, { useEffect } from "react";
import { useSelector, useDispatch } from "react-redux";
import { requestUsers } from "./action";
import data from "./data.json";
import "./App.css";
import { FontAwesomeIcon } from "@fortawesome/react-fontawesome";
const App = () => {
  const { usersData, isLoading } = useSelector((state) => state);
  const dispatch = useDispatch();

  useEffect(() => {
    dispatch(requestUsers(data));
  }, []);

  return (
    <>
      {isLoading && <div className="loading">Data loading...</div>}
      {usersData.map((user) => {
        return (
          <div key={user.id} className="container">
            <div className="content">
              <h1>{user.name}</h1>
              <span>{user.email}</span>
              <h3>{user.post}</h3>
              Votes: {user.votes}
              {user.votes >= 5 ? (
                <div>
                  <FontAwesomeIcon icon={["fab", "jedi-order"]} size="3x" />
                </div>
              ) : (
                <p>Get up to five votes to have a badge</p>
              )}
            </div>
          </div>
        );
      })}
    </>
  );
};

export default App; Summary of React-Redux workflow Redux is a predictable state container for javascript. So in a redux data flow, we have the javascript app which is the state of the app is maintained in the redux store, however, the app cannot directly update the state, it uses an action or it dispatches an action to maintain state. once the action has been dispatch the reducer handles the action and updates the current store. Redux is very useful in a Single Page Application(SPA), because it produces a single source of truth. Redux has a store, the store is an object that contains your whole application state. The different pieces of states are stored in an object tree. To read more about React-Redux you can go through this . documentation Happy coding!

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Fetch Data From a JSON File With a React & Redux App

Oracle released a new technology called "GraalVM," which is known as a new general-purpose full-stack virtual machine with high-performance and cross-language interaction. Is it really so magical? GraalVM Intro GraalVM is a general-purpose cross-language virtual machine. It not only supports JVM-based languages such as but it also supports based languages such as Along with Java, Scala, Groovy, and Kotlin, LLVM C and C ++. JavaScript, Ruby, Python and R. GraalVM has the Following Features: Run code more efficiently and quickly. Can interact directly with most programming languages. Embedding multiple languages using the Graal SDK. Create a precompiled native image. Provides a range of tools to monitor, debug, and configure all code. What's the use of GraalVM? Support Multi-Language Combination Programming: const express = require('express');

const app = express();

app.listen(3000);

app.get('/', function(req, res) {

var text = 'Hello World!';

const BigInteger = Java.type(

'java.math.BigInteger');

text += BigInteger.valueOf(2)

.pow(100).toString(16);

text += Polyglot.eval(

'R', 'runif(100)')[0];

res.send(text);

}) It uses , , and at the same time. Node.js Java R GraalVM eliminates the isolation between various programming languages. Will this combination of multiple programming languages have a performance impact? The official statement is zero overhead interoperability so that we can choose the best combination of programming languages for applications. 2. Native Image Acceleration Examine this code: $ javac HelloWorld.java

$ time java HelloWorld

user 0.070s

$ native-image HelloWorld

$ time ./helloworld

user 0.005s GraalVM can be precompiled into a native image, which greatly speeds up the startup time and reduces the memory consumption of JVM applications. 3. Embeddable Running Environment GraalVM can be embedded into various applications. It can run independently or in built-in , and other environments. OpenJDK, node.js, Oracle, MySQL Combined with the above features, let's take a look at the architecture diagram of GraalVM. GraalVM Version Introduction As shown in the figure below, GraalVM provides two versions: The and the . community version enterprise version From the perspective of features, the above-mentioned high-performance and memory optimization seem to be in the enterprise version. Community version download: github.com/oracle/grail/releases Summary GraalVM not only supports mainstream programming languages but also can be programmed together to select the best language according to different tasks. In addition. It can also improve execution efficiency and occupy less memory. It's hard to say whether the application scenario can be applied to production. First published here.

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A boy feels the misty, ocean breeze against his face as he looks out across the ocean and watches his friend’s boat disappear into the horizon. He will see her again tomorrow. When he turns to depart, after but a few steps, he’s amidst a carnival, where his sister and her friends find him and ask that he join them for some rides and games. But he’s feeling he would like a quieter evening and leaves them to their reveling. As he continues walking, he passes a Tilt-o-Whirl ride in action with screaming participants abound and then a series of game booths with attendants asking him to “try your luck?” at knocking over milk bottles or shooting a basketball. Soon he is past the carnival and finds himself in a moody, dimly lit room with a mellow jazz band on a stage. “This is good,” he thinks and takes a seat. He scans the sparse crowd and sees everyone fixated on the stage. On stage he sees several larger-than-life, colorful avatars with instruments in their hands and mouths. He stays for a few songs and then is on his way. On the rest of his journey he encounters a collection of drag racers in one land, a brilliantly luminous meteor shower in another, then a sailboat regalia off the shores of virtual Australia, amongst other scenes, until he reaches his own space. At “home” he’s on a simple farm. A picturesque green field. A large barn with chickens, pigs, cows, et al roaming. And, of course, a flamboyance of flamingos on the barn’s roof because . . . why not? Once he’s tired and ready to call it a day he removes his glasses and body suit – back to the original world, at least until school starts in the morning. He has moved seamlessly between worlds and platforms. He has had great adventures. He has had quiet nights. He has learned. He has worked. He has met so many new friends. He has loved. This is his life. This is metaverse living in a time not far from now. This article is part of The hosted by HackerNoon in partnership with Gaming Metaverse Writing Contest The Sandbox . Submit your today for your chance to win up to $2000. #gaming-metaverse story

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Creating your desktop app can be easy with Electron. You can build cross-platform applications that work in any OS. In this tutorial, we will use a project and turn it into an Vanilla JavaScript Electron app. If you know Vanilla JavaScript, follow me through this tutorial. Prerequisites: 1. Have installed on your computer. Node.js 2. Have a previous project sample in Vanilla JavaScript ( ) todo-list, notes-app, tic-tac-toe, etc. Building a Desktop App With Election First, write the following in your terminal, replacing “ ” with whatever name you like. my-app This command will generate the structure for our Electron app. Then, type and the . cd name of your project In the src folder, you will find an , , and files. index.html style.css index.js The file called contains the setup of “ ”.  We have to make some changes to it. index.js my-app This configuration allows Electron to work with and with different modules. Node.js Now you can copy your files to the folder. src Remember that the main HTML file has to be named i because the function will use that file to start the app. ndex.html mainWindow You can also change the name of the starting file instead of “ ”. Remember that you can replace the HTML and CSS file but do not change the file. That file is the core of our application. index.html index.js Now with your project ready to run, type “ ”. npm start You have to see a chromium window pop-up with your application running. Before running the command check that all is working. build If you want to make some adjustments to your app now is the time. Next, type “ ” in your terminal. npm run make When this process has finished you will see a new folder called “out”. Now your app is ready to install on your machine. Go to the directory “ ” and run the file. ./out/make/squirrel.[system] setup.exe And there you have it! Click on your desktop window and access your brand new desktop app! Congratulations, you’ve now built your quick and easy desktop app using Electron! How cool is that? I hope you have found this article useful. Thanks for reading it.

Different

Build an Easy Desktop app With Electron

What is Maven? Maven is a platform that enables instructors to launch and run their cohort-based classes successfully. Cohort Based Classes are virtual versions of regular classes in real life. The last decade of learning on the internet was auto-didactic. Anyone who wanted to learn something went through a series of noninteractive blogs and videos. Cohort Based Courses are 4-8 Weeks courses where instructors teach to a live set of students . Its virtualization of the real-world classes. virtually The simplest way to think about Maven is its Shopify for Cohort Based Courses. Currently, Maven is enabling the courses taught by , Anthony Pompliano, Sahil Bloom & Others. Li Jin Business Model: Maven earns revenue by charging a percentage from the income a course generates. This percentage is not well defined yet. It is most probably course to course basis for now as the product and the company are at a very early stage. In the future, the model could evolve to something like a Shopify subscription where the initial basic version of platform tools are priced at a monthly subscription cost with richer features at a premium offering. The course runners can choose which one they need based on the scale and requirements of the course they are launching and overtime scale appropriately as we have seen in the case of Shopify merchants. Positives: Maven has been smart about its go-to-market strategy. Their first 4 instructors have all built an authority and following on subjects that are not taught in any university class. By bringing these four instructors onboard gave Maven the advantage to reach more consumers (who are audiences of instructors) and at the same time learn from the courses themselves to what the platform will look like. It also proved the thesis that there are subjects in 2021 that people want to learn but have no good ways to go about it. Go To Market Strategy: ( , Li Jin, & Lenny Rachitsky) Anthony Pompliano Sahil Lavingia Having the ability to raise from well-known angel investors like , Maven did a crowdfunding raise for ~700k USD. This was interesting because crowdfunding is increasingly making more sense for certain types of companies. Maven by doing a crowdfunding campaign acquires a new consumer & supporter base who can contribute to the early product evolution. Crowdfunding: Not a lot of Startups who have access to capital from the traditional VC ecosystem do crowdfunding, especially if the founding team has built successful companies before. Naval Ravikant & Jason Calacanis This is the reason Crowdfunding can be called “negative customer acquisition”. Not only does the company not have to pay for this user base, it actually receives investment from this pool of user base making them more invested in the success of the product and the company. I have previously written about crowdfunding here, while Maven was actively fundraising. Check it out if you are interested in crowdfunding. Challenges: The Internet increases the distribution ability of any creator. Ideally, if anyone is looking to learn a new subject they must be able to learn it from the best teacher of that subject in the world irrespective of their location. Internet theoretically allows for this possibility. This is definitely an expanding market as skills in the new economy are more specialized and more people are getting access to the Internet leverage. It will be interesting to see how large this market can become. Market Size: The question is if there are in theory enough course, subject & instructor combinations to make Maven a platform where these best courses are launched, a $1B business? There are interesting players that are already helping Cohort Based Courses. Competition: (Acquired by HotMart) has already created a Thinkific, LearnWorlds, G2 Deals, TalentLMS, Kajabi & Udemy Business are attempting to create similar products. Teachable “Shopify for teachers of all kinds”. which recently raised $25M at a $250M valuation has scaled its courses very effectively by using a couple of different tools and not building any proprietary platform. They have mainly used Zoom & Slack to effectively create and scale the largest Cohort-based company. is another example of the same. What level of efficiency will the platform achieve for the course creators? Will it be 5x, 10x, or 100x better than the combination of different tools? These are the questions that the Maven product has to overcome and would be interesting to see as their product becomes public. That is all for this edition of BMB, don’t forget to share this post on Twitter, Facebook, and elsewhere. If you have suggestions for a BMB post, you can reach out to me on Twitter. Technology: OnDeck Product School Another yet-to-be-proven idea with maven is what would a platform exclusively built keeping Cohort-based courses in mind can do that current combination of tools cant do? 🚀 That is all for this edition of business model breakdowns. If you have suggestions for a business model breakdown post, you can reach out to me on For more such breakdowns follow my newsletter. Twitter. Also published on: https://www.getrevue.co/profile/bmb/issues/2-bmb-snackable-business-model-breakdowns-maven-com-747083

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Snackable Business Model Breakdowns - Maven.com

The open-finance movement supports reinventing the entire financial system and developing a borderless ecosystem. It is aimed to help every user gain access to better financial services and products. But if the entry cost (in the form of gas fees) is too expensive, then we are potentially limiting millions of users who want to enter the DeFi space. Currently, Ethereum is the best settlement layer in crypto and carries greater responsibility to fulfill user demand efficiently. However, it is still facing issues like network congestion and low block space. , failing to provide a scalable solution. Such issues are not only limiting Ethereum’s functionality, but they are also creating friction in the ecosystem. Ethereum can only process 15-45 transactions per second With the ecosystem adding more and more applications, we need a scalable solution that fulfills demand efficiently and delivers smooth experiences with the interface on a smart contract. This year, the number of new entities in the Ethereum network grew so much that the average transaction fee skyrocketed to almost $75. The developers at that time were facing challenges as it became too costly to access smart contracts and make transactions on the Ethereum blockchain. Is there a way out to High Gas Fees? The layer 2 scaling solutions in DeFi are mainly responsible for the drastic drop in Ethereum gas fees. Polygon network became so popular that it recorded 7.5 million transactions, whereas Ethereum performed only 1.5 million. That is over five times. Layer 2s dominate a few sectors of the market, as new users find them more attractive. But . Its four-layer architecture focuses on everything from security to speed, so there will be no trade-offs. Polygon is leading the pack However, we still have to see it to believe it. Polygon is still under development for its ZK-rollups and optimistic rollups. These are important scaling solutions to crack because they can help with the sustainability of the protocol without losing any functionality in terms of EVM compatibility and decentralization. With Ethereum 2.0 taking so long, we need to look for alternatives that deal with high transaction fees and take care of the scalability issue. We have different scaling techniques that are currently trying to co-exist and increase the throughput of blockchains. are one of the main scaling techniques, helping offload millions of bitcoin transactions. Payment or state channels is what facilitates the implementation and data broadcasting. In the coming years, we will have many use-cases for a scaling technique like state channels. The lightning network are the latest addition to Ethereum scaling techniques. The ZK proofs help in recording a transaction without the main entity knowing about owning any actual information. The ZK rollups Unlike plasma side chains, the ZK rollup can combine many transactions into a single transaction. This could help create gasless transfers on the main network bridge between L2 and L1. making their contributions to help with scalability. But none of them are completely developed. We still have to see them perform on a global scale, serving millions of users every day. So we cannot rely on these platforms to be a settlement layer. We also have side chains We even saw like BSC provide a better system for traders and other users in the crypto space. The low transaction fee wins over many users, but the platform is centralized, with countless rug pulls happening every day. smart contract platforms The lack of authentication and rise in fraud volume makes it an unreliable option. , a numismatic cryptocurrency coin with its blockchain-based on the , which is both CPU and GPU mineable. This could be the answer with low transaction fees and a maximum supply of only 200K coins. The other solution could be Diminutive Coin HMQ1725 Algorithm is a unique algorithm that provides users an easier way to mine coins and assures them of the highest security level. The differentiator here is the Algorithm. The Highly Modified Quark1725 With 17 algorithms which are hashed 25 times, the Diminutive protocol makes computing easy, and it only requires low to medium-powered computers. Conclusion We need more such alternatives to increase mining efficiency and user experience without any bargains in terms of backward compatibility of existing applications and true decentralizations. Until we see the ETH 2.0 upgrade in action, there will be constant criticism regarding its high transaction fees and network congestion. Till then, we need solutions like Diminutive coin that is user-friendly and provides high network security.

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If you're reading this, chances are you’re already familiar with and . FastAPI SQLAlchemy Still, I'll give a little introduction to both these libraries. FastAPI FastAPI is the 3rd most popular python web framework. The factors like asynchronous views, easy to learn, and fast setup have contributed to its quick adoption. SQLAlchemy “SQLAlchemy is the Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper that gives application developers the full power and flexibility of SQL. It provides a full suite of well-known enterprise-level persistence patterns, designed for efficient and high-performing database access, adapted into a simple and Pythonic domain language.” - Source. It is the most popular ORM for python, primarily seen in use with Flask. is a mini async ORM for python. It uses SQLAlchemy for building queries, for asynchronous execution of queries, and for data validation. You can create an Ormar model and generate Pydantic models from it. Ormar databases Pydantic If you have read my post, , you will understand how Pydantic is very useful for your FastAPI application. Pydantic for FastAPI SQLAlchemy uses for migrations. Since Ormar is built on top of SQLAlchemy, we can use the same for migrations. Alembic Setup the Project mkdir fastapi-ormar-alembic && cd $_
mkdir .venv
pipenv install fastapi uvicorn ormar alembic aiosqlite Setup the Database and Models Pinned dependencies are available in the Piplock file in the source code repository. Create a new file at the root of the project. This file will contain the database setup and an example table. db.py import databases
import ormar
import sqlalchemy


database = databases.Database("sqlite:///db.sqlite")
metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()


class BaseMeta(ormar.ModelMeta):
    database = database
    metadata = metadata


class Users(ormar.Model):
    class Meta(BaseMeta):
        tablename = "users"

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    email: str = ormar.String(max_length=64, unique=True)
    password: str = ormar.String(max_length=128) Creating a lets you add the and variables to all your models. BaseMeta database metadata We created a simple model with three basic fields, now let's set up migrations with Alembic. The Migrations (fastapi-ormar-alembic) $ alembic init migrations Your project structure should look like this: ├── Pipfile
├── Pipfile.lock
├── alembic.ini
├── db.py
├── db.sqlite
├── main.py
└── migrations Add the database URL to the file. You're modifying a single line: alembic.ini sqlalchemy.url = sqlite:///db.sqlite Now, tell the migration environment where our metadata is stored. Add(modify) the following in : migrations/env.py ...
from db import BaseMeta
...


target_metadata = BaseMeta.metadata Finally, create the migration script. You can use the option to generate migrations based on the metadata automatically: --autogenerate (fastapi-ormar-alembic) $ alembic revision --autogenerate -m "Added users table"
INFO  [alembic.runtime.migration] Context impl SQLiteImpl.
INFO  [alembic.runtime.migration] Will assume non-transactional DDL.
INFO  [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added table 'users'
  Generating /home/amalshaji/Workspace/Python/blog-code-repository/fastapi-ormar-
  alembic/migrations/versions/c07fe5d55962_added_users_table.py ...  done Now, run migrations: (fastapi-ormar-alembic) $ alembic upgrade head This produced a new file: migrations/versions/c07fe5d55962_added_users_table.py File name inferred from the migration output. """Added users table

Revision ID: c07fe5d55962
Revises:
Create Date: 2021-08-14 11:55:46.845709

"""
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa


# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
revision = 'c07fe5d55962'
down_revision = None
branch_labels = None
depends_on = None


def upgrade():
    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
    op.create_table('users',
    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
    sa.Column('email', sa.String(length=64), nullable=False),
    sa.Column('password', sa.String(length=128), nullable=False),
    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
    sa.UniqueConstraint('email')
    )
    # ### end Alembic commands ###


def downgrade():
    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
    op.drop_table('users')
    # ### end Alembic commands ### A migration script is easy to understand. Apart from the few metadata on the top, the and functions play a significant role. The upgrade function adds all the changes we have made to the model, and the downgrade function reverts the changes made to the database. upgrade downgrade It worked as expected. Now let's modify our table to add a new field and run migration. Modify the like so: db.py class Users(ormar.Model):
    class Meta(BaseMeta):
        tablename = "users"

    id: int = ormar.Integer(primary_key=True)
    email: str = ormar.String(max_length=64, unique=True)
    password: str = ormar.String(max_length=128)
    is_active: bool = ormar.Boolean(default=True) # new Run the migration: (fastapi-ormar-alembic) $ alembic revision --autogenerate -m "Added is_active to users table"
INFO  [alembic.runtime.migration] Context impl SQLiteImpl.
INFO  [alembic.runtime.migration] Will assume non-transactional DDL.
INFO  [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added column 'users.is_active'
  Generating /home/amalshaji/Workspace/Python/blog-code-repository/fastapi-ormar-
  alembic/migrations/versions/026a9a23ebbe_added_is_active_to_users_table.py ...  done

(fastapi-ormar-alembic) $ alembic upgrade head This created a new file, : migrations/versions/026a9a23ebbe_added_is_active_to_users_table.py """Added is_active to users table

Revision ID: 026a9a23ebbe
Revises: c07fe5d55962
Create Date: 2021-08-14 12:20:36.817128

"""
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa


# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
revision = '026a9a23ebbe'
down_revision = 'c07fe5d55962'
branch_labels = None
depends_on = None


def upgrade():
    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('is_active', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
    # ### end Alembic commands ###


def downgrade():
    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
    op.drop_column('users', 'is_active')
    # ### end Alembic commands ### Let’s verify the same by checking the database schema: $ sqlite3 db.sqlite
SQLite version 3.31.1 2020-01-27 19:55:54
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
sqlite> .schema users
CREATE TABLE users (
        id INTEGER NOT NULL,
        email VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
        password VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL, is_active BOOLEAN,
        PRIMARY KEY (id),
        UNIQUE (email)
);
sqlite> .quit Now that we have set up Ormar + Alembic let's see how to initialize our database connection in the fastAPI application. Wiring up FastAPI Application Create a in the root of the project: main.py from fastapi import FastAPI

from db import database

app = FastAPI()


@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    if not database.is_connected:
        await database.connect()


@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    if database.is_connected:
        await database.disconnect() We used the FastAPI's ( ) startup and shutdown events to create/close the database connections. We are creating a . Starlette's connection pool After a database connection is created, it is added to the pool and used again for another request. The process essentially removes the time taken to make a new connection. Handling multiple ormar tables and migrations Let's say you have a with the following definition. db.py BaseMeta class BaseMeta(ormar.ModelMeta):
    database = database
    metadata = metadata And ormar models in different files. accounts/models.py class Users(ormar.Model):
  class Meta(BaseMeta):
      tablename = "users"

  ... 2. posts/models.py class Posts(ormar.Model):
  class Meta(BaseMeta):
      tablename = "posts"

  ... For the automatic migration to work, you need to import the models in your env.py from accounts.models import Users
from posts.models import Posts
from db import BaseMeta


target_metadata = BaseMeta.metadata There you have it. Your FastAPI application should be up and running now. First seen here.

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The new 5G technology has been advertised to consumers for some time now. It is likely that the majority of these messages come from cellular service providers, so viewers may conclude that 5G only means better connectivity for their phones, and they can download files more quickly as compared to 3G and 4G. However, 5G's potential is greater than that and it's much more promising than it seems. Almost everyone is expecting 5G to arrive, but it might take a bit longer than anticipated. The benefits of 5G are also much more as the leading network providers get ready to deploy their 5G offerings because the benefits 5G will bring to the individuals and businesses are exceptional as compared to previous technologies. In 2003, 3G was introduced to the world as a sophisticated cellular technology that opened up the possibilities of what data could be used for and delivered the internet to consumers. With the introduction of 4G, the user experience improved massively, thanks to unprecedented download speeds and access to thousands of bespoke applications available through Apple's (iOS) and Android's (Google Play) Play Stores. On the contrary, the transformation from 4G to 5G - the next generation of mobile technology - will prove far more beneficial for businesses than previous technological advances. Why? Because 5G offers more than just greater speed. , Conor Pierce, said that "Everything has changed, and as a result, next-generation networks won't just benefit one market or industry - they'll have exponential global impacts." Samsung's Vice President Before jumping to the effects of 5G on businesses, it is necessary to understand the meaning of 5G and why there is so much fuss about this technology. What's All the Hype About 5G? It was the 3G network that enabled smartphones to come into existence, and it was 4G that allowed a faster transmission of information, resulting in enormous productivity gains as we could download and watch videos on the move. But 5G is different. With 5G, there will be even more potential on the cellular network. Things we may never have dreamed of can become possible on smartphones soon. In the meantime, many other devices that rely on this network may also have to undergo a similar transformation. Moreover, 5G makes it possible to as everything will be connected with everything else. create smart cities In short, 5G is expected to deliver greater capacity and much better latency than its predecessor - in other words; you will be able to transfer more data to more devices in a faster and more efficient manner. With the help of 5G, thousands of devices can be connected; for example, IoT (Internet of Things) sensors can be connected simultaneously. There are mainly three attributes 5G offers, and that will eventually bring positive results to businesses: Enhanced capacity Faster response time Improved speed Now, let's dig into detail what impact 5G will create on the business landscape and how entrepreneurs can take advantage of it. What Will the Repercussions of 5G Be on Businesses? 5G plays a significant role in business expansion, from agriculture to healthcare to manufacturing. All of these industries will be impacted in significant ways by 5G because it will greatly increase our customers' capacity to ingest and process data simultaneously. With the speed of 5G in the future, and extended reality applications will benefit from improved performance and low latency, making them more accessible for widespread use. Eventually, these systems must support these devices regardless of their latency, coverage area, etc. virtual reality, augmented reality So now, without any delay, we will examine how 5G can benefit businesses in general and telecom in particular. Much Improvement in Connection Speed 5G provides significantly faster connection speeds than the 4G network currently available. Practically, the maximum 4G speeds are 60 Mbps, but 5G offers 100 megabytes per second. Besides, 5G could reach astonishing speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second, making it suitable for businesses of all sizes. Increasing amounts of data are being transmitted by enterprises every minute, hour, even every day. Moving significant amounts of data will be no problem for 5G, thanks to the speeds it promises. Low-Latency Invites Many Golden Opportunities Latency refers to the time between something being sent and received (such as a data packet). There is currently a 50-millisecond latency on 4G. In 5G, there will be latency in the vicinity of one millisecond, 400 times faster than the blink of an eye. Low latency is essential for autonomic driving and remotely controlled robotics, both of which require a real-time response. Additionally, it will open up more possibilities for using augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). The pensive question, right? How does it benefit business? Streaming high-resolution video, audio, and images at lower latency means businesses can instantly communicate with remote workers and customers without waiting. A business that wants to leverage technologies like AR, VR, and 3D with the help of 5G will have a more meaningful experience. Smart Retail Experience The retail sector and customer behavior have changed dramatically over the last few years. Customer needs today are options with a high level of satisfaction at the lowest possible cost, and why not? A slow payment process, high waiting times, and longer delivery times are other factors they try to avoid. High demand exists for personalized experiences that provide them with the best deals. Due to the massive shift toward online shopping, it becomes imperative that e-commerce companies provide outstanding customer service. Using behavior analytics, 5G enables service providers to improve . 5G here enables brands to use customer behavior analytics to deliver a top-notch customer experience. The online stores can also cross-sell and upsell products based on the buyer's previous purchases. customer experiences Makes Remote Work More Efficient There's no sign that remote work will reverse any time soon due to the lockdown and social distancing situation. Business models that allow for remote work (or hybrid work) are faced with an ongoing mobility challenge. Nearly will work remotely at least five days per month by 2025, according to some industry experts. 70% of workers 5G enables seamless connections whether you're working remotely or on-site, as mentioned above. As you become more mobile, you might also find that you can benefit from the gig economy in unexpected ways. Additionally, hiring remote employees for projects or adding temporary staff during busy seasons with 5G upgrades will be easier. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality As 5G becomes more ubiquitous, emerging technologies such as VR and AR will experience a dramatic improvement, bringing innovation to industries such as retail, travel, healthcare, gaming, and much more. An example of this is Pokémon Go, which enables you to view Pokémon in real-world locations through the usage of your camera. AR in business will likely have more significant potential; with AR/VR, you can now visualize how various sorts of furniture would fit in your living room as offer this facility to their customers. companies like IKEA Other businesses could utilize this technology to offer virtual fitting rooms for clothing and bring historical exhibits to life. With 5G's greater capability, AR experiences will likely be mass, which will change entertainment experiences, such as theatre, live events, shopping, and escape rooms. 5G- The Game Changer for the Business World Mobile network technology, which has arrived in its fifth generation, has the potential to change business forever. In the coming years, numerous businesses will capitalize on 5G's potential. There will be a situation where businesses have to adapt or else fall behind. As a result, IoT innovation and commercial applications have opened up to businesses that are at the forefront of introducing and using such technologies - from driverless cars to drones to AI, robotics, and automatic machinery, to virtual reality and augmented reality. Businesses are only limited by their imaginations when it comes to the possibilities of 5G, so now is high time to consider how you can make 5G work for you.

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As dev teams continue to , the tools, and approaches for building and continue to improve as well. improve agility delivering software and assume the role of a solid basis for releasing software with and decreased risk. And one of the sure-fire ways to guarantee that everything that a customer faces is not subject to catastrophe is to leverage feature flagging. DevOps CI/CD practices boosted automation With that said, let's give you a low-down on top practices for this part of the . software development process Less is More Here’s the thing: Feature flagging is a lifesaver that can support many novel workflows needed in modern methods. However, going overboard with this practice can have the opposite effect. An excessive number of feature toggles means that there is a growing number of code paths. As a result, you end up with increased and complicated testing. To avoid that, turn to this practice only when it seems logical and always repurpose the existing features if possible. code complexity A Feature Flag Whose Job is Done Should Sink Into Oblivion Feature toggling lets you deploy code fast and with the least disruption. But when your experiment comes to an end, it’s time to wipe the slate clean to . avoid further chaos Otherwise, you face the risk of introducing the false feature to the audience. You can consider setting expiration dates for your feature toggles to cut through all that. Know Your Enemy by Name Technically, feature toggles are your best friends, but naming them still helps. To navigate the ocean of feature switches, it is important to . Without them, it is easy to get lost. give them a nomenclature labeling Most likely, you will forget about their designated use or use the same name another dozen times. And none of this will give you a leg up. Therefore, make sure to have a unified tagging system for better control and . team communication Use a Feature Toggle Management Tool Having a solid, helps to safely test features in production. You may think you are better off with a simple page of on-and-off checkboxes. But it gets trickier with the increasing number of features with a variety of statuses. easy-to-use platform Feature toggle management tools, on the other hand, account for better command of the application when you scale it. Use Feature Toggles for Experimenting Finally, feature switches empower software engineers with tools to roll out new features to particular audiences. Thus, instead of reading the tea leaves, you can just show the new functionality to the users and gauge their reaction. Imagine integrating a “get started” CTA button with different graphics, button styles, and font to see which one generates more clicks. Feature flags let you demonstrate the new functions to a narrow target audience and fetch valuable insights. You can then use those insights to course-correct the and fine-tune the feature to users' preferences. That’s how test the waters before rolling out a new update. development giant companies Summing up, feature toggle is a powerful technique that makes development faster and safer. Also, it’s your workaround way to deploy a new feature into production without turning it on until you’re ready. Make sure to use it wisely and implement the time-tested practices mentioned above. Subscribe to ’s thematic newsletters via our subscribe form in the footer. HackerNoon

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A user story is a small unit of work that captures the requirements and description of the product feature from an end-user perspective. A user story is usually delivered in a single iteration of an agile framework sprint. Components Of a Well Written User Story Description/requirements: Who: our target end-user using the service or product. What: what action do we want the end-user to perform. Why: why is the above action important and what value does it add to the business E.g. As a ___, I want ___, so that ___ format answering Who, What, and Why? Acceptance Criteria: Confirms when a Story is completed and works as intended. Demonstrates functionality to Product Owners at the end of the feature release cycle. Performance benchmarks are met. All supporting documents like design documents, architectural diagrams, testing specifications, product specifications, user guides, and deployment guides are signed off and meet the quality bar of the organization. Acceptance criteria must be expressed clearly as to what the expected outcome is: What is acceptable and what is not acceptable. They must be testable: easily translated into one or more manual/automated test cases. Dependencies: User story dependencies are identified and linked in the story. This includes User story collateral (wiki pages, documents, images, etc.). Dependencies may include names of important stakeholders who will provide more clarity about the story and/or sign off on various aspects of the story’s execution. Characteristics of a good user story The model describes the characteristics of a good user story. INVEST I - Independent Independent user stories can be implemented in any order. Can be traced, tracked, tested, etc. on its own. Although, having independent user stories may not always be achievable, but linking one user story to another may reduce the amount of work another story needs and can bring some order in the larger feature execution timelines. N - Negotiable Focus on the essence, not the details in the user story. Keeping the details out allows for the evolution of the story as time progresses. Details are worked out over time as user story takes a concrete shape and form in subsequent sprints. V - Valuable End user is our focus, user stories should be ‘valuable’ to the end user. Capture the importance of external impact (to the end user) and clearly describe the value (for the end user). Have a large feature and need to split into multiple user stories? Instead of splitting up the feature "horizontally" (having one story to complete the database layer and another to complete the logic layer) try to have each story result in a completed item that contributes to the overall feature. Imagine user stories like slices of cake – want to serve all layers of the cake by vertical slicing to include all layers. E - Estimable Estimate approximately how long each story should take. In general, larger stories are harder to estimate than smaller stories could be due to dependencies on other smaller user stories, external dependencies, etc. Confidence in estimation will be a function of the team – experience, unforeseen interruptions like pager duties, customer issues, etc. S - Small Well-defined user stories are small. Ideally, stories should last for one sprint. Scoping a user story so that it can fit in a sprint can be challenging if there are are a lot of unknowns (usually at the beginning of a new feature execution). Small user stories tend to have accurate estimates. T – Testable Good user stories are testable and testing requirements are usually baked in as part of requirements. User story estimates should account for testing time (unit testing, integration, acceptance testing, etc.) as applicable. Lack of being able to test the user story could mean the user story and its requirements are not understood well enough.

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Instagram has evolved into a platform for driving positive traffic to audience, facilitating changes, and establishing relationships with your audience. If your Instagram presence isn't as strong as you'd want, now is a good time to find out how to improve your methods for attracting true, natural Instagram followers. The larger your following grows, the more opportunities you'll have to attract customers and provide them with . engaging experiences Also, if your Instagram followers aren't interested in buying, visiting you online or in person, or promoting your companies with companions and follows, the quantity of followers on your account means nothing. Start improving your quality with these Instagram follower-building techniques. Improve Your Instagram Account The most important step is to make sure your file is up to date before you start looking for ways to gain Instagram followers. Consider your Instagram bio as the 'landing page' for your folder. How can people believe that the record belongs with your image if there's no bio, photo list, or proper username or profile picture? Also, try to make your username as search-friendly as possible, which means sticking to the name of your actual image for the most part. If your company name is lengthy, shorten it to fit the experience of your target audience. Avoid using unusual numbers or characters in your username, and if at all feasible, make it consistent with your other online profiles. Make Instagram Posts Ahead of Time Although Instagram's algorithm has altered to show consumers what they enjoy, may still increase the total engagement of your posts, giving them greater visibility. publishing at the correct times Your image may help you get awareness in a variety of ways, and Instagram content planning is now one of them, according to Sprout Social. Such technologies can aid in the planning of material and captions. Your entire group will be able to view assignments and timetables more effectively if you arrange materials ahead of time. If your team wishes to get ahead on the job, everyone may keep track of the expected progress and forthcoming posts. Recruit Collaborators to Help You Distribute Your Content When attempting to figure out how to obtain more Instagram followers, it's critical to comprehend the size of your audience. Naturally, the larger your supporter check grows, the more buyers and interested clients you will attract. You may also organize Instagram challenges to increase the number of people who see your photograph. These missions provide social proof by demonstrating that your followers care enough to share your content or create their own UGC. Spread the Word About Your Instagram Account How will people locate an account if you don't advertise it? Ensure that your Instagram account is visible on your website and other social media platforms. One of the best methods to get noticed is to raise exposure and awareness. Tell people where they can reach you if you truly want to grow your Instagram following. You may include social media buttons on your website and blog to encourage people to share your content across their social media accounts and let them know where they can find you on Instagram. Cross-promotion of your social media profiles is another excellent option. The Instagram account of the Museum of Modern Art is frequently promoted on Twitter. You may effortlessly drive visitors to your Instagram account by utilizing your other social media accounts. Make Content That Your Consumers Want to See It's a good idea to know what material your subscribers want to see, even if it's simple to do. Some material performs better than others on Instagram, as you will quickly discover. It is for this reason why testing is so crucial. The tiniest detail may make a big impact, whether it's filters, comments, content kinds, or publishing timings. Keep up with the latest Instagram trends to ensure you're sharing popular stuff. Your brand should invest in Instagram analytics solutions to help you dig further into your research. This will make tracking, comparing, and analyzing Instagram material on the accounts much easy. Trust your to determine which filters, captions, and other features are most effective with your target audience. If you're not sure where to begin, look to your competitors. content marketing strategy Look for Hashtags With a High Conversion Rate Hashtags are arguably the most reliable technique to gain Instagram followers. Hashtags have long been a staple of social media disclosure, allowing us to expand our social reach. You must grow your field as advertising by accumulating followers and hashtags. It's straightforward and painless to try to show your Instagram content amid a sea of millions of photos and videos. You must determine which hashtags users in your interest group require verification. These clients will need to monitor your case if an important association is created. Unique tagged hashtags are a way of communicating messages about a topic that is extremely important to your image and objectives.

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Location is everything. You know what I’m talking about, don’t you? Entrepreneurs and founders, not startups and companies. As far as I’m concerned, you can register, build, or do whatever you like with your company - on the North Pole. What difference does it make? Plenty, but you can still make it. What? Do you have some heartbreaking slumdog millionaire story to share? Sorry, but I’m not interested. I’m not afraid, but I’m aware it’s pointless to say anything about (who’d even dare to use “against” instead of “about”) the sacred cows of the entrepreneurship universe. It’s just the way things are and have always been. I’m biased, but let me state something obvious. If Nikola Tesla hadn’t moved to the USA, he would’ve ended up being a priest the way his father, also a priest, had always wanted for him. That’s what I have on my mind when I write about locations in this story. Do you have to be born at the right time and at the right place and in the right family (optional, desirable, ideally)? Is all that it takes for someone to eventually comes down to changing a location? Let’s see. It’s always nice to see a new face in your neighborhood, isn’t it? The more unusual your new neighbor is, the better. So, a few years ago, an elderly man in his late sixties moved into one of our building’s adapted (habitable) garages. The garages have cult status among entrepreneurs and founders. This isn’t the case with my new neighbor. The stairs have been his nemesis for quite some time. The combination of poor genes and an even worse unhealthy lifestyle are to be blamed. I found his arrival in this fully transformed garage to be rather symbolic. I was among the first to offer a helping hand in unloading a moving truck. Two groups of things caught my attention. First, there were a dozen computers of different models and sizes. Some of them could be considered ancient. Second, there were hundreds of books, mostly SF. Entire collections, some of them very rare. Long repackaging story short, my new neighbor sacrificed a lot to keep his computers and books. In terms of furniture, clothes, and other things required for living, one word sums them all up perfectly - essentials. Hear! Hear! Behold The Tech Pioneer! What I feel is a mixture of guilt and ungratefulness. The story of my neighbor should be a long book, which I’m compressing into a short story. First, we traveled into the distant future during our conversations about all the SF books we read. Then, we went back to the past as soon as computers became our main topic. His tech and entrepreneurship journey is a story worth writing and sharing. There’s nothing wrong with comparing my neighbor to Steve Jobs. I found it to be both useful and interesting. Here it goes. Judge for yourself. My neighbor was born a few years later than Steve. Just like Jobs, he spent his childhood and high school in the Eastern European version of California, which was the former Yugoslavia during the 1960s and 1970s. Based not on Google and Wikipedia results, but my parents’ and my own first-hand experiences, I can say that a no-longer-existing country was an oasis of freedom, technological, and economic prosperity compared to the Eastern (Communist) Bloc. That’s why I can’t say that my neighbor was in a dramatically disadvantageous position compared to his US tech enthusiasts during that period. They both developed a mindset of an engineer and became passionate about electronics thanks to their environment. Just to give you an example of how it used to work in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. As early as in elementary schools, the kids were given the freedom to choose which “newspaper” and magazines to read. That’s how my neighbor got in love with technology and electronics. As a much younger countryman, I myself caught a few years of magazines about literature. Needless to say that all these interests were encouraged and sponsored by the state itself. For a better understanding of what I'm talking about, I recommend these two great articles: and Galaksija, Cult Yugoslav DIY Computer from the 1980s Lives On . The story of Yugoslavia's DIY computer revolution Moving on with my story. Both of them dropped out of college. Probably at the same time, a few years, give or take, both began their spiritual journeys of self-discovery and “spiritual enlightenment.” The only difference is that Steven went to the far east, all the way to India, while my neighbor traveled to his cousins in Switzerland and Germany. When they returned “enlightened,” they entered into two different worlds. This is the moment where similarities died, and the difference became as deep as an abyss. Socialism vs. Capitalism - Public Ownership vs. Private Ownership Steve was deep into entrepreneurship and fully independent waters, while my neighbor became a part of the controlled public companies. Socialism offered financial, healthcare security, and all kinds of benefits but took away the choice of individual development and entrepreneurship. For Jobs, computers were a matter of life and death. For my neighbor, a hobby and a personal, non-profit passion. Jobs was building his own computers, and my neighbor was assembling already existing computers. It wasn’t an easy thing to do back then in the early 1980s in our former country. So, kudos to my neighbor. I had to Google just to get a glimpse of what he was talking about. I think that “his” first computer was Spectrum. How he was able to get all the parts is a story for itself. Here are some Twitter screenshots to show that my neighbor wasn't the only DIY computer enthusiast. A heads up for translation, but you'll get the point. There’s a cheesy line, which wasn’t far away from the truth, that former Yugoslavia was neither West nor East. Some kind of a “hybrid.” That’s how my neighbor was able to work on the IBM systems in a socialist country. Remember the two articles I mentioned earlier? Well, here's one of the subheadings that perfectly matches this screenshot: Meet Galaksija, the wooden wonder computer. If we can avoid the term “visionary,” and settle for a problem-solver, I’d be grateful. Steve was making our world a better place with his Apple computers for profit. My neighbor wanted the same in his heavily bureaucratized publicly owned company. Meaning, he wanted to improve productivity as a part of his own private initiative. As a self-taught developer, he created an accounting program from scratch. One of the very first of its kind in the whole country. I had to Google because I’d never even heard of Cobol. His reward wasn’t the money or company’s shares, not even a medal (you saw that in old communistic propaganda movies), but skepticism, indifference, and even envy among his colleagues and supervisors. They both left their companies. It wasn’t pleasant for either of them. While Jobs was busy with NeXT and Pixar, my neighbor created a completely new accounting program based on Access. Our country was collapsing. The civil war was on the tour from one former federal state to another until the full cycle of destruction was completed with the NATO bombing. A few years after Jobs returned to Apple, my neighbor was able to finally start his own company for accounting software solutions. The following years were the most productive for both entrepreneurs. Apple’s iPod and iPhone models were taking the world by storm. My neighbor’s software did the same on an incomparably smaller scale on the remains of a once big and respectful market of former Yugoslavia. He didn’t complain because he was finally free, independent, and creative as he’d always dreamed. Sky's The Limit Until Life Revokes Its Permit They were both struck down in the prime of their lives. Steve and my neighbor’s wife were diagnosed with cancer. I found a quote on Wikipedia from the 1995 documentary “Steve Jobs: The Last Interview.” He was talking about computers. “I feel incredibly lucky to be at exactly the right place in Silicon Valley, at exactly the right time, historically, where this invention has taken form.” This invention he was referring to was the computer. On one occasion, I asked my neighbor, “Why didn’t you leave our country? Why haven’t you moved to the USA? Anywhere, but here.” “When I could have, I didn’t want to. When I wanted to, I couldn’t.” The story about Steve’s adoption is one of the saddest I’ve ever read. Being huge SF fans, my neighbor and I discussed alternative realities among so many things we found in all those books. I wondered out loud, what would’ve happened if my neighbor had been born in California instead of former Yugoslavia. He didn’t like that idea at all, even if it was a theoretical one. “I would have never met my wife, then. And, even if I did, there’s no cure for cancer in California.” We have never spoken about “what if” scenarios after that. Yes, it’s true that the locations are everything, but without people, they’re pointless and worthless. People we love and care about. Yet, sometimes when I’m alone, I can’t help myself to wonder - what if. My neighbor would’ve never invented the iPod or iPhone, and that has nothing to do with my point about the importance of location. He was and still is a problem-solver, after all. Had he been born somewhere near Silicon Valley, the accounting software wouldn’t have been on his to-invent-and-to-do list, that’s for sure. Maybe he would’ve done something completely different that had nothing to do with the computers and programming. It takes more than one perfect element to give birth to a magic moment - in our history. Here’s a nice quote. I just wrote and shared it with you for the first time. Who am I to say to someone that they shouldn’t admire Steve Jobs because of this or that? And, who are you to tell me that I couldn’t admire my neighbor - Steven Jobsky? I’m using an iPhone. I hate accounting. I love SF. I finished this story. Time to call my neighbor. Time to travel to another galaxy. We are making plans for a spaceship that will use beer warp instead of warp drive. Wish us luck. Cheers!

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Location Dictates Innovation: A Tale of My Neighbor Steven Jobsky

By, Yaffa Finkelstein, Product Marketing Manager Cloud Application Security So what is Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC) anyway? IaC is a process that automates the provisioning and management of cloud resources. IaC software takes some input scripts describing a desired state and then communicates with the cloud vendor(s), typically through APIs, to make the reality match that desired state. This article will cover the important aspects of IaC, starting with how it came to life (i.e., which problems it solved), followed by its benefits, and finally how to integrate IaC into your organization. The Need for IaC Once upon a time, when a business wanted to run software, its only option was to order some physical equipment and internet access from a network provider. These were on-site data centers, where companies had to order servers and networking equipment weeks or even months in advance based on anticipated traffic and then manually provision them on-site. This required a physical location with cooling systems and countless hours to perform installations and maintenance operations. But then, public data centers came along that could manage the servers of other businesses. Operating data centers became a viable business on its own, with great advantages for clients: No need for dedicated and costly server rooms Potentially lower lead time for common servers and networking items Physical management of servers/equipment handled by the data center provider Freeing up of valuable resources The advent of virtualization brought yet another evolution: the cloud. In a public (or private) cloud, the physical equipment is located in the data center of the cloud vendor, which still requires manual handling. Virtual servers became available to businesses through web interfaces, allowing them to provision servers and other resources in a matter of seconds (or minutes for the largest resources). At this stage, although virtualization allowed for very fast provisioning, most operations were still manual. A final development came with the advent of IaC concepts and tools. Once the cloud was accessible through an API, the provisioning and management of resources could be handled by scripts and automated tools rather than humans. So now, once the physical equipment is installed and connected (still manual operations), everything else can be automated, including the provisioning of all virtual hardware resources. The ability to programmatically access public clouds allowed for the rise of IaC. Before the advent of IaC, system engineers had to manually go through web interfaces to provision and configure resources. With IaC, the provisioning and configuration of resources are described in scripts, which are read by tools that communicate with the public cloud API to make sure reality matches the desired state. The Many Benefits of IaC As mentioned above, IaC tools use input from scripts; these scripts are written by humans and describe a desired state for the given cloud resources. The tools communicate with the cloud vendor through its APIs to create, update, or delete resources so that the reality matches the desired state described in the input scripts. Compared to manual provisioning and configuration, IaC offers a single source of truth (the input scripts), thus eliminating most human error. Running an IaC script is a repeatable operation, which will produce the exact same result every time. This can help in many ways, for example to: Deploy identical workloads in various locations and/or for different projects Create separate but identical (or near-identical) environments (staging, production, test, etc.) Perform disaster recovery by quickly creating a new, identical environment from the IaC scripts and the last backup of the production environment The IaC scripts can be saved in a git repository, giving you a history of your infrastructure. As an added bonus, since the scripts are just text, it is possible to compare versions to see what has been added, changed, or removed. Another benefit is that IaC allows a junior sysadmin or non-technical person to create an entire workload without technical knowledge. If you configure your cloud account properly, you can even allow a user with limited permissions to create such a workload through IaC tools, even if the user does not have the rights to create the resources directly. You can also leverage additional tooling and templates to ensure security policies are implemented earlier to limit the chance for security leakages and misconfigurations by whomever instantiates the IaC stack. Besides exact repeatability, one of the best advantages of IaC over manual operations is that it is scalable. Indeed, you only need to write the IaC scripts once, and workloads can then be instantiated as many times as you want, nearly instantaneously. Finally, by spending more time to craft the right permissions into your IaC scripts, the typical downside of manual work granting too many permissions to roles and resources can be avoided. How to Get Started Typically, you would want to automate some operations you are currently performing manually. So the first step is for you to document the manual steps required to build the infrastructure needed for your workload. These are the steps you will automate through IaC. You then need to choose an IaC software. This should not be a difficult choice, as there are only a few, and all three major cloud providers have their own: Amazon Web Services offers CloudFormation, Microsoft Azure offers Azure Resource Manager, and Google Cloud Platform offers Google Cloud Deployment Manager. The most well-known option that is vendorindependent is Terraform, which not only supports the three cloud vendors mentioned above but many more. Next, you will need to write some scripts for your IaC tool of choice to reproduce the manual steps you documented. It is usually a good idea to test these as you go along. In other words: Write a bit of IaC code, deploy it, test it, and when you are satisfied it looks good, move on to the next bit of code. If you write everything in one go, major flaws can arise in your code that you will only discover after many hours of work, meaning you might have to rewrite a significant portion of your scripts. Improving Processes to Improve Quality and Security In addition, the topic of Shift Left continues to trend. This essentially means you start testing as early as possible and focusing on preventing problems (as opposed to detecting and solving them after they occur). The idea is that overall quality and security will improve as a result. Ideally, this should leverage automation as much as possible. Indeed, there are various tools available to automate certain aspects of writing IaC scripts, like security and compliance. These tools would scan the code before any deployments to reduce the incidence of problems such as misconfigurations, overly permissive settings, and known vulnerabilities. Some use cases in regard to this for your perusal. Shift Left are available here The Need for a Centralized Team In order to properly use IaC, the person writing the IaC scripts must have a deep knowledge of the cloud platform being used. Therefore, it is advisable to ensure that the most critical parts of your IaC work are done by senior DevOps engineers. It is usually a good idea to have a team of senior DevOps engineers (or at least one) in charge of leading your IaC effort. This team will be able to focus on best practices and security and will thus provide a blueprint for more junior engineers to follow. It will also be able to write generic modules that can be reused across IaC scripts within your organization, providing pre-vetted building blocks readily available to more junior engineers. If tight security is important and it most likely is this team can be responsible for vetting publicly available modules and software as well. It is quite easy to find some IaC modules online; Terraform even has an official of these. However, such publicly available modules might not conform to the security standards applied within your organization or project. It is therefore important to ensure only vetted modules are used by your IaC team. repository Additionally, it would be a good idea for your SecOps team to work alongside your DevOps team. Such cooperation will allow DevOps processes to be optimized in terms of security early in the project. Errors detected after a production deployment can be very costly, especially in terms of customer relationships. Ensuring high quality early in the process will go a long way toward avoiding any such disaster. Conclusion Although quite a recent development, IaC should nowadays be part and parcel of the provisioning strategy of any organization requiring cloud resources and should at a minimum be evaluated for inclusion within your teams. Whatever the size of your organization, you most probably want IaC to manage at least part of your workloads. IaC tooling and best practices will be explored in follow-up articles, so please stay tuned!

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HackerNoon Reporter: Please tell us briefly about your background. Absolutely. I am one of the first generations of Jewish Sikhs. My father's family hails from Ukraine in Eastern Europe, and my mother's family comes from England, Scotland, and France in Western Europe. In the early 1970s, they were on a path of soul searching and looking for peace within. They eventually got into Kundalini yoga, meditation, as well as Sikhism. In the late 1980s, when I was born, I was raised as a Sikh and performed yoga daily. I came into the United States culture with a very different background which enveloped lots of philosophy hailing from the East. I ultimately merged my Eastern influence with everything I learned from the West. What's your startup called? And in a sentence or two, what does it do? My startup is MK Decision, and we make decisions for financial institutions. We support their account opening for checking and savings accounts via their website and their loan and credit card origination. Community financial institutions rely on MK to take consumer application data and process their credit profile to determine if they deserve the loan they applied for. What is the origin story? Both my brother and I have a background in lending and building technology to support our lending efforts. We combined our backgrounds to create a financial technology company to provide software for financial institutions. Ultimately to help institutions to convert off of paper and automate back-office processes. What do you love about your team, and why are you the ones to solve this problem? Here at MK Decision, our first priority is always our team. Without our team, we would have no customers. Without any customers, we would not have problems to solve in the industry. We solve the biggest challenges in the world of finance for community banks and credit unions. Consumers are making important decisions every single day with the cell phone in their pockets, which can be scary. Here at MK, we empathize with the consumer's experience to safely and securely find the right banking products for them. Then, ensuring the experience of applying and approval is seamless and enjoyable. If you weren’t building your startup, what would you be doing? If I wasn't building MK Decision, I would probably build another startup. At the moment, how do you measure success? What are your core metrics? We always measure success through the satisfaction of our customers and the inspiration of our team. The magic happens when we make our customers feel successful and our team feels uplifted and motivated. A few metrics that we measure include the growth of our customers’ loan portfolios and the number of new consumers opening bank accounts every month. One of the core metrics we like to determine is how long it takes consumers to apply for a new loan or checking account. Then ultimately, the conversion percentage of how many people start the application versus those who complete the application. What’s most exciting about your traction to date? The most exciting thing is the reputation we are building in the banking and credit union industry. We are in it for our reputation. MK wants people to know we are people of our word. Even though we are helping our customers overcome major challenges in their business, at the end of the day our commitment is to their satisfaction using our products. What technologies are you currently most excited about, and most worried about? And why? I am most excited about integrating our products with mobile banking providers. The integration allows us to connect with existing customers or members of the financial institution. This segment can compare available financial products and apply with one tap; expanding the banking experience. Traditional financial institutions need to be concerned with major technology companies like Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon introducing their own banking products. In the digital banking world, any entity with strong technology can get banks to support their endeavors and launch a digital bank. We want community financial institutions to continue to serve the local towns they exist within. MK would be concerned about any technologies taking money out of small towns and restricting those economies from succeeding. What drew you to get published on HackerNoon? What do you like most about our platform? Ultimately, we always like to collaborate with technology-focused and technology-inspired content providers. For us, expanding our brand is a passion. It is an important part of our reputation to grow awareness for our company and mission. What I enjoy most about HackerNoon is its expansive reach across all areas of technology. It is impressive to find a platform supporting an incredible number of writers and content creators with an all-encompassing approach to covering the tech industry. It means so much to MK to be nominated as a candidate for 2021 Startup of The Year. What advice would you give to the 21-year-old version of yourself? Trust your gut. Trust your instincts. Always speak your peace and give your two cents. Lastly, people will remember you by how you make them feel. What is something surprising you've learned this year that your contemporaries would benefit from knowing? I have learned there are endless problems to be solved in financial services and the market is extremely vast. There is enough business for all the vendors who want to get involved. You must ensure there is a large, addressable market to build a successful business and gainfully employ the people who take a chance on you. But more than anything, there is enough business for all of us. Vote for MK Decision for Startup of the Year, San Diego, California

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On Empowering Community Financial Institutions: Interview with Har Rai Khalsa, MK Decision's CEO

Manufacturers in a broad range of industries have a monopoly on who repairs machines—and when devices are deemed unfixable By Jon Keegan As critically ill COVID-19 patients started showing up in droves at emergency rooms around the world, ventilators became a crucial technology keeping patients alive. When hospitals’ own resources became overwhelmed, the Strategic National Stockpile dusted off and distributed thousands of the life-support machines throughout the country. But were in working condition. not all J. Scot Mackeil, a biomedical technician with more than 40 years of experience, worked on a team tasked with inspecting machines sent to Massachusetts’s Emergency Management Agency. In mid-April, while performing spot checks on hundreds of ventilators packed in freight pods, Mackeil discovered one with a damaged power connector. But when he asked the manufacturer to send him a replacement part, he was surprised to receive the manufacturer’s response: “ ‘Absolutely no.’ ” “I had just expected, ‘Oh, no problem. Where can we send it?’ ” he said. “I wasn’t expecting them to dig their heels in.” Mackeil was well aware of what’s become a common obstacle for hospitals: Manufacturers not only have a monopoly over even simple replacement parts, but they also often allow only their authorized service technicians to repair equipment. Mackeil told The Markup that over his career, manufacturers resisting hospitals doing their own repairs has become the norm. “Medical equipment manufacturers look at the service phase of the device life as a huge profit center,” Mackeil said. Medical equipment manufacturers look at the service phase of the device life as a huge profit center. - J. Scot Mackeil, biomedical technician With the ventilator, he had thought they might relent. “It was just a shame,” he said. It’s not just medical device manufacturers who keep a tight grip on the inner workings of the products they sell —mobile phones, game consoles, coffee makers, and farm equipment all share examples of the same sort of repair restrictions that advocates calling for “right to repair” laws seek to eliminate. And though you might technically own your camera, game console, blender, or phone, you repair it at your own peril. Going outside the official route for fixes is either impractical without repair manuals and proprietary tools or could void the machine’s warranty (though consumers on that front). have some protections “We are no longer able to fix the things we buy,” said Gay Gordon-Byrne, who is the executive director of , a coalition of businesses and organizations seeking legislation across the country that would give consumers the right to repair their own machines. The Repair Association The right-to-repair movement has drawn an unusual coalition of stakeholders, including environmentalists, libertarians, engineers, independent repair shop owners, gamers, hobbyists, and farmers. Groups like The Repair Association have helped push consumer electronic right-to-repair bills introduced in dozens of states. None, however, have become law in recent years. Lobbyists for the electronics manufacturers have also raised concerns that unqualified repairs could lead to and that states with right-to-repair laws could become . dangerous failures of their products havens for hackers Such laws could eliminate a manufacturer’s monopoly on not only who can fix a product—but also on when a product is essentially deemed unfixable. Right-to-Repair Bills Have Been Introduced in 32 States. None have yet passed Other than Massachusetts’s 2013 Auto Right to Repair law, efforts to pass such legislation have been blocked. Here are the years in which right-to-repair legislation has been underconsideration. Right-to-Repair Bills Have Been Introduced in 32 States. None have yet passed Other than Massachusetts’s 2013 Auto Right to Repair law, efforts to pass such legislation have been blocked. Here are the years in which right-to-repair legislation has been underconsideration. Why Won’t Apple Fix My Phone? Can Someone Else Do It? Today’s mobile phone is a marvel of precision engineering—watertight seams, sealed batteries, and a lack of visible fasteners that would make most consumers unsure of how you would even go about opening it. To get inside requires detailed schematics, diagrams, and specialized tools. Apple has all of those, of course, but in July 2019, Apple VP Kyle Andeer testified to Congress that the company and its authorized service providers perform only four types of iPhone repair: display, battery, speaker, and camera. If your phone dies (when it is no longer covered by warranty or optional AppleCare coverage) and it can’t be fixed by one of those repairs, Apple may suggest you buy another phone. Jessa Jones, founder of iPad Rehab, a mobile device repair shop in Honeoye Falls, N.Y., says that’s disingenuous. “I think that my customers are largely unaware that what they’re being told by the manufacturer of the device, about the problem that they’re having and about the repairability of that problem, is false,” she told The Markup. “We aim to avoid the need for repair in the first place,” Apple spokesperson Keri Fulton said in a statement to The Markup. “But when a repair is needed, there should be safe, dependable options available to bring a device back to its best possible performance.” Jones runs a popular YouTube channel on which she uses her soldering skills under a microscope to perform several repairs that Apple does not offer. She particularly specializes in restoring data from dead phones—often helping people recover precious photos of loved ones. “There’s a chip on the board that is soldered on there that contains all of your memories, and those memories are encrypted by default,” Jones said, and it’s time-consuming though entirely possible to retrieve. Our ability to just take something from the junkyard of iPhone parts and plug it into your new phone is becoming increasingly limited. - Jessa Jones, founder of iPad Rehab “The only way to decrypt that and get them back out is you’ve got to get a multi-meter out and solve problems on that logic board,” she said. Jones also noted that there are many relatively simple repairs that shouldn’t require a trip to the Apple Store or an authorized dealer. Tips are easy to find online, and sites like iFixit offer detailed repair guides, tools, and replacement parts. Independent phone repair shops can be found in towns large and small, but they often operate without official manufacturer certifications to repair devices. These shops may use unofficial aftermarket parts from overseas, or replacement parts harvested from inoperable phones. But like many other device manufacturers, Apple increasingly employs strict digital controls over the hardware that the device detects, making non-Apple repairs of some components impossible without Apple diagnostic tools. “Our ability to just take something from the junkyard of iPhone parts and plug it into your new phone is becoming increasingly limited, because the parts are now serialized, meaning there’s a serial number in the part that the phone refuses to operate [without],” said Jones. Fulton from Apple declined to comment but pointed The Markup to the company’s 2020 Environment Report, which says products are becoming easier to repair. “For our iPhone devices, we’ve utilized stretch release adhesives, which securely hold the battery during use yet can be swiftly debonded by service partners to install replacements,” the report says. Apple is not alone in making devices that are hard to repair. Jones said manufacturers of Android devices employ manufacturing techniques that make repairs difficult. iFixit CEO Kyle Wiens told The Markup, though, that there are manufacturers who are voluntarily adopting right-to-repair principles. “Motorola is the first smartphone manufacturer that stepped up and is basically complying with right to repair,” he said. “They have worked with us.” There’s a Diverse, Growing Movement Behind the Right to Repair—but It Faces Hurdles Some of the earliest calls for right-to-repair legislation came from farmers, who’ve been struggling for the ability to fix their own John Deere tractors for years. John Deere equipment is sold with software restrictions that only authorized technicians can bypass, . frustrating traditionally self-reliant farmers During their campaigns for president, both Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders cited the plight of these farmers unable to repair their own equipment and called for a national right-to-repair law as part of a host of proposals to help American farmers that ended up being adopted as for 2020. a plank in the Democratic platform A spokesperson for John Deere declined to comment. The company has recently made an effort to smooth things over, offering a program with diagnostics, training, and documentation for farmers wanting to do their own repairs, starting in 2021. In 2018, an won long-sought exemptions to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to allow farmers and other consumers to —without breaking the law. These (which are considered every three years under the law) enable the legal “jailbreaking” of new phones, voice assistants, and software locks on tractors, cars, and home appliances—though not on video game consoles. Importantly, they also allow you to hire someone to do this breaking for you. alliance of right-to-repair advocates break software locks on the products they own latest exemptions Massachusetts, where a voter-initiative with in favor, shows the potential popularity of expanding such laws. automotive right-to-repair law passed in 2012 86 percent voting This November, Massachusetts voters will consider an , which would allow consumers to access and control the automobile diagnostic and telemetric data that’s increasingly sent directly to car manufacturers via cellular radios. update to the automotive law Massachusetts also has a consumer electronics right-to-repair bill that advocates say is the furthest along of any in the country, though it’s currently awaiting a vote by both chambers of the state legislature. In 2018 … Apple, Verizon, Facebook, AT&T, Toyota, Caterpillar, and others successfully lobbied against a proposed New York State ‘Fair Repair Act.’ The Massachusetts bill has served as a template for proposed automotive and consumer electronic right-to-repair legislation around the country—some of which has come close to becoming law, only to be killed at the last minute by lobbying from electronics and automobile manufacturers. New York State for 2018, for instance, show that Apple, Verizon, Facebook, AT&T, Toyota, Caterpillar, and others all successfully lobbied against a proposed “ .” lobbying disclosures Fair Repair Act Industry groups opposing right to repair include Consumer Technology Association, , and TechNet (a large industry group whose members include Apple, Amazon, Google, Facebook, and Comcast). Association of Equipment Manufacturers In 2019, TechNet’s then Northeast executive director, before the Massachusetts state legislature’s Joint Committee on Consumer Protection and Professional Licensure in opposition to the proposed . Christina Fisher, testified digital right-to-repair bill Fisher argued that the bill was “legislation in search of a problem”—that consumers already have plenty of choices for repairs and that such laws would hurt innovation. TechNet declined to comment for this story, pointing The Markup to the group’s previous statements. An all-star list of engineers and cyber security professionals founded Securepairs in 2018 to counter these arguments, which the group says are . without merit What Comes Next? If Massachusetts were to pass the nation’s first consumer electronic right-to-repair law, it could have national influence. When the Massachusetts Automotive Right to Repair bill passed in 2012, all major car manufacturers signed a voluntarily adopting the requirements of the Massachusetts law nationwide. memorandum of understanding Aside from legislation, Apple does appear to be moving forward with several efforts at for its products, but recent , disclosed as part of a U.S. House antitrust subcommittee hearing in July, show internal confusion surrounding these initiatives. increasing the availability of parts and repairs internal emails “What is our repair strategy? Are we comfortable releasing our repair manuals for all products moving forward?” read one email from Lori Lodes, Apple’s former director of corporate communications, from March 2019. 13,000 - Number of service and maintenance manuals for life-saving equipment that iFixit collected and made available online. Apple declined to comment on these emails directly and referred The Markup back to its 2020 Environment Report, in which the company says it has “broadened the reach of Apple authorized service repair. Through a partnership with Best Buy, we added 1000 more AASP locations in 2019, tripling the number of U.S. AASP locations compared to three years ago.” Meanwhile, prompted by the pandemic, there’s a bit of a guerrilla movement afoot, at least when it comes to medical devices. When Wiens, CEO of repair website iFixit, heard about the crisis of the shortage of ventilators in Italy as that country struggled at the height of its first wave of COVID-19 cases, he wanted to help. Aside from selling replacement parts and repair tools, iFixit offers for repairing electronics—and Wiens decided they could do something similar for crucial medical equipment. detailed documentation Wiens and his team collaborated with volunteers to collect and organize a free library of more than for lifesaving medical equipment. The move was potentially so far, the materials remain online. 13,000 service and maintenance manuals legally risky, but . Originally published as " Why Can’t I Fix My Own Phone, Toaster, or Tractor? " with the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license

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