Introducing ’s Official Writing Prompts! Would you like to take a stab at answering some of these questions? Head to the navigation bar, and look at the writing prompts under the Write tab. The below set of questions is template number 8. ’Share your philosophy.’ Simply click on the template and start writing, it will automatically create a draft in your account. Hacker Noon HN Reporter: If automation replaces 70 percent of all possible human jobs, what do you think people will spend their time doing? I don’t think that’s the only variable to consider. We’d have to see how far we have progressed in terms of interplanetary travel, what the status of the environment is, what the status of the interactions between human and machine is, and where we are at in terms of genetics research. If everything was very similar to how it is now, I would say a large portion of the population would be focused on creative efforts and embracing self-actualization in some version of a creator economy –while becoming progressively more cyborg, a large portion would be living almost entirely virtually, and a notable portion would be out there taking risks and exploring and researching the universe. Naturally, another good portion of the population would be trying to destroy everything around them for stupidity’s sake. In such a case, what do you think the governance structure will look like? I think that if you compare the income disparity of - say - people in the Middle Ages in Europe to the Western world now, and use that income disparity decrease as a prediction variable, it’s quite possible we’ll establish a much more balanced system… especially with the help of AI. That being said, I don’t think true fits into humanity’s predisposition. Although, whether that’s truly the case is yet to be ‘properly’ tested. Observationally speaking, people have different talents, brain capabilities, and motivation levels. equity A concept presented in The Matrix movies for example suggests true presents as unnatural. equality Do you think it’s possible technological advancement will be able to outsmart human greed? Why? Robotics is supposed to adhere to certain laws. When you allow it to progress beyond that, you lose a certain element of control, and once that happens, outsmarting greed will be the least of humanity’s worries. Greed is innate, just like love, or hunger. It’s part of the human experience. It can be mediated and controlled (it should be) so in that sense perhaps it can be ‘outsmarted,’ but will it ever go away? Unlikely. In the race against Armageddon vs technology, which do you think will win, why? In this case there’s only hope. If technology doesn’t win, then what a miraculous ‘waste’ of incredible discovery and talent. There’s intelligence here. It should continue to move forward and beyond. Could you survive in a post-apocalyptic wasteland? Depends on the state of toxicity of the wasteland. But I’m a fighter, so I would bet on myself. Are you afraid of a robot army? How would you fight against one if you had to? A robot army isn’t an ideal opponent, but I would have a water gun, and would prep myself on understanding the science behind various disarming technologies. Something about magnetic fields? Could you survive in a bunker? How would you do it? How would you go without trackers picking up your radio frequencies? Very likely. The second part of this question was written so you’d give me ideas. What in life is truly objective and not subjective? Nothing really, but I believe in the scientific approach. What is consciousness? Being as far away from the dream state as possible. Awareness. Accurate interpretation of the physical world. What’s your favourite fractals formula? Please explain and show the result. Make one for yourself here: http://usefuljs.net/fractals/ It’s just so profoundly stunning. We need to fix the lax culture surrounding math and education in the Western world. Do we have free will? Depends on what country you live in. ‘Jokes’ aside, I think that at any given moment there are a large number of possibilities. You have a choice. You can leave your house and start eating dirt if you feel like it. I think part of the reason we have to have laws in a civilized society is due to the abundance of free will. Would you kill 10 people to save 100? Why? Depends on the situation. Does life require a purpose and a goal? If you want to live a life that has even a remote chance of bringing you satisfaction, then yeah you should assign goals and a purpose to yourself. It’s basic human psychology. Is mind or matter more real? Well, the mind consists of matter, so… Does observation alter an event? Even if you ignore quantum physics theories (you shouldn’t), your experience is always subjective. What is infinity? It’s an 8 turned on its side. Does fate exist? No. Strength, effort, calculated risk, and determination exist. Is life all a dream? In part. The brain has a lot to do with constructing how you experience what is real. That means most of your ‘reality’ is at least in part entirely an illusion. What is intelligence? Memory, processing speed, critical thinking, and depth at which a brain can process information, as well as adaptability, and comprehension. Why do we dream? Random neuronal firings. And the brain trying to make sense of it. Is it possible time is being altered right now? Yes. E = mc^2. Visit space, you can do that now. More info. These questions were answered by Ellen Stevens. Would you like to take a stab at answering some of these questions? 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“A robot army isn’t an ideal opponent, but I would have a water gun”

is one of the most well-known p2p libraries. Libp2p It is the base of the and it will be the base of , so it is a very good choice if you want to develop decentralized applications. Interplanetary Filesystem Ethereum 2.0 In this article, I will show the basic conceptions of libp2p and we will develop a minimalistic browser-based (no own server needed) chat application using the JavaScript implementation of libp2p and vue.js. PeerId is one of the main elements of libp2p. PeerId It is something like a BitCoin or Ethereum address that is generated from the public key part of a keypair. Like a BitCoin address, it is unique and can be used to sign a message by the private key that can be validated by the public key that is associated with the peerId. You can generate a peerId by the utility. peer-id You can simply install peer-id by npm: sudo npm i peer-id -g After the installation, you can simply generate your very own peer-id by the peer-id CLI tool: peer-id { "id": "QmPMKmmRyepsh4Wq24msEdeGJQWSszy7eWNSjL53bxz3sS", "privKey": "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", "pubKey": "CAASpgIwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQC6/4DQXtW9HYbx5wPNbcsNbwMITH8Mg70O+zhQ9t9w/9Z7BuOzwQqu/ABaRclkl1FIuGfIayKSzqkczYkdY3I6bMUtn8dyHuJi1JzJj5PtaGfK81ra6hNvkVRqttYKJdgpPdGWCa6ouRbFPf3l0w2sK0ejf1Im/h4bAL1ltgZK7G+fXZTlUdAoEvQJja3bl9b47zqWiq+oVaez7uBhemrJQ6Ao09Tlr/RpVfbsc48NAczuDqh9nZzUq27LQEu9OXOf6xk/hPaDcof0ubQs9REXDCcDq01Cg6dQ5odKKHcT9hTeytZlvzfZZgleU8pME9r1EVpG5aEMn5qC0zfoe3PTAgMBAAE=" } Calling peer-id will generate a JSON with the private and the public key, and the id which is a multihashed public key. This id is your unique peer address. Multihash is a future-proof hashing format that is used by libp2p and IPFS. It is built from 2 parts. Multihash The first 2 characters are the hash header that defines the hashing algorithm, and the second part is the hash itself. In the above example (in the id part of the peerId JSON) Qm means it is an SHA-256 hash and the second part is the base58 encoded 256 bits hash. Multiaddress is something like an HTTP URL, but it’s more general. A multiaddr is a list of protocol/value pairs that can point to a host, a service, a peer, etc. Multiaddress Let’s see some examples: - this multiaddr points to a host. /ip4/1.2.3.4 - this points to TCP port 80 of the host. /ip4/1.2.3.4/tcp/80 - this points to the UDP port 123 of . - this points to a peerId. - this multiaddr exactly points to a host and a TCP port where we can communicate to the given peer. /dns4/example.com/udp/123 example.com /p2p/QmbEKwwsuzArDenmWJfcFgyQ8uATQrmkjAsaT8VaGocV1x /ip4/7.7.7.7/tcp/4242/p2p/QmYyQSo1c1Ym7orWxLYvCrM2EmxFTANf8wXmmE7DWjhx5N Now we know the basics, let’s go forward to the implementation. Libp2p is a modular network stack with many implementations. In this article, I will use the JavaScript implementation that can run on the server-side in node.js or in your browser. Let’s see some code to understand how js-libp2p works: 'use strict'

const Libp2p = require('libp2p')
const TCP = require('libp2p-tcp')
const { NOISE } = require('@chainsafe/libp2p-noise')

const createNode = async () => {
  const node = await Libp2p.create({
    addresses: {
      listen: ['/ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/4321']
    },
    modules: {
      transport: [ TCP ],
      connEncryption: [ NOISE ]
    }
  })

  await node.start()
  return node
} The above example shows how can we start a libp2p node. The Libp2p.create method has two options here. The first is the address where the node will listen. In this case, the node will listen on every IP address and on 4321 port. The second option is the definitions of the modules. Libp2p is a strongly modular stack. Every module is defined by an interface, and you can freely choose which one would you use, or you can create your own modules. Every part of the stack is modular. You can define the transport layer, the encryptions, you can define your own peer discovery mechanism, etc. In this case, we will use TCP transport and NOISE encryption. The above code works fine in node.js, but in a web browser, it’s not possible to open server ports. To solve this problem, libp2p can use relay servers that can open the required server ports and forward the traffic to the browser. this.libp2p = await Libp2p.create({
  addresses: {
    listen: [
     "/dns4/wrtc-star1.par.dwebops.pub/tcp/443/wss/p2p-webrtc-star",
     "/dns4/wrtc-star2.sjc.dwebops.pub/tcp/443/wss/p2p-webrtc-star",
    ],
  },
  modules: {
    transport: [Websockets, WebRTCStar],
    connEncryption: [NOISE],
    streamMuxer: [Mplex],
    peerDiscovery: [Bootstrap],
    dht: KadDHT,
  },
  config: {
    peerDiscovery: {
      [Bootstrap.tag]: {
      enabled: true,
      list: [
"/dnsaddr/bootstrap.libp2p.io/p2p/QmNnooDu7bfjPFoTZYxMNLWUQJyrVwtbZg5gBMjTezGAJN",
"/dnsaddr/bootstrap.libp2p.io/p2p/QmbLHAnMoJPWSCR5Zhtx6BHJX9KiKNN6tpvbUcqanj75Nb",
"/dnsaddr/bootstrap.libp2p.io/p2p/QmZa1sAxajnQjVM8WjWXoMbmPd7NsWhfKsPkErzpm9wGkp",
"/dnsaddr/bootstrap.libp2p.io/p2p/QmQCU2EcMqAqQPR2i9bChDtGNJchTbq5TbXJJ16u19uLTa",
"/dnsaddr/bootstrap.libp2p.io/p2p/QmcZf59bWwK5XFi76CZX8cbJ4BhTzzA3gU1ZjYZcYW3dwt",
      ],
      },
    },
    dht: {
      enabled: true,
    },
  },
}); This more complex example uses the wrtc-star1.par.dwebops.pub and wrtc-star2.sjc.dwebops.pub servers as relays through the webrtc protocol. These servers are provided by the libp2p community, only for testing. If you building a real-world application, you should . install your own webrtc star servers Another new thing is the bootstrap nodes. These nodes are the starting point of peer discovery. When your node starts, it will connect to these nodes first. After the connection, our node will get other nodes addresses that are also connected to the bootstrap nodes, and it will connect some of them, so after the bootstrap, the bootstrap nodes are not needed anymore, the p2p network builds automatically. The bootstrap nodes in the example are also provided by the libp2p community. By defining different bootstrap nodes, you can define your own, separated p2p networks. The last thing that I want to talk about is the DHT. is a distributed key/value store that is stored on the nodes. This key/value store is used to store the current internet address of the peerId. Distributed Hash Table It is something like the DNS system, where the DNS servers store the IP addresses for the domain names. DNS is also distributed like the DHT, but in this case, we use the peerId instead of the domain and the endpoint’s multiaddress instead of the IP. let peerId = PeerId.parse(this.otherPeerId);
let result = await this.libp2p.peerRouting.findPeer(peerId);
this.otherPeerMultiaddrs = result.multiaddrs; The above example shows, how you can find a peer by its peerId. The peerRouting module’s findPeer method tries to discover the peer by the peerId and if it finds it the multiaddress will be available in the result. Now we can start our own nodes in the browser, and find other peers. The next step is communicating with them. First of all, we have to define a protocol and handle the incoming connections. It is something like opening a server port in a traditional client-server application. this.libp2p.handle('/chat/1.0.0', 
  ({ connection, stream, protocol }) => { 
    this.remotePeerId = connection.remoteAddr.getPeerId(); 
    pipe( 
      stream, 
      (source) => { 
        return (async function* () { 
         for await (const buf of source) 
           yield array2str(buf.slice()); 
        })(); 
      }, 
      async (source) => { 
       for await (const msg of source) { 
        this.messages.push(“> “ + msg); 
       } 
      } 
    ); 
}); The above code defines the ‘chat/1.0.0’ (this is the standard format of a protocol) protocol and handles the incoming connections to it. The handler function has 3 parameters where the 2. is the most important, the incoming stream. JavaScript streams are very tricky things, but hopefully, there are some nice tools to handle them. In this example, we are using the pipe function. The first parameter of the pipe is a stream and the last is a consumer. The middle parameters can be stream transformers. In our case, we transform the stream elements by the array2str function because the stream is binary and we need simple UTF8 strings. The last function (the consumer) simply read the messages from the stream and write them out. Now we have nodes in the browser that can find each other, and we have a chat protocol handler. The last step is connecting from one peer to another, and send some messages on the chat protocol. const { stream, protocol } = await this.libp2p.dialProtocol( 
  peerId, chatProtocol 
); 
this.chatQueue = pushable(); 
pipe( 
  this.chatQueue, 
  (source) => { 
    return (async function* () { 
      for await (const msg of source) yield str2array(msg); 
    })(); 
  }, 
  stream 
); Libp2p has a dialProtocol method for connecting other peers. The method has 2 parameters. The target peerId and the protocol identifier. The result of the method is a stream, so we use the pipe function again. The first parameter of the pipe is a pushable. Pushable is a queue that can be read as a stream. We will push the chat messages to this queue. The second stage of the pipe is a transformer that calls str2array to convert the string messages to binary form. The last stage of the pipe is the stream itself. You can find the full code here: https://github.com/TheBojda/js-libp2p-browser-chat You can test it online on . Open this URL on 2 browser tabs. Copy the one tab’s peerId to the other tab and push the ‘Find’ button. If everything goes well, the browser node will find the other node in the other tab. Then push ‘Dial protocol’ button and you can start chatting between the two tabs. https://thebojda.github.io/js-libp2p-browser-chat/index.html Libp2p is the basis of many p2p applications. I hope, this short introduction will help you to start developing your own p2p applications (maybe a new sharing economy application, or your very own new blockchain). So, let’s code! Initially published here.

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A finished product requires verification before being handed over to the customer or presented to an audience. There are different types of product testing. In this article, we will talk about them and explain which ones a business should require from a contractor. What is it? is a metric that determines the scope of different types of tests. During this process, you can get information about the health of the application and the state of the code. Test coverage Typically, test coverage is only able to assess 70-80% of the totality of a particular project. The purpose of testing depends on the economics of the goal and the overall risk assessment. Full coverage is usually impractical. Other factors that are taken into account when testing: Estimating the cost of project failure, including based on the scope; The technical documentation of the project should be as clear as possible so that QA can clearly evaluate the test results; Take into account any special test conditions; Tests for unexpected errors lost between layers of code. Testing From the Technical View There are different types of testing that different specialists are responsible for. Unit and integration tests are most often carried out by . developers or automation QA Manual testers are engaged in either intermediate checks at the integration stages or individual endpoints that are checked through postmen. As for acceptance testing, project managers and/or business analysts are engaged in it. Testing types: In this case, testing (methods, classes, functions) takes place. Testing, in this case, is easier and faster since you do not need to take into account the dependencies between modules and run the entire application completely. Often during such testing, module dependencies are replaced or mocking. Unit testing: At this stage, the communication between the modules and the general functioning of the code are checked using software tools. This is a longer process. Integration testing: This can be done either manually or automated, for example, using the Selenium tool. Here the reliability of the system as a whole is tested. System testing: This helps to assess the quality of previously written tests. In this case, testing of the changed section of the code should end in failure. Mutation testing is commonly used when writing frameworks and libraries. Mutation testing (or a / b testing): A special approach to testing, when unit tests are first written, and only after that the modules themselves are compiled. This takes into account all business requirements. The result is a simple transparent code that meets the customer's requirements. TDD (Test Driven Development): First of all, it is important to understand that testing helps to find and fix bugs and potential problems even before the application is presented to the public. Improving the quality of the code can also be achieved using static code analyzers. Code coverage has different assessment criteria: whether each line of source code has been executed and tested; statement coverage - whether each decision point (evaluating whether an expression is true or false) has been executed and tested; condition coverage - whether all possible paths through a given part of the code have been completed and tested; path coverage - whether each program function has been executed; function coverage - whether all function calls and returns have been made. I / O coverage - whether all typical and boundary parameter values ​​have been checked. сoverage of parameter values ​​- Code Testing Tools to use As test automation is becoming more and more popular, there are a huge number of tools for automating the process today. The tools used depend not only on the objectives of the test, but also on the language. Let's take a look at several popular tools and their applications. Popular with testers and web developers. It is one of the best tools out there, and is relevant for projects in JavaScript, Java, Ruby, Python, PHP and C #, and so on. Selenium. Great for testing native, cross-platform and web applications. Great for Android and iOS apps. Appium. A tool that shows test coverage and collects test metrics. Previously worked only in Ruby, today it is used in JavaScript, Java, PHP. Cucumber. Speaking about PHP directly, as the main language using which projects are created in TopDevs, here the main tool is PHPUnit extensions, as well as various libraries created on its basis. The Laravel framework also helps here, which offers add-ons to PHPUnit for simpler and faster tests. So, there is an add-on "DatabaseTransactions trait", which wraps all database queries in transactions and rolls back those transactions upon completion of the test. This way, you can use the existing data and not damage the current database. You no longer need to create an additional database for testing. When it comes to testing JavaScript code, the Jest and Mocha libraries are most often used here. Why do Businesses Need Testing? User loyalty can lose a lot of points, even with one button not working. Avoiding such punctures can only be done with due regard for testing the product before release. There are three test levels that determine the quality of the final product: code level, feature level, and application level. Testing should be agreed with the development team, which will check the correct operation of the application after the completion of development. Before starting work, it is important to define business goals and technical documentation that will help improve the quality of testing, since there will be a clear understanding of what is expected and what is obtained from certain interactions with the application. High-quality test coverage provides the following advantages: the formation of a loyal community; saving resources on fixing bugs and constant improvements to the application; reduction of reputational risks; competitive superiority; easy app store placement; no security risks for customers. It should be understood that test coverage is not only working navigation, but also the correct processing of requests and, for example, transactions. By using the application, the user implies ensuring the security of his data and uninterrupted operation. Only if the tests are covered at least 60%, the developers can guarantee all this. Final words Today, the development process is becoming more and more systematic. Measuring the effectiveness and completeness of testing is the best way to do this. Test coverage can provide product quality assurance, increasing the profitability of the final product. Refusal to test is an irrational decision that can harm your reputation, because even after correcting all the shortcomings, it is quite difficult to regain the user's trust.

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Securing apps is vitally important. Your users are trusting you with their data and transactions and you can’t afford to betray that trust. Worst yet, you yourself can’t go down due to malicious actors. You need to make sure your process secures your app from the frontend to the backend and everything in between. Audit Everything Know all the interfaces, all the access vectors, tools, people involved. Using that, create an inventory and go through each item one by one and analyze all possible attack vectors in-house, external, etc. When you research every single of those interfaces, let your team know that you're doing that right. A company should ensure these interfaces constantly communicate with each other, they ID each other and make sure that only the necessary amount of information flows through those interfaces. The entire system has to be up to date and constantly checked regarding exposure to the internet, vulnerabilities, scams, and attacks. Securing the Device: Identity Management and Protocols The device is the weakest link. You have the least control over it. You can’t know if the app was installed correctly if it is on a jailbroken device if the OS is up to date etc. In case the device is compromised or stolen, make sure username/password credentials are not stored on the device. Be Data Frugal with APIs Every bit of data exposed at an endpoint needs to be there for a reason. You don’t want someone using that data for anything else. One example is how someone used information available on Amazon to trick the Apple support into resetting an ID. You can try to obfuscate as much as you want, but at the end of the day, obfuscation is not security. There's not much point in hiding the API. It is public-facing, people need to know how to onboard the app and understand what the app is doing and what kind of calls the app is sending to what endpoint. This is why it's good to just focus on making sure it's a secure connection making secure communication to a controlled setup while exposing as little as possible in the API. You Need Both Security and Obfuscation There are many ways to secure HTTP communication and prevent Man in the Middle Attacks and make sure you are talking to the right endpoint. There is SSL pinning and other methodologies. It's a very established and value researched environment which makes it very secure. It is also a well-known and understood protocol. This also increases the risk so you need to obfuscate and also know which protocol you are using and why. It's very hard to prevent someone from sniffing network traffic using and it's also difficult to prevent someone from downloading the APK (if its an Android app), disabling certificate pinning (or changing to the desired certificate), and compiling it again and there you have a jailbroken device. Charles Proxy (Even jailbreak detection can be skipped by manipulating the execution of the application at run time). By having tight security protocols, API Data frugality, and obfuscation in place, you create a much more secure system. How to Prevent Supply Chain Attacks Supply chain attacks appear in the news frequently, whether it is the SolarWinds or the Kyesa attack that took down half the supermarkets in Sweden. The best way to deal with it is to be aware of the need to assess vulnerabilities of your vendors, your libraries, and your third-party integrations and applications that you use in the context that might have access, or might be able to have access to your system. This also includes the dependencies used in GitHub. You need to have a way that when these vulnerabilities do come up, they come to your attention. Because often, as in the case of a vendor attack, you nor your vendor knows until you are locked out! Storage Solutions: Prepare to Remediate in case of Ransomware Attack You need to have multiple layers in protection in place anyway. What is your first layer? Second layer? Etc. It goes without saying that you need to have a good backup strategy. A good backup strategy entails: You should be able to restore data from 15 minutes before, not months ago. Up-to-Date Backups. Be able to Recover in Timely Manner. This means different access vectors, third-party integrations, and encryption possibilities. Backup Segregated from System. If using a backup service, make sure they aren’t vulnerable to the same attack vector. Weigh Pros and Cons of Using a Backup Service. T he Software Development Life Cycle: Include Coach Reviews, Porter Requests, and Checklists. Security needs to be on everyone's mind throughout the development cycle - not just for those on the cyber specialists. This will help raise awareness about security and ensure security has been scrutinized throughout. Use Tools to Identify Possible Vulnerabilities Automated checks using tools should be a continuous part of the CI/CD system. Some tools provide static code analysis as well as tools offered by cloud providers to detect vulnerabilities in both dependencies and images. The information generated by these tools should be constantly checked and reported to the right teams. Utilize External Audits It is valuable when an external party reviews the code infrastructure and conducts pen-tests. Just being from outside the organisation allows for a different viewpoint and also background and experiences. The yearly pen-test is partially automated, but also quite manual in its attempt to break the system. Frequent system audits (conducted externally) also make sure there is no regression. Sometimes just getting this external assistance is a huge help as, especially in small companies, the CTO is bogged down in so many other areas, having someone with more headspace conduct these audits on their behalf is helpful. Have an Ear to the Dark Side It is helpful that someone aware of what is being discussed in the hacker community reviews your code. This article was based on an alphalist.cto podcast episode featuring Andreas Schranzhofer, CTO of Scalable Capital. The alphalist podcast is a podcast for busy CTOs, VP Engineering and other technical leaders. The alphalist podcast features interviews of CTOs and other technical leaders and topics range from technology to management. Guests from leading tech companies share their best practices and knowledge. This article was first published on Alphalist.cto

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How to Secure Your Applications

What exactly is TypeError: ‘int’ object is not iterable? The most common scenario where developers get this error is when you try to iterate a number using for loop where you tend to forget to use the method, which creates a sequence of a number to iterate. range() Consider the following code snippet to accept grades for each student in a class. students=int(input('Please enter the number of students in the class: '))

for number in students:
        math_grade=(input("Enter student's Maths grade: "))
        science_grade=(input("Enter student's Science grade: "))
        social_grade=(input("Enter student's Scoial grade: "))

# Output

Please enter the number of students in the class: 5
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "c:\Projects\Tryouts\listindexerror.py", line 3, in <module>
    for number in students:
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable The above code is pretty straightforward, which reads input on the total number of students in a class, and for each student, it accepts the subject grades. The easier way everyone thinks here is to go with for loop and iterate the number of students to accept the grade. If you run the code, Python will throw a . TypeError: ‘int’ object is not iterable Why does Python throw TypeError: ‘int’ object is not iterable? In Python, unlike lists, integers are not directly iterable as they hold a single integer value and do not contain the  **‘ ‘ ** method; that’s why you get a . __iter__ TypeError You can run the below command to check whether an object is iterable or not. print(dir(int))
print(dir(list))
print(dir(dict)) If you look at the output screenshots, int does not have the ** ‘ ’ ** method, whereas the list and dict have the  ** ** method. iter ' iter ' How to fix TypeError: ‘int’ object is not iterable? There are two ways you can resolve the issue, and the first approach is instead of using int, try using a list if it makes sense, and it can be iterated using for and while loop easily. The second approach is: if you still want to iterate int object, then try using the method in the for loop, which will eventually generate a list of sequential numbers. range() students=int(input('Please enter the number of students in the class: '))

for number in range(students):
        math_grade=(input("Enter student's Maths grade: "))
        science_grade=(input("Enter student's Science grade: "))
        social_grade=(input("Enter student's Scoial grade: ")) The post appeared first on . Python TypeError: ‘int’ object is not iterable ItsMyCode

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How to fix the Python TypeError: ‘int’ Object is not Iterable

Please tell us briefly about your background. My name is Liran Haimovitch and I have been programming both as a hobby, and professionally, for over 20 years. The first decade of my career was spent in the cybersecurity space as a researcher, developer, and an engineering leader. That is where I developed my deep passion to understand how computers actually work- from the bare metal all the way to the latest and greatest technologies. Today, I take great pride in bringing those insights with me into everything I do. What's your startup called? And in a sentence or two, what does it do? I’m the Co-Founder and CTO of Rookout, a platform that empowers engineers to see into their code with Dynamic Observability. Rookout allows developers to get any piece of information from your code as it’s running in any production or non-production environment. Rookout provides the capability to collect variable values, stack traces, and more, all without having to write any code, redeploy, or even restart your application. What is the origin story? Mary Poppendieck famously asked, "How long would it take your organization to deploy a change that involves just one single line of code?” This question is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, work on your CI/CD pipeline as blazingly fast as possible and deploy in a shorter time frame. On the other hand, figure out how to do more without having to resort to writing a line of code. Thinking back on our own experiences and those of our colleagues, we have all spent a great amount of time and effort on just getting that additional log line in place on the right server so that we are able to get a piece of data and maybe, just maybe, fix that bug. That’s why we created Rookout: to be able to do just that, without the waste of time, effort, and resources. What do you love about your team, and why are you the ones to solve this problem? How well do you understand the inner workings of your favorite operating system and development language? Whether it surprises you or not, not everybody looks too deep beneath the surface. The team at Rookout has that exact passion for figuring out how stuff works, how to take everything apart, and how to put it all back together. That’s what makes the team not only so amazing, but helps them to work together so well and continuously strive for bigger and better, together. Every day at our office our team ponders one single question: how can we bend the rules of the Matrix to get you the data you need on the fly? If you weren’t building your startup, what would you be doing? For years I have been working at a large organization and I feel that’s something I excel in. However, nothing beats the freedom of building your own startup. I’m sure I would have a lot more free time to travel, trek, and hike. Though maybe not during the pandemic... At the moment, how do you measure success? What are your core metrics? As an emerging company, nothing beats revenues to know you are bringing real value to your customers AND that they are willing to pay for it. In addition to that, we focus heavily on measuring how developers are using our products and spend a lot of time to make sure they have the best possible experience and get the most value out of it. What’s most exciting about your traction to date? About a year ago, we launched a new hybrid SaaS approach. Using this architecture, our customers can utilize our SaaS platform without sharing any data with us. Since then, some of the biggest Fortune 500 companies have deployed Rookout in their production environments. This has been a huge benefit for us, both for showing the importance of the problem we are solving and for validating the security posture of our solution. What technologies are you currently most excited about, and most worried about? And why? Over the past few months, we have been hard at work porting our technology to support native languages such as C++, Golang, and Rust. While using bytecode manipulation to instrument high-level applications is no small feat, moving to live assembly rewriting is a whole new ball game. I can’t wait to see this deployed in production! What drew you to get published on HackerNoon? What do you like most about our platform? Ironically enough, high-quality tech news is becoming a bit of a scarcity. Hacker Noon provides a single place with (almost) all the reading materials I need to keep up to date. Being able to read anonymously and freely is a huge benefit, and sponsored content is kept in check in a transparent manner. What advice would you give to the 21-year-old version of yourself? Within the field of programming and software, the value of communications is on a meteoric rise. Having a deep understanding of technology and being a super coder has immense value. However, being able to articulate it, both verbally and in writing, has 10x that value. What is something surprising you've learned this year that your contemporaries would benefit from knowing? Product Led Growth (PLG) is all the buzz where it comes to tech startups these days. In certain segments, such as production-first developer tools, PLG can take an odd shape sometimes. If you are interested in learning more about what it looks like at , sign up and check it out! Rookout Vote Rookout as a , United States. Startup of the year in Palo Alto

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On Dynamic Observability and Team Culture with Liran Haimovitch, Rookout CTO

Lesson One. Launch is a Terminal Event. No, it is not. As founders, we often treat launch as the finish line for a long run. If we make it to launch, all will be well and taken care of. The pain will stop; we can stop running, shower, change, eat and go home with our medals. Here is the bad news. You have just hit one milestone. There are miles to go before we sleep. Launch is neither the beginning nor the end. It is a series of overlapping sequences. A typical sequence may include pre-build, pre-launch, launch, and post-launch. Anticlimactic and sometimes heartbreaking, I know, but that is how the game is played. Lesson Two. One Launch Sequence is Not Enough. You need more. You need more because the objective of a launch sequence is to generate a stable flow of orders. A stable flow of orders is a difficult ask in the world of founders. Why? Because it’s like going missing in the Bermuda Triangle. We remain in an infinite collection of launch sequences until we achieve stable flow or run out of funding and runway, whichever comes first. This generally requires tweaking our product/services feature mix, target segment, messaging, medium, pricing, reach algorithm, and more. The combination of possible tweaks takes time to test and validate. Sometimes we get lucky on our first try; sometimes, we don’t. Count on the don’t. Lesson Three. Rave Parties Over Reunions Given a choice of launch formats, which one would you choose? Conferences over up close and personal events? Ask yourself which of the above formats starts conversations with your customers? For me, rave parties are an analogy for the conference circuit. While the conference circuit has its place in terms of education, intelligence gathering, and finding out what competitors are doing, the format is not a good choice for broke and hungry founders. It’s the first thing that came to my mind as a founder. It’s the first thing we budgeted for. It’s the last thing that generated any sales for us across three decades, two continents, and five different startups. Let me correct that. It didn’t generate any sales at all for us. Seek opportunities for one on one conversations, not events. The same rules apply to any launch or pre-launch expenditure. Optimize for conversations. Will this lead to conversations with customers or prospects? If yes, proceed. If no, reconsider. Why? See lesson four below. Lesson Four. What do Bankers Pay For? We built many products for the banking industry over 18 years. Some did well, some did not. The ones that did not do well, the ones that fell flat, the ones that were total disasters, were products that we built without doing field interviews with our customers. Products that generated millions of dollars in revenues were built on a foundation of field interviews. Why field interviews? They helped validate our customer profiles. Not just who, what, or when but most importantly how much and under what conditions. Make sure that you have validated profiles of your customers before you commit to a launch sequence focused on them. How do you validate a product concept? First, find the smartest people you know and call them. Run the first version of your product through them — use cases as well as customer profiles. Then create a list of prospective customers and call them. Don’t try to sell the product; just ask for help and guidance right upfront. You would be surprised how willing people are when it comes to giving time to a struggling founder. Ask about purchase motivations, price points, key features, roadblocks, competition, and deal killers in your conversations. Listen, don’t force answers you need to hear. Seek answers you didn’t expect at all. Lesson Five. A Good Launch Sequence Relies on Relevant Content Your launch sequence will misfire if your content is not aligned with customer profiles, their pain, challenges, and issues. This is the hardest piece of the puzzle. Much before the launch date, much before you start putting together your product, start work on your content plan. A good content plan is designed around specific pain points and customer segments. This is where all the hard work you have done earlier comes into play. The issue is you don’t need one variation; you need more. Remember, not a terminal event, a sequence. You need enough to feed the sequence. Lesson Six. Drip Feed Versus One-Day Flood When it comes to generating coverage and exposure, given a choice between a one-day flood or a drip-feed model, opt for the drip-feed model. Rather than generating and posting coverage and exposure right at the start or right at the end, opt for a model where you spread it out. If your launch sequence is 90 days, make sure your exposure and coverage plan is in alignment with those 90 days. Don’t do everything at the start or in the middle, or in the end. Spread it out. Why? Because the step between conversion and customer is bridged by familiarity. Consistent, positive, relevant exposure breeds familiarity. In the sales and marketing world, customers buy from people they like, people they trust. To build trust, you need familiarity. To build familiarity, you need exposure relevant positive applicable exposure. Relevant to your customers. Not to your product features or technical attributes. Remember the flow equation. Exposure leads to conversation leads to connections leads to conversions leads to customers leads to orders. Stay relevant, start conversations. Summarized extract from the product launch chapter of “Founder Puzzles. The Math that matters for your startup” Also published here

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What Makes a Successful Product Launch: 6 Lessons for First Time Founders

The iPhone is a smartphone created by Apple and accounts for about in the United States. Fun fact! In 2019, more than 1.5 billion iPhones were sold, making it one of the most popular and used smartphones in the world! 47% of all smartphone users Due to its popularity, this makes it an easy and number one target for not only hackers but also users around the world. Cybercriminals want to hack an iPhone for confidential information while users jailbreak an iPhone to install applications that they typically can’t download on the official App Store. Both have the same goal: . to gain more control The iPhone comes with restrictions on the types of applications you can purchase from the app store, what you can do on the iPhone, and which cellular network you may use. So how can we bypass this restriction, you may ask? By . In this article, you will learn what jailbreaking is and everything you need to know to jailbreak an iPhone. jailbreaking What is Jailbreaking? Jailbreaking is when you remove the software restrictions that are intentionally built into the iOS devices (i.e., iPhones and iPads) and give you unauthorized root access to the device. Once a phone has been jailbroken, the user is able to do the following: Do whatever you like on the phone Download third-party applications outside of the App Store Unlock carrier restrictions, meaning you do not need to stick with AT&T as that is what Apple wants users to have as their carrier Customize and personalize your phone to your liking Jailbreaking Risks Although there are many things you can do with a jailbroken phone, there are some risks you may come across, including the following: : This is one of the biggest threats to jailbreaking a phone; without the built-in security from Apple, you are more susceptible to malware Malware installation : To keep using your rooted device, you will need to rely on the jailbreaking community for the latest jailbreak hack Rely on the jailbreaking community : You would be able to access illegal content that is not on the official App Store, but you are at risk since you have access to illegal content Piracy exposure : You can no longer go to Apple for assistance since your phone is jailbroken if something is wrong No more phone warranty : You are in charge of taking care of your device for when the system crashes and the weak battery life; you will experience more system vulnerabilities on a jailbroken phone Fragile system : For example, when your phone is dead or crashes, the only way to turn it back on is to connect it to another device - this is known as tethered jailbreaking New facing issues Types of Jailbreaks These are different ways to jailbreak an iPhone: : as mentioned earlier, this type of jailbreak requires a connection to a computer, and each time the iPhone needs to be restarted, a computer connection must be established Tethered : does not require a computer to reboot the jailbroken iPhone; however, after you first jailbreak an iPhone, you have to connect it to a computer Untethered : this type of jailbreak allows users to restart their jailbroken iPhone, and in the case that the jailbreak disappeared, then the iOS that came with the iPhone can be used Semi-tethered : similar to semi-tethered jailbreak; however, this jailbreak type does not require a computer connection Semi-untethered How does Jailbreaking work? Well, first off, cybercriminals must develop the jailbreak tool, and this is done by finding and exploiting system vulnerabilities that Apple has put into place. You can find jailbreaking codes for free through forums and sites provided by the hacking communities. Most jailbreaks come with step-by-step instructions on what to do to fully jailbreak your device. There are many ways to jailbreak an iPhone, but we will use the Unc0ver tool as an example. As you will learn, once you have jailbroken your iPhone, you will have the ability to do whatever you would like to your phone. Unc0ver All iPhones with versions iOS 11.0-14.3 can use this tool. You do not need to connect your iPhone to a computer, but you should create a backup of your device before you start jailbreaking. Once the backup has been completed, you need to visit the website and follow the step-by-step instructions from your iPhone. silzee After following the instructions, you should have the unc0ver tool and Cydia on your smartphone. Cydia Cydia is a package manager and is the most popular application used on jailbroken devices. It is the independent app store that you will use to download applications that are restricted on non-jailbroken phones. Protect Your Jailbroken Phone There are some actions that you can take in order to protect your jailbroken phone, such as turning off remote access and re-enabling code-signing in iOS after a jailbreak. Regarding privacy, the same principles still lie as though you had a regular iOS on your iPhone. Do not download any application you aren’t familiar with and use a to establish an encrypted and secure connection before browsing the Internet. VPN Reverse iPhone Jailbreak You can undo your jailbreak, and an easy way to do that is to restore factory settings. However, before restoring to Apple’s factory settings, you should perform a backup on your iPhone. This is imperative because restoring to factory settings will completely wipe your device and restore the iPhone to the configurations of when you purchased a phone. Follow these steps to reverse the jailbreak: Connect your iPhone to your laptop Open iTunes Click on your iPhone on the left column of iTunes Click on the “Restore” button under the Summary tab A message will pop up asking if you want to make a backup, click yes, and then the recovery will begin Once it has finished, your iPhone will automatically restart - you will be asked if you want to restore from a backup (click yes or no), and that’s it! Your phone is back to its original state Final Thoughts Obviously, jailbreaking an iPhone gives you more control and a lot of freedom that you wouldn’t normally have. On the other hand, it takes away all of the built-in security that Apple has provided. Jailbreaking isn’t necessarily illegal; however, illegal activities may occur through jailbreaking. We have discussed the security risks of jailbreaking and what may occur without the built-in security provided by Apple. Make sure that you understand how jailbreaking works before you jailbreak your phone. One last thing to remember: Jailbreaking is not permanent! You can undo your jailbreak.

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Jailbreaking an iPhone: Everything You Need to Know

HackerNoon Reporter: Please tell us briefly about your  background. My adventure in healthcare started in 2011 when, with a friend of mine, I founded a company that is now called SkinVision, a skin cancer screening app. I was responsible for product and research so that is where I’ve gathered most of my experience in healthcare and got a first hand view of the challenges. What's your startup called? And in a sentence or two, what does it do? Medicai is the name of the startup and it is a web based medical imaging platform that changes the way doctors and patients coordinate care, especially for chronic or rare conditions that require handling of complex medical data - i.e. imaging, digital pathology etc What is the origin story? In 2018 I wanted to do something else after I left my first company. I gathered a team made up of people I worked with in the past and we started exploring. We have experience in computer vision and AI so medical imaging made sense but when we started talking to stakeholders we realised we were surrounded by CDs (which don’t really mix with AI). We started looking into why this is still happening and realised we could make a big difference by changing the way doctors and patients interact. The question actually is: how would interactions between doctors and patients change if had an online tool that allows instant collaboration on those “data sets” - i.e. what if, as a patient, I could view/edit my MRI scan together with my doctor directly online? What do you love about your team, and why are you the ones to solve this problem? I feel we have reached a point where everyone is aligned in doing what is best for the company and we can now focus on that. I believe culture is crucial and we managed to create an open and inclusive environment that can help us build to last. If you weren’t building your startup, what would you be doing? Building another startup? At the moment, how do you measure success? What are your core metrics? We are still very much in the product building phase so we measure engagement and usage. We want a great product so we focus on what our users want and need. Any KPI that can help us better understand what our users want/need is important so DAU/MAU, time spent on avg. -  that type of thing What’s most exciting about your traction to date? We see a lot of doctors using the platform every day for multiple hours. Doctors are notoriously difficult to convert and that’s why we’re pretty happy about it. On top, we have a real chance of changing things in a very important field to many people What technologies are you currently most excited about, and most worried about? And why? We focus on AI and we strongly believe it will change a lot of things in healthcare but also that we are not there yet. A few things need to change so that AI can be adopted and one of them is infrastructure. What drew you to get published on HackerNoon? What do you like most about our platform? The community of like-minded people and the quality of the content. What advice would you give to the 21-year-old version of yourself? Dig deeper. What is something surprising you've learned this year that your contemporaries would benefit from knowing? I don’t know. I guess I’m not sure others would be surprised by it:) Vote for Medicai for Startup of the Year, Bucharest

On Rebuilding the Future Of Medical Imaging: Mircea Popa, Medicai Co-Founder

Photo by Aron Yigin on Unsplash Something you can likely conclude from my previous articles is that I prefer using the command line interface whenever possible. Admittedly, there have been times where I have worked even harder to use the command line. One such occasion was my introduction to , in which we used Visual Studio Code and the terminal to run the . R article R script It would have been much easier to use something like RStudio , which we did for graphs, but nothing wrong with learning a little command line now and then. In case you are new to Docker or need a refresher, it is a containerization tool. The goal of containers is a form of the “divide and conquer” concept. Usually, you would just use the stand-alone interface. However, I found that Docker also supports a command-line interface. What was difficult to find was any range of documentation on it. In fact, there was very little. With that in mind, I figured I would mess around with the commands and jot down my findings in hopes someone may find them useful in the future. As an important note, Hub-Tool is more experimental at this point in time, but still worth a look. Installing Docker Hub-Tool Before we can start, we will need to install the . hub-tool This is assuming you already have a Docker account and have Docker installed as well. Navigate to Github for the Hub-Tool download: Download the package for your system. In my case, it is the for Linux. Once downloaded, unzip the tar file. Now that it is unzipped, we can go navigate to the directory via the command line. While in the directory, we can run the help to see our options. amd64 hub-tool ./hub-tool --help Note, before getting started anywhere else, we will need to log onto our Docker account. Running other commands will throw an error asking for an account. We can log in by using the following: ./hub-tool login Now we can go down the line and learn about each option. To gain information about the account, such as the owner’s name, the plan, the limits, joined date, etc., use the following command: ./hub-tool account info For the rate-limiting information on the account, use the following: ./hub-tool account rate-limiting Next down the list is the help feature, which we previously used. Just note that instead of “ — help”, you could instead simply use “help” for the list of commands. The next command on the list was login, which we also used. Next, logout, which we will use at the end. On the list after logout is org. ./hub-tool org Org is used to list the organizations. To list the basics, use the ls command like such: ./hub-tool org ls To list something more specific, you can use “org members” or “org teams”. To do so you would use commands such as: ./hub-tool org members <MemberName> Or: ./hub-tool org teams <TeamName> Because I have none set up currently, there is nothing to search for. The next thing we can do is list the repositories: ./hub-tool repo As you can see, we can first list our repositories: ./hub-tool repo ls Another option is we can remove a repository with the following: ./hub-tool repo rm <RepositoryName> I will not run this for now, as I have none that I want to delete for now. The next command we can review is how to manage tags: ./hub-tool tag We can now list the tags for a repository. You will need the name of the repository to review: ./hub-tool tag ls <RepositoryName> Next with tags, we can inspect those in a repository. This includes data such as where it manifests, the configuration, and the layers. This one will not include a screenshot, as it includes private paths and information. ./hub-tool tag inspect <RepositoryName> As well as the others we previously used, we can also use the remove command with the repository name. ./hub-tool tag rm <RepositoryName> Next, there is a token command, where we can manage the personal access tokens: ./hub-tool token We will first need to create a token: ./hub-tool token create With a token created, we can review them using a list: ./hub-tool token ls Next, we can inspect the specifics on that token: ./hub-tool token inspect <TokenName> As we saw the active was true, we could deactivate the token if desired: ./hub-tool token deactivate <TokenName> If we do want the token reactivated, we can also do that using a similar command: ./hub-tool token activate <TokenName> Like with everything else, we could also use the remove option when the token is no longer needed. This action takes username authentication as well. ./hub-tool token rm <TokenName> Another option is the version option. It will display the version of Docker, as well as the Git commit: ./hub-tool version Note, you could use “- -version” instead of “version. The final option is the logout option: ./hub-tool logout Conclusion Although this list is inclusive, it is not entirely detailed and contains only brief overviews of each option. However, I feel it brings a little more clarity to options that do not have a variety of documentation. I hope you found my examples and summaries useful. Even though the Docker interface is strong and useful, for managing repositories I could see myself this CLI again. Although there are not very many options currently, I enjoyed diving in and learning more about the Docker Until next time, cheers! Hub-tool. References: https://www.docker.com/blog/docker-hub-experimental-cli-tool/ https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-use-docker-on-ubuntu-16-04 https://www.docker.com/resources/what-container https://www.infoworld.com/article/3204171/what-is-docker-the-spark-for-the-container-revolution.html https://github.com/docker/hub-tool/releases This article was first published here.

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Ship With the Docker Hub CLI Tool

HackerNoon Tech Stories Archive September 9th, 2021

“A robot army isn’t an ideal opponent, but I would have a water gun”

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Writing Decentralized Applications in JavaScript - Libp2p Basics

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Laszlo Fazekas

How to Use Test Coverage for Business Profitability

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Hanna Soloviova

How to Secure Your Applications

@tobsch
Tobias Schlottke

How to fix the Python TypeError: ‘int’ Object is not Iterable

@itsmycode
Srinivas Ramakrishna

On Dynamic Observability and Team Culture with Liran Haimovitch, Rookout CTO

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liranhaimovitch

What Makes a Successful Product Launch: 6 Lessons for First Time Founders

@rebootdude
Jawwad Farid

Jailbreaking an iPhone: Everything You Need to Know

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