Ukuvela Kokupholisa Kwesikhungo Sedatha: Kusuka Ezindleleni Ezisekelwe Emoyeni Kuya Ekupholiseni Kwamahhala

Incazelo Yenkinga

Ukukhula okukhulayo kwengqalasizinda yesikhungo sedatha kanye nokwanda okuhambisanayo kokusetshenziswa kwemishini ye-IT kuholele ekwenyukeni kokusetshenziswa kukagesi.

Njengoba amaseva, izingxenye ezibalulekile zezikhungo zedatha, aguqula ugesi ekushiseni ngenkathi usebenza, sibhekene nenkinga yokubhekana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nezakhiwo ezipholile zesikhungo sedatha kanye nemishini.

Masikhumbule ngokushesha izisekelo ze-physics yesikole: ngokulandela izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamics, amandla awapheli kodwa ayaguqulwa. Ngakho-ke, uma isikhungo sedatha sisebenzisa i-1 MW kagesi - yonke le quantum yamandla iguqulwa ibe inani elilinganayo lokushisa. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho kusetshenziswa ugesi omningi, inselele enkulu yokuphatha ukushisa okubangelwayo ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sedatha.

Isimo siba nzima nakakhulu, njengoba imishini ye-IT ingaba namazinga ahlukene okusebenzisa amandla kuyilapho inosayizi abahlukene bomzimba. Isibonelo, izinto zokusebenza ezisebenzisa amandla aphezulu zingase zibe nosayizi omncane, okudala izinkinga ekupholiseni kahle ukushisa okugxilile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imishini ye-IT emikhulu enezinga elilinganiselwe lokusebenzisa ugesi kulula ukupholisa ngenxa yendawo yayo enkulu. Izikhungo zedatha ngokuvamile zifaka ingxube yosayizi bemishini namazinga okusetshenziswa, ezethula inselele yokungagcini nje ngokupholisa okokusebenza okuhlukahlukene kwe-IT kodwa nokwenza kanjalo ngesivinini esihlukile, okunqunywa yizidingo zokushisa zohlobo ngalunye lwemishini. Akudingekile ukusho, ukupholisa i-DC sidinga amanani amakhulu kagesi, anezela ezindlekweni zokusebenza.

Inkinga yokusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla ezikhungweni zedatha iba yimbi kakhulu ngokukhuphuka kwezintengo zikagesi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokuvumelana ne umbiko we-Statista amanani kagesi emhlabeni wonke akhuphuka afinyelela inani eliphakeme kunawo wonke phakathi kuka-2021 no-2022. Lapho inkinga yezempilo ye-COVID-19 incipha engxenyeni yesibili ka-2021, isidingo samandla senyuka, futhi amanani kagesi afinyelela irekhodi eliphezulu. Ekuqaleni kuka-2022, imakethe yamandla yaphinde yaqina futhi inkinga yamandla yaqina.

Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi wesikhungo sedatha kuyakhula naphezu kokwandisa ukusebenza kahle.

Ngamanye amazwi, nakuba ukusebenza kwe-watt ngayinye kuba ngcono, isidingo sezinsiza sikhula ngokushesha kakhulu, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kukonke nakanjani kukhuphuka kanye nezindleko. Nokho, ukonga izindleko ezinkulu kungafinyelelwa ngokuthuthukisa amasistimu okupholisa. Lokhu kungenze ngafuna ukubheka ngokujulile izindlela zokupholisa ezisebenza kahle ngokujwayelekile kanye nokupholisa kwamahhala ikakhulukazi.

Ukuhlolwa kwamaleveli okusetshenziswa kwamandla ezikhungweni zedatha ngokuvamile kuncike kumethrikhi Yokusebenzisa Amandla Effectiveness (PUE). I-PUE ikala ukusebenza kahle kwesikhungo sedatha ngokuhlola ingqikithi yamandla asetshenziswayo uma iqhathaniswa nalawo asetshenziswa ngokukhethekile ezintweni ze-IT. Sizokhuluma ngakho kabanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okufanele sikwazi manje ukuthi i-PUE ephansi isho isikhungo sedatha esisebenza kahle kakhudlwana, okubonisa ukuncishiswa kokuncika emandleni angewona awekhompuyutha. Lapho kubhekene nengqalasizinda ekhulayo kanye nokwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kukagesi, ukwenza ngcono i-PUE ngezinhlelo zokupholisa ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kunikeza ubuhlakani bezezimali kanye nokusebenza okuzinzile.

Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izindlela zokupholisa zendabuko nezintsha futhi sithole ukuthi iyiphi kuzo enikeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu.

Uhlolojikelele lwezindlela zokupholisa

Umoya nokungewona umoya

Ngokwezigaba ezenziwe lula, amasu okupholisa angahlukaniswa abe yizigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: izindlela ezisekelwe emoyeni nezingezona ezomoya. Ukucacisa, ukupholisa komoya kuhlanganisa izindlela ezijwayelekile, kanti isigaba esingesona esomoya sihlanganisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zisebenzisa izinto ezinjengamanzi, uwoyela, noma izinto eziqinile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iningi elimangalisayo, elihlanganisa u-99%, wezindlela zokupholisa liwela ngaphansi kwesambulela sokupholisa umoya.

Ama-Air Conditioner

Amasistimu okupholisa umoya ayindlela evame kakhulu yokupholisa umoya ekusetheni kwesikhungo sedatha sochwepheshe. Isimiso sabo esiyisisekelo sifana nesama-air conditioner asezindaweni zokuhlala: umoya ogeleza phakathi kwamaseva uzungezwa nge-air conditioner, upholiswe ngegrile yerediyetha, bese uzungeza ubuyele eziphakelini. Le nqubo yomjikelezo iqinisekisa indlela yokupholisa eqhubekayo.

Ama-Chillers

Ukulandela ama-air conditioner, ama-chiller amelela uhlelo lokupholisa lwesibili olwamukelwa kabanzi. Ngokungafani nama-air conditioner, ama-conditioner asebenzisa amanzi (noma isixazululo esisekelwe emanzini) ukuze adlulise ukushisa kude nezikhala ezidinga ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu. Yize isimo somoya silula futhi sithengeka kakhulu, izindleko zakhona eziphezulu zamandla kwesinye isikhathi zingavimbela amabhizinisi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlelo zamanzi abandayo ziwonga kakhulu amandla, kodwa zidinga izingxenye eziningi nobunzima ekufakweni nasekugcinweni kwazo.

I-Adiabatic Chambers kanye namaMats

Ukupholisa i-Adiabatic kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwamakamelo noma amacansi lapho amanzi ethelwa khona futhi ahwamuke. Njengoba amanzi ehwamuka, amagumbi nomata kuyaphola kanye nomoya ongaphakathi. Nakuba ukupholisa kwe-adiabatic kumelele inketho yesithathu esebenzayo, kubhekwa njengento engavamile futhi akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ekupholiseni kwesikhungo sedatha uma kuqhathaniswa nezifudumezi-moya nezipholile.

Ukupholisa Amanzi

Ezinhlelweni zokupholisa amanzi, amanzi noma uketshezi olunamanzi lusetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukushisa. Amapayipi amanzi abekwe ngendlela ehlelekile emakamelweni amaseva, iseva ngayinye ixhunywe kumapayipi amabili - elilodwa elokuphuma kwamanzi ashisayo elinye elokugeleza kwamanzi abandayo. Ama-radiator kuma-CPU, ama-GPU, nakwezinye izisetshenziswa axhunywe ngokuqondile kulolu hlelo lokuhlinzeka ngamanzi. Le ndlela ayipholi nje kuphela impahla yesikhungo sedatha nezakhiwo kodwa futhi ikhiqiza amanzi afudumele ukuze asetshenziswe okwengeziwe.

Izishintshi Zokushisa

Le ndlela ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa ngokusebenzisa izindawo ezibandayo zangaphandle.

Uma umthombo obandayo oseduze, njengechibi, ulwandle, noma indawo ebandayo, utholakala, amapayipi amanzi angafakwa kuwo ukuze adlulisele ukushisa okukhulu okuvela emishinini ye-IT.

Exotics

Kukhona futhi izindlela ezingajwayelekile. Enye yazo isekelwe ezintweni zePeltier noma ama-thermoelectric coolers (TECs). Le ndlela incike emiphumeleni ye-semiconductor futhi ihlanganisa ukuhlinzeka ngogesi epuleti elikhethekile elishisiswe ngakolunye uhlangothi bese lipholiswa ngakolunye.

Enye indlela ye-avant-garde ukuthunyelwa kwezikhungo zedatha zangaphansi kwamanzi. Ku Iphrojekthi ye-Microsoft Natick , isibonelo, isikhungo sedatha sacwiliswa emanzini ngamamitha angu-117 e-Northern Isles entwasahlobo ka-2018. Phakathi neminyaka emibili eyalandela, ithimba lenze ukuhlola okuqinile nokuqapha amaseva esikhungo sedatha. Kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi ukubeka isiqukathi esivalekile phansi kolwandle kungathuthukisa ukuthembeka kukonke kwesikhungo sedatha ngokunciphisa izinkinga ezifana nokugqwala, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, nokuphazamiseka ngokomzimba okwenzeka ngokujwayelekile emhlabeni.

Ukupholisa Mahhala

Le nqubo ihloselwe ikakhulukazi ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa. Ukupholisa kwamahhala kuvuselela umoya ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sedatha ngaphandle kokuthembela kumasistimu okupholisa avamile. Isebenzisa umoya wangaphandle wemvelo njengoba unjalo. Ngokuvamile umoya wangaphandle ungaphansi kolawulo lokuswakama bese izinqubo zemvelo ze-thermodynamic zilawula amazinga okushisa ngaphakathi kwamagumbi edatha.

Le ndlela inciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla (ama-75% kuya ku-92% ngaphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlelo ze-CRAH), yehlisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide, futhi iqeda isidingo samanzi ohlelweni lokupholisa.

Ukupholisa kwamahhala kungenye yezinketho ezilungele imvelo kakhulu ezidinga amandla amancane. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kungasiza ukonga izindleko njengoba u-40% wamandla asetshenziswa izikhungo zedatha engena ekupholiseni. Lolu hlelo luthuthukisa ukusebenza kwazo zonke izinto ezipholile emoyeni, ngisho nasezimeni ezinzima. Nasi isifanekiso esilula esibonakalayo senqubo yokupholisa mahhala:

Njengoba ubona uhlelo lusebenza ngendlela eqondile kakhulu, luhambisa umoya ongaphandle ngezihlungi, imishini ye-IT, futhi iyixoshe. Lokhu kwehliswa kobunzima, okunabalandeli kuphela njengabangaba sengozini, kuqinisa ukwethembeka okuphelele kwe-DC ekupholiseni kwamahhala.

Ngokungafani namasistimu anemishini eyinkimbinkimbi, ukungabibikho kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi nakho kunciphisa kokubili izindleko zokuqala zokusetha kanye nezindleko zokulungisa eziqhubekayo. Ngakho izinzuzo zezezimali ziqala kakade esigabeni sokwakha, lapho idizayini ehlelekile yokupholisa kwamahhala ihumusha ekongeni okubambekayo.

I-Agony Yokukhetha

Phakathi nezingqungquthela nemihlangano, ngivame ukuthola imibuzo eminingi ezungeza indida: uma ukupholisa kwamahhala kunenzuzo ngokonga izindleko kanye nobulula, kungani kungamukelwa emhlabeni wonke embonini?

Lokhu kubangela umbuzo obanzi wokuthi kungani, ngaphandle kwezinzuzo zayo, inani elilinganiselwe kuphela lezinkampani ezamukele ukupholisa kwamahhala, kuyilapho ezinye ziphikelela nezindlela ezivamile. Impendulo yalokhu isekuhlolweni okuxubile kokuguquguquka kwemboni ekhona.

Ubushiqela Bemboni

Embonini yesikhungo sedatha, lapho ukwethembeka kubaluleke kakhulu, ukwamukelwa kwezixazululo ezintsha kuvame ukubhekana nokuphikiswa. Lokhu ngikubalula, okokuqala nje, ngenxa yemvelo yemboni ye-DC, lapho abenzi bezinqumo bebeka phambili imiqondo efakazelwe kunezixazululo ezintsha.

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe obusha obufana nokupholisa kwamahhala buthembisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko nokusebenza kahle, abamele imboni bangakhetha izindlela ezivamile kodwa ezinokwethenjelwa ukuze baqinisekise ukusebenza okungenazihibe kwamaseva.

Izithiyo zokumaketha

Elinye iphuzu lapha ukuthi abahlinzeki be-DC bezentengiselwano, abakha cishe u-80% wemboni, bathembele ekutholeni izitifiketi ezivela emigwaqweni ezimele njenge Isikhungo se-Uptime ukumaketha ukwethembeka kwabo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kubangela inselele yezixazululo zokupholisa zamahhala, njengoba azikho izitifiketi eziqinisekisiwe zazo okwamanje. Lesi simo siholela abahlinzeki bezentengiselwano ukuthi bamelane nezinye izindlela zokupholisa, becaphuna ukungaqiniseki mayelana nokuthembeka kwabo kanye nokungabikho kwesandulela sokunikeza isitifiketi.

Izinkathazo Zokufudumala Kwembulunga yonke

Abagxeki bavame ukuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngomthelela wokufudumala komhlaba ekusebenzeni kokupholisa kwamahhala. Kodwa-ke, impikiswano ixazululwa ngokubona isimo esihamba kancane kancane sokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ngokukhuphuka okulinganiselwa ku-1.5 degrees phakathi neminyaka eyishumi. Lokhu kushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okunesizotha akunakwenzeka ukuthi kubeke engcupheni ukuzinza kwezixazululo zokupholisa zamahhala esikhathini esiseduze.

"Kunjalo nje" Ingxabano

Omunye umkhuba ojwayelekile wezinkampani ezikhetha indlela yokupholisa ye-DC ukufakwa kwamayunithi ayisipele somoya njengesinyathelo sokuqapha ngaphezu kokupholisa kwamahhala. Le mpikiswano ethi "uma kwenzeka" ibukela phansi umqondo oyinhloko wokupholisa kwamahhala, ukwethula inkimbinkimbi engadingekile kanye nokubeka engcupheni ukusebenza kahle kwezezimali nokusebenza.

Ngisho ne-air conditioner encane, isidingo sokuhlinzeka ngezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-freon, izintambo, uketshezi, amasistimu, nezilawuli. Esikhundleni sokwamukela umbono wokuba ne-air conditioner eyisipele, imboni kufanele igxile ekuguquleni isistimu yayo yokupholisa yamahhala ibe nezimo eziningi ngaphandle kokuthembela emathembeni angamanga.

Izingozi Zangempela Nokucatshangelwa

Lapho ucabanga ngesixazululo samahhala sokupholisa, ezinye izingozi ezibonakalayo nokucatshangelwa kudinga ukunakwa. Okukodwa okucatshangelwayo okuyinhloko isifunda sendawo, njengoba ukuthunyelwa kokupholisa kwamahhala endaweni efana ne-Arab Emirates kungase kungathetheleleki.

Ukufinyeleleka kungesinye isici okufanele usikhumbule. Isifunda esikhethiwe kufanele sibe nengqalasizinda edingekayo futhi sifinyeleleke kalula kubasebenzi abakhethekile abanikezwe umsebenzi wokulungisa isikhungo sedatha. Ukuxhumana, okuhlanganisa ukutholakala kwemigqa yokubona, nakho kubalulekile. Isibonelo, ukusungula isikhungo sedatha esipholisa mahhala ngale kwe-Arctic Circle akusebenzi ngenxa yokungabikho kwezintambo zokuxhumana kanye nenselele yokugcina abasebenzi abanamakhono.

Ngale kwalokhu kucatshangelwa kokusebenza, okuwukuphela kwemikhawulo yokupholisa kwamahhala iphathelene nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesifunda (uhlelo lokusebenza. 38-40 degrees) kanye nekhwalithi yomoya. Izindawo ezingcoliswa kakhulu, njengalezo eziseduze kwemigwaqo emikhulu ephithizelayo noma imisebenzi yezolimo eqinile, zingase zidale izinkinga. Nakuba kungekho ukuvinjelwa okuqondile, izihlungi ezindaweni ezinjalo zizodinga ukushintshwa njalo. Ngokungafani nezikhungo zedatha ezivamile ezineziphephetha-moya ezisabalalisa umoya wangaphakathi, izikhungo zokupholisa mahhala zidonsa umoya ongaphandle, zifuna ukulungiswa kokuhlunga okukhuthalele kakhudlwana. Amanye amapharamitha wendawo ahambisana nalawo asebenza ezikhungweni zedatha evamile.

Amaphayona namathrendi esikhathi esizayo

Naphezu kwemvelo yemboni yokulandela, ezinye izinkampani zezinkampani ezicabanga phambili zihlola izinzuzo ezibonakalayo zezinye izindlela. Lapho bebala ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko zokupholisa kwamahhala ngokuhlaziywa kwezinombolo, baqaphela ukonga kwezindleko okungase kube khona elikunikezayo.

Izinkampani eziningana ezivelele, ezifana ne-Facebook (manje eyi-Meta), i-Google, i-Amazon, i-Yandex, ne-Wildberries, zingamaphayona ekwamukeleni ubuchwepheshe bokupholisa mahhala. Isimo sabo sokulandela umkhondo sisukela ekuzimiseleni kwabo ukuhlola ubungozi nokubona izinzuzo zezezimali ezitholakala kulobu buchwepheshe. Ukukhetha kwalezi zinkampani kwakucacile - hamba ngezikimu ezivamile futhi uthole izindleko eziphakeme noma uthathe ubungozi kanye nezinzuzo zokuba amavulandlela ekupholiseni kwesikhungo sedatha.

Isimo semboni esithuthukayo sibonisa inkambiso ekhulayo phakathi kwama-hyper-scaler ebhizinisi ekuqaliseni izixazululo zokupholisa zamahhala. Njengoba izinkampani eziningi zibona ukonga kwezindleko kanye nezinzuzo zokusebenza zalobu buchwepheshe, kulindeleke ukuthi inani elikhulayo lezikhungo zedatha yokupholisa ngaphandle kwebhizinisi lizovela esikhathini esizayo.

Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe nge-physics yokupholisa kwamahhala, hlola isihloko esihlokweni sami esisha Ukupholisa Kwamahhala: I-Technology Deep Dive.