The control of network hashrate is just the tip of the iceberg when we talk about decentralization.
 Ukuphakama kwe-51% kwakhona Ukubonisa kuphela ukuba i-decentralization kufuneka ilawulwe ngexesha elide, kodwa nangokuthi kukho iingxaki ezininzi zihlanganisa ukuxhaswa kwizinto ezininzi ze-crypto. Monero Kwi-11.Agasti 2025, i I-Pool (eqhutshwa ngu-Sergey Ivancheglo, umngcali we-IOTA kunye ne-creator ye-NXT) ibonise ukuba i-hashrate ye-51% ye-Monero, evuselela i-six-block reorganization eyenza i-60 i-block ezidlulileyo. Le nophando, ebizwa ngokuba yi-"stress test" yayo, iye yenza ngqo amaxabiso ze-media ezikhuthaza ixabiso le-token xa i-crypto market yayibandakanya. Nangona i-Monero ezininzi abavela ngexesha ukuba i-six-block I-SlowMist kuphela ayikwazi ukuba i-51% i-attack yenzelwe ngempumelelo, ama-experts efana ne-SlowMist co-founder wabelane ukuba ukuba i-majority yenzelwe, Qubic reorganization Qubic could rewrite the chain, enable double spending, and censor transactions. I-CTO ye-Ledger, i-Charles Guillemet, uyahlanganyela: "I-Monero ibonisa ukuba ibekwe emzimbeni ye-51% yokuthintela ... I-Qubic inokufunda i-blockchain, ivumela ukuxhaswa kwinqanaba ezimbini, kunye nokuthintela nayiphi na i-transaction" (Izixhobo). Kwixesha elide, i-developer uPeter Todd ibonise ukuba ukulawula i-hashrate ngexesha elifanelekileyo, njengoko I-Proof of Work (PoW) i-probabilistic. ( ) Umthombo Kodwa okuqala njenge-i-experiment ebizwa ngokuthi-ngokuqhelekanga kakhulu malunga ne-accuracy ye-hashrate ye-percentage ebizwa ngokuthi-kuye kwandisa ukubonisa impembelelo yayo kuphela iintsuku eziliqela, xa i-Qubic yenza ukufumana i-mining. . 80% of Monero’s blocks in just two hours, with 52% of the global hashrate https://x.com/Cointelegraph/status/1956355360073146859?embedable=true Indlela yokufumana? I-strategy yinto ezimbini: ukuxhanjiswa kwe-mining kunye ne-training ye-AI yokwandisa i-profitability, kunye nokuguqulwa kwinkqubo yayo yokukhuthaza ngokugqithisa ukususela ukususela ukususela zonke iimveliso ukuya kuxhaswa kuphela ne-half, kunye nokudibanisa i-half elinye ngqo kwi-validators zabo. , ukunciphisa umnqweno kunye nokuqinisa indawo zabo kwisikhululo yokulawula umnqweno. I-mix ye-returns ephakeme kunye ne-payments eyenziwe ngempumelelo kakhulu kumazwe afanelekileyo kumazwe afanelekileyo. I-mix ye-returns ephakeme kunye ne-payments eyenziwe ngempumelelo kakhulu kumazwe afanelekileyo kumazwe afanelekileyo. Umphumela umzekelo: I-XMR, i-XMR ye-750 kunye ne-XTM ye-700,000, kunye ne-Tari ezininzi ezidlulileyo ezidlulileyo, i-QUBIC ye-17.2 billion ezidlulisiweyo (kuxhomekeke kwi-55,000 USD). Qubic reorganized six blocks and orphaned sixty Kwixesha elide, iComputer kunye neMini ziye zithunyelwe i-62.2 billion QUBIC kwiimali, ezininzi kwi-200,000 USD. In total, Qubic’s network reached a peak of 2.71 GH/s and found 5,506 blocks, making it nearly four times more profitable than direct Monero mining, with the 51% experiment active. I-Test ye-equilibrium ikhona ekubunjweni kwimeko: ama-actors ezininzi, ngamnye ngeengxaki kunye neengxaki ezininzi, zihlanganisa ukufumana imiphumo yokugqibela ebonakalayo kumgangatho jikelele. This specific strategy reinforces the relevance of game theory in blockchain projects Kwiimeko, le imiphumo ibhizinisi kuphela abafumene ukulawula efanelekileyo kwinethiwekhi, okuvumela ukuba iintlobo ezininzi ze-blockchains zihlanganisa ngokufanelekileyo kwiinkalo zentlalo ezininzi kunokuba kwiiprotocols ezincinane. Ukongezelela ukulawulwa kwe-hashpower ye-majority, imbali elidlulileyo ibonise ukuba iimveliso ezininzi – ezifana ne-censorship eyenziwe ngu-regulators (OFAC), ukucaciswa kwe-mining pools, kwaye ngexesha lokukhula kweengxaki ze-institutional – ziya kubonise ukuxhaswa kwe-immutability ebonakalayo. Kule nqakraza, ukuxhaswa kweeyunivesithi kubonelela ukuba i-system ifumaneka ukuba i-centralized okanye i-decentralized: ukuba izincwadi zeengcali zihlanganisa i-efficiency, i-control, okanye i-compliance ye-regulatory ngaphezu kwe-equitable distribution ye-power, i-system ikakhuluk Ngenxa yoko i-code yeprojekthi ye-blockchain iyatholakala ngokugqithisileyo kwizibuyekezo ezininzi, evumela i-frequency ye-updates. Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other networks are not immune to failures or risks: history and the numbers speak for themselves. I-Bitcoin, i-Ethereum, kunye nezinye i-networks ayidlulileyo kwimiphumo okanye iingxaki: imbali kunye neenombolo zibonakalisa ngokufanelekileyo. The Case of GHash.io in Bitcoin Umzekelo we-GHash.io kwi-Bitcoin NgoJanuwari 8, 2014, xa i-Bitcoin iye yabanjwa eminyaka emininzi, abasebenzisi kunye nezinye iifowuni ziye ziye ziye ziye zixazulule i-miners ukuba baye Ukucaciswa kwihlabathi, ebandayo malunga ne-9 Jan. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto efana ne-stop ye-acceptation ye-new mining equipment kunye ne-impulsed coverage by technical media. r/Bitcoin GHash.io CEX.io/GHash Ngexesha elifanelekileyo, i-developer kunye ne-ecosystem actors ezihambelana ngokubanzi, kwaye iinkcukacha ezininzi ziyafumaneka. iimveliso Ukukhuthaza i-alert, ukunceda ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Wired CoinDesk Nangona iingcebiso, I-episode, leyo, ngokutsho izibalo ezahlukeneyo, ilandelayo iiyure eziliqela, iye yenza i-alarm kwi-community kunye ne-mass calls for miners to leave the pool. GHash.io ngexesha elifanayo i-51% ye hashrate ye-Bitcoin phakathi kweJuni kunye neJulayi 2014 GHash.io ngexesha elifanayo i-51% ye hashrate ye-Bitcoin phakathi kweJuni kunye neJulayi 2014 Ukusabela, GHash/CEX.IO zithunyelwe izifundo kwaye ngokucacisa ukunciphisa i-party yayo, ukhangela i-40% cap. I-decision kunye ne-media coverage ziya kubhalwe kumadokhumenti ezintsha (isib. Ukucinga inguqulelo promising not to use that power to attack the network CoinDesk I-Guardian Kwi-declaration yayo, CEX.IO ibonelela inkxaso yayo kwi-Bitcoin ecosystem: 
 
 
 "Ukuhweba yethu, ukuhambisa, kunye neempawu ezininzi ezibonakalayo zibonakalisa ukuba isisombululo yethu kukunceda ukhuseleko kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-Bitcoin kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, phantsi kwimeko engapheliyo okanye ukunciphisa. Thina awukwazi ukuhambisa - kwaye awukwazi ukuhambisa - kwi-attack ye-51% okanye i-double-spending ye-Bitcoin." Umbhali: CoinDesk "Ukuhweba yethu, ukuhambisa, kunye neempawu ezininzi ezibonakalayo zibonakalisa ukuba isisombululo yethu kukunceda ukhuseleko kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-Bitcoin kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, phantsi kwimeko engapheliyo okanye ukunciphisa. Thina awukwazi ukuhambisa - kwaye awukwazi ukuhambisa - kwi-attack ye-51% okanye i-double-spending ye-Bitcoin." Umbhali: CoinDesk CoinDesk CoinDesk Nangona kunjalo, le nkampani yaziwa kwakhona ukuba ilungele izixazululo ezimbini ukunciphisa ingozi ye-51% yokuthintela, ukhangela ukuba izixazululo ezininzi asikwazi ukunciphisa ingxaki esisiseko, kodwa kuphela ukuguqulela iintsuku eziliqela okanye iinyanga, ngexesha elinye i-pool - okanye ngisho i-GHash.io kwakhona - ufikelela inqaku elifanayo. Kwiintsuku ezidlulileyo, ngo-2013, ilawulwe ukuba i-GHash.io pool iye ifumaneka kwiimpumelelo ze-GHash.io Ukuhambisa Iindawo zokuzonwabisa ukuba Iingxowa ziye zithunyelwe kunye neengxaki ezincinane okanye ezincinane kwaye ziye ziye zibonwa okanye ziye zithunyelwe ngokutsho kwimiphumo yeengxowa, okuvumela umntu owaziwa ukuvumela iingxowa. double-spending unconfirmed (0-conf) BetCoin Dice did not require transaction confirmations. Nangona i-GHash ibonisa ukuba iye yaziwa kunye nokukhuthaza abasebenzi abaphendulayo, akukwazi ukunikezela iziphumo ezininzi ezivumelanayo; le ngxaki yandisa umngcipheko olusemthethweni kwi-pool, ebonakalise ngonyaka elandelayo kwi-hashrate ye-network. I-Mechanism ye-attack yaba elula: ngokuvumelana ne-mining power emininzi, i-GHash.io inokufumana i-block elandelayo kwaye inikeza i-priority ye-transaction yesibini (i-transaction ekugqibeleni imali kwi-attacker), kubandakanya kwi-block eyenza i-network kunye ne-network. Ngokwenza oku, ukubheja wokubheja kunokuthintela, kwaye ukubheja wokubheja lithabathi. invalidating the original transaction sent to the casino Nangona kungekho kunokufumaneka ngokugqithisileyo ukuba umlawuli we-GHash.io uqhagamshelane ngqo ama-attacks, iingcebiso ze-circumstancial kunye ne-blockchain analysis zibonise ukuba i-pool iye i-mined blocks ebonakalayo iintengiso ze-"double-spend" ezininzi, okuholela iingcebiso ezininzi malunga ne-complicity yayo okanye, okungenani, ukunciphisa iinkcukacha zangaphakathi zokuvimbela uhlobo le mveliso. Kubaluleke ukuba ukuvelisa (I-Replace-by-Fee) yaba emva. I-official proposal, eyaziwa ngokuba yi (Opt-in RBF), yasungulwa kwi Ukusuka ekuqaleni kwe-2016, le nkqubo ivumela umxokozeli we-transaction ukuba uyifake njenge-substitutable, okuvumela ngokucacileyo ukuvelisa inguqulelo elitsha nge-fee ephakeme ngaphambi kokubonisa. Oku inikeza inkqubo epheleleyo yokushesha i-transactions zangaphakathi, ngaphandle kwe-methode ebonakalayo kunye ne-controversial ezisetyenziswa kwi-attacks ye-2013. RBF BIP 125 Bitcoin Core version 0.12.0 Nangona i-double-spending ayikho inkcazelo ye-block-level (kuba i-transactions ayikwazi ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo), kunzima ukuba ezinye i-verification ye-partial ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziyi-good. Kwakhona, ingxaki elidlulileyo: the following year, this same pool would reach 51% of Bitcoin’s hashrate Yintoni ungayifumana ukuba akukwazi ukuguqula into efanayo, ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuba ifumaneka kwaye kutshintshwe kwi-network epheleleyo? Yintoni ungayifumana ukuba akukwazi ukuguqula into efanayo, ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuba ifumaneka kwaye kutshintshwe kwi-network epheleleyo? Ukuphendula kwakhona, ukuvelisa i-alarm eyunivesithi kunye nokufunda ukhuseleko kwizivumelwano zeengcali zeengcali. This historical precedent from 2013 makes the 2014 episode Regulatory Pressure: Censorship in Ethereum Umgangatho weNkqubo: I-Censorship kwi-Ethereum Xa i (I-Office of Foreign Assets Control, i-United States) ifumaneka ngo-Agasti 2022 – i-privacy-focused on-chain mixer ifumaneka ukunceda ukuchithwa kwimali - i-precedence yabaqhathaniswa: le mthetho akhawunti kuphela inkonzo, kodwa kwenziwa inkxaso lwekhwalithi yeengxaki ezifana ne-relays, i-builders, kunye ne-validators ukunceda iintengiso ezithile kwi-blocks. Oku kwenziwa njengoko i-Ethereum ilungise isakhiwo esitsha se-block-building eyenza i-transaction flow ngokusebenzisa iimarike kunye ne-relays ezisetyenziswa, ukwandisa ukuxhaswa kwizigidi ezininzi. ( ) OFAC Tornado Cash Ethereum Umthombo Ukuguqulwa kwimeko ye-Ethereum kwimeko ye-Ethereum ye-Technical Modification (i-Ethereum Modification) , inkqubo elihlanganisa i-builder - ekhukhwini kunye nokulawula iintengiso - kwi-proposer okanye i-validator enikezela kunye nokuthumela i-block, kunye , leyo ivumela i-validators ukuba "ngaphandle" ukwakhiwa kwe-block kwi-builder marketplace. Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS) MEV-Boost Kwimeko, oku kwandisa ukuxhaswa kwizigidi ezincinane (i-relays kunye ne-builders) ezinxulumene i-transaction flow kunye nokufilisha i-transactions ngaphambi kokuba i-block ufikelela kwi-validator. 
 
 
 I-Maximum Extractable Value (MEV) yi-process ye-extraction of value from a blockchain network by adding, removing, or re-ordering the transactions included in a block. I-MEV profits iyatholakala ngokubanzi kwi-cost of the average user. I-Flashbots, i-MEV research organization, iye yenza i-MEV-Boost ukunciphisa i-block producers' umthamo ukukhuthaza abasebenzisi. Umthombo: Yintoni i-MEV Boost? I-MEV yi-process of extracting value from a blockchain network by adding, removing, or reordering the transactions included in a block. Izixhobo ze-MEV ziyafumaneka kwi-cost of the average user. I-Flashbots, i-MEV research organization, iye yenza i-MEV-Boost ukunciphisa i-block producers' umthamo ukukhuthaza abasebenzisi. Maximum Extractable Value (MEV) Umthombo: Yintoni i-MEV Boost? Yintoni iMEV Boost? Yintoni? Kwiintsuku eyodwa emva kokuba -Ukuhlaziywa kweSeptemba we-2022, leyo ilawula i-Mechanism ye-Consensus ye-Ethereum ukusuka kwi-Proof of Work ukuya kwi-Proof of Stake - ilawulwe ukuba i-51% yeeblokhi baye uyihambelana ne-OFAC, kwaye izibalo ezidlulileyo zibonise iiphakheji ezininzi ezininzi. . Merge over 70% of blocks passed through builders’ filtering sanctioned addresses Iingcebiso ze-academic kunye ne-journalistic zibonisa oku: i-46% kwi-studium eyodwa ye-academic yexesha elifanelekileyo; i-60-79% ezininzi kwizithuba ezahlukileyo ezahlukileyo ezininzi. ( ) Umthombo Ukuhanjiswa kwe-transaction inclusion ayikho kuphela ingxaki ye-technical: ibonise izincedisi. I-Maximum Extractable Value (MEV) ibonise abaqhelekanga engcono ukuhanjiswa kweengxaki kwindawo ye-block, kwaye i-builder/relay market ibonise iinkcukacha ezininzi leyo. I-Flashbots kunye ne-MEV-Boost ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye ziye zibe. Ukusuka , kukho iingxaki apho iipolo zihlanganisa iintengiso ezihambelana nezifundo ze-OFAC (isibonelo se-F2Pool ngo-2023 yaba isibonelo emangalisayo, ezidlulileyo kunye ne-publish "retraction" emva kokuphendula kwihlabathi). Oku ibonelela ukuba ingcindezi yokulawula unako ukufikelela kwinqanaba yokusebenza yaye zibonisa iibhodi, Mzantsi ( ) However, this is not an Ethereum-exclusive phenomenon Bitcoin xa blockchain isebenzisa Proof of Work okanye Proof of Stake njenge mechanism yayo Umthombo xa blockchain isebenzisa Proof of Work okanye Proof of Stake njenge mechanism yayo Uluhlu lweengxaki ze-consensus iya kuba engaphansi kwimeko yokuhlola : kwi-PoS, ukucaciswa kwezemidlalo kwi-staking ivela ama-vectors efana ne-influence. I-Ethereum, i-Liquid Staking Service, ilungele ukulawula ingxenye ephakeme ye-ETH e-Ethereum (ngaphezulu kwe-30% kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwi-2023 / 2024), okukhuthaza iingxaki ukuba inkonzo ye-Ethereum e-Ethereum inokukwazi ukuyisebenzisana kwinethiwekhi. Ngo-2025, i-share yayo yandiswa ngenxa ye-competition emakethe kunye ne-diversification: ngexesha elidlulileyo ka-Agasti 2025, i-Lido iye yenza malunga ne-24.4% ye-Ethereum staking (ngaphantsi kwe-32% ekupheleni kwe-2023), ukunciphisa iingxaki ezininzi kodwa ayikho ukunciphisa iimfuno. ( ) power concentration Lido Umthombo I-dynamics efanayo ifumaneka namhlanje , kodwa phantsi kwicwangciso eyahlukileyo: i-mining pools iye zihlanganisa ingxenye ephakeme ye-hash power. . Bitcoin Foundry USA exceeds 26%, and AntPool around 18%; together, they control over 45% of global hashrate, while the top three pools (Foundry, AntPool, and ViaBTC) accumulate more than 55% I-Foundry USA ibandakanya i-26%, kunye ne-AntPool malunga ne-18%; ngokugqithisileyo, i-Foundry USA ibandakanya i-45% ye-hashrate yehlabathi, kwaye i-top 3 i-pools (i-Foundry, i-AntPool, kunye ne-ViaBTC) ibandakanya i-55% ngaphezulu. Ngokutsho, nangona i-blockchain elidlulileyo kunye ne-robust kakhulu, kuxhomekeke, kwi-practice, kwi-actors ezininzi ezininzi ezikhoyo zihlanganisa ngokumelene neengxaki ze-network. Ukucinga I-Immutability ibamba ne-cat ye-Schrödinger: kuphela ngokucacisa, sinokufumana indawo yayo. Umzekelo we-Monero ibonisa indlela yokucaciswa kwezimpendulo ezininzi ezibonisa iimpawu ezininzi kwizigulane kunokuncedisa amandla efanelekileyo. Asikwazi ukunciphisa i-blockchain vulnerabilities kwi-vector eyodwa-okanye i-51% i-attack, i-Sybil attack, okanye enye-kuba ama-threats ziyafumaneka kwimveliso ezimbini kunye ne-human. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-regulatory (njenge-akhawunti ye-OFAC) ukuya kwi-concentration ephakamileyo kwi-pools okanye kwi-influence yeengxaki ze-institutional, nayiphi na i-third-party enokufanisa okanye ukulawula ukuxhaswa kwe-transaction ingaba, de facto, ukunciphisa ukuxhaswa kwe-operational ye-network - ayikho ngenxa yokuqinisekisa kwe-code, kodwa ngenxa yaye i-validators (i-miners, i-nodes, i-relay, okanye ngexesha le-autorities) zikhuthaza ukuxhaswa kwe-transactions ezifanelekileyo. Iingxaki ezininzi ziquka ukuba sincoma izincedisi ezinxulumene ngokufanelekileyo iingxaki zeengcali. Ukukhusela ukumelana kwinethiwekhi, kufuneka ukuxhaswa i-audit ye-technical, i-effective diversity of participation, iinkqubo ze-government, kunye ne-operational transparency. Kwaye kuphela ngoko kunokunciphisa i-probability that concentrated profits or external pressures turn a blockchain, in practice, into a mutable system.

This story contains new, firsthand information uncovered by the writer.

Read My Stories

Le audio iveliswe ngolwimi lokuqala lwebali!

Yintoni into xa i-blockchain iya kubhalwe?

About Author

IZIMVO

ZIJONGE IIMPAWU

ELI NQAKU LINIKEZELWE KU

Related Stories

Light-Mode

Classic

Newspaper

Dark-Mode

Neon Noir

Minty

HN StartUps