How to Build a Glorious Web3.0 DAO with React, Solidity, and CometChat

See a and here for what you will be building! demo git repo Introduction I’m super excited to release this web3.0 build to you, I know you’ve been looking for a great example to get you started in developing decentralized applications. If you are new here, I’m Darlington Gospel, a Dapp Mentor helping transition developers like you from Web 2.0 to Web 3.0. In this tutorial, you will learn step-by-step how to implement a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) with anonymous chat features. If you are pumped for this build, let’s jump into the tutorial… Prerequisite You will need the following tools installed to successfully crush this build: Node Ganache-Cli Truffle React Infuria Tailwind CSS CometChat SDK Metamask Yarn Installing Dependencies Make sure you have NodeJs installed on your machine already. Next, run the code on the terminal to confirm it is installed. NodeJs Installation Run the following codes on your terminal to install these essential packages globally. Yarn, Ganache-cli and Truffle Installation npm i -g yarn npm i -g truffle npm i -g ganache-cli Using the commands below, clone the web 3.0 starter project below. This will ensure that we’re all on the same page and are using the same packages. Cloning Web3 Starter Project git clone https://github.com/Daltonic/dominionDAO Fantastic, let us replace the file with the one below: package.json { "name": "dominionDAO", "private": true, "version": "0.0.0", "scripts": { "start": "react-app-rewired start", "build": "react-app-rewired build", "test": "react-app-rewired test", "eject": "react-scripts eject" }, "dependencies": { "@cometchat-pro/chat": "3.0.6", "moment": "^2.29.3", "react": "^17.0.2", "react-dom": "^17.0.2", "react-hooks-global-state": "^1.0.2", "react-icons": "^4.3.1", "react-identicons": "^1.2.5", "react-moment": "^1.1.2", "react-router-dom": "6", "react-scripts": "5.0.0", "react-toastify": "^9.0.1", "recharts": "^2.1.9", "web-vitals": "^2.1.4", "web3": "^1.7.1" }, "devDependencies": { "@openzeppelin/contracts": "^4.5.0", "@tailwindcss/forms": "0.4.0", "@truffle/hdwallet-provider": "^2.0.4", "assert": "^2.0.0", "autoprefixer": "10.4.2", "babel-polyfill": "^6.26.0", "babel-preset-env": "^1.7.0", "babel-preset-es2015": "^6.24.1", "babel-preset-stage-2": "^6.24.1", "babel-preset-stage-3": "^6.24.1", "babel-register": "^6.26.0", "buffer": "^6.0.3", "chai": "^4.3.6", "chai-as-promised": "^7.1.1", "crypto-browserify": "^3.12.0", "dotenv": "^16.0.0", "https-browserify": "^1.0.0", "mnemonics": "^1.1.3", "os-browserify": "^0.3.0", "postcss": "8.4.5", "process": "^0.11.10", "react-app-rewired": "^2.1.11", "stream-browserify": "^3.0.0", "stream-http": "^3.2.0", "tailwindcss": "3.0.18", "url": "^0.11.0" }, "browserslist": { "production": [ ">0.2%", "not dead", "not op_mini all" ], "development": [ "last 1 chrome version", "last 1 firefox version", "last 1 safari version" ] } } Great, replace your file with the above code and then run on your terminal. package.json yarn install With that all installed, let’s start with writing the Dominion DAO smart contract. Configuring CometChat SDK To configure the , follow the steps below, at the end, you need to store these keys as an environment variable. CometChat SDK Head to Dashboard and create an account. STEP 1: CometChat Log in to the dashboard, only after registering. STEP 2: CometChat From the dashboard, add a new app called STEP 3: dominionDAO. Select the app you just created from the list. STEP 4: From the Quick Start copy the , , and , to your file. See the image and code snippet. STEP 5: APP_ID REGION AUTH_KEY .env Replace the placeholders keys with their appropriate values. REACT_COMET_CHAT REACT_APP_COMET_CHAT_REGION=** REACT_APP_COMET_CHAT_APP_ID=************** REACT_APP_COMET_CHAT_AUTH_KEY=****************************** Configuring Infuria App Head to , and create an account. STEP 1: Infuria From the dashboard create a new project. STEP 2: Copy the test network WebSocket endpoint URL to your file. STEP 3: Rinkeby .env Next, add your Metamask secret phrase and your preferred account private key. If you have done those correctly, your environment variables should now look like this. ENDPOINT_URL=*************************** DEPLOYER_KEY=**********************

REACT_APP_COMET_CHAT_REGION=** REACT_APP_COMET_CHAT_APP_ID=************** REACT_APP_COMET_CHAT_AUTH_KEY=****************************** If you don’t know how to access your private key, see the section below. Accessing Your Metamask Private Key Click on your browser extension, and make sure is selected as the test network. Next, on the preferred account, click on the vertical dotted line and select account details. See the image below. STEP 1: Metamask Rinkeby Enter your password on the field provided and click the confirm button, this will enable you to access your account private key. STEP 2: Click on "export private key" to see your private key. Make sure you never expose your keys on a public page such as . That is why we are appending it as an environment variable. STEP 3: Github Copy your private key to your .env file. See the image and code snippet below: STEP 4: ENDPOINT_URL=*************************** SECRET_KEY=****************** DEPLOYER_KEY=**********************

REACT_APP_COMET_CHAT_REGION=** REACT_APP_COMET_CHAT_APP_ID=************** REACT_APP_COMET_CHAT_AUTH_KEY=****************************** As for your , you are required to paste your secret phrase in the space provided in the environment file. SECRET_KEY Metamask The Dominion DAO Smart Contract Here is the full code for the smart contract, I will explain all the functions and variables one after the other. // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.7;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/AccessControl.sol"; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/security/ReentrancyGuard.sol";

contract DominionDAO is ReentrancyGuard, AccessControl { bytes32 private immutable CONTRIBUTOR_ROLE = keccak256("CONTRIBUTOR"); bytes32 private immutable STAKEHOLDER_ROLE = keccak256("STAKEHOLDER"); uint32 immutable MIN_VOTE_DURATION = 1 weeks; uint256 totalProposals; uint256 public daoBalance;

mapping(uint256 => ProposalStruct) private raisedProposals; mapping(address => uint256[]) private stakeholderVotes; mapping(uint256 => VotedStruct[]) private votedOn; mapping(address => uint256) private contributors; mapping(address => uint256) private stakeholders;

struct ProposalStruct { uint256 id; uint256 amount; uint256 duration; uint256 upvotes; uint256 downvotes; string title; string description; bool passed; bool paid; address payable beneficiary; address proposer; address executor; }

struct VotedStruct { address voter; uint256 timestamp; bool choosen; }

event Action( address indexed initiator, bytes32 role, string message, address indexed beneficiary, uint256 amount );

modifier stakeholderOnly(string memory message) { require(hasRole(STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, msg.sender), message); _; }

modifier contributorOnly(string memory message) { require(hasRole(CONTRIBUTOR_ROLE, msg.sender), message); _; }

function createProposal( string calldata title, string calldata description, address beneficiary, uint256 amount )external stakeholderOnly("Proposal Creation Allowed for Stakeholders only") { uint256 proposalId = totalProposals++; ProposalStruct storage proposal = raisedProposals[proposalId];

proposal.id = proposalId; proposal.proposer = payable(msg.sender); proposal.title = title; proposal.description = description; proposal.beneficiary = payable(beneficiary); proposal.amount = amount; proposal.duration = block.timestamp + MIN_VOTE_DURATION;

emit Action( msg.sender, CONTRIBUTOR_ROLE, "PROPOSAL RAISED", beneficiary, amount ); }

function performVote(uint256 proposalId, bool choosen) external stakeholderOnly("Unauthorized: Stakeholders only") { ProposalStruct storage proposal = raisedProposals[proposalId];

handleVoting(proposal);

if (choosen) proposal.upvotes++; else proposal.downvotes++;

stakeholderVotes[msg.sender].push(proposal.id);

votedOn[proposal.id].push( VotedStruct( msg.sender, block.timestamp, choosen ) );

emit Action( msg.sender, STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, "PROPOSAL VOTE", proposal.beneficiary, proposal.amount ); }

function handleVoting(ProposalStruct storage proposal) private { if ( proposal.passed || proposal.duration <= block.timestamp ) { proposal.passed = true; revert("Proposal duration expired"); }

uint256[] memory tempVotes = stakeholderVotes[msg.sender]; for (uint256 votes = 0; votes < tempVotes.length; votes++) { if (proposal.id == tempVotes[votes]) revert("Double voting not allowed"); } }

function payBeneficiary(uint256 proposalId) external stakeholderOnly("Unauthorized: Stakeholders only") returns (bool) { ProposalStruct storage proposal = raisedProposals[proposalId]; require(daoBalance >= proposal.amount, "Insufficient fund"); require(block.timestamp > proposal.duration, "Proposal still ongoing");

if (proposal.paid) revert("Payment sent before");

if (proposal.upvotes <= proposal.downvotes) revert("Insufficient votes");

payTo(proposal.beneficiary, proposal.amount);

proposal.paid = true; proposal.executor = msg.sender; daoBalance -= proposal.amount;

emit Action( msg.sender, STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, "PAYMENT TRANSFERED", proposal.beneficiary, proposal.amount );

return true; }

function contribute() payable external {

if (!hasRole(STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, msg.sender)) { uint256 totalContribution = contributors[msg.sender] + msg.value;

if (totalContribution >= 5 ether) { stakeholders[msg.sender] = totalContribution; contributors[msg.sender] += msg.value; _setupRole(STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, msg.sender); _setupRole(CONTRIBUTOR_ROLE, msg.sender); } else { contributors[msg.sender] += msg.value; _setupRole(CONTRIBUTOR_ROLE, msg.sender); } } else { contributors[msg.sender] += msg.value; stakeholders[msg.sender] += msg.value; } daoBalance += msg.value;

emit Action( msg.sender, STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, "CONTRIBUTION RECEIVED", address(this), msg.value ); }

function getProposals() external view returns (ProposalStruct[] memory props) { props = new ProposalStruct[](totalProposals);

for (uint256 i = 0; i < totalProposals; i++) { props[i] = raisedProposals[i]; } }

function getProposal(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (ProposalStruct memory) { return raisedProposals[proposalId]; } function getVotesOf(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (VotedStruct[] memory) { return votedOn[proposalId]; }

function getStakeholderVotes() external view stakeholderOnly("Unauthorized: not a stakeholder") returns (uint256[] memory) { return stakeholderVotes[msg.sender]; }

function getStakeholderBalance() external view stakeholderOnly("Unauthorized: not a stakeholder") returns (uint256) { return stakeholders[msg.sender]; }

function isStakeholder() external view returns (bool) { return stakeholders[msg.sender] > 0; }

function getContributorBalance() external view contributorOnly("Denied: User is not a contributor") returns (uint256) { return contributors[msg.sender]; }

function isContributor() external view returns (bool) { return contributors[msg.sender] > 0; }

function getBalance() external view returns (uint256) { return contributors[msg.sender]; }

struct VotedStruct { address voter; uint256 timestamp; bool choosen; } describes the content of each proposal whereas describes the content of each vote. proposalStruct votedStruct event Action( address indexed initiator, bytes32 role, string message, address indexed beneficiary, uint256 amount ); This is a dynamic event called Action. This will help us enrich the information logged out per transaction. modifier stakeholderOnly(string memory message) { require(hasRole(STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, msg.sender), message); _; }

modifier contributorOnly(string memory message) { require(hasRole(CONTRIBUTOR_ROLE, msg.sender), message); _; } The above modifiers help us identify users by role and also prevent them from accessing some unauthorized resources. function createProposal( string calldata title, string calldata description, address beneficiary, uint256 amount )external stakeholderOnly("Proposal Creation Allowed for Stakeholders only") { uint256 proposalId = totalProposals++; ProposalStruct storage proposal = raisedProposals[proposalId];

proposal.id = proposalId; proposal.proposer = payable(msg.sender); proposal.title = title; proposal.description = description; proposal.beneficiary = payable(beneficiary); proposal.amount = amount; proposal.duration = block.timestamp + MIN_VOTE_DURATION;

emit Action( msg.sender, CONTRIBUTOR_ROLE, "PROPOSAL RAISED", beneficiary, amount ); } The above function takes a proposal's title, description, amount, and the beneficiary’s wallet address and creates a proposal. The function only permits stakeholders to create proposals. Stakeholders are users who have made at least a contribution of . 1 ether function performVote(uint256 proposalId, bool choosen) external stakeholderOnly("Unauthorized: Stakeholders only") { ProposalStruct storage proposal = raisedProposals[proposalId];

handleVoting(proposal);

if (choosen) proposal.upvotes++; else proposal.downvotes++;

stakeholderVotes[msg.sender].push(proposal.id);

votedOn[proposal.id].push( VotedStruct( msg.sender, block.timestamp, choosen ) );

emit Action( msg.sender, STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, "PROPOSAL VOTE", proposal.beneficiary, proposal.amount ); } This function accepts two arguments, a proposal Id, and a preferred choice represented by a Boolean value. True means you accepted the vote and False represents a rejection. function handleVoting(ProposalStruct storage proposal) private { if ( proposal.passed || proposal.duration <= block.timestamp ) { proposal.passed = true; revert("Proposal duration expired"); }

uint256[] memory tempVotes = stakeholderVotes[msg.sender]; for (uint256 votes = 0; votes < tempVotes.length; votes++) { if (proposal.id == tempVotes[votes]) revert("Double voting not allowed"); } } This function performs the actual voting including checking if a user is a stakeholder and qualified to vote. function payBeneficiary(uint256 proposalId) external stakeholderOnly("Unauthorized: Stakeholders only") returns (bool) { ProposalStruct storage proposal = raisedProposals[proposalId]; require(daoBalance >= proposal.amount, "Insufficient fund"); require(block.timestamp > proposal.duration, "Proposal still ongoing");

if (proposal.paid) revert("Payment sent before");

if (proposal.upvotes <= proposal.downvotes) revert("Insufficient votes");

payTo(proposal.beneficiary, proposal.amount);

proposal.paid = true; proposal.executor = msg.sender; daoBalance -= proposal.amount;

emit Action( msg.sender, STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, "PAYMENT TRANSFERED", proposal.beneficiary, proposal.amount );

return true; } This function is responsible for paying the beneficiary attached to a proposal based on certain criteria. One, the beneficiary must not already be paid. Two, the proposal duration must have expired. Three, the available balance must be able to pay the beneficiary. Four, there must be no tie in the number of votes. function contribute() payable external { if (!hasRole(STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, msg.sender)) { uint256 totalContribution = contributors[msg.sender] + msg.value;

if (totalContribution >= 5 ether) { stakeholders[msg.sender] = totalContribution; contributors[msg.sender] += msg.value; _setupRole(STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, msg.sender); _setupRole(CONTRIBUTOR_ROLE, msg.sender); } else { contributors[msg.sender] += msg.value; _setupRole(CONTRIBUTOR_ROLE, msg.sender); } } else { contributors[msg.sender] += msg.value; stakeholders[msg.sender] += msg.value; } daoBalance += msg.value;

emit Action( msg.sender, STAKEHOLDER_ROLE, "CONTRIBUTION RECEIVED", address(this), msg.value ); } This function is responsible for collecting contributions from donors and those interested in becoming stakeholders. function getProposals() external view returns (ProposalStruct[] memory props) { props = new ProposalStruct[](totalProposals);

for (uint256 i = 0; i < totalProposals; i++) { props[i] = raisedProposals[i]; } } This function retrieves an array of proposals recorded on this smart contract. function getProposal(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (ProposalStruct memory) { return raisedProposals[proposalId]; } This function retrieves a particular proposal by Id. function getVotesOf(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (VotedStruct[] memory) { return votedOn[proposalId]; } This returns a list of votes associated with a particular proposal. function getStakeholderVotes() external view stakeholderOnly("Unauthorized: not a stakeholder") returns (uint256[] memory) { return stakeholderVotes[msg.sender]; } This returns the list of stakeholders on the smart contract and only a stakeholder can call this function. function getStakeholderBalance() external view stakeholderOnly("Unauthorized: not a stakeholder") returns (uint256) { return stakeholders[msg.sender]; } This returns the amount of money contributed by stakeholders. function isStakeholder() external view returns (bool) { return stakeholders[msg.sender] > 0; } Returns True or False if a user is a stakeholder. function getContributorBalance() external view contributorOnly("Denied: User is not a contributor") returns (uint256) { return contributors[msg.sender]; } This returns the balance of a contributor and is only accessible to the contributor. function isContributor() external view returns (bool) { return contributors[msg.sender] > 0; } This checks if a user is a contributor or not and it is represented with True or False. function getBalance() external view returns (uint256) { return contributors[msg.sender]; } Returns the balance of the calling user regardless of his role. function payTo( address to, uint256 amount ) internal returns (bool) { (bool success,) = payable(to).call{value: amount}(""); require(success, "Payment failed"); return true; } This function performs a payment with both a specified amount and account. Configuring the Deployment Script One more thing to do with the smart contract is to configure the deployment script. On the project head to the folder, >> and update it with the code snippet below. migrations 2_deploy_contracts.js, const DominionDAO = artifacts.require('DominionDAO') module.exports = async function (deployer) { await deployer.deploy(DominionDAO) } Fantastic, we just finished up with the smart contract for our application, it's time to start building the Dapp interface. Developing the Frontend The front end comprises many components and parts. We will be creating all the components, views, and the rest of the peripherals. Header Component This component captures information about the current user and carries a theme toggling button for light and dark modes. And if you wondered how I did that, it was through Tailwind CSS, see the code below. import { useState, useEffect } from 'react' import { FaUserSecret } from 'react-icons/fa' import { MdLightMode } from 'react-icons/md' import { FaMoon } from 'react-icons/fa' import { Link } from 'react-router-dom' import { connectWallet } from '../Dominion' import { useGlobalState, truncate } from '../store'

const Header = () => { const [theme, setTheme] = useState(localStorage.theme) const themeColor = theme === 'dark' ? 'light' : 'dark' const darken = theme === 'dark' ? true : false const [connectedAccount] = useGlobalState('connectedAccount')

useEffect(() => { const root = window.document.documentElement root.classList.remove(themeColor) root.classList.add(theme) localStorage.setItem('theme', theme) }, [themeColor, theme])

const toggleLight = () => { const root = window.document.documentElement root.classList.remove(themeColor) root.classList.add(theme) localStorage.setItem('theme', theme) setTheme(themeColor) }

return ( Dominion

{darken ? ( ) : ( )}

{connectedAccount ? ( <button className="px-4 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase rounded-full shadow-md hover:bg-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:bg-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:text-blue-500 dark:border dark:border-blue-500 dark:bg-transparent" > {truncate(connectedAccount, 4, 4, 11)} ) : ( <button className="px-4 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase rounded-full shadow-md hover:bg-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:bg-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:text-blue-500 dark:border dark:border-blue-500 dark:bg-transparent" onClick={connectWallet} > Connect Wallet )} ) }

export default Header Banner Component This component contains information about the DAO's current state, such as the total balance and the number of open proposals. This component also includes the ability to use the contribute function to generate a new proposal. Look at the code below. import { useState } from 'react' import { setGlobalState, useGlobalState } from '../store' import { performContribute } from '../Dominion' import { toast } from 'react-toastify'

const Banner = () => { const [isStakeholder] = useGlobalState('isStakeholder') const [proposals] = useGlobalState('proposals') const [connectedAccount] = useGlobalState('connectedAccount') const [currentUser] = useGlobalState('currentUser') const [balance] = useGlobalState('balance') const [mybalance] = useGlobalState('mybalance') const [amount, setAmount] = useState('')

const onPropose = () => { if (!isStakeholder) return setGlobalState('createModal', 'scale-100') }

const onContribute = () => { if (!!!amount || amount == '') return toast.info('Contribution in progress...')

performContribute(amount).then((bal) => { if (!!!bal.message) { setGlobalState('balance', Number(balance) + Number(bal)) setGlobalState('mybalance', Number(mybalance) + Number(bal)) setAmount('') toast.success('Contribution received') } }) }

const opened = () => proposals.filter( (proposal) => new Date().getTime() < Number(proposal.duration + '000') ).length

return ( {opened()} Proposal{opened() == 1 ? '' : 's'} Currenly Opened Current DAO Balance: {balance} Eth Your contributions:{' '} {mybalance} Eth {isStakeholder ? ', and you are now a stakeholder 😊' : null}

{isStakeholder ? 'You can now raise proposals on this platform 😆' : 'Hey, when you contribute upto 1 ether you become a stakeholder 😎'}

<input type="number" className="form-control block w-full px-3 py-1.5 text-base font-normaltext-gray-700 bg-clip-padding border border-solid border-gray-300 rounded transition ease-in-out m-0 shadow-md focus:text-gray-500 focus:outline-none dark:border-gray-500 dark:bg-transparent" placeholder="e.g 2.5 Eth" onChange={(e) => setAmount(e.target.value)} value={amount} required /> <button type="button" className={`inline-block px-6 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase shadow-md rounded-full hover:bg-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:bg-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:text-blue-500 dark:border dark:border-blue-500 dark:bg-transparent`} data-mdb-ripple="true" data-mdb-ripple-color="light" onClick={onContribute} > Contribute

{isStakeholder ? ( <button type="button" className={`inline-block px-6 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase shadow-md rounded-full hover:bg-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:bg-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:text-blue-500 dark:border dark:border-blue-500 dark:bg-transparent`} data-mdb-ripple="true" data-mdb-ripple-color="light" onClick={onPropose} > Propose ) : null} {currentUser && currentUser.uid == connectedAccount.toLowerCase() ? null : ( <button type="button" className={`inline-block px-6 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase shadow-md rounded-full hover:bg-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:bg-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:border dark:border-blue-500`} data-mdb-ripple="true" data-mdb-ripple-color="light" onClick={() => setGlobalState('loginModal', 'scale-100')} > Login Chat )} ) }

export default Banner Proposals Component This component contains a list of proposals in our smart contract. Also, enables you to filter between closed and open proposals. At the expiry of a proposal, a payout button becomes available which gives a stakeholder the option of paying out the amount associated with the proposal. See the code below. import Identicon from 'react-identicons' import { useState } from 'react' import { Link } from 'react-router-dom' import { truncate, useGlobalState, daysRemaining } from '../store' import { payoutBeneficiary } from '../Dominion' import { toast } from 'react-toastify'

const Proposals = () => { const [data] = useGlobalState('proposals') const [proposals, setProposals] = useState(data)

const deactive = `bg-transparent text-blue-600 font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:bg-blue-700 focus:bg-blue-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-600 transition duration-150 ease-in-out overflow-hidden border border-blue-600 hover:text-white focus:text-white`

const active = `bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:bg-blue-700 focus:bg-blue-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out overflow-hidden border border-blue-600`

const getAll = () => setProposals(data)

const getOpened = () => setProposals( data.filter( (proposal) => new Date().getTime() < Number(proposal.duration + '000') ) )

const getClosed = () => setProposals( data.filter( (proposal) => new Date().getTime() > Number(proposal.duration + '000') ) )

const handlePayout = (id) => { payoutBeneficiary(id).then((res) => { if (!!!res.code) { toast.success('Beneficiary successfully Paid Out!') window.location.reload() } }) }

return ( All Open Closed Created By Title Expires Action {proposals.map((proposal) => ( {truncate(proposal.proposer, 4, 4, 11)} {proposal.title.substring(0, 80) + '...'} {new Date().getTime() > Number(proposal.duration + '000') ? 'Expired' : daysRemaining(proposal.duration)} <Link to={'/proposal/' + proposal.id} className="dark:border rounded-full px-6 py-2.5 dark:border-blue-600 dark:text-blue-600 dark:bg-transparent font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:border-blue-700 focus:border-blue-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:border-blue-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out text-white bg-blue-600" > View

{new Date().getTime() > Number(proposal.duration + '000') ? ( proposal.upvotes > proposal.downvotes ? ( !proposal.paid ? ( <button className="dark:border rounded-full px-6 py-2.5 dark:border-red-600 dark:text-red-600 dark:bg-transparent font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:border-red-700 focus:border-red-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:border-red-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out text-white bg-red-600" onClick={() => handlePayout(proposal.id)} > Payout ) : ( <button className="dark:border rounded-full px-6 py-2.5 dark:border-green-600 dark:text-green-600 dark:bg-transparent font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:border-green-700 focus:border-green-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:border-green-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out text-white bg-green-600" > Paid ) ) : ( <button className="dark:border rounded-full px-6 py-2.5 dark:border-red-600 dark:text-red-600 dark:bg-transparent font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:border-red-700 focus:border-red-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:border-red-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out text-white bg-red-600" > Rejected ) ) : null} ))} ) }

export default Proposals The Proposal Details Component This component displays information about the current proposal, including the cost. This component allows stakeholders to accept or reject a proposal. The proposer can form a group, and other platform users can engage in web3.0-style anonymous chat. This component also includes a bar chart that allows you to see the ratio of acceptees to rejectees. Look at the code below. import moment from 'moment' import { useEffect, useState } from 'react' import { useParams, useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom' import { toast } from 'react-toastify' import { getGroup, createNewGroup, joinGroup } from '../CometChat' import { BarChart, Bar, CartesianGrid, XAxis, YAxis, Legend, Tooltip, } from 'recharts' import { getProposal, voteOnProposal } from '../Dominion' import { useGlobalState } from '../store'

const ProposalDetails = () => { const { id } = useParams() const navigator = useNavigate() const [proposal, setProposal] = useState(null) const [group, setGroup] = useState(null) const [data, setData] = useState([]) const [isStakeholder] = useGlobalState('isStakeholder') const [connectedAccount] = useGlobalState('connectedAccount') const [currentUser] = useGlobalState('currentUser')

useEffect(() => { retrieveProposal() getGroup(`pid_${id}`).then((group) => { if (!!!group.code) setGroup(group) console.log(group) }) }, [id])

const retrieveProposal = () => { getProposal(id).then((res) => { setProposal(res) setData([ { name: 'Voters', Acceptees: res?.upvotes, Rejectees: res?.downvotes, }, ]) }) }

const onVote = (choice) => { if (new Date().getTime() > Number(proposal.duration + '000')) { toast.warning('Proposal expired!') return }

voteOnProposal(id, choice).then((res) => { if (!!!res.code) { toast.success('Voted successfully!') window.location.reload() } }) }

const daysRemaining = (days) => { const todaysdate = moment() days = Number((days + '000').slice(0)) days = moment(days).format('YYYY-MM-DD') days = moment(days) days = days.diff(todaysdate, 'days') return days == 1 ? '1 day' : days + ' days' }

const onEnterChat = () => { if (group.hasJoined) { navigator(`/chat/${`pid_${id}`}`) } else { joinGroup(`pid_${id}`).then((res) => { if (!!res) { navigator(`/chat/${`pid_${id}`}`) console.log('Success joining: ', res) } else { console.log('Error Joining Group: ', res) } }) } }

const onCreateGroup = () => { createNewGroup(`pid_${id}`, proposal.title).then((group) => { if (!!!group.code) { toast.success('Group created successfully!') setGroup(group) } else { console.log('Error Creating Group: ', group) } }) }

return ( {proposal?.title} This proposal is to payout {proposal?.amount} Eth and currently have{' '} {proposal?.upvotes + proposal?.downvotes} votes and will expire in {daysRemaining(proposal?.duration)}

{proposal?.description}

{isStakeholder ? ( <> <button type="button" className="inline-block px-6 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase rounded-full shadow-md hover:bg-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:bg-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:text-gray-300 dark:border dark:border-gray-500 dark:bg-transparent" data-mdb-ripple="true" data-mdb-ripple-color="light" onClick={() => onVote(true)} > Accept <button type="button" className="inline-block px-6 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase rounded-full shadow-md hover:bg-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:bg-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:border dark:border-gray-500 dark:bg-transparent" data-mdb-ripple="true" data-mdb-ripple-color="light" onClick={() => onVote(false)} > Reject

{currentUser && currentUser.uid.toLowerCase() == proposal?.proposer.toLowerCase() && !group ? ( <button type="button" className="inline-block px-6 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase rounded-full shadow-md hover:bg-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:bg-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:border dark:border-blue-500" data-mdb-ripple="true" data-mdb-ripple-color="light" onClick={onCreateGroup} > Create Group ) : null} ) : null}

{currentUser && currentUser.uid.toLowerCase() == connectedAccount.toLowerCase() && !!!group?.code && group != null ? ( <button type="button" className="inline-block px-6 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase rounded-full shadow-md hover:bg-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:bg-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:border dark:border-blue-500" data-mdb-ripple="true" data-mdb-ripple-color="light" onClick={onEnterChat} > Chat ) : null}

{proposal?.proposer.toLowerCase() != connectedAccount.toLowerCase() && !!!group ? ( <button type="button" className="inline-block px-6 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 dark:bg-transparent text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase rounded-full shadow-md hover:border-blue-700 hover:shadow-lg focus:border-blue-700 focus:shadow-lg focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:border-blue-800 active:shadow-lg transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:text-blue-500 dark:border dark:border-blue-500 disabled:bg-blue-300" data-mdb-ripple="true" data-mdb-ripple-color="light" disabled > Group N/A ) : null} ) }

export default ProposalDetails Voters Component This component simply lists out the stakeholders that have voted on a proposal. The component also affords a user the chance to filter between rejectees and acceptees. See the code below. import Identicon from 'react-identicons' import moment from 'moment' import { useState, useEffect } from 'react' import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom' import { truncate } from '../store' import { listVoters } from '../Dominion'

const Voters = () => { const [voters, setVoters] = useState([]) const [data, setData] = useState([]) const { id } = useParams()

const timeAgo = (timestamp) => moment(Number(timestamp + '000')).fromNow()

const deactive = `bg-transparent text-blue-600 font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:bg-blue-700 focus:bg-blue-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-600 transition duration-150 ease-in-out overflow-hidden border border-blue-600 hover:text-white focus:text-white`

const active = `bg-blue-600 text-white font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:bg-blue-700 focus:bg-blue-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out overflow-hidden border border-blue-600`

useEffect(() => { listVoters(id).then((res) => { setVoters(res) setData(res) }) }, [id])

const getAll = () => setVoters(data)

const getAccepted = () => setVoters(data.filter((vote) => vote.choosen))

const getRejected = () => setVoters(data.filter((vote) => !vote.choosen))

return ( All Acceptees Rejectees Voter Voted Vote {voters.map((voter, i) => ( {truncate(voter.voter, 4, 4, 11)} {timeAgo(voter.timestamp)} {voter.choosen ? ( <button className="border-2 rounded-full px-6 py-2.5 border-blue-600 text-blue-600 font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:border-blue-700 focus:border-blue-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:border-blue-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out" > Accepted ) : ( <button className="border-2 rounded-full px-6 py-2.5 border-red-600 text-red-600 font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:border-red-700 focus:border-red-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:border-red-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out" > Rejected )} ))} {voters.length >= 10 ? ( <button aria-current="page" className="rounded-full px-6 py-2.5 bg-blue-600 font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:bg-blue-700 focus:bg-blue-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out dark:text-gray-300 dark:border dark:border-gray-500 dark:bg-transparent" > Load More ) : null} ) }

export default Voters Messages Component With the power of CometChat SDK combined with this component, users can engage in a one-to-many chat anonymously. Contributors and stakeholders can discuss a proposal further in their decision-making process here. All users maintain their anonymity and are represented by their Identicons. import Identicon from 'react-identicons' import { useState, useEffect } from 'react' import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom' import { truncate, useGlobalState } from '../store' import { getMessages, sendMessage, CometChat } from '../CometChat'

const Messages = ({ gid }) => { const navigator = useNavigate() const [connectedAccount] = useGlobalState('connectedAccount') const [message, setMessage] = useState('') const [messages, setMessages] = useState([])

useEffect(() => { getMessages(gid).then((msgs) => { if (!!!msgs.code) setMessages(msgs.filter((msg) => msg.category == 'message')) }) listenForMessage(gid) }, [gid])

const listenForMessage = (listenerID) => { CometChat.addMessageListener( listenerID, new CometChat.MessageListener({ onTextMessageReceived: (message) => { setMessages((prevState) => [...prevState, message]) scrollToEnd() }, }) ) }

const handleMessage = (e) => { e.preventDefault() sendMessage(gid, message).then((msg) => { if (!!!msg.code) { setMessages((prevState) => [...prevState, msg]) setMessage('') scrollToEnd() } }) }

const scrollToEnd = () => { const elmnt = document.getElementById('messages-container') elmnt.scrollTop = elmnt.scrollHeight }

const dateToTime = (date) => { let hours = date.getHours() let minutes = date.getMinutes() let ampm = hours >= 12 ? 'pm' : 'am' hours = hours % 12 hours = hours ? hours : 12 minutes = minutes < 10 ? '0' + minutes : minutes let strTime = hours + ':' + minutes + ' ' + ampm return strTime }

return ( navigator(`/proposal/${gid.substr(4)}`)} > Exit Chat

{messages.map((message, i) => message.sender.uid.toLowerCase() != connectedAccount.toLowerCase() ? ( @{truncate(message.sender.uid, 4, 4, 11)} {dateToTime(new Date(message.sentAt * 1000))} {message.text} ) : ( @you {dateToTime(new Date(message.sentAt * 1000))} {message.text} ) )}

setMessage(e.target.value)} required /> send ) }

export default Messages Create Proposal Component This component simply lets you raise a proposal by supplying information on the fields seen in the image above. See the code below. import { useState } from 'react' import { FaTimes } from 'react-icons/fa' import { raiseProposal } from '../Dominion' import { setGlobalState, useGlobalState } from '../store' import { toast } from 'react-toastify'

const CreateProposal = () => { const [createModal] = useGlobalState('createModal') const [title, setTitle] = useState('') const [amount, setAmount] = useState('') const [beneficiary, setBeneficiary] = useState('') const [description, setDescription] = useState('')

const handleSubmit = (e) => { e.preventDefault() if (!title || !description || !beneficiary || !amount) return const proposal = { title, description, beneficiary, amount }

raiseProposal(proposal).then((proposed) => { if (proposed) { toast.success('Proposal created, reloading in progress...') closeModal() window.location.reload() } }) }

const closeModal = () => { setGlobalState('createModal', 'scale-0') resetForm() }

const resetForm = () => { setTitle('') setAmount('') setBeneficiary('') setDescription('') }

return ( Raise Proposal

setTitle(e.target.value)} value={title} required />

setAmount(e.target.value)} value={amount} required />

setBeneficiary(e.target.value)} value={beneficiary} required />

setDescription(e.target.value)} value={description} required >

Submit Proposal ) }

export default CreateProposal Authentication Component This component helps you participate in the chat features. You need to create an account or login in if you’ve already signed up. By logging in, you can be able to participate in a group chat and have some anonymous talk with other participants in a proposal in a web3.0 style. See the code below. import { FaTimes } from 'react-icons/fa' import { loginWithCometChat, signInWithCometChat } from '../CometChat' import { setGlobalState, useGlobalState } from '../store' import { toast } from 'react-toastify'

const ChatLogin = () => { const [loginModal] = useGlobalState('loginModal') const [connectedAccount] = useGlobalState('connectedAccount')

const handleSignUp = () => { signInWithCometChat(connectedAccount, connectedAccount).then((user) => { if (!!!user.code) { toast.success('Account created, now click the login button.') } else { toast.error(user.message) } }) }

const handleLogin = () => { loginWithCometChat(connectedAccount).then((user) => { if (!!!user.code) { setGlobalState('currentUser', user) toast.success('Logged in successful!') closeModal() } else { toast.error(user.message) } }) }

const closeModal = () => { setGlobalState('loginModal', 'scale-0') }

return ( Authenticate

Once you login, you will be enabled to chat with other stakeholders to make a well-informed voting.

Login

<button className="rounded-lg px-6 py-2.5 bg-transparent text-blue-600 font-medium text-xs leading-tight uppercase hover:bg-blue-700 hover:text-white focus:bg-blue-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-0 active:bg-blue-800 transition duration-150 ease-in-out mt-5 border-blue-600" onClick={handleSignUp} > Create Account ) }

export default ChatLogin Fantastic, let’s make sure the views are well represented… The Home View This view includes the , , and components for providing an exceptional DAO user experience. We also used the power of Tailwind CSS to achieve this look. Look at the code below. header banner proposals import Banner from '../components/Banner' import ChatLogin from '../components/ChatLogin' import CreateProposal from '../components/CreateProposal' import Header from '../components/Header' import Proposals from '../components/Proposals' const Home = () => { return ( <> ) } export default Home The Proposal View This view couples together the header, proposal details, and voters component for rendering a smooth presentation of a singular component. See the code below. import Header from '../components/Header' import ProposalDetails from '../components/ProposalDetails' import Voters from '../components/Voters' const Proposal = () => { return ( <> ) } export default Proposal The Chat View Lastly, the chat view incorporates the header and messages component for rendering a quality chat interface. See the code below. import { useParams, useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom' import { useEffect, useState } from 'react' import { getGroup } from '../CometChat' import { toast } from 'react-toastify' import Header from '../components/Header' import Messages from '../components/Messages' const Chat = () => { const { gid } = useParams() const navigator = useNavigate() const [group, setGroup] = useState(null) useEffect(() => { getGroup(gid).then((group) => { if (!!!group.code) { setGroup(group) } else { toast.warning('Please join the group first!') navigator(`/proposal/${gid.substr(4)}`) } }) }, [gid]) return ( <> ) } export default Chat Amazing, don’t forget to update the file too. App.jsx Replace the App component with the code below. The App Component import { useEffect, useState } from 'react' import { Routes, Route } from 'react-router-dom' import { loadWeb3 } from './Dominion' import { ToastContainer } from 'react-toastify' import { isUserLoggedIn } from './CometChat' import Home from './views/Home' import Proposal from './views/Proposal' import Chat from './views/Chat' import 'react-toastify/dist/ReactToastify.min.css'

const App = () => { const [loaded, setLoaded] = useState(false)

useEffect(() => { loadWeb3().then((res) => { if (res) setLoaded(true) }) isUserLoggedIn() }, [])

return (

{loaded ? ( } /> } /> } /> ) : null}

) } export default App On the paste the following codes in their respective files. src, >> directory Index.jsx File import React from 'react' import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' import { BrowserRouter } from 'react-router-dom' import './index.css' import App from './App' import { initCometChat } from './CometChat' initCometChat().then(() => { ReactDOM.render( , document.getElementById('root') ) }) Index.css File @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:wght@300;400;500;600;700&display=swap'); * html { padding: 0; margin: 0; box-sizing: border-box; } body { margin: 0; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } @tailwind base; @tailwind components; @tailwind utilities; CometChat.jsx import Web3 from 'web3' import { setGlobalState, getGlobalState } from './store' import DominionDAO from './abis/DominionDAO.json'

const { ethereum } = window

const connectWallet = async () => { try { if (!ethereum) return alert('Please install Metamask') const accounts = await ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_requestAccounts' }) setGlobalState('connectedAccount', accounts[0]) } catch (error) { console.log(JSON.stringify(error)) } }

const raiseProposal = async ({ title, description, beneficiary, amount }) => { try { amount = window.web3.utils.toWei(amount.toString(), 'ether') const contract = getGlobalState('contract') const account = getGlobalState('connectedAccount')

let proposal = await contract.methods .createProposal(title, description, beneficiary, amount) .send({ from: account })

return proposal } catch (error) { console.log(error.message) return error } }

const performContribute = async (amount) => { try { amount = window.web3.utils.toWei(amount.toString(), 'ether') const contract = getGlobalState('contract') const account = getGlobalState('connectedAccount')

let balance = await contract.methods .contribute() .send({ from: account, value: amount }) balance = window.web3.utils.fromWei( balance.events.Action.returnValues.amount ) return balance } catch (error) { console.log(error.message) return error } }

const retrieveProposal = async (id) => { const web3 = window.web3 try { const contract = getGlobalState('contract') const proposal = await contract.methods.getProposal(id).call().wait() return { id: proposal.id, amount: web3.utils.fromWei(proposal.amount), title: proposal.title, description: proposal.description, paid: proposal.paid, passed: proposal.passed, proposer: proposal.proposer, upvotes: Number(proposal.upvotes), downvotes: Number(proposal.downvotes), beneficiary: proposal.beneficiary, executor: proposal.executor, duration: proposal.duration, } } catch (error) { console.log(error) } }

const reconstructProposal = (proposal) => { return { id: proposal.id, amount: window.web3.utils.fromWei(proposal.amount), title: proposal.title, description: proposal.description, paid: proposal.paid, passed: proposal.passed, proposer: proposal.proposer, upvotes: Number(proposal.upvotes), downvotes: Number(proposal.downvotes), beneficiary: proposal.beneficiary, executor: proposal.executor, duration: proposal.duration, } }

const getProposal = async (id) => { try { const proposals = getGlobalState('proposals') return proposals.find((proposal) => proposal.id == id) } catch (error) { console.log(error) } }

const voteOnProposal = async (proposalId, supported) => { try { const contract = getGlobalState('contract') const account = getGlobalState('connectedAccount') const vote = await contract.methods .performVote(proposalId, supported) .send({ from: account }) return vote } catch (error) { console.log(error) return error } }

const listVoters = async (id) => { try { const contract = getGlobalState('contract') const votes = await contract.methods.getVotesOf(id).call() return votes } catch (error) { console.log(error) } }

const payoutBeneficiary = async (id) => { try { const contract = getGlobalState('contract') const account = getGlobalState('connectedAccount') const balance = await contract.methods .payBeneficiary(id) .send({ from: account }) return balance } catch (error) { return error } }

const loadWeb3 = async () => { try { if (!ethereum) return alert('Please install Metamask')

window.web3 = new Web3(ethereum) await ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_requestAccounts' }) window.web3 = new Web3(window.web3.currentProvider)

const web3 = window.web3 const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts() setGlobalState('connectedAccount', accounts[0])

const networkId = await web3.eth.net.getId() const networkData = DominionDAO.networks[networkId]

if (networkData) { const contract = new web3.eth.Contract( DominionDAO.abi, networkData.address ) const isStakeholder = await contract.methods .isStakeholder() .call({ from: accounts[0] }) const proposals = await contract.methods.getProposals().call() const balance = await contract.methods.daoBalance().call() const mybalance = await contract.methods .getBalance() .call({ from: accounts[0] })

setGlobalState('contract', contract) setGlobalState('balance', web3.utils.fromWei(balance)) setGlobalState('mybalance', web3.utils.fromWei(mybalance)) setGlobalState('isStakeholder', isStakeholder) setGlobalState('proposals', structuredProposals(proposals)) } else { window.alert('DominionDAO contract not deployed to detected network.') } return true } catch (error) { alert('Please connect your metamask wallet!') console.log(error) return false } }

const structuredProposals = (proposals) => { const web3 = window.web3 return proposals .map((proposal) => ({ id: proposal.id, amount: web3.utils.fromWei(proposal.amount), title: proposal.title, description: proposal.description, paid: proposal.paid, passed: proposal.passed, proposer: proposal.proposer, upvotes: Number(proposal.upvotes), downvotes: Number(proposal.downvotes), beneficiary: proposal.beneficiary, executor: proposal.executor, duration: proposal.duration, })) .reverse() }

export { loadWeb3, connectWallet, performContribute, raiseProposal, retrieveProposal, voteOnProposal, getProposal, listVoters, payoutBeneficiary, } Starting Up the Development Environment Spin up some test account with using the command below: STEP 1: ganache-cli ganache-cli -a This will create some test accounts with 100 fake ethers loaded into each account, of course, these are for testing purposes only. See the image below: Add a local test network with Metamask as seen in the image below. STEP 2: Click on the account icon and select import account. STEP 3: Copy about five of the private keys and add them one after the other to your local test network. See the image below. Observe the new account added to your local test network with 100 ETH preloaded. Make sure you add about five accounts so you can do a maximum test. See the image below. Smart Contract Deployment Now open a new terminal and run the command below. truffle migrate # or truffle migrate --network rinkeby The above command will deploy your smart contract to your local or the Infuria rinkeby test network. Next, open up another terminal and spin up the react app with . yarn start Conclusion Hurray, we’ve just completed an amazing tutorial for developing a decentralized autonomous organization. If you enjoyed this tutorial and would like to have me as your private mentor, kindly . book your classes with me Till next time, all the best. About the Author Gospel Darlington is a full-stack blockchain developer with years of experience in the software development industry. 6+ By combining Software Development, writing, and teaching, he demonstrates how to build decentralized applications on EVM-compatible blockchain networks. His stacks include , , , , , , , , and more. JavaScript React Vue Angular Node React Native NextJs Solidity For more information about him, kindly visit and follow his page on , , , or on his . Twitter Github LinkedIn website