Ana Ofelia Murguía, the Mexican actor best known for voicing the titular character in Disney and Pixar's 2017 animated movie 'Coco,' died Sunday.

Ana Ofelia Murguía, Mexican Star and Voice of Disney’s Coco, Dies at 90

Mexican actress Ana Ofelia Murguía, most famous outside her home country for her central role in the Disney Pixar film "Coco," has passed away at the age of 90.

Disney 'Coco' voice actress Ana Ofelia Murguía dead at 90, Mexico says

Ana Ofelia Murguía voiced great-grandmother Mama Coco in the Oscar-winning animation.

Disney's Coco voice actor Ana Ofelia Murguía dies aged 90

Woiceis in the Enterprise Collaboration Industry

Woice

Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods. here To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods. is now in England, completing arrangements so as to be able to supply his American friends with his improved Knitting Machines with greater dispatch, and with all the latest improvements. He would beg to call especial attention to JOHN KENT The Improved Rib Top Frame, now so well known, and acknowledged to be the best rib top frame ever built, for speed and quality of goods produced. Price, delivered free in New York, $520, currency. The Improved Circular Web Frame, for drawers and shirts, built of any size and gage. Price for a 4-head set, 17 inch to 20 inch diameter, $810, currency, delivered free in New York. The Circular Stocking Frame, from 2 in. to 5½ in. diameter. These circular frames, with my last improvements, are as near perfection as possible. The Patent Full-fashioned Shirt, Drawers and Stocking Frames produce the most perfect goods ever made by steam-power machinery, and cost fifty per cent less to keep in repair than any other Knitting Machine. Built 10 to 24 gage, and from 30 to 140 inch wide, to order. The Improved Circular Looping Frame, for putting on shirt cuffs, drawers bands, clearing the top of circular shirts, &c., built to order, of any size, from 2 in. to 22 in. diameter, and of any gage. Steel Needles and Sinkers to pattern. Persons wishing to order while Mr. Kent is in England, will please address JOHN KENT, Nottingham, up to April 12th, or, if they prefer, may send through depot. Address JOHN KENT, 348 Pearl st., New York. PUMPS. —For Description, Price Lists etc., of the Best Centrifugal Pump ever invented, with Overwhelming Testimony in its favor, send for new illustrated pamphlet (40 pp.) to Messrs. HEALD, SISCO & CO., Baldwinsville, N. Y. BRICK PRESSES. **FOR RED AND FIRE BRICK.
\ Factory 309 S. Fifth street, Philadelphia, Pa. S. P. MILLER. ST. JOSEPH, Mo., Nov. 10, 1870. T. R. BAILEY & VAIL, Lockport, N. Y.: Gentlemen:—The Lathe you shipped me has arrived, and I have it in full operation. It works perfectly, and I think it the best lathe made in the world for Bedstead and Chair work. I would recommend it to any one desirous of obtaining such a lathe. Yours truly, H. R. BRISTOL. WOOLEN MILL FOR SALE. With House and 3 acres of land, Seymour, Ct., (Naugatuck Valley,) 2 miles from R. R. depot. Never-failing stream. 3 ft. fall, dam and wheel in good condition. Inquire of JAS. ORMSBEE, on the premises. Portable & Stationary Steam Engines AND HOISTING ENGINES. A good article at low prices. Every machine warranted. Send for descriptive Price List. H. B. BIGELOW & CO., New Haven, Conn. PATENT BANDSAW MACHINES Of the most approved kinds, of various sizes , to saw bevel as well as square, without inclining the table, by , 452 to 456 Tenth ave., New York. Price $250, $275, $350, and $400. At present (Oct. 16), there are in operation, in this city alone, 88 of our machines. Send for circular. Manufacture, also, an improved saw-filing apparatus; price, $30. Have also on hand a large stock of best French Bandsaw Blades. FIRST & PRYIBIL L. & J. W. FEUCHTWANGER, 55 Cedar st., New York, Chemists, Manufacturers, and Importers of Specialities, Silicates, Soda and Potash, Chloride of Calcium, Peroxide of Manganese, Hydrofluoric Acid, Metallic Oxides, Steel and Glass Makers' and Potters' Articles, Publishers of Treatises on "Soluble Glass," "Gems," and "Fermented Liquors." PIMLICO BRACES, SOMETHING NEW. THIS invention is based on a strictly scientific principle, and is a valuable improvement on old style suspenders. It is simple in construction, and combines the qualities of Brace and Suspender. They are unequaled for elegance, durability and comfort. Manufactured at the Monumental Silk Works, Baltimore. JOHN M. DAVIES & CO., Sole Agents, 384 & 386 B'd'y, N. Y. Dr. J. ARMSTRONG'S (Patent) Improved Heater, Filter, Lime Extractor, and Condenser Combined, For Steam Boilers. MANUFACTURED BY Toledo, Ohio. Armstrong & Starr, Send for Circulars. Formerly Armstrong & Welsh. —An Engine, 12x36 in. cylinder, and two Boilers, 4x15 feet, in good order, will be sold cheap. FOR SALE. J. J. TAYLOR & CO., 68 Courtlandt st., New York. Trapping and Fishing. All about it. Sent free. Address "Hunter," Hinsdale, N. H. HUNTING, First Premium awarded by Am. Inst., 1870 T. H. McALLISTER, Optician, 49 Nassau st., N. Y. Rare and Beautiful Flowers —AND— CHOICE VEGETABLES Can always be obtained by Sowing The Seventeenth Annual Edition of their celebrated "SEED CATALOGUE AND GUIDE TO THE FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN," is now ready for distribution. It contains Four Beautifully Colored Lithographs, and about 300 choice Engravings of favorite Flowers and Vegetables, 136 pages of closely-printed matter, and a list of Twenty-five Hundred species and varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds, with explicit directions for their culture, and much other useful information upon the subject of Gardening. A copy will be mailed to all applicants inclosing 25 cts. Regular customers supplied gratis. Address B. K. BLISS & SONS, Nos. 23 Park Place, and 20 Murray st., P. O. Box No. 5712. New York. Science for the Million. THE Boston Journal of Chemistry, Devoted to the Science of Home Life, the Arts, Agriculture, and Medicine. JAMES R. NICHOLS, M.D., WILLIAM A. ROLFE, A.M., } Editors. ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. A paper which commends itself at once to Physicians, Druggists, Chemists, Teachers, Farmers, Mechanics—in short, to Professional and Practical Men of every class. The Domestic Recipes and Formulæ for Art Processes are of themselves worth many times the cost of subscription. Specimen Copies Sent Free. Address **BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,
\ 150 Congress st., Boston. FOOT LATHES, And all kinds of small tools. Illustrated catalogue free. GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. AGENTS WANTED.—To sell Stephens' which embraces a Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, Slope Level, T Square, etc., in one compact tool. These instruments retail at $3.50 each, and energetic salesmen can make money by selling them among mechanics. We warrant them in every particular, as the construction and graduation is faultless. Send for descriptive circular, cuts, and terms. Patent Combination Rule, STEPHENS & CO., Riverton, Conn. FELT. THE BEST, CHEAPEST and MOST DURABLE non-conductor known, for sale by the Original Manufacturer, at the BOILER FELTING WORKS, 46 Courtland st., New York. Universal Wood Worker. For Agricultural, Railroad, Car, Carriage, and Wagon Works, Planing Mill, Sash, Door and Blind, Bedstead, Cabinet and Furniture Factories. McBETH, BENTEL & MARGEDANT, Hamilton, O. , Inventor's Exchange 245 Broadway, N. Y., "Am. Agriculturist" Building. TANGIBLE INVENTIONS NEGOTIATED. No goods received unless ordered. B. F. KEMP, Proprietor. MACHINISTS' TOOLS, at greatly reduced prices. Also, some Woodworth Planers and Second-hand Tools. 97 to 113 R. R. ave., Newark, N. J. E. & R. J. GOULD, successors to Gould Machine Co. N. B. PATENTED Articles introduced. Also, State and County Rights sold for Inventors. STONE, PUGH & CO., 55 N. 6th st., Philadelphia. G OLDEN HILL Seminary for young ladies, Bridgeport, Conn. Miss Emily Nelson, Principal. 1826 USE THE VEGETABLE PULMONARY BALSAM. 1870 The old standard remedy for Coughs, Colds, Consumption. "Nothing Better." Cutler Bros. & Co., Boston. T HE CALVERT IRON ROLLING MILLS are offered at private sale. These mills are situated in the city of Baltimore, and cover 1½ acres of ground. The Machinery is of the most approved description, for making all sizes of round and square bar iron, from ¼ in. to 3 in. diameter, and flat bars of all widths, up to 7 inches. The buildings are ample and commodious. In addition to the Rolling Mills are two brick buildings (50x125 feet and 40x90 feet), now containing an 80 H.P. Engine, and Spike Machinery, but which could be used for the manufacture of Nails, Horseshoes, or any other branch of heavy hardware. This property offers an unusual opportunity to capitalists, and will be sold at a reasonable price. For further description address MARSHALL  P. SMITH, P. O. Box 1158, Baltimore, Md. BURDON IRON WORKS.—Manufacturers of Pumping Engines for Water Works, High & Low Pressure Engines, Portable Engines and Boilers, of all kinds, Sugar Mills, Screw, Lever, Drop, & Hydraulic Presses, Machinery in general. HUBBARD & WHITTAKER, 102 Front st., Brooklyn. ENGINES AND MACHINERY FOR SALE, at a great sacrifice. Two new Steam Engines, 12 and 20 horse power; 1 Faribain's Riveting Machine; 1 large Power Shears; 1 ditto Table Punch; 2 ditto Flange Punches; 1 set Power Bending Rolls; together with a large lot of Turning Lathes, Drilling Machines, Machinists' and Smiths' Hand Tools, Pulleys, Hangers, and 6 Fairbanks' Platform Scales. Send for catalogue, or apply at the South Brooklyn Steam Engine Works, cor. Imlay and Summit sts., Brooklyn. SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE— Law's Patent with Trevor & Co.'s Improvements. The Simplest and Best in use. Also, Shingle, Heading and Stave Jointers, Equalizers, Heading Turners, Planers etc. AddressTREVOR & CO., Lockport, N. Y. AGENTS WANTED—($225 A MONTH) by the AMERICAN KNITTING MACHINE CO. Boston, Mass., or St. Louis, Mo. THE UNITED STATES Brick Machine IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD, BECAUSE IT MAKES THE , , and GREATEST NUMBER THE BEST THE CHEAPEST BRICKS. It is the Perfection of Simplicity. It is Durable, and not likely to get out of Repair. See Scientific American, Sept. 17, 1870. For Descriptive Circular apply to F. C. WELLS, President, Room 13, 98 Madison st.,\CHICAGO. MACHINES can be seen in operation at the Company's Works, Chicago; at rear 59 Ann st., New York city; and at Novelty Iron Works, corner of Delord and Peter sts., New Orleans. PREPARED Asphalte Roofing Felt. This new prepared production is ready coated, and can be applied on the roof without further trouble. It is easy of application, and does not require any repairs for a long time. It is more durable than some slates, and has been found a suitable substitute for iron or tin roofs. It has a sanded or stony surface, which renders it Exposed to the most intense fire, and sparks falling upon it, it will not propagate the fire. Under the influence of the sun it will not run, which makes it specially adapted to hot climates. Its easy application and pleasing appearance have made it a favorite roofing material throughout all the Indies and other colonies. Being not cumbrous for transport, it is of invaluable service to settlers and farmers in far remote districts. When used for temporary purposes it may be taken off and applied again to another construction. It replaces common Asphalting on Terraces, Lobbies, Counting-houses, Office Floors, etc.; is a great preservative against dampness and vermin, and equalizes the temperature. It is 32 inches wide, and made in rolls of 25 yards each. Send for circular to UNINFLAMMABLE and FIRE-PROOF. E. H. MARTIN, 70 Maiden Lane and 9 Liberty St., N. Y. J. J. H. GREGORY'S Seed Catalogue. My Annual Illustrated Catalogue, containing a list of many new and rare Vegetables, some of which are not found in any other catalogue, and all the standard vegetables of the farm and garden (over one hundred of which I grow on my three seed farms), with a carefully selected list of flower seed, will be sent free to all. All my seed is sold under three warrants: 1st. That all money sent shall reach me. 2d. That all seed ordered shall reach the purchaser. 3d. That my seeds shall be fresh and true to name. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass. THE NEW WILSON Under-Feed Shuttle\SEWING MACHINES! $25 cheaper than any other! For Simplicity, Durability and Beauty they stand For Stitching, Hemming, Tucking, Felling, Quilting, Cording, Binding, Braiding, Gathering, Gathering & sewing on gathers, For particulars address unrivalled! they are unexcelled! Wilson Sewing Machine Co., Cleveland, O., or St. Louis, Mo. , **NEW and 2d-HAND.—
\ Send for Circular. Chas. PLACE & CO., 60 Vesey st., New York. MACHINERY MACHINISTS. Illustrated Catalogue and Price List of all kinds of small Tools and Materials sent free to any address. GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. P. BLAISDELL & CO. MANUFACTURERS of the "BLAISDELL" PATENT DRILL PRESSES, with quick return motion, Agricultural Drills, Improved Engine Lathes, from 12 in. to 28 in. swing, Planers, Gear Cutters, Boring Mills, Hand Lathes, and other first-class Machinists' Tools. Jackson st., Worcester, Mass. Patent BEDSTEAD FASTENING. The and ever invented. Best, Cheapest, Strongest FASTENING Rights for States and Territories for sale. Address JOHN DOMINGOS and                     BENJAMIN ESSIG, Sacramento, Cal. BENT, GOODNOW & CO., Boston, Mass., Publishers of , sell Patent Rights and goods of all kinds. Orders solicited. "PATENT STAR" AGENTS WANTED. Send stamp for copy. TO THE WORKING CLASS.—We are now prepared to furnish all classes with constant employment at home, the whole of the time or for the spare moments. Business new, light and profitable. Persons of either sex easily earn from 50c. to $5 per evening, and a proportional sum by devoting their whole time to the business. Boys and girls earn nearly as much as men. That all who see this notice may send their address, and test the business, we make this unparalleled offer: To such as are not well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay for the trouble of writing. Full particulars, a valuable sample which will do to commence work on, and a copy of —one of the largest and best family newspapers published—all sent free by mail. Reader, if you want permanent, profitable work, address The People's Literary Companion D. C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, Maine. IMPORTANT TO  MACHINISTS.—The Best Metal for all Machine Uses is the MARTIN STEEL, made by The New Jersey Steel and Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. This steel is made by an entirely different process from any other and is tougher than wrought iron. It can be turned without annealing, being entirely free from hard spots. Every one who uses it pronounces it just what they have long wanted, for a multitude of uses, such as Crank Pins, Lathe Spindles and Screws, Cotton Machinery Rollers, Saw and Fan Spindles, etc., etc. Also, particularly adapted for Firebox Plates. Prices low. Send for further information, or a sample, stating use to which it is to be applied. OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING\Machinery. **OTIS, BROS. & CO.
\ No. 309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Union Emery Wheels. Solid and with Stone Center. UNION STONE CO., Boston, Mass. Branch Office, 93 Liberty st., N. Y. General Agents for the Am. Twist Drill Co.'s Superior Grinder and other Emery Wheel Machinery and Tools. Send for Circular. \ WOODBURY'S PATENT** Planing and Matching and Molding Machines, Gray & Wood's Planers, Self-oiling Saw Arbors, and other wood working machinery. S. A. WOODS, Send for Circulars. } 91 Liberty street, N. Y.; 67 Sudbury street, Boston. RI**CHARDSON, MERIAM & CO.,
\ Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent Daniels' and Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash, and molding, Tenoning, Mortising, Boring, Shaping, Vertical, and Circular Re-sawing Machines, Saw Mills Saw Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and Rip-saw Machines, Spoke and Wood Turning Lathes, and various other kinds of Wood-working Machinery. Catalogues and price lists sent on application. Manufactory, Worcester, Mass. Warehouse, 107 Liberty st., New York. 17 1 Reynolds' TURBINE WATER WHEELS. The Oldest and Newest. All others only imitations of each other in their strife after complications to confuse the public. We do not boast but quietly excel them all in staunch reliable, economical power. Beautiful pamphlet free. Geo. TALLCOT, 96 Liberty st., New York. Gearing, Shafting.

To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods

Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Business and Personal here Business and Personal The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a Line. If the Notices exceed Four Lines, One Dollar and a Half per Line will be charged. The paper that meets the eye of manufacturers throughout the United States—Boston Bulletin, $4.00 a year. Advertisements 17c. a line. Half Interest for sale in established Machinery Depot, new and second-hand. Steam fitting connected. Small capital, with energy, required. Address T. V. Carpenter, Advertising Agent, Box 773, New York. See advertisement of a Woolen Mill for sale. A bargain. I am active, have a clear record, and some capital. How can I make some money? F. Carmill, Box 1268, Boston, Mass. Pattern Letters for Machinists, Molders, and Inventors, to letter patterns of castings, all sizes. Address H. W. Knight, Seneca Falls, N. Y. Improved mode of Graining Wood, pat. July 5, '70, by J. J. Callow, Cleveland, O. See illustrated S. A., Dec. 17, '70. Send stamp for circular. Can a round, spring-steel rod be drawn to any desired length, with a true taper to a point, with equal elasticity the whole length, and rolled temper? What is the price per hundred pounds, and where can they be procured? Answer "Sportsman," Malone, N. Y. Manufacturers of Foot Lathes and other light machinery please address Geo. B. Kirkham, 167 E. 33d st., N. Y. city. Business of importance! Safety Kerosene Lamps (Perkins & House's Patent). Explosion or breaking impossible; light equal to gas, and no odor. Families supplied and canvassers appointed, by Montgomery & Co., 42 Barclay st., New York, or Cleveland, O. All parties wanting a water wheel will learn something of interest by addressing P. H. Wait, Sandy Hill, N. Y., for a free circular of his Hudson River Champion Turbine. Ashcroft's Low Water Detector, $15; thousands in use; 17 year's experience. Can be applied for $1. Send for circular. E. H. Ashcroft, Boston, Mass. Wanted.—Machines for manufacturing Pails, Tubs, and Matches. Also, competent man to superintend construction of buildings, and manage all parts of business when complete. Address, with descriptive circulars, price, etc., No. 266 Lexington avenue, New York. Turbine Water Wheels, Portable and Stationary Engines, Gang and Circular Saw Mills, Rolling Mill Machinery, and Machinery for Axe Manufacturers, manufactured by Wm. P. Duncan, Bellefonte, Pa. For best Power Picket Header in use, apply to Wm. P. Duncan, Bellefonte, Pa. New Blind Wirer and Rod Cutter. B. C. Davis & Co., Binghamton, N. Y. Self-testing Steam Gage. There's a difference between a chronometer watch and a "bull's eye." Same difference between a self-tester and common steam gage. Send for Circular. E. H. Ashcroft, Boston, Mass. See advertisement of L. & J. W. Feuchtwanger, Chemists, N. Y. $3.50. Stephens' Patent Combination Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, etc. See advertisement in another column. Agents wanted. American Boiler Powder Co., Box 315, Pittsburgh, Pa., make the only safe, sure, and cheap remedy for "Scaly Boilers." Orders solicited. Belting that is Belting.—Always send for the Best Philadelphia Oak-Tanned, to C. W. Arny, Manufacturer, 301 Cherry st., Phil'a. E. Howard & Co., Boston, make the best Stem-winding Watch in the country. Ask for it at all the dealers. Office 15 Maiden Lane, N. Y. For mining, wrecking, pumping, drainage, and irrigating machinery, see advertisement of Andrews' Patents in another column. The best place to get Working Models and parts is at T. B. Jeffery's, 160 South Water st., Chicago. Brown's Coalyard Quarry & Contractors' Apparatus for hoisting and conveying material by iron cable. W. D. Andrews & Bro, 414 Water st., N. Y. Improved Foot Lathes. Many a reader of this paper has one of them. Selling in all parts of the country, Canada, Europe, etc. Catalogue free. N. H. Baldwin, Laconia, N. H. Peteler Portable R. R. Co. contractors, graders. See adv'ment. E. P. Peacock, Manufacturer of Cutting Dies, Press Work. Patent Articles in Metals, etc. 55 Franklin st., Chicago. Peck's Patent Drop Press. Milo Peck & Co., New Haven, Ct. Millstone Dressing Diamond Machine—Simple, effective, durable. For description of the above see Scientific American, Nov. 27th, 1869. Also, Glazier's Diamonds. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., N. Y. Steel name stamps, figures, etc. E. H. Payn, M'f'r, Burlington, Vt. Cold Rolled-Shafting, piston rods, pump rods, Collins pat. double compression couplings, manufactured by Jones & Laughlins, Pittsburgh, Pa. Keuffel & Esser 116 Fulton st., N. Y., the best place to get 1st-class Drawing Materials, Swiss instruments, and Rubber Triangles and Curves. For Solid Wrought-iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. For the best Self-regulating Windmill in the world, to pump water for residences, farms, city buildings, drainage, and irrigation, address Con. Windmill Co., 5 College Place, New York. The Merriman Bolt Cutter—the best made. Send for circulars. H. B. Brown & Co., Fair Haven, Conn. Taft's Portable Hot Air, Vapor and Shower Bathing Apparatus. Address Portable Bath Co., Sag Harbor, N. Y. (Send for Circular.) Glynn's Anti-Incrustator for Steam Boilers—The only reliable preventive. No foaming, and does not attack metals of boilers. Price 25 cents per lb. C. D. Fredricks, 587 Broadway, New York. For Fruit-Can Tools, Presses, Dies for all Metals, apply to Bliss & Williams, successor to May & Bliss, 118, 120, and 122 Plymouth st., Brooklyn, N. Y. Send for catalogue. 2d-hand Worthington, Woodward and Novelty Pumps, Engines 25 to 100 H.P., 60 Horse Loc. Boiler. W. D. Andrews & Bro., 414 Water st., N. Y. Agents wanted, to sell the Star Bevel. It supersedes the old style. Send for Circular. Hallett & White, West Meriden, Conn. English and American Cotton Machinery and Yarns, Beam Warps and Machine Tools. Thos. Pray, Jr., 57 Weybosset st., Providence, R. I. For small, soft, Gray Iron Castings, Japanned, Tinned, or Bronzed, address Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia. Conklin's Detachable Rubber Lip, for bowls, etc., works like a charm. For Rights, address O. P. Conklin, Worcester, Mass., or A. Daul, Philadelphia, Pa. To Ascertain where there will be a demand for new machinery or manufacturers' supplies read Boston Commercial Bulletin's Manufacturing News of the United States. Terms $4.00 a year. Facts for the Ladies. In 1870, Mrs. W. made, with her Wheeler & Wilson machine, 2,255 vests, besides doing her family sewing for six persons. The Pittsburgh, Pa., "Leader" says: "The firm of Geo. P. Rowell & Co. is the largest and best Advertising Agency in the United States, and we can cheerfully recommend it to the attention of those who desire to advertise their business scientifically and systematically in such a way; that is, to secure the largest amount of publicity for the least expenditure of money." at American Institute Fair for 1870, Pratt's Astral Oil was pronounced the safest and best. After an exhaustive trial, Its Varieties, Causes, Symptoms, and Cure. By E. P. Miller, M.D. Paper, 50cts.; Muslin, $1. Address Miller, Haynes & Co., 41 West Twenty-sixth st., New York city. Dyspepsia: How Wasted and How Preserved; or, Abuses of the Sexual Function, their Causes Effects and Means of Cure. By E. P. Miller M.D. Paper, 50cts. Address Miller, Haynes & Co., 41 West Twenty-sixth st., New York city. Vital Force: About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19180/pg19180-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Business and Personal

Steam, Its Generation and Use by Babcock & Wilcox Company, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE GENERATION AND USE OF STEAM here THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE GENERATION AND USE OF STEAM While the time of man’s first knowledge and use of the expansive force of the vapor of water is unknown, records show that such knowledge existed earlier than 150 B. C. In a treatise of about that time entitled “Pneumatica”, Hero, of Alexander, described not only existing devices of his predecessors and contemporaries but also an invention of his own which utilized the expansive force of steam for raising water above its natural level. He clearly describes three methods in which steam might be used directly as a motive of power; raising water by its elasticity, elevating a weight by its expansive power and producing a rotary motion by its reaction on the atmosphere. The third method, which is known as “Hero’s engine”, is described as a hollow sphere supported over a caldron or boiler by two trunnions, one of which was hollow, and connected the interior of the sphere with the steam space of the caldron. Two pipes, open at the ends and bent at right angles, were inserted at opposite poles of the sphere, forming a connection between the caldron and the atmosphere. Heat being applied to the caldron, the steam generated passed through the hollow trunnion to the sphere and thence into the atmosphere through the two pipes. By the reaction incidental to its escape through these pipes, the sphere was caused to rotate and here is the primitive steam reaction turbine. Hero makes no suggestions as to application of any of the devices he describes to a useful purpose. From the time of Hero until the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, there is no record of progress, though evidence is found that such devices as were described by Hero were sometimes used for trivial purposes, the blowing of an organ or the turning of a skillet. Mathesius, the German author, in 1571; Besson, a philosopher and mathematician at Orleans; Ramelli, in 1588; Battista Delia Porta, a Neapolitan mathematician and philosopher, in 1601; Decause, the French engineer and architect, in 1615; and Branca, an Italian architect, in 1629, all published treatises bearing on the subject of the generation of steam. To the next contributor, Edward Somerset, second Marquis of Worcester, is apparently due the credit of proposing, if not of making, the first useful steam engine. In the “Century of Scantlings and Inventions”, published in London in 1663, he describes devices showing that he had in mind the raising of water not only by forcing it from two receivers by direct steam pressure but also for some sort of reciprocating piston actuating one end of a lever, the other operating a pump. His descriptions are rather obscure and no drawings are extant so that it is difficult to say whether there were any distinctly novel features to his devices aside from the double action. While there is no direct authentic record that any of the devices he described were actually constructed, it is claimed by many that he really built and operated a steam engine containing pistons. In 1675, Sir Samuel Moreland was decorated by King Charles II, for a demonstration of “a certain powerful machine to raise water.” Though there appears to be no record of the design of this machine, the mathematical dictionary, published in 1822, credits Moreland with the first account of a steam engine, on which subject he wrote a treatise that is still preserved in the British Museum. Dr. Denys Papin, an ingenious Frenchman, invented in 1680 “a steam digester for extracting marrowy, nourishing juices from bones by enclosing them in a boiler under heavy pressure,” and finding danger from explosion, added a contrivance which is the first safety valve on record. The steam engine first became commercially successful with Thomas Savery. In 1699, Savery exhibited before the Royal Society of England (Sir Isaac Newton was President at the time), a model engine which consisted of two copper receivers alternately connected by a three-way hand-operated valve, with a boiler and a source of water supply. When the water in one receiver had been driven out by the steam, cold water was poured over its outside surface, creating a vacuum through condensation and causing it to fill again while the water in the other reservoir was being forced out. A number of machines were built on this principle and placed in actual use as mine pumps. The serious difficulty encountered in the use of Savery’s engine was the fact that the height to which it could lift water was limited by the pressure the boiler and vessels could bear. Before Savery’s engine was entirely displaced by its successor, Newcomen’s, it was considerably improved by Desaguliers, who applied the Papin safety valve to the boiler and substituted condensation by a jet within the vessel for Savery’s surface condensation. In 1690, Papin suggested that the condensation of steam should be employed to make a vacuum beneath a cylinder which had previously been raised by the expansion of steam. This was the earliest cylinder and piston steam engine and his plan took practical shape in Newcomen’s atmospheric engine. Papin’s first engine was unworkable owing to the fact that he used the same vessel for both boiler and cylinder. A small quantity of water was placed in the bottom of the vessel and heat was applied. When steam formed and raised the piston, the heat was withdrawn and the piston did work on its down stroke under pressure of the atmosphere. After hearing of Savery’s engine, Papin developed an improved form. Papin’s engine of 1705 consisted of a displacement chamber in which a floating diaphragm or piston on top of the water kept the steam and water from direct contact. The water delivered by the downward movement of the piston under pressure, to a closed tank, flowed in a continuous stream against the vanes of a water wheel. When the steam in the displacement chamber had expanded, it was exhausted to the atmosphere through a valve instead of being condensed. The engine was, in fact, a non-condensing, single action steam pump with the steam and pump cylinders in one. A curious feature of this engine was a heater placed in the diaphragm. This was a mass of heated metal for the purpose of keeping the steam dry or preventing condensation during expansion. This device might be called the first superheater. Among the various inventions attributed to Papin was a boiler with an internal fire box, the earliest record of such construction. While Papin had neglected his earlier suggestion of a steam and piston engine to work on Savery’s ideas, Thomas Newcomen, with his assistant, John Cawley, put into practical form Papin’s suggestion of 1690. Steam admitted from the boiler to a cylinder raised a piston by its expansion, assisted by a counter-weight on the other end of a beam actuated by the piston. The steam valve was then shut and the steam condensed by a jet of cold water. The piston was then forced downward by atmospheric pressure and did work on the pump. The condensed water in the cylinder was expelled through an escapement valve by the next entry of steam. This engine used steam having pressure but little, if any, above that of the atmosphere. In 1711, this engine was introduced into mines for pumping purposes. Whether its action was originally automatic or whether dependent upon the hand operation of the valves is a question of doubt. The story commonly believed is that a boy, Humphrey Potter, in 1713, whose duty it was to open and shut such valves of an engine he attended, by suitable cords and catches attached to the beam, caused the engine to automatically manipulate these valves. This device was simplified in 1718 by Henry Beighton, who suspended from the bottom, a rod called the plug-tree, which actuated the valve by tappets. By 1725, this engine was in common use in the collieries and was changed but little for a matter of sixty or seventy years. Compared with Savery’s engine, from the aspect of a pumping engine, Newcomen’s was a distinct advance, in that the pressure in the pumps was in no manner dependent upon the steam pressure. In common with Savery’s engine, the losses from the alternate heating and cooling of the steam cylinder were enormous. Though obviously this engine might have been modified to serve many purposes, its use seems to have been limited almost entirely to the pumping of water. The rivalry between Savery and Papin appears to have stimulated attention to the question of fuel saving. Dr. John Allen, in 1730, called attention to the fact that owing to the short length of time of the contact between the gases and the heating surfaces of the boiler, nearly half of the heat of the fire was lost. With a view to overcoming this loss at least partially, he used an internal furnace with a smoke flue winding through the water in the form of a worm in a still. In order that the length of passage of the gases might not act as a damper on the fire, Dr. Allen recommended the use of a pair of bellows for forcing the sluggish vapor through the flue. This is probably the first suggested use of forced draft. In forming an estimate of the quantity of fuel lost up the stack, Dr. Allen probably made the first boiler test. Toward the end of the period of use of Newcomen’s atmospheric engine, John Smeaton, who, about 1770, built and installed a number of large engines of this type, greatly improved the design in its mechanical details. The improvement in boiler and engine design of Smeaton, Newcomen and their contemporaries, were followed by those of the great engineer, James Watt, an instrument maker of Glasgow. In 1763, while repairing a model of Newcomen’s engine, he was impressed by the great waste of steam to which the alternating cooling and heating of the engine gave rise. His remedy was the maintaining of the cylinder as hot as the entering steam and with this in view he added a vessel separate from the cylinder, into which the steam should pass from the cylinder and be there condensed either by the application of cold water outside or by a jet from within. To preserve a vacuum in his condenser, he added an air pump which should serve to remove the water of condensation and air brought in with the injection water or due to leakage. As the cylinder no longer acted as a condenser, he could maintain it at a high temperature by covering it with non-conducting material and, in particular, by the use of a steam jacket. Further and with the same object in view, he covered the top of the cylinder and introduced steam above the piston to do the work previously accomplished by atmospheric pressure. After several trials with an experimental apparatus based on these ideas, Watt patented his improvements in 1769. Aside from their historical importance, Watt’s improvements, as described in his specification, are to this day a statement of the principles which guide the scientific development of the steam engine. His words are: “My method of lessening the consumption of steam, and consequently fuel, in fire engines, consists of the following principles: “First, That vessel in which the powers of steam are to be employed to work the engine, which is called the cylinder in common fire engines, and which I call the steam vessel, must, during the whole time the engine is at work, be kept as hot as the steam that enters it; first, by enclosing it in a case of wood, or any other materials that transmit heat slowly; secondly, by surrounding it with steam or other heated bodies; and, thirdly, by suffering neither water nor any other substance colder than the steam to enter or touch it during that time. “Secondly, In engines that are to be worked wholly or partially by condensation of steam, the steam is to be condensed in vessels distinct from the steam vessels or cylinders, although occasionally communicating with them; these vessels I call condensers; and, whilst the engines are working, these condensers ought at least to be kept as cold as the air in the neighborhood of the engines, by application of water or other cold bodies. “Thirdly, Whatever air or other elastic vapor is not condensed by the cold of the condenser, and may impede the working of the engine, is to be drawn out of the steam vessels or condensers by means of pumps, wrought by the engines themselves, or otherwise. “Fourthly, I intend in many cases to employ the expansive force of steam to press on the pistons, or whatever may be used instead of them, in the same manner in which the pressure of the atmosphere is now employed in common fire engines. In cases where cold water cannot be had in plenty, the engines may be wrought by this force of steam only, by discharging the steam into the air after it has done its office…. “Sixthly, I intend in some cases to apply a degree of cold not capable of reducing the steam to water, but of contracting it considerably, so that the engines shall be worked by the alternate expansion and contraction of the steam. “Lastly, Instead of using water to render the pistons and other parts of the engine air and steam tight, I employ oils, wax, resinous bodies, fat of animals, quick-silver and other metals in their fluid state.” The fifth claim was for a rotary engine, and need not be quoted here. The early efforts of Watt are typical of those of the poor inventor struggling with insufficient resources to gain recognition and it was not until he became associated with the wealthy manufacturer, Mattheu Boulton of Birmingham, that he met with the success upon which his present fame is based. In partnership with Boulton, the business of the manufacture and the sale of his engines were highly successful in spite of vigorous attacks on the validity of his patents. Though the fourth claim of Watt’s patent describes a non-condensing engine which would require high pressures, his aversion to such practice was strong. Notwithstanding his entire knowledge of the advantages through added expansion under high pressure, he continued to use pressures not above 7 pounds per square inch above the atmosphere. To overcome such pressures, his boilers were fed through a stand-pipe of sufficient height to have the column of water offset the pressure within the boiler. Watt’s attitude toward high pressure made his influence felt long after his patents had expired. In 1782, Watt patented two other features which he had invented as early as 1769. These were the double acting engine, that is, the use of steam on both sides of the piston and the use of steam expansively, that is, the shutting off of steam from the cylinder when the piston had made but a portion of its stroke, the power for the completion of the stroke being supplied by the expansive force of the steam already admitted. He further added a throttle valve for the regulation of steam admission, invented the automatic governor and the steam indicator, a mercury steam gauge and a glass water column. It has been the object of this brief history of the early developments in the use of steam to cover such developments only through the time of James Watt. The progress of the steam engine from this time through the stages of higher pressures, combining of cylinders, the application of steam vehicles and steamboats, the adding of third and fourth cylinders, to the invention of the turbine with its development and the accompanying development of the reciprocating engine to hold its place, is one long attribute to the inventive genius of man. While little is said in the biographies of Watt as to the improvement of steam boilers, all the evidence indicates that Boulton and Watt introduced the first “wagon boiler”, so called because of its shape. In 1785, Watt took out a number of patents for variations in furnace construction, many of which contain the basic principles of some of the modern smoke preventing furnaces. Until the early part of the nineteenth century, the low steam pressures used caused but little attention to be given to the form of the boiler operated in connection with the engines above described. About 1800, Richard Trevithick, in England, and Oliver Evans, in America, introduced non-condensing, and for that time, high pressure steam engines. To the initiative of Evans may be attributed the general use of high pressure steam in the United States, a feature which for many years distinguished American from European practice. The demand for light weight and economy of space following the beginning of steam navigation and the invention of the locomotive required boilers designed and constructed to withstand heavier pressures and forced the adoption of the cylindrical form of boiler. There are in use to-day many examples of every step in the development of steam boilers from the first plain cylindrical boiler to the most modern type of multi-tubular locomotive boiler, which stands as the highest type of fire-tube boiler construction. The early attempts to utilize water-tube boilers were few. A brief history of the development of the boilers, in which this principle was employed, is given in the following chapter. From this history it will be clearly indicated that the first commercially successful utilization of water tubes in a steam generator is properly attributed to George H. Babcock and Stephen Wilcox. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Babcock & Wilcox Company (2007). Steam, Its Generation and Use. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22657/pg22657-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE GENERATION AND USE OF STEAM

CYNTHIA'S CONFESSION.

THE MOURNER.

Burrow-Giles Lithographic Company v. Sarony Court Filing, retrieved on March 17, 1884, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This part is 2 of 2. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here Opinion of the Court It is within the constitutional power of Congress to confer upon the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of a photograph the rights conferred by Rev. Stat. 4952, so far as the photograph is a representation of original intellectual conceptions. The object of the requirement in the act of June 18th, 1874, 18 Stat. 78, that notice of a copyright in a photograph shall be given by inscribing upon some visible portion of it the words Copyright, the date, and the name of the proprietor, is to give notice of the copyright to the public ; and a notice which gives his surname and the initial letter of his given name is sufficient inscription of the name. Whether a photograph is a mere mechanical reproduction or an original work of art is a question to be determined by proof of the facts of originality, of intellectual production, and of thought and conception on the part of the author ; and when the copyright is disputed, it is important to establish those facts. This was a suit for an infringement of a copyright in a photograph of one Oscar Wilde. The defence denied the constitutional right of Congress to confer rights of authorship on the maker of a photograph; and also denied that the surname of the proprietor with the initial letter of his given name prefixed to it (" N. Sarony ") inscribed on the photograph was a compliance with the provisions of the act of June 18th, 1874, 18 Stat. 78. The essential facts appear in the opinion of the court. The judgment below was for the plaintiff. The writ of error was sued out by the defendant. for plaintiff in error. Mr. David Calman for defendant in error. Mr. Augustus T. Gurlitz MR. JUSTICE MILLER delivered the opinion of the court. This is a writ of error to the Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York. Plaintiff is a lithographer and defendant a photographer, with large business in those lines in the city of New York. The suit was commenced by an action at law in which Sarony was plaintiff and the lithographic company was defendant, the plaintiff charging the defendant with violating his copyright in regard to a photograph, the title of which is " Oscar Wilde No. 18." A jury being waived, the court made a finding of facts on which a judgment in favor of the plaintiff was rendered for the sum of $600 for the plates and 85,000 copies sold and exposed to sale, and $10 for copies found in his possession, as penalties under section 4965 of the Revised Statutes. Among the findings of fact made by the court the following presents the principal question raised by the assignment of errors in the case: " 3. That the plaintiff about the month of January, 1882, under an agreement with Oscar Wilde, became and was the author, inventor, designer, and proprietor of the photograph in suit, the title of which is 'Oscar Wilde No. 18,' being the number used to designate this particular photograph and of the negative thereof; that the same is a useful, new, harmnonious, characteristic, and graceful picture, and that said plaintiff made the same at his place of business in said city of New York, and within the United States, entirely from his own original mental conception, to which he gave visible form by posing the said Oscar Wilde in front of the camera, selecting and arranging tle costume, draperies, and other various accessories in said photograph, arranging the subject so as to present graceful outlines, arranging and disposing the light and shade, suggesting and evoking the desired expression, and from such disposition, arrangement, or representation, made entirely by the plaintiff, he produced the picture in suit, Exhibit A, April 14th, 1882, and that the terms ' author,' 'inventor,' and ' designer,' as used in the art of photography and in the complaint, mean the person who so produced the photograph." Other findings leave no doubt that plaifntiff had taken all the steps required by the act of Congress to obtain copyright of this photograph, and section 4952 names photographs among other things for which the author, inventor, or designer may obtain copyright, which is to secure him the sole privilege of reprinting, publishing, copying and vending the saine. That defendant is liable under that section and section 4965 there can be no question, if those sections are valid as they relate to photographs. Accordingly, the two assignments of error in this court by plaintiff in error, are: 1. That the court below decided that Congress had and has the constitutional right to protect photographs and negatives thereof by copyright. The second assignment related to the sufficiency of the words Copyright, 1882, by N. Sarony," in the photographs, as a notice of the copyright of Napoleon Sarony under the act of Congress on that subject. With regard to this latter question, it is enough to say, that the object of the statute is to give notice of the copyright to the public, by placing upon each copy, in some visible shape, the name of the author, the existence of the claim of exclusive right, and the date at which this right was obtained. This notice is sufficiently given by the words "Copyright, 1882, by N. Sarony," found on each copy of the photograph. It clearly shows that a copyright is asserted, the date of which is 1882, and if the name Sarony alone was used, it would be a sufficient designation of the author until it is shown that there is some other Sarony. When, in addition to this, the initial letter of the christian name Napoleon is also given, the notice is complete. The constitutional question is not free from difficulty. The eighth section of the first article of the Constitution is the great repository of the powers of Congress, and by the eighth clause of that section Congress is authorized: "To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries." The argument here is, that a photograph is not a writing nor the production of an author. Under the acts of Congress designed to give effect to this section, the persons who are to be benefited are divided into two classes, authors and inventors. The monopoly which is granted to the former is called a copyright, that given to the latter, letters patent, or, in the familiar language of the present day, patent rigid. We have, then, copyright and patent right, and it is the first of these under which plaintiff asserts a claim for relief. It is insisted in argument, that a photograph being a reproduction on paper of the exact features of some natural object or of some person, is not a writing of which the producer is the author. Section 4952 of the Revised Statutes places photographs in the same class as things which may be copyrighted with "books, maps, charts, dramatic or musical compositions, engravings, cuts, prints, paintings, drawings, statues, statuary, and models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts." " According to the practice of legislation in England and America," says Judge Bouvier, 2 Law Dictionary, 363, "the copyright is confined to the exclusive right secured to the author or proprietor of a writing or drawing which may be multiplied by the arts of printing in any of its branches." The first Congress of the United States, sitting immediately after the formation of the Constitution, enacted that the "author or authors of any map, chart, hook or books, being a citizen or resident of the United States, shall have the sole right and liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing and vending the same for the period of fourteen years from the recording of the title thereof in the clerk's office, as afterwards directed." 1 Stat. 124, 1. This statute not only makes maps and charts subjects of copyright, but mentions them before books in the order of designation. The second section of an act to amend this act, approved April 29, 1802, 2 Stat. 171, enacts that from the first day of January thereafter, he who shall invent and design, engrave, etch or work, or from his own works shall cause to be designed and engraved, etched or worked, any historical or other print or prints shall have the same exclusive right for the term of fourteen years from recording the title thereof as prescribed by law. By the first section of the act of February 3d, 1831, 4 Stat. 436, entitled an act to amend the several acts respecting copyright, musical compositions and cuts, in connection with prints and engravings, are added, and the period of protection is extended to twenty-eight years. The caption or title of this act uses the word copyright for the first time in the legislation of Congress. The construction placed upon the Constitution by the first act of 1790, and the act of 1802, by the men who were contemporary with its formation, many of whom were members of the convention which framed it, is of itself entitled to very great weight, and when it is remembered that the rights thus established have not been disputed during a period of nearly a century, it is almost conclusive. Unless, therefore, photographs can be distinguished in the classification on this point from the maps, charts, designs, engravings, etchings, cuts, and other prints, it is difficult to see why Congress cannot make them the subject of copyright as well as the others. These statutes certainly answer the objection that books only, or writing in the limited sense of a book and its author, are within the constitutional provision. Both these words are susceptible of a more enlarged definition than this. An author in that sense is "he to whom anything owes its origin; originator; maker; one who completes a work of science or literature." Worcester. So, also, no one would how claim that the word writing in this clause of the Constitution, though the only word used as to subjects in regard to which authors are to be secured, is limited to the actual script of the author, and excludes books and all other printed matter. By writings in that clause is meant the literary productions of those authors, and Congress very properly has declared these to include all forms of writing, printing, engraving, etching, &c., by which the ideas in the mind of the author are given visible expression. The only reason why photographs were not included in the extended list in the act of 180'2 is probably that they did not exist, as photography as an art was then unknown, and the scientific principle on which it rests, and the chemicals and machinery by which it is operated, have all been discovered long since that statute was enacted. Nor is it to be supposed that the framers of the Constitution did not understand the nature of copyright and the objects to which it was commonly applied, for copyright, as the exclusive right of a man to the production of his own genius or intellect, existed in England at that time, and the contest in the English courts, finally decided by a very close vote in the House of Lords, whether the statute of 8 Anne, chap. 19, which authorized copyright for a limited time, was a restraint to that extent on the common law or not, was then recent. It had attracted much attention, as the judgment of the King's Bench, delivered by Lord Mansfield, holding it was not such a restraint, in Miller v. 1hylor, 4 Burrows, 2303, decided in 1769, was overruled on appeal in the House of Lords in 1774. Ibid. 2408. In this and other cases the whole question of the exclusive right to literary and intellectual productions had been freely discussed. We entertain no doubt that the Constitution is broad enough to cover an act authorizing copyright of photographs, so far as they are representatives of original intellectual conceptions of the author. But it is said that an engraving, a painting, a print, does embody the intellectual conception of its author, in which there is novelty, invention, originality, and therefore comes within the purpose of the Constitution in securing its exclusive use or sale to its author, while the photograph is the mere mechanical reproduction of the physical features or outlines of some object animate or inanimate, and involves no originality of thought or any novelty in the intellectual operation connected with its visible reproduction in shape of a picture. That while the effect of light on the prepared plate may have been a discovery in the production of these pictures, and patents could properly be obtained for the combination of the chemicals, for their application to the paper or other surface, for all the machinery by which the light reflected from the object was thrown on the prepared plate, and for all the improvements in this machinery, and in the materials, the remainder of the process is merely mechanical, with no place for novelty, invention or originality. It is simply the manual operation, by the use of these instruments and preparations, of transferring to the plate the visible representation of some existing object, the accuracy of this representation being its highest merit. This may be true in regard to the ordinary production of a photograph, and, further, that in such case a copyright is no protection. On the question as thus stated we decide nothing. In regard, however, to the kindred subject of patents for invention, they cannot by law be issued to the inventor until the novelty, the utility, and the actual discovery or invention by the claimant have been established by proof before the Commissioner of Patents; and when he has secured such a patent, and undertakes to obtain redress for a violation of his right in a court of law, the question of invention, of novelty, of originality, is always open to examination. Our copyright system has no such provision for previous examination by a proper tribunal as to the originality of the book, map, or other matter offered for copyright. A deposit of two copies of the article or work with the Librarian of Congress, with the name of the author and its title page, is all that is necessary to secure a copyright. It is, therefore, much more important that when the supposed author sues for a violation of his copyright, the existence of those facts of originality, of intellectual production, of thought, and conception on the part of the author should be proved, than in the case of a patent right. In the case before us we think this has been done. in question, that it is a "useful, new, harmonious, characteristic, and graceful picture, and that plaintiff made the same entirely from his own original mental conception, to which he gave visible form by posing the said Oscar Wilde in front of the camera, selecting and arranging the costume, draperies, and other various accessories in said photograph, arranging the subject so as to present graceful outlines, arranging and disposing the light and shade, suggesting and evoking the desired expression, and from such disposition, arrangement, or representation, made entirely by plaintiff, he produced the picture in suit." These findings, we think, show this photograph to be an original work of art, the product of plaintiff's intellectual invention, of which plaintiff is the author, and of a class of inventions for which the Constitution intended that Congress should secure to him the exclusive right to use, publish and sell, as it has done by section 4952 of the Revised Statutes. The question here presented is one of first impression under our Constitution, but an instructive case of the same class is that of Nottage v. Jackson, 11 Q. B. D. 627, decided in that court on appeal, August, 1883. The first section of the act of 25 and 26 Victoria, chap. 68, authorizes the author of a photograph, upon making registry of it under the copyright act of 1882, to have a monopoly of its reproduction and multiplication during the life of the author. The plaintiffs in that case described themselves as the authors of the photograph which was pirated, in the registration of it. It appeared that they had arranged with the captain of the Australian cricketers to take a photograph of the whole team in a group; and they sent one of the artists in their employ from London to some country town to do it. The question in the case was whether the plaintiffs, who owned the establishment in London, where the photographs were made from the negative and were sold, and who had the negative taken by one of their men, were the authors, or the man who, for their benefit, took the negative. It was held that the latter was the author, and the action failed, because plaintiffs had described themselves as authors. Brett, A . R., said, in regard to who was the author: " The nearest I can come to, is that it is the person who effectively is as near as he can be, the cause of the picture which is produced, that is, the person who has superintended the arrangement, who has actually formed the picture by putting the persons in position, and arranging the place where the people are to bethe man who is the effective cause of that." Lord Justice Cotton said: "In my opinion, 'author' in volves originating, making, producing, as the inventive or master mind, the thing which is to be protected, whether it be a drawing, or a painting, or a photograph;" and Lord Justice Bowen says that photography is to be treated for the purposes of the act as an art, and the author is the man who really represents, creates, or gives effect to the idea, fancy, or imagination. The appeal of plaintiffs from the original judgment against them was accordingly dismissed. These views of the nature of authorship and of originality, intellectual creation, and right to protection confirm what we have already said. The judgment of the Circuit Court is accordingly affirmed. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 111 U.S. 53 retrieved on September 27, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. tile.loc.gov

“Oscar Wilde No.18,” the Photograph That Redefined Copyright Law

"অস্কার ওয়াইল্ড নং.18," ফটোগ্রাফ যা কপিরাইট আইনকে পুনরায় সংজ্ঞায়িত করেছে৷

„Oscar Wilde Nr. 18“, das Foto, das das Urheberrecht neu definierte

“Oscar Wilde No.18”, la fotografía que redefinió la ley de derechos de autor

"Oscar Wilde No.18", la photographie qui a redéfini la loi sur le droit d'auteur

"ऑस्कर वाइल्ड नंबर 18," वह फोटोग्राफ जिसने कॉपीराइट कानून को फिर से परिभाषित किया

著作権法を再定義した写真「オスカー・ワイルド No.18」

저작권법을 재정의한 사진, “오스카 와일드 No.18”

“Oscar Wilde No.18”, a fotografia que redefiniu a lei de direitos autorais

«Оскар Уайльд № 18» — фотография, которая изменила определение закона об авторском праве

Telif Hakkı Yasasını Yeniden Tanımlayan Fotoğraf “Oscar Wilde No.18”

“Oscar Wilde số 18,” Bức ảnh định nghĩa lại luật bản quyền

“奥斯卡·王尔德 No.18”，一张重新定义版权法的照片

Can You Forgive Her? by Anthony Trollope is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Monkshade here Monkshade. When the first of the new year came round Lady Glencora was not keeping her appointment at Lady Monk's house. She went to Gatherum Castle, and let us hope that she enjoyed the magnificent Christmas hospitality of the Duke; but when the time came for moving on to Monkshade, she was indisposed, and Mr. Palliser went thither alone. Lady Glencora returned to Matching and remained at home, while her husband was away, in company with the two Miss Pallisers. When the tidings reached Monkshade that Lady Glencora was not to be expected, Burgo Fitzgerald was already there, armed with such pecuniary assistance as George Vavasor had been able to wrench out of the hands of Mr. Magruin. "Burgo," said his aunt, catching him one morning near his bedroom door as he was about to go down-stairs in hunting trim, "Burgo, your old flame, Lady Glencora, is not coming here." "Lady Glencora not coming!" said Burgo, betraying by his look and the tone of his voice too clearly that this change in the purpose of a married lady was to him of more importance than it should have been. Such betrayal, however, to Lady Monk was not perhaps matter of much moment. "No; she is not coming. It can't be matter of any moment to you now." "But, by heavens, it is," said he, putting his hand up to his forehead, and leaning back against the wall of the passage as though in despair. "It is matter of moment to me. I am the most unfortunate devil that ever lived." "Fie, Burgo, fie! You must not speak in that way of a married woman. I begin to think it is better that she should not come." At this moment another man booted and spurred came down the passage, upon whom Lady Monk smiled sweetly, speaking some pretty little word as he passed. Burgo spoke never a word, but still stood leaning against the wall, with his hand to his forehead, showing that he had heard something which had moved him greatly. "Come back into your room, Burgo," said his aunt; and they both went in at the door that was nearest to them, for Lady Monk had been on the look-out for him, and had caught him as soon as he appeared in the passage. "If this does annoy you, you should keep it to yourself! What will people say?" "How can I help what they say?" "But you would not wish to injure her, I suppose? I thought it best to tell you, for fear you should show any special sign of surprise if you heard of it first in public. It is very weak in you to allow yourself to feel that sort of regard for a married woman. If you cannot constrain yourself I shall be afraid to let you meet her in Brook Street." Burgo looked for a moment into his aunt's face without answering her, and then turned away towards the door. "You can do as you please about that," said he; "but you know as well as I do what I have made up my mind to do." "Nonsense, Burgo; I know nothing of the kind. But do you go down-stairs to breakfast, and don't look like that when you go among the people there." Lady Monk was a woman now about fifty years of age, who had been a great beauty, and who was still handsome in her advanced age. Her figure was very good. She was tall and of fine proportion, though by no means verging to that state of body which our excellent American friend and critic Mr. Hawthorne has described as beefy and has declared to be the general condition of English ladies of Lady Monk's age. Lady Monk was not beefy. She was a comely, handsome, upright, dame,—one of whom, as regards her outward appearance, England might be proud,—and of whom Sir Cosmo Monk was very proud. She had come of the family of the Worcestershire Fitzgeralds, of whom it used to be said that there never was one who was not beautiful and worthless. Looking at Lady Monk you would hardly think that she could be a worthless woman; but there were one or two who professed to know her, and who declared that she was a true scion of the family to which she belonged;—that even her husband's ample fortune had suffered from her extravagance, that she had quarrelled with her only son, and had succeeded in marrying her daughter to the greatest fool in the peerage. She had striven very hard to bring about a marriage between her nephew and the great heiress, and was a woman not likely to pardon those who had foiled her. At this moment Burgo felt very certain that his aunt was aware of his purpose, and could not forgive her for pretending to be innocent of it. In this he was most ungrateful, as well as unreasonable,—and very indiscreet also. Had he been a man who ever reflected he must have known that such a woman as his aunt could only assist him as long as she might be presumed to be ignorant of his intention. But Burgo never reflected. The Fitzgeralds never reflected till they were nearer forty than thirty, and then people began to think worse of them than they had thought before. When Burgo reached the dining-room there were many men there, but no ladies. Sir Cosmo Monk, a fine bald-headed hale man of about sixty, was standing up at the sideboard, cutting a huge game pie. He was a man also who did not reflect much, but who contrived to keep straight in his course through the world without much reflection. "Palliser is coming without her," he said in his loud clear voice, thinking nothing of his wife's nephew. "She's ill, she says." "I'm sorry for it," said one man. "She's a deal the better fellow of the two." "She has twice more go in her than Planty Pall," said another. "Planty is no fool, I can tell you," said Sir Cosmo, coming to the table with his plate full of pie. "We think he's about the most rising man we have." Sir Cosmo was the member for his county, and was a Liberal. He had once, when a much younger man, been at the Treasury, and had since always spoken of the Whig Government as though he himself were in some sort a part of it. "Burgo, do you hear that Palliser is coming without his wife?" said one man,—a very young man, who hardly knew what had been the circumstances of the case. The others, when they saw Burgo enter, had been silent on the subject of Lady Glencora. "I have heard,—and be d––––d to him," said Burgo. Then there was suddenly a silence in the room, and everyone seemed to attend assiduously to his breakfast. It was very terrible, this clear expression of a guilty meaning with reference to the wife of another man! Burgo regarded neither his plate nor his cup, but thrusting his hands into his breeches pockets, sat back in his chair with the blackness as of a thunder cloud upon his brow. "Burgo, you had better eat your breakfast," said Sir Cosmo. "I don't want any breakfast." He took, however, a bit of toast, and crumbling it up in his hand as he put a morsel into his mouth, went away to the sideboard and filled for himself a glass of cherry brandy. "If you don't eat any breakfast the less of that you take the better," said Sir Cosmo. "I'm all right now," said he, and coming back to the table, went through some form of making a meal with a roll and a cup of tea. They who were then present used afterwards to say that they should never forget that breakfast. There had been something, they declared, in the tone of Burgo's voice when he uttered his curse against Mr. Palliser, which had struck them all with dread. There had, too, they said, been a blackness in his face, so terrible to be seen, that it had taken from them all the power of conversation. Sir Cosmo, when he had broken the ominous silence, had done so with a manifest struggle. The loud clatter of glasses with which Burgo had swallowed his dram, as though resolved to show that he was regardless who might know that he was drinking, added to the feeling. It may easily be understood that there was no further word spoken at that breakfast-table about Planty Pall or his wife. On that day Burgo Fitzgerald startled all those who saw him by the mad way in which he rode. Early in the day there was no excuse for any such rashness. The hounds went from wood to wood, and men went in troops along the forest sides as they do on such occasions. But Burgo was seen to cram his horse at impracticable places, and to ride at gates and rails as though resolved to do himself and his uncle's steed a mischief. This was so apparent that some friend spoke to Sir Cosmo Monk about it. "I can do nothing," said Sir Cosmo. "He is a man whom no one's words will control. Something has ruffled him this morning, and he must run his chance till he becomes quiet." In the afternoon there was a good run, and Burgo again rode as hard as he could make his horse carry him;—but then there was the usual excuse for hard riding; and such riding in a straight run is not dangerous, as it is when the circumstances of the occasion do not warrant it, But, be that as it may, Burgo went on to the end of the day without accident, and as he went home, assured Sir Cosmo, in a voice which was almost cheery, that his mare Spinster was by far the best thing in the Monkshade stables. Indeed Spinster made quite a character that day, and was sold at the end of the season for three hundred guineas on the strength of it. I am, however, inclined to believe that there was nothing particular about the mare. Horses always catch the temperament of their riders, and when a man wishes to break his neck, he will generally find a horse willing to assist him in appearance, but able to save him in the performance. Burgo, at any rate, did not break his neck, and appeared at the dinner-table in a better humour than that which he had displayed in the morning. On the day appointed Mr. Palliser reached Monkshade. He was, in a manner, canvassing for the support of the Liberal party, and it would not have suited him to show any indifference to the invitation of so influential a man as Sir Cosmo. Sir Cosmo had a little party of his own in the House, consisting of four or five other respectable country gentlemen, who troubled themselves little with thinking, and who mostly had bald heads. Sir Cosmo was a man with whom it was quite necessary that such an aspirant as Mr. Palliser should stand well, and therefore Mr. Palliser came to Monkshade, although Lady Glencora was unable to accompany him. "We are so sorry," said Lady Monk. "We have been looking forward to having Lady Glencora with us beyond everything." Mr. Palliser declared that Lady Glencora herself was overwhelmed with grief in that she should have been debarred from making this special visit. She had, however, been so unwell at Gatherum, the anxious husband declared, as to make it unsafe for her to go again away from home. "I hope it is nothing serious," said Lady Monk, with a look of grief so well arranged that any stranger would have thought that all the Pallisers must have been very dear to her heart. Then Mr. Palliser went on to explain that Lady Glencora had unfortunately been foolish. During one of those nights of hard frost she had gone out among the ruins at Matching, to show them by moonlight to a friend. The friend had thoughtlessly, foolishly, and in a manner which Mr. Palliser declared to be very reprehensible, allowed Lady Glencora to remain among the ruins till she had caught cold. "How very wrong!" said Lady Monk with considerable emphasis. "It was very wrong," said Mr. Palliser, speaking of poor Alice almost maliciously. "However, she caught a cold which, unfortunately, has become worse at my uncle's, and so I was obliged to take her home." Lady Monk perceived that Mr. Palliser had in truth left his wife behind because he believed her to be ill, and not because he was afraid of Burgo Fitzgerald. So accomplished a woman as Lady Monk felt no doubt that the wife's absence was caused by fear of the lover, and not by any cold caught in viewing ruins by moonlight. She was not to be deceived in such a matter. But she became aware that Mr. Palliser had been deceived. As she was right in this we must go back for a moment, and say a word of things as they went on at Matching after Alice Vavasor had left that place. Alice had told Miss Palliser that steps ought to be taken, whatever might be their cost, to save Lady Glencora from the peril of a visit to Monkshade. To this Miss Palliser had assented, and, when she left Alice, was determined to tell Mr. Palliser the whole story. But when the time for doing so had come, her courage failed her. She could not find words in which to warn the husband that his wife would not be safe in the company of her old lover. The task with Lady Glencora herself, bad as that would be, might be easier, and this task she at last undertook,—not without success. "Glencora," she said, when she found a fitting opportunity, "you won't be angry, I hope, if I say a word to you?" "That depends very much upon what the word is," said Lady Glencora. And here it must be acknowledged that Mr. Palliser's wife had not done much to ingratiate herself with Mr. Palliser's cousins;—not perhaps so much as she should have done, seeing that she found them in her husband's house. She had taught herself to think that they were hard, stiff, and too proud of bearing the name of Palliser. Perhaps some little attempt may have been made by one or both of them to teach her something, and it need hardly be said that such an attempt on the part of a husband's unmarried female relations would not be forgiven by a young bride. She had undoubtedly been ungracious, and of this Miss Palliser was well aware. "Well,—the word shall be as little unpleasant as I can make it," said Miss Palliser, already appreciating fully the difficulty of her task. "But why say anything that is unpleasant? However, if it is to be said, let us have it over at once." "You are going to Monkshade, I believe, with Plantagenet." "Well;—and what of that?" "Dear Glencora, I think you had better not go. Do you not think so yourself?" "Who has been talking to you?" said Lady Glencora, turning upon her very sharply. "Nobody has been talking to me;—not in the sense you mean." "Plantagenet has spoken to you?" "Not a word," said Miss Palliser. "You may be sure that he would not utter a word on such a subject to anyone unless it were to yourself. But, dear Glencora, you should not go there;—I mean it in all kindness and love,—I do indeed." Saying this she offered her hand to Glencora, and Glencora took it. "Perhaps you do," said she in a low voice. "Indeed I do. The world is so hard and cruel in what it says." "I do not care two straws for what the world says." "But he might care." "It is not my fault. I do not want to go to Monkshade. Lady Monk was my friend once, but I do not care if I never see her again. I did not arrange this visit. It was Plantagenet who did it." "But he will not take you there if you say you do not wish it." "I have said so, and he told me that I must go. You will hardly believe me,—but I condescended even to tell him why I thought it better to remain away. He told me, in answer, that it was a silly folly which I must live down, and that it did not become me to be afraid of any man." "Of course you are not afraid, but—" "I am afraid. That is just the truth. I am afraid;—but what can I do more than I have done?" This was very terrible to Miss Palliser. She had not thought that Lady Glencora would say so much, and she felt a true regret in having been made to hear words which so nearly amounted to a confession. But for this there was no help now. There were not many more words between them, and we already know the result of the conversation. Lady Glencora became so ill from the effects of her imprudent lingering among the ruins that she was unable to go to Monkshade. Mr. Palliser remained three days at Monkshade, and cemented his political alliance with Sir Cosmo much in the same way as he had before done with the Duke of St. Bungay. There was little or nothing said about politics, and certainly not a word that could be taken as any definite party understanding between the men; but they sat at dinner together at the same table, drank a glass of wine or two out of the same decanters, and dropped a chance word now and again about the next session of Parliament. I do not know that anything more had been expected either by Mr. Palliser or by Sir Cosmo; but it seemed to be understood when Mr. Palliser went away that Sir Cosmo was of opinion that that young scion of a ducal house ought to become the future Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Whig Government. "I can't see that there's so much in him," said one young member of Parliament to Sir Cosmo. "I rather think that there is, all the same," said the baronet. "There's a good deal in him, I believe! I dare say he's not very bright, but I don't know that we want brightness. A bright financier is the most dangerous man in the world. We've had enough of that already. Give me sound common sense, with just enough of the gab in a man to enable him to say what he's got to say! We don't want more than that nowadays." From which it became evident that Sir Cosmo was satisfied with the new political candidate for high place. Lady Monk took an occasion to introduce Mr. Palliser to Burgo Fitzgerald; with what object it is difficult to say, unless she was anxious to make mischief between the men. Burgo scowled at him; but Mr. Palliser did not notice the scowl, and put out his hand to his late rival most affably. Burgo was forced to take it, and as he did so made a little speech. "I'm sorry that we have not the pleasure of seeing Lady Glencora with you," said he. "She is unfortunately indisposed," said Mr. Palliser. "I am sorry for it," said Burgo—"very sorry indeed." Then he turned his back and walked away. The few words he had spoken, and the manner in which he had carried himself, had been such as to make all those around them notice it. Each of them knew that Lady Glencora's name should not have been in Burgo's mouth, and all felt a fear not easily to be defined that something terrible would come of it. But Mr. Palliser himself did not seem to notice anything, or to fear anything; and nothing terrible did come of it during that visit of his to Monkshade. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (2006). Can You Forgive Her?. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19500/pg19500-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Lady Glencora was not keeping her appointment at Lady Monk's house

After my latest post about how to build your own RAG and run it locally, today, we're taking it a step further by not only implementing the conversational abilities of large language models but also adding listening and speaking capabilities. The idea is straightforward: we are going to create a voice assistant reminiscent of Jarvis or Friday from the iconic Iron Man movies, which can operate offline on your computer. Since this is an introductory tutorial, I will implement it in Python and keep it simple enough for beginners. Lastly, I will provide some guidance on how to scale the application. Techstack First, you should set up a virtual Python environment. You have several options for this, including pyenv, virtualenv, poetry, and others that serve a similar purpose. Personally, I'll use Poetry for this tutorial due to my personal preferences. Here are several crucial libraries you'll need to install: : For a visually appealing console output. rich : A robust tool for speech-to-text conversion. openai-whisper : A cutting-edge library for text-to-speech synthesis, ensuring high-quality audio output. suno-bark : A straightforward library for interfacing with Large Language Models (LLMs). langchain , , and : Essential for audio recording and playback. sounddevice pyaudio speechrecognition For a detailed list of dependencies, refer to the link . here The most critical component here is the Large Language Model (LLM) backend, for which we will use Ollama. is widely recognized as a popular tool for running and serving LLMs offline. If Ollama is new to you, I recommend checking out my previous article on offline RAG: Basically, you just need to download the Ollama application, pull your preferred model, and run it. Ollama "Build Your Own RAG and Run It Locally: Langchain + Ollama + Streamlit." Architecture Okay, if everything has been set up, let's proceed to the next step. Below is the overall architecture of our application, which fundamentally comprises 3 main components: : Utilizing , we convert spoken language into text. Whisper's training on diverse datasets ensures its proficiency across various languages and dialects. Speech Recognition OpenAI's Whisper : For the conversational capabilities, we'll employ the Langchain interface for the model, which is served using Ollama. This setup promises a seamless and engaging conversational flow. Conversational Chain Llama-2 : The transformation of text to speech is achieved through , a state-of-the-art model from Suno AI, renowned for its lifelike speech production. Speech Synthesizer Bark The workflow is straightforward: record speech, transcribe to text, generate a response using an LLM, and vocalize the response using Bark. Sequence diagram for voice assistant with Whisper, Ollama, and Bark. Implementation The implementation begins with crafting a based on Bark, incorporating methods for synthesizing speech from text and handling longer text inputs seamlessly as follows: TextToSpeechService import nltk
import torch
import warnings
import numpy as np
from transformers import AutoProcessor, BarkModel

warnings.filterwarnings(
    "ignore",
    message="torch.nn.utils.weight_norm is deprecated in favor of torch.nn.utils.parametrizations.weight_norm.",
)


class TextToSpeechService:
    def __init__(self, device: str = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"):
        """
        Initializes the TextToSpeechService class.
        Args:
            device (str, optional): The device to be used for the model, either "cuda" if a GPU is available or "cpu".
            Defaults to "cuda" if available, otherwise "cpu".
        """
        self.device = device
        self.processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("suno/bark-small")
        self.model = BarkModel.from_pretrained("suno/bark-small")
        self.model.to(self.device)

    def synthesize(self, text: str, voice_preset: str = "v2/en_speaker_1"):
        """
        Synthesizes audio from the given text using the specified voice preset.
        Args:
            text (str): The input text to be synthesized.
            voice_preset (str, optional): The voice preset to be used for the synthesis. Defaults to "v2/en_speaker_1".
        Returns:
            tuple: A tuple containing the sample rate and the generated audio array.
        """
        inputs = self.processor(text, voice_preset=voice_preset, return_tensors="pt")
        inputs = {k: v.to(self.device) for k, v in inputs.items()}

        with torch.no_grad():
            audio_array = self.model.generate(**inputs, pad_token_id=10000)

        audio_array = audio_array.cpu().numpy().squeeze()
        sample_rate = self.model.generation_config.sample_rate
        return sample_rate, audio_array

    def long_form_synthesize(self, text: str, voice_preset: str = "v2/en_speaker_1"):
        """
        Synthesizes audio from the given long-form text using the specified voice preset.
        Args:
            text (str): The input text to be synthesized.
            voice_preset (str, optional): The voice preset to be used for the synthesis. Defaults to "v2/en_speaker_1".
        Returns:
            tuple: A tuple containing the sample rate and the generated audio array.
        """
        pieces = []
        sentences = nltk.sent_tokenize(text)
        silence = np.zeros(int(0.25 * self.model.generation_config.sample_rate))

        for sent in sentences:
            sample_rate, audio_array = self.synthesize(sent, voice_preset)
            pieces += [audio_array, silence.copy()]

        return self.model.generation_config.sample_rate, np.concatenate(pieces) : The class takes an optional parameter, which specifies the device to be used for the model (either if a GPU is available, or ). It loads the Bark model and the corresponding processor from the pre-trained model. You can also use the large version by specifying for the model loader. Initialization ( __init__ ) device cuda cpu suno/bark-small suno/bark : This method takes a input and a parameter, which specifies the voice to be used for the synthesis. You can check out other value . It uses the to prepare the input text and the voice preset, and then generates the audio array using the method. The generated audio array is converted to a NumPy array and the sample rate is returned along with the audio array. Synthesize ( synthesize ) text voice_preset voice_preset here processor model.generate() : This method is used for synthesizing longer text inputs. It first tokenizes the input text into sentences using the function. For each sentence, it calls the method to generate the audio array. It then concatenates the generated audio arrays, with a short silence (0.25 seconds) added between each sentence. Long-form Synthesize ( long_form_synthesize ) nltk.sent_tokenize synthesize Now that we have the set up, we need to prepare the Ollama server for the large language model (LLM) serving. To do this, you'll need to follow these steps: TextToSpeechService : Run the following command to download the latest Llama-2 model from the Ollama repository: Pull the latest Llama-2 model ollama pull llama2 . : If the server is not yet started, execute the following command to start it: . Start the Ollama server ollama serve Once you've completed these steps, your application will be able to use the Ollama server and the Llama-2 model to generate responses to user input. Next, we'll move to the main application logic. First, we need to initialize the following components: : We'll use the Rich library to create a better interactive console for the user within the terminal. Rich Console : We'll initialize a Whisper speech recognition model which is a state-of-the-art open-source speech recognition system developed by OpenAI. We'll use the base English model ( ) for transcribing user input. Whisper Speech-to-Text base.en : We'll initialize a Bark text-to-speech synthesizer instance, which was implemented above. Bark Text-to-Speech : We'll use the built-in from the Langchain library which provides a template for managing the conversational flow. We'll configure it to use the Llama-2 language model with the Ollama backend. Conversational Chain ConversationalChain import time
import threading
import numpy as np
import whisper
import sounddevice as sd
from queue import Queue
from rich.console import Console
from langchain.memory import ConversationBufferMemory
from langchain.chains import ConversationChain
from langchain.prompts import PromptTemplate
from langchain_community.llms import Ollama
from tts import TextToSpeechService

console = Console()
stt = whisper.load_model("base.en")
tts = TextToSpeechService()

template = """
You are a helpful and friendly AI assistant. You are polite, respectful, and aim to provide concise responses of less 
than 20 words.
The conversation transcript is as follows:
{history}
And here is the user's follow-up: {input}
Your response:
"""
PROMPT = PromptTemplate(input_variables=["history", "input"], template=template)
chain = ConversationChain(
    prompt=PROMPT,
    verbose=False,
    memory=ConversationBufferMemory(ai_prefix="Assistant:"),
    llm=Ollama(),
) Now, let's define the necessary functions: : This function runs in a separate thread to capture audio data from the user's microphone using the . The callback function is called whenever new audio data is available, and it puts the data into a for further processing. record_audio sounddevice.RawInputStream data_queue : This function utilizes the Whisper instance to transcribe the audio data from the into text. transcribe data_queue : This function feeds the current conversation context to the Llama-2 language model (via the Langchain ) and retrieves the generated text response. get_llm_response ConversationalChain : This function takes the audio waveform generated by the Bark text-to-speech engine and plays it back to the user using a sound playback library (e.g., ). play_audio sounddevice def record_audio(stop_event, data_queue):
    """
    Captures audio data from the user's microphone and adds it to a queue for further processing.
    Args:
        stop_event (threading.Event): An event that, when set, signals the function to stop recording.
        data_queue (queue.Queue): A queue to which the recorded audio data will be added.
    Returns:
        None
    """
    def callback(indata, frames, time, status):
        if status:
            console.print(status)
        data_queue.put(bytes(indata))

    with sd.RawInputStream(
        samplerate=16000, dtype="int16", channels=1, callback=callback
    ):
        while not stop_event.is_set():
            time.sleep(0.1)

def transcribe(audio_np: np.ndarray) -> str:
    """
    Transcribes the given audio data using the Whisper speech recognition model.
    Args:
        audio_np (numpy.ndarray): The audio data to be transcribed.
    Returns:
        str: The transcribed text.
    """
    result = stt.transcribe(audio_np, fp16=False)  # Set fp16=True if using a GPU
    text = result["text"].strip()
    return text

def get_llm_response(text: str) -> str:
    """
    Generates a response to the given text using the Llama-2 language model.
    Args:
        text (str): The input text to be processed.
    Returns:
        str: The generated response.
    """
    response = chain.predict(input=text)
    if response.startswith("Assistant:"):
        response = response[len("Assistant:") :].strip()
    return response

def play_audio(sample_rate, audio_array):
    """
    Plays the given audio data using the sounddevice library.
    Args:
        sample_rate (int): The sample rate of the audio data.
        audio_array (numpy.ndarray): The audio data to be played.
    Returns:
        None
    """
    sd.play(audio_array, sample_rate)
    sd.wait() Then, we define the main application loop. The main application loop guides the user through the conversational interaction as follows: The user is prompted to press Enter to start recording their input. Once the user presses Enter, the function is called in a separate thread to capture the user's audio input. record_audio When the user presses Enter again to stop the recording, the audio data is transcribed using the function. transcribe The transcribed text is then passed to the function, which generates a response using the Llama-2 language model. get_llm_response The generated response is printed to the console and played back to the user using the function. play_audio if __name__ == "__main__":
    console.print("[cyan]Assistant started! Press Ctrl+C to exit.")

    try:
        while True:
            console.input(
                "Press Enter to start recording, then press Enter again to stop."
            )

            data_queue = Queue()  # type: ignore[var-annotated]
            stop_event = threading.Event()
            recording_thread = threading.Thread(
                target=record_audio,
                args=(stop_event, data_queue),
            )
            recording_thread.start()

            input()
            stop_event.set()
            recording_thread.join()

            audio_data = b"".join(list(data_queue.queue))
            audio_np = (
                np.frombuffer(audio_data, dtype=np.int16).astype(np.float32) / 32768.0
            )

            if audio_np.size > 0:
                with console.status("Transcribing...", spinner="earth"):
                    text = transcribe(audio_np)
                console.print(f"[yellow]You: {text}")

                with console.status("Generating response...", spinner="earth"):
                    response = get_llm_response(text)
                    sample_rate, audio_array = tts.long_form_synthesize(response)

                console.print(f"[cyan]Assistant: {response}")
                play_audio(sample_rate, audio_array)
            else:
                console.print(
                    "[red]No audio recorded. Please ensure your microphone is working."
                )

    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        console.print("\n[red]Exiting...")

    console.print("[blue]Session ended.") Result Once everything is put down together, we can run the application as shown in the video above. The application runs quite slowly on my MacBook because the Bark model is large, even in its smaller version. Therefore, I have slightly sped up the video. For those with a CUDA-enabled computer, it might run faster. Here are the key features of our application: : Users can start and stop recording their voice input, and the assistant responds by playing back the generated audio. Voice-based interaction The assistant maintains the context of the conversation, enabling more coherent and relevant responses. The use of the Llama-2 language model allows the assistant to provide concise and focused responses. Conversational context: For those aiming to elevate this application to a production-ready status, the following enhancements are recommended: : Incorporate optimized versions of the models, such as whisper.cpp, llama.cpp, and bark.cpp, which are designed to boost performance, especially on lower-end computers. Performance Optimization : Implement a system that allows users to customize the bot's persona and prompt, enabling the creation of different types of assistants (e.g., personal, professional, or domain-specific). Customizable Bot Prompts : Develop a user-friendly GUI to enhance the overall user experience, making the application more accessible and visually appealing. Graphical User Interface (GUI) : Expand the application to support multimodal interactions, such as the ability to generate and display images, diagrams, or other visual content in addition to the voice-based responses. Multimodal Capabilities Finally, we have completed our simple voice assistant application, full code can be found at: . This combination of speech recognition, language modeling, and text-to-speech technologies demonstrates how we can build something that sounds difficult but can actually run on your computer. Let's enjoy coding, and don't forget to subscribe to so you don't miss the latest in AI and programming articles. https://github.com/vndee/local-talking-llm my blog Also published here

WOICE

woice.me

-- employees

Since n.d.

COMPANY RANKING

WOICE

EVERGREEN INDEX #11440

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WOICE

woice.me

-- employees

Since n.d.

COMPANY RANKING

WOICE

EVERGREEN INDEX #11440

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STORIES ABOUT WOICE

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