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Woice

woice

Authors:
(1) Zane Weissman, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {zweissman@wpi.edu};
(2) Thomas Eisenbarth, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {thomas.eisenbarth@uni-luebeck.de};
(3) Thore Tiemann, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {t.tiemann@uni-luebeck.de};
(4) Berk Sunar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {sunar@wpi.edu}. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
Background
Threat Models
Analysis of Firecracker's Containment Systems
Analysis of Microarchitectural Attack and Defenses in Firecracker Microvms
Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References 3. THREAT MODELS We propose two threat models applicable to Firecracker-based serverless cloud systems: (1) The user-to-user model (Figure 3): a malicious user runs arbitrary code sandboxed within a Firecracker VM and attempts to leak data, inject data, or otherwise gain information about or control over another user’s sandboxed application. In this model, we consider (a) the time-sliced sharing of hardware, where the instances of the two users execute in turns on the CPU core, and (b) physical co-location, where the two users’ code runs concurrently on hardware that is shared in one way or another (for example, two cores on the same CPU or two threads in the same core if SMT is enabled). (2) The user-to-host model (Figure 4): a malicious user targets some component of the host system: the Firecracker VMM, KVM, or another part of the host system kernel. For this scenario, we only consider time-sliced sharing of hardware resources. This is because the host only executes code if the guest user’s VM exits, e. g. due to a page fault that has to be handled by the host kernel or VMM. For both models, we assume that a malicious user is able to control the runtime environment of its application. In our models, malicious users do not posses guest kernel privileges. Therefore, both models grant the attacker slightly less privileges than the model assumed by [1] where the guest kernel is chosen and configured by the VMM but assumed to be compromised at runtime. Rather, the attacker’s capabilities in our models match the capabilities granted to users in deployments of Firecracker in AWS Lambda and Fargate. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Zane Weissman, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {zweissman@wpi.edu}; (2) Thomas Eisenbarth, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {thomas.eisenbarth@uni-luebeck.de}; (3) Thore Tiemann, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {t.tiemann@uni-luebeck.de}; (4) Berk Sunar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {sunar@wpi.edu}. Authors: Authors: (1) Zane Weissman, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {zweissman@wpi.edu}; (2) Thomas Eisenbarth, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {thomas.eisenbarth@uni-luebeck.de}; (3) Thore Tiemann, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {t.tiemann@uni-luebeck.de}; (4) Berk Sunar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {sunar@wpi.edu}. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Background Threat Models Analysis of Firecracker's Containment Systems Analysis of Microarchitectural Attack and Defenses in Firecracker Microvms Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Background Background Threat Models Threat Models Analysis of Firecracker's Containment Systems Analysis of Firecracker's Containment Systems Analysis of Microarchitectural Attack and Defenses in Firecracker Microvms Analysis of Microarchitectural Attack and Defenses in Firecracker Microvms Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References 3. THREAT MODELS We propose two threat models applicable to Firecracker-based serverless cloud systems: (1) The user-to-user model (Figure 3): a malicious user runs arbitrary code sandboxed within a Firecracker VM and attempts to leak data, inject data, or otherwise gain information about or control over another user’s sandboxed application. In this model, we consider (a) the time-sliced sharing of hardware, where the instances of the two users execute in turns on the CPU core, and (b) physical co-location, where the two users’ code runs concurrently on hardware that is shared in one way or another (for example, two cores on the same CPU or two threads in the same core if SMT is enabled). (2) The user-to-host model (Figure 4): a malicious user targets some component of the host system: the Firecracker VMM, KVM, or another part of the host system kernel. For this scenario, we only consider time-sliced sharing of hardware resources. This is because the host only executes code if the guest user’s VM exits, e. g. due to a page fault that has to be handled by the host kernel or VMM. For both models, we assume that a malicious user is able to control the runtime environment of its application. In our models, malicious users do not posses guest kernel privileges. Therefore, both models grant the attacker slightly less privileges than the model assumed by [1] where the guest kernel is chosen and configured by the VMM but assumed to be compromised at runtime. Rather, the attacker’s capabilities in our models match the capabilities granted to users in deployments of Firecracker in AWS Lambda and Fargate. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Microarchitectural Security of AWS Firecracker VMM: Threat Models

AWS ফায়ারক্র্যাকার VMM এর মাইক্রোআর্কিটেকচারাল সিকিউরিটি: থ্রেট মডেল

Mikroarchitektonische Sicherheit von AWS Firecracker VMM: Bedrohungsmodelle

Seguridad microarquitectónica de AWS Firecracker VMM: modelos de amenazas

Sécurité microarchitecturale d'AWS Firecracker VMM : modèles de menace

AWS फायरक्रैकर VMM की माइक्रोआर्किटेक्चरल सुरक्षा: ख़तरा मॉडल

AWS Firecracker VMM のマイクロアーキテクチャセキュリティ: 脅威モデル

AWS Firecracker VMM의 마이크로아키텍처 보안: 위협 모델

Segurança microarquitetônica do AWS Firecracker VMM: modelos de ameaças

Микроархитектурная безопасность AWS Firecracker VMM: модели угроз

AWS Firecracker VMM'nin Mikro Mimari Güvenliği: Tehdit Modelleri

Bảo mật vi kiến trúc của AWS Firecracker VMM: Mô hình mối đe dọa

AWS Firecracker VMM 的微架构安全性：威胁模型

Microarchitectural Security of AWS Firecracker VMM: Analysis of Microarchitectural Attack & Defenses

AWS ফায়ারক্র্যাকার VMM এর মাইক্রোআর্কিটেকচারাল সিকিউরিটি: মাইক্রোআর্কিটেকচারাল অ্যাটাক এবং ডিফেন্সের বিশ্লেষণ

Mikroarchitektonische Sicherheit von AWS Firecracker VMM: Analyse von mikroarchitektonischen Angriffen und Abwehrmaßnahmen

Seguridad microarquitectónica de AWS Firecracker VMM: análisis de ataques y defensas microarquitectónicas

Sécurité microarchitecturale d'AWS Firecracker VMM : analyse des attaques et des défenses microarchitecturales

AWS फायरक्रैकर VMM की माइक्रोआर्किटेक्चरल सुरक्षा: माइक्रोआर्किटेक्चरल हमले और बचाव का विश्लेषण

AWS Firecracker VMM のマイクロアーキテクチャセキュリティ: マイクロアーキテクチャ攻撃と防御の分析

AWS Firecracker VMM의 마이크로아키텍처 보안: 마이크로아키텍처 공격 및 방어 분석

Segurança microarquitetônica do AWS Firecracker VMM: análise de ataques e defesas microarquitetônicas

Микроархитектурная безопасность AWS Firecracker VMM: анализ микроархитектурных атак и защиты

AWS Firecracker VMM'nin Mikro Mimari Güvenliği: Mikro Mimari Saldırı ve Savunmaların Analizi

Bảo mật vi kiến trúc của AWS Firecracker VMM: Phân tích tấn công và phòng thủ vi kiến trúc

AWS Firecracker VMM 微架构安全：微架构攻击与防御分析

Microarchitectural Security of AWS Firecracker VMM: Background

AWS ফায়ারক্র্যাকার VMM এর মাইক্রোআর্কিটেকচারাল নিরাপত্তা: পটভূমি

Mikroarchitektonische Sicherheit von AWS Firecracker VMM: Hintergrund

Seguridad microarquitectónica de AWS Firecracker VMM: antecedentes

Sécurité microarchitecturale d'AWS Firecracker VMM : contexte

AWS फायरक्रैकर VMM की माइक्रोआर्किटेक्चरल सुरक्षा: पृष्ठभूमि

AWS Firecracker VMM のマイクロアーキテクチャセキュリティ: 背景

AWS Firecracker VMM의 마이크로아키텍처 보안: 배경

Segurança microarquitetônica do AWS Firecracker VMM: histórico

Микроархитектурная безопасность AWS Firecracker VMM: предыстория

AWS Firecracker VMM'nin Mikro Mimari Güvenliği: Arka Plan

Bảo mật vi kiến trúc của AWS Firecracker VMM: Bối cảnh

AWS Firecracker VMM 的微架构安全性：背景

Authors:
(1) Zane Weissman, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {zweissman@wpi.edu};
(2) Thomas Eisenbarth, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {thomas.eisenbarth@uni-luebeck.de};
(3) Thore Tiemann, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {t.tiemann@uni-luebeck.de};
(4) Berk Sunar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {sunar@wpi.edu}. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
Background
Threat Models
Analysis of Firecracker's Containment Systems
Analysis of Microarchitectural Attack and Defenses in Firecracker Microvms
Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References 4. ANALYSIS OF FIRECRACKER’S CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS Figure 2 shows the containment offered by Firecracker, as presented by AWS. In this section, we analyze each depicted component and their defenses against and vulnerabilities to microarchitectural attacks KVM. Linux kernel-based virtual machine (KVM) is the hypervisor implemented in modern Linux kernels and therefore part of the Linux code base. It virtualizes the supervisor and user modes of the underlying hardware, manages context switches between VMs, and handles most VM-exit reasons unless they are related to I/O operations. Besides these architectural isolation mechanisms, KVM also implements mitigations against Spectre attacks on a VM-exit to protect the host OS or hypervisor from malicious guests. Firecracker heavily relies on KVM as its hypervisor. However, since KVM is part of the Linux source code and developed by the Linux community, we define KVM to not be a part of Firecracker. Therefore, countermeasures against microarchitectural attacks that are implemented in KVM cannot be attributed to Firecracker’s containment system. Metadata, device, and I/O services. The metadata, device, and I/O services are the parts of the Firecracker VMM and API that interact directly with a VM, collecting and managing metrics and providing connectivity. AWS touts the simplicity of these interfaces (for a reduced attack surface) and that they are written from scratch for Firecracker in Rust, a programming language known for its security features [9]. However, Rust most notably provides in-process protection against invalid and out-of-bounds memory accesses, but microarchitectural attacks like cache attacks, Spectre, and MDS can leak information between processes rather than directly hijacking a victim’s process. Another notable difference between Firecracker and many other VMMs is that all of these services are run within the same host process as the VM itself, albeit in another thread. While the virtualization of memory addresses within the VM provides some obfuscation between the guest’s code and the I/O services, some Spectre attacks work specifically within a single process. Intraprocess attacks may pose less of a threat to real world systems, however, since two guests running on the same hardware each have their own copy of these essential services. Jailer barrier. In the event that the API or VMM are compromised, the jailer provides one last barrier of defense around a Firecracker instance. It protects the host system’s files and resources with namespaces and control groups (cgroups), respectively [7]. Microarchitectural attacks do not directly threaten files, which are by definition outside of the microarchitectural state. Cgroups allow a system administrator to assign processes to groups and then allocate, constrain, and monitor system resource usage on a per-group basis [17]. It is plausible that limitations applied with cgroups could impede an attacker’s ability to carry out certain microarchitectural attacks. For example, memory limitations might make it difficult to carry out eviction-based cache attacks, or CPU time limitations could prevent an attacker from making effective use of a CPU denial-of-service tool like HyperDegrade [2] which can slow down a victim process, simplifying the timing of a microarchitectural side-channel exfiltration or injection. In practice, Firecracker is not distributed with any particular cgroup rules [7]; in fact, it is specifically designed for the efficient operation of many Firecracker VMs under the default Linux resource allocation [6]. None of the isolation and containment systems in Firecracker seem to directly protect against user-to-user or user-to-host attacks. Therefore, we proceeded to test various microarchitectural attack proof of concepts inside and outside of Firecracker VMs. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Zane Weissman, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {zweissman@wpi.edu}; (2) Thomas Eisenbarth, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {thomas.eisenbarth@uni-luebeck.de}; (3) Thore Tiemann, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {t.tiemann@uni-luebeck.de}; (4) Berk Sunar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {sunar@wpi.edu}. Authors: Authors: (1) Zane Weissman, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {zweissman@wpi.edu}; (2) Thomas Eisenbarth, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {thomas.eisenbarth@uni-luebeck.de}; (3) Thore Tiemann, University of Lübeck Lübeck, S-H, Germany {t.tiemann@uni-luebeck.de}; (4) Berk Sunar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, USA {sunar@wpi.edu}. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Background Threat Models Analysis of Firecracker's Containment Systems Analysis of Microarchitectural Attack and Defenses in Firecracker Microvms Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Background Background Threat Models Threat Models Analysis of Firecracker's Containment Systems Analysis of Firecracker's Containment Systems Analysis of Microarchitectural Attack and Defenses in Firecracker Microvms Analysis of Microarchitectural Attack and Defenses in Firecracker Microvms Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References 4. ANALYSIS OF FIRECRACKER’S CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS Figure 2 shows the containment offered by Firecracker, as presented by AWS. In this section, we analyze each depicted component and their defenses against and vulnerabilities to microarchitectural attacks KVM . Linux kernel-based virtual machine (KVM) is the hypervisor implemented in modern Linux kernels and therefore part of the Linux code base. It virtualizes the supervisor and user modes of the underlying hardware, manages context switches between VMs, and handles most VM-exit reasons unless they are related to I/O operations. Besides these architectural isolation mechanisms, KVM also implements mitigations against Spectre attacks on a VM-exit to protect the host OS or hypervisor from malicious guests. Firecracker heavily relies on KVM as its hypervisor. However, since KVM is part of the Linux source code and developed by the Linux community, we define KVM to not be a part of Firecracker. Therefore, countermeasures against microarchitectural attacks that are implemented in KVM cannot be attributed to Firecracker’s containment system. KVM Metadata, device, and I/O services. The metadata, device, and I/O services are the parts of the Firecracker VMM and API that interact directly with a VM, collecting and managing metrics and providing connectivity. AWS touts the simplicity of these interfaces (for a reduced attack surface) and that they are written from scratch for Firecracker in Rust, a programming language known for its security features [9]. However, Rust most notably provides in-process protection against invalid and out-of-bounds memory accesses, but microarchitectural attacks like cache attacks, Spectre, and MDS can leak information between processes rather than directly hijacking a victim’s process. Metadata, device, and I/O services. Another notable difference between Firecracker and many other VMMs is that all of these services are run within the same host process as the VM itself, albeit in another thread. While the virtualization of memory addresses within the VM provides some obfuscation between the guest’s code and the I/O services, some Spectre attacks work specifically within a single process. Intraprocess attacks may pose less of a threat to real world systems, however, since two guests running on the same hardware each have their own copy of these essential services. Jailer barrier. In the event that the API or VMM are compromised, the jailer provides one last barrier of defense around a Firecracker instance. It protects the host system’s files and resources with namespaces and control groups (cgroups), respectively [7]. Microarchitectural attacks do not directly threaten files, which are by definition outside of the microarchitectural state. Cgroups allow a system administrator to assign processes to groups and then allocate, constrain, and monitor system resource usage on a per-group basis [17]. It is plausible that limitations applied with cgroups could impede an attacker’s ability to carry out certain microarchitectural attacks. For example, memory limitations might make it difficult to carry out eviction-based cache attacks, or CPU time limitations could prevent an attacker from making effective use of a CPU denial-of-service tool like HyperDegrade [2] which can slow down a victim process, simplifying the timing of a microarchitectural side-channel exfiltration or injection. In practice, Firecracker is not distributed with any particular cgroup rules [7]; in fact, it is specifically designed for the efficient operation of many Firecracker VMs under the default Linux resource allocation [6]. Jailer barrier. None of the isolation and containment systems in Firecracker seem to directly protect against user-to-user or user-to-host attacks. Therefore, we proceeded to test various microarchitectural attack proof of concepts inside and outside of Firecracker VMs. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Microarchitectural Security of AWS Firecracker VMM: Analysis of Firecracker's Containment Systems

AWS ফায়ারক্র্যাকার VMM এর মাইক্রোআর্কিটেকচারাল সিকিউরিটি: ফায়ারক্র্যাকারের কন্টেনমেন্ট সিস্টেমের বিশ্লেষণ

Mikroarchitektonische Sicherheit von AWS Firecracker VMM: Analyse der Eindämmungssysteme von Firecracker

Seguridad microarquitectónica de AWS Firecracker VMM: análisis de los sistemas de contención de Firecracker

Sécurité microarchitecturale d'AWS Firecracker VMM : analyse des systèmes de confinement de Firecracker

AWS फायरक्रैकर VMM की माइक्रोआर्किटेक्चरल सुरक्षा: फायरक्रैकर की कंटेनमेंट प्रणालियों का विश्लेषण

AWS Firecracker VMM のマイクロアーキテクチャセキュリティ: Firecracker の封じ込めシステムの分析

AWS Firecracker VMM의 마이크로아키텍처 보안: Firecracker의 격리 시스템 분석

Segurança microarquitetônica do AWS Firecracker VMM: análise dos sistemas de contenção do Firecracker

Микроархитектурная безопасность AWS Firecracker VMM: анализ систем сдерживания фейерверка

AWS Firecracker VMM'nin Mikro Mimari Güvenliği: Firecracker'ın Muhafaza Sistemlerinin Analizi

Bảo mật vi kiến trúc của AWS Firecracker VMM: Phân tích hệ thống ngăn chặn pháo hoa

AWS Firecracker VMM 的微架构安全性：Firecracker 遏制系统分析

Microarchitectural Security of AWS Firecracker VMM: Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References

AWS ফায়ারক্র্যাকার VMM এর মাইক্রোআর্কিটেকচারাল নিরাপত্তা: উপসংহার, স্বীকৃতি এবং রেফারেন্স

Mikroarchitektonische Sicherheit von AWS Firecracker VMM: Fazit, Danksagungen und Referenzen

Seguridad microarquitectónica de AWS Firecracker VMM: conclusión, reconocimientos y referencias

Sécurité microarchitecturale d'AWS Firecracker VMM : conclusion, remerciements et références

AWS फायरक्रैकर VMM की माइक्रोआर्किटेक्चरल सुरक्षा: निष्कर्ष, आभार और संदर्भ

AWS Firecracker VMM のマイクロアーキテクチャセキュリティ: 結論、謝辞、参考文献

AWS Firecracker VMM의 마이크로아키텍처 보안: 결론, 승인 및 참조

Segurança microarquitetônica do AWS Firecracker VMM: conclusão, agradecimentos e referências

Микроархитектурная безопасность AWS Firecracker VMM: заключение, благодарности и ссылки

AWS Firecracker VMM'nin Mikro Mimari Güvenliği: Sonuç, Teşekkür ve Referanslar

Bảo mật vi kiến trúc của AWS Firecracker VMM: Kết luận, Lời cảm ơn và Tài liệu tham khảo

AWS Firecracker VMM 的微架构安全性：结论、致谢和参考文献

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AWS ফায়ারক্র্যাকার VMM এর মাইক্রোআর্কিটেকচারাল নিরাপত্তা: বিমূর্ত এবং ভূমিকা

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Seguridad microarquitectónica de AWS Firecracker VMM: resumen e introducción

Sécurité microarchitecturale d'AWS Firecracker VMM : résumé et introduction

AWS फायरक्रैकर VMM की माइक्रोआर्किटेक्चरल सुरक्षा: सार और परिचय

AWS Firecracker VMM のマイクロアーキテクチャセキュリティ: 概要と概要

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Segurança microarquitetônica do AWS Firecracker VMM: resumo e introdução

Микроархитектурная безопасность AWS Firecracker VMM: Аннотация и введение

AWS Firecracker VMM'nin Mikro Mimari Güvenliği: Özet ve Giriş

Bảo mật vi kiến trúc của AWS Firecracker VMM: Tóm tắt & Giới thiệu

AWS Firecracker VMM 的微架构安全性：摘要和简介

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Startups of The Year 2023 Winners: Europe

Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods. here To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods. is now in England, completing arrangements so as to be able to supply his American friends with his improved Knitting Machines with greater dispatch, and with all the latest improvements. He would beg to call especial attention to JOHN KENT The Improved Rib Top Frame, now so well known, and acknowledged to be the best rib top frame ever built, for speed and quality of goods produced. Price, delivered free in New York, $520, currency. The Improved Circular Web Frame, for drawers and shirts, built of any size and gage. Price for a 4-head set, 17 inch to 20 inch diameter, $810, currency, delivered free in New York. The Circular Stocking Frame, from 2 in. to 5½ in. diameter. These circular frames, with my last improvements, are as near perfection as possible. The Patent Full-fashioned Shirt, Drawers and Stocking Frames produce the most perfect goods ever made by steam-power machinery, and cost fifty per cent less to keep in repair than any other Knitting Machine. Built 10 to 24 gage, and from 30 to 140 inch wide, to order. The Improved Circular Looping Frame, for putting on shirt cuffs, drawers bands, clearing the top of circular shirts, &c., built to order, of any size, from 2 in. to 22 in. diameter, and of any gage. Steel Needles and Sinkers to pattern. Persons wishing to order while Mr. Kent is in England, will please address JOHN KENT, Nottingham, up to April 12th, or, if they prefer, may send through depot. Address JOHN KENT, 348 Pearl st., New York. PUMPS. —For Description, Price Lists etc., of the Best Centrifugal Pump ever invented, with Overwhelming Testimony in its favor, send for new illustrated pamphlet (40 pp.) to Messrs. HEALD, SISCO & CO., Baldwinsville, N. Y. BRICK PRESSES. **FOR RED AND FIRE BRICK.
\ Factory 309 S. Fifth street, Philadelphia, Pa. S. P. MILLER. ST. JOSEPH, Mo., Nov. 10, 1870. T. R. BAILEY & VAIL, Lockport, N. Y.: Gentlemen:—The Lathe you shipped me has arrived, and I have it in full operation. It works perfectly, and I think it the best lathe made in the world for Bedstead and Chair work. I would recommend it to any one desirous of obtaining such a lathe. Yours truly, H. R. BRISTOL. WOOLEN MILL FOR SALE. With House and 3 acres of land, Seymour, Ct., (Naugatuck Valley,) 2 miles from R. R. depot. Never-failing stream. 3 ft. fall, dam and wheel in good condition. Inquire of JAS. ORMSBEE, on the premises. Portable & Stationary Steam Engines AND HOISTING ENGINES. A good article at low prices. Every machine warranted. Send for descriptive Price List. H. B. BIGELOW & CO., New Haven, Conn. PATENT BANDSAW MACHINES Of the most approved kinds, of various sizes , to saw bevel as well as square, without inclining the table, by , 452 to 456 Tenth ave., New York. Price $250, $275, $350, and $400. At present (Oct. 16), there are in operation, in this city alone, 88 of our machines. Send for circular. Manufacture, also, an improved saw-filing apparatus; price, $30. Have also on hand a large stock of best French Bandsaw Blades. FIRST & PRYIBIL L. & J. W. FEUCHTWANGER, 55 Cedar st., New York, Chemists, Manufacturers, and Importers of Specialities, Silicates, Soda and Potash, Chloride of Calcium, Peroxide of Manganese, Hydrofluoric Acid, Metallic Oxides, Steel and Glass Makers' and Potters' Articles, Publishers of Treatises on "Soluble Glass," "Gems," and "Fermented Liquors." PIMLICO BRACES, SOMETHING NEW. THIS invention is based on a strictly scientific principle, and is a valuable improvement on old style suspenders. It is simple in construction, and combines the qualities of Brace and Suspender. They are unequaled for elegance, durability and comfort. Manufactured at the Monumental Silk Works, Baltimore. JOHN M. DAVIES & CO., Sole Agents, 384 & 386 B'd'y, N. Y. Dr. J. ARMSTRONG'S (Patent) Improved Heater, Filter, Lime Extractor, and Condenser Combined, For Steam Boilers. MANUFACTURED BY Toledo, Ohio. Armstrong & Starr, Send for Circulars. Formerly Armstrong & Welsh. —An Engine, 12x36 in. cylinder, and two Boilers, 4x15 feet, in good order, will be sold cheap. FOR SALE. J. J. TAYLOR & CO., 68 Courtlandt st., New York. Trapping and Fishing. All about it. Sent free. Address "Hunter," Hinsdale, N. H. HUNTING, First Premium awarded by Am. Inst., 1870 T. H. McALLISTER, Optician, 49 Nassau st., N. Y. Rare and Beautiful Flowers —AND— CHOICE VEGETABLES Can always be obtained by Sowing The Seventeenth Annual Edition of their celebrated "SEED CATALOGUE AND GUIDE TO THE FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN," is now ready for distribution. It contains Four Beautifully Colored Lithographs, and about 300 choice Engravings of favorite Flowers and Vegetables, 136 pages of closely-printed matter, and a list of Twenty-five Hundred species and varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds, with explicit directions for their culture, and much other useful information upon the subject of Gardening. A copy will be mailed to all applicants inclosing 25 cts. Regular customers supplied gratis. Address B. K. BLISS & SONS, Nos. 23 Park Place, and 20 Murray st., P. O. Box No. 5712. New York. Science for the Million. THE Boston Journal of Chemistry, Devoted to the Science of Home Life, the Arts, Agriculture, and Medicine. JAMES R. NICHOLS, M.D., WILLIAM A. ROLFE, A.M., } Editors. ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. A paper which commends itself at once to Physicians, Druggists, Chemists, Teachers, Farmers, Mechanics—in short, to Professional and Practical Men of every class. The Domestic Recipes and Formulæ for Art Processes are of themselves worth many times the cost of subscription. Specimen Copies Sent Free. Address **BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,
\ 150 Congress st., Boston. FOOT LATHES, And all kinds of small tools. Illustrated catalogue free. GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. AGENTS WANTED.—To sell Stephens' which embraces a Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, Slope Level, T Square, etc., in one compact tool. These instruments retail at $3.50 each, and energetic salesmen can make money by selling them among mechanics. We warrant them in every particular, as the construction and graduation is faultless. Send for descriptive circular, cuts, and terms. Patent Combination Rule, STEPHENS & CO., Riverton, Conn. FELT. THE BEST, CHEAPEST and MOST DURABLE non-conductor known, for sale by the Original Manufacturer, at the BOILER FELTING WORKS, 46 Courtland st., New York. Universal Wood Worker. For Agricultural, Railroad, Car, Carriage, and Wagon Works, Planing Mill, Sash, Door and Blind, Bedstead, Cabinet and Furniture Factories. McBETH, BENTEL & MARGEDANT, Hamilton, O. , Inventor's Exchange 245 Broadway, N. Y., "Am. Agriculturist" Building. TANGIBLE INVENTIONS NEGOTIATED. No goods received unless ordered. B. F. KEMP, Proprietor. MACHINISTS' TOOLS, at greatly reduced prices. Also, some Woodworth Planers and Second-hand Tools. 97 to 113 R. R. ave., Newark, N. J. E. & R. J. GOULD, successors to Gould Machine Co. N. B. PATENTED Articles introduced. Also, State and County Rights sold for Inventors. STONE, PUGH & CO., 55 N. 6th st., Philadelphia. G OLDEN HILL Seminary for young ladies, Bridgeport, Conn. Miss Emily Nelson, Principal. 1826 USE THE VEGETABLE PULMONARY BALSAM. 1870 The old standard remedy for Coughs, Colds, Consumption. "Nothing Better." Cutler Bros. & Co., Boston. T HE CALVERT IRON ROLLING MILLS are offered at private sale. These mills are situated in the city of Baltimore, and cover 1½ acres of ground. The Machinery is of the most approved description, for making all sizes of round and square bar iron, from ¼ in. to 3 in. diameter, and flat bars of all widths, up to 7 inches. The buildings are ample and commodious. In addition to the Rolling Mills are two brick buildings (50x125 feet and 40x90 feet), now containing an 80 H.P. Engine, and Spike Machinery, but which could be used for the manufacture of Nails, Horseshoes, or any other branch of heavy hardware. This property offers an unusual opportunity to capitalists, and will be sold at a reasonable price. For further description address MARSHALL  P. SMITH, P. O. Box 1158, Baltimore, Md. BURDON IRON WORKS.—Manufacturers of Pumping Engines for Water Works, High & Low Pressure Engines, Portable Engines and Boilers, of all kinds, Sugar Mills, Screw, Lever, Drop, & Hydraulic Presses, Machinery in general. HUBBARD & WHITTAKER, 102 Front st., Brooklyn. ENGINES AND MACHINERY FOR SALE, at a great sacrifice. Two new Steam Engines, 12 and 20 horse power; 1 Faribain's Riveting Machine; 1 large Power Shears; 1 ditto Table Punch; 2 ditto Flange Punches; 1 set Power Bending Rolls; together with a large lot of Turning Lathes, Drilling Machines, Machinists' and Smiths' Hand Tools, Pulleys, Hangers, and 6 Fairbanks' Platform Scales. Send for catalogue, or apply at the South Brooklyn Steam Engine Works, cor. Imlay and Summit sts., Brooklyn. SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE— Law's Patent with Trevor & Co.'s Improvements. The Simplest and Best in use. Also, Shingle, Heading and Stave Jointers, Equalizers, Heading Turners, Planers etc. AddressTREVOR & CO., Lockport, N. Y. AGENTS WANTED—($225 A MONTH) by the AMERICAN KNITTING MACHINE CO. Boston, Mass., or St. Louis, Mo. THE UNITED STATES Brick Machine IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD, BECAUSE IT MAKES THE , , and GREATEST NUMBER THE BEST THE CHEAPEST BRICKS. It is the Perfection of Simplicity. It is Durable, and not likely to get out of Repair. See Scientific American, Sept. 17, 1870. For Descriptive Circular apply to F. C. WELLS, President, Room 13, 98 Madison st.,\CHICAGO. MACHINES can be seen in operation at the Company's Works, Chicago; at rear 59 Ann st., New York city; and at Novelty Iron Works, corner of Delord and Peter sts., New Orleans. PREPARED Asphalte Roofing Felt. This new prepared production is ready coated, and can be applied on the roof without further trouble. It is easy of application, and does not require any repairs for a long time. It is more durable than some slates, and has been found a suitable substitute for iron or tin roofs. It has a sanded or stony surface, which renders it Exposed to the most intense fire, and sparks falling upon it, it will not propagate the fire. Under the influence of the sun it will not run, which makes it specially adapted to hot climates. Its easy application and pleasing appearance have made it a favorite roofing material throughout all the Indies and other colonies. Being not cumbrous for transport, it is of invaluable service to settlers and farmers in far remote districts. When used for temporary purposes it may be taken off and applied again to another construction. It replaces common Asphalting on Terraces, Lobbies, Counting-houses, Office Floors, etc.; is a great preservative against dampness and vermin, and equalizes the temperature. It is 32 inches wide, and made in rolls of 25 yards each. Send for circular to UNINFLAMMABLE and FIRE-PROOF. E. H. MARTIN, 70 Maiden Lane and 9 Liberty St., N. Y. J. J. H. GREGORY'S Seed Catalogue. My Annual Illustrated Catalogue, containing a list of many new and rare Vegetables, some of which are not found in any other catalogue, and all the standard vegetables of the farm and garden (over one hundred of which I grow on my three seed farms), with a carefully selected list of flower seed, will be sent free to all. All my seed is sold under three warrants: 1st. That all money sent shall reach me. 2d. That all seed ordered shall reach the purchaser. 3d. That my seeds shall be fresh and true to name. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass. THE NEW WILSON Under-Feed Shuttle\SEWING MACHINES! $25 cheaper than any other! For Simplicity, Durability and Beauty they stand For Stitching, Hemming, Tucking, Felling, Quilting, Cording, Binding, Braiding, Gathering, Gathering & sewing on gathers, For particulars address unrivalled! they are unexcelled! Wilson Sewing Machine Co., Cleveland, O., or St. Louis, Mo. , **NEW and 2d-HAND.—
\ Send for Circular. Chas. PLACE & CO., 60 Vesey st., New York. MACHINERY MACHINISTS. Illustrated Catalogue and Price List of all kinds of small Tools and Materials sent free to any address. GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. P. BLAISDELL & CO. MANUFACTURERS of the "BLAISDELL" PATENT DRILL PRESSES, with quick return motion, Agricultural Drills, Improved Engine Lathes, from 12 in. to 28 in. swing, Planers, Gear Cutters, Boring Mills, Hand Lathes, and other first-class Machinists' Tools. Jackson st., Worcester, Mass. Patent BEDSTEAD FASTENING. The and ever invented. Best, Cheapest, Strongest FASTENING Rights for States and Territories for sale. Address JOHN DOMINGOS and                     BENJAMIN ESSIG, Sacramento, Cal. BENT, GOODNOW & CO., Boston, Mass., Publishers of , sell Patent Rights and goods of all kinds. Orders solicited. "PATENT STAR" AGENTS WANTED. Send stamp for copy. TO THE WORKING CLASS.—We are now prepared to furnish all classes with constant employment at home, the whole of the time or for the spare moments. Business new, light and profitable. Persons of either sex easily earn from 50c. to $5 per evening, and a proportional sum by devoting their whole time to the business. Boys and girls earn nearly as much as men. That all who see this notice may send their address, and test the business, we make this unparalleled offer: To such as are not well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay for the trouble of writing. Full particulars, a valuable sample which will do to commence work on, and a copy of —one of the largest and best family newspapers published—all sent free by mail. Reader, if you want permanent, profitable work, address The People's Literary Companion D. C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, Maine. IMPORTANT TO  MACHINISTS.—The Best Metal for all Machine Uses is the MARTIN STEEL, made by The New Jersey Steel and Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. This steel is made by an entirely different process from any other and is tougher than wrought iron. It can be turned without annealing, being entirely free from hard spots. Every one who uses it pronounces it just what they have long wanted, for a multitude of uses, such as Crank Pins, Lathe Spindles and Screws, Cotton Machinery Rollers, Saw and Fan Spindles, etc., etc. Also, particularly adapted for Firebox Plates. Prices low. Send for further information, or a sample, stating use to which it is to be applied. OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING\Machinery. **OTIS, BROS. & CO.
\ No. 309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Union Emery Wheels. Solid and with Stone Center. UNION STONE CO., Boston, Mass. Branch Office, 93 Liberty st., N. Y. General Agents for the Am. Twist Drill Co.'s Superior Grinder and other Emery Wheel Machinery and Tools. Send for Circular. \ WOODBURY'S PATENT** Planing and Matching and Molding Machines, Gray & Wood's Planers, Self-oiling Saw Arbors, and other wood working machinery. S. A. WOODS, Send for Circulars. } 91 Liberty street, N. Y.; 67 Sudbury street, Boston. RI**CHARDSON, MERIAM & CO.,
\ Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent Daniels' and Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash, and molding, Tenoning, Mortising, Boring, Shaping, Vertical, and Circular Re-sawing Machines, Saw Mills Saw Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and Rip-saw Machines, Spoke and Wood Turning Lathes, and various other kinds of Wood-working Machinery. Catalogues and price lists sent on application. Manufactory, Worcester, Mass. Warehouse, 107 Liberty st., New York. 17 1 Reynolds' TURBINE WATER WHEELS. The Oldest and Newest. All others only imitations of each other in their strife after complications to confuse the public. We do not boast but quietly excel them all in staunch reliable, economical power. Beautiful pamphlet free. Geo. TALLCOT, 96 Liberty st., New York. Gearing, Shafting.

To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods

Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Business and Personal here Business and Personal The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a Line. If the Notices exceed Four Lines, One Dollar and a Half per Line will be charged. The paper that meets the eye of manufacturers throughout the United States—Boston Bulletin, $4.00 a year. Advertisements 17c. a line. Half Interest for sale in established Machinery Depot, new and second-hand. Steam fitting connected. Small capital, with energy, required. Address T. V. Carpenter, Advertising Agent, Box 773, New York. See advertisement of a Woolen Mill for sale. A bargain. I am active, have a clear record, and some capital. How can I make some money? F. Carmill, Box 1268, Boston, Mass. Pattern Letters for Machinists, Molders, and Inventors, to letter patterns of castings, all sizes. Address H. W. Knight, Seneca Falls, N. Y. Improved mode of Graining Wood, pat. July 5, '70, by J. J. Callow, Cleveland, O. See illustrated S. A., Dec. 17, '70. Send stamp for circular. Can a round, spring-steel rod be drawn to any desired length, with a true taper to a point, with equal elasticity the whole length, and rolled temper? What is the price per hundred pounds, and where can they be procured? Answer "Sportsman," Malone, N. Y. Manufacturers of Foot Lathes and other light machinery please address Geo. B. Kirkham, 167 E. 33d st., N. Y. city. Business of importance! Safety Kerosene Lamps (Perkins & House's Patent). Explosion or breaking impossible; light equal to gas, and no odor. Families supplied and canvassers appointed, by Montgomery & Co., 42 Barclay st., New York, or Cleveland, O. All parties wanting a water wheel will learn something of interest by addressing P. H. Wait, Sandy Hill, N. Y., for a free circular of his Hudson River Champion Turbine. Ashcroft's Low Water Detector, $15; thousands in use; 17 year's experience. Can be applied for $1. Send for circular. E. H. Ashcroft, Boston, Mass. Wanted.—Machines for manufacturing Pails, Tubs, and Matches. Also, competent man to superintend construction of buildings, and manage all parts of business when complete. Address, with descriptive circulars, price, etc., No. 266 Lexington avenue, New York. Turbine Water Wheels, Portable and Stationary Engines, Gang and Circular Saw Mills, Rolling Mill Machinery, and Machinery for Axe Manufacturers, manufactured by Wm. P. Duncan, Bellefonte, Pa. For best Power Picket Header in use, apply to Wm. P. Duncan, Bellefonte, Pa. New Blind Wirer and Rod Cutter. B. C. Davis & Co., Binghamton, N. Y. Self-testing Steam Gage. There's a difference between a chronometer watch and a "bull's eye." Same difference between a self-tester and common steam gage. Send for Circular. E. H. Ashcroft, Boston, Mass. See advertisement of L. & J. W. Feuchtwanger, Chemists, N. Y. $3.50. Stephens' Patent Combination Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, etc. See advertisement in another column. Agents wanted. American Boiler Powder Co., Box 315, Pittsburgh, Pa., make the only safe, sure, and cheap remedy for "Scaly Boilers." Orders solicited. Belting that is Belting.—Always send for the Best Philadelphia Oak-Tanned, to C. W. Arny, Manufacturer, 301 Cherry st., Phil'a. E. Howard & Co., Boston, make the best Stem-winding Watch in the country. Ask for it at all the dealers. Office 15 Maiden Lane, N. Y. For mining, wrecking, pumping, drainage, and irrigating machinery, see advertisement of Andrews' Patents in another column. The best place to get Working Models and parts is at T. B. Jeffery's, 160 South Water st., Chicago. Brown's Coalyard Quarry & Contractors' Apparatus for hoisting and conveying material by iron cable. W. D. Andrews & Bro, 414 Water st., N. Y. Improved Foot Lathes. Many a reader of this paper has one of them. Selling in all parts of the country, Canada, Europe, etc. Catalogue free. N. H. Baldwin, Laconia, N. H. Peteler Portable R. R. Co. contractors, graders. See adv'ment. E. P. Peacock, Manufacturer of Cutting Dies, Press Work. Patent Articles in Metals, etc. 55 Franklin st., Chicago. Peck's Patent Drop Press. Milo Peck & Co., New Haven, Ct. Millstone Dressing Diamond Machine—Simple, effective, durable. For description of the above see Scientific American, Nov. 27th, 1869. Also, Glazier's Diamonds. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., N. Y. Steel name stamps, figures, etc. E. H. Payn, M'f'r, Burlington, Vt. Cold Rolled-Shafting, piston rods, pump rods, Collins pat. double compression couplings, manufactured by Jones & Laughlins, Pittsburgh, Pa. Keuffel & Esser 116 Fulton st., N. Y., the best place to get 1st-class Drawing Materials, Swiss instruments, and Rubber Triangles and Curves. For Solid Wrought-iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. For the best Self-regulating Windmill in the world, to pump water for residences, farms, city buildings, drainage, and irrigation, address Con. Windmill Co., 5 College Place, New York. The Merriman Bolt Cutter—the best made. Send for circulars. H. B. Brown & Co., Fair Haven, Conn. Taft's Portable Hot Air, Vapor and Shower Bathing Apparatus. Address Portable Bath Co., Sag Harbor, N. Y. (Send for Circular.) Glynn's Anti-Incrustator for Steam Boilers—The only reliable preventive. No foaming, and does not attack metals of boilers. Price 25 cents per lb. C. D. Fredricks, 587 Broadway, New York. For Fruit-Can Tools, Presses, Dies for all Metals, apply to Bliss & Williams, successor to May & Bliss, 118, 120, and 122 Plymouth st., Brooklyn, N. Y. Send for catalogue. 2d-hand Worthington, Woodward and Novelty Pumps, Engines 25 to 100 H.P., 60 Horse Loc. Boiler. W. D. Andrews & Bro., 414 Water st., N. Y. Agents wanted, to sell the Star Bevel. It supersedes the old style. Send for Circular. Hallett & White, West Meriden, Conn. English and American Cotton Machinery and Yarns, Beam Warps and Machine Tools. Thos. Pray, Jr., 57 Weybosset st., Providence, R. I. For small, soft, Gray Iron Castings, Japanned, Tinned, or Bronzed, address Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia. Conklin's Detachable Rubber Lip, for bowls, etc., works like a charm. For Rights, address O. P. Conklin, Worcester, Mass., or A. Daul, Philadelphia, Pa. To Ascertain where there will be a demand for new machinery or manufacturers' supplies read Boston Commercial Bulletin's Manufacturing News of the United States. Terms $4.00 a year. Facts for the Ladies. In 1870, Mrs. W. made, with her Wheeler & Wilson machine, 2,255 vests, besides doing her family sewing for six persons. The Pittsburgh, Pa., "Leader" says: "The firm of Geo. P. Rowell & Co. is the largest and best Advertising Agency in the United States, and we can cheerfully recommend it to the attention of those who desire to advertise their business scientifically and systematically in such a way; that is, to secure the largest amount of publicity for the least expenditure of money." at American Institute Fair for 1870, Pratt's Astral Oil was pronounced the safest and best. After an exhaustive trial, Its Varieties, Causes, Symptoms, and Cure. By E. P. Miller, M.D. Paper, 50cts.; Muslin, $1. Address Miller, Haynes & Co., 41 West Twenty-sixth st., New York city. Dyspepsia: How Wasted and How Preserved; or, Abuses of the Sexual Function, their Causes Effects and Means of Cure. By E. P. Miller M.D. Paper, 50cts. Address Miller, Haynes & Co., 41 West Twenty-sixth st., New York city. Vital Force: About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19180/pg19180-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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