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Taking a detailed look at the recent upward trend of FDA approvals for medical devices that use Artificial Intelligence ( ) as well as looking at culture shifts with respect to AI and healthcare in other parts of the world such as the EU, China, UK and Canada AI 2018 was a defining year for medical devices that utilize artificial intelligent algorithms. Even though medical devices have been using ‘software algorithms’ to help assist clinicians, 2018 saw the first FDA approved medical device that uses artificial intelligence and doesn't require a clinician to interpret the input. The last 6 months have seen an increase in FDA approvals and we can expect to see even more approvals. Verbiage used in some of these FDA approvals include ‘ ’, analyzing radio-logical images using machine learning algorithms to detect and diagnose fractures ‘ ’ Using artificial intelligence algorithms, the device is able to determine whether a patient has referable retinopathy IDx-DR and ‘ ’. The verbiage is clearly encouraging as these offer another layer that can help clinicians with decision support. device provides triage or notification that is informed by machine learning, artificial intelligence or other image analysis algorithms tools Equally though there is also the fear that AI will replace e providers, for example Silicon Valley-investor said that machines will substitute 80 percent of doctors in the future in a healthcare scene driven by entrepreneurs, not medical professionals, or when , the godfather of neural networks said that it is ‘ ’. In fact, in May 2017 the Professor of Radiology and Biomedical informatics at Stanford University, mentioned how he received an email from one of his students saying he was thinking about going into radiology but did not know whether it is a viable profession anymore healthcar Vinod Khosla Professor Geoffrey Hinton quite obvious that we should stop training radiologists as image perception algorithms are very soon going to be demonstrably better than humans The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), with support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, asked JASON to consider how AI will shape the future of public health, community health, and health care delivery. is an independent group of elite scientists which advises the United States government on matters of science and technology, mostly of a sensitive nature. JASON is a reference to Jason, the mythical Greek hero who was the leader of the Argonauts. JASON Jason of the Argonauts The report states that the design of future health care information systems revolve around questions that need to be answered, one concerned with computer science and the other with fundamental biology. two The computer science question is_, whether an entire medical database can be created and used with the data maintained in a form accessible to human cognition, avoiding the cumbersome and costly translation from analog to digital._ The fundamental biology question is whether the natural coding of information in a human brain is basically analog and not digital. One known fact is a mathematical theorem proved by Marian Pour-El and Ian Richards in 1978. The theorem states that analog computing is in a precise mathematical sense more powerful than digital computing. Pour-El and Richards display a number that is computable with a simple analog device but not computable with any digital device as defined by Alan Turing in his famous paper, “ ’’ in 1937. On Computable Numbers . Their discovery gives us reason to hope that a new generation of computers operating as analog devices may give us databases more user-friendly to us than our present-day digital databases The second fact, supporting the view that the human brain operates as an analog device, is our subjective experience of perception and memory. We experience the visual operation of our brains as a rapid and effortless scanning of pictures moving in space and time. To our subjective view, the brain appears to be primarily a device for the direct comparison of images. We see the images as whole scenes with shape and style, not as collections of pixels. Our perception of continuously moving images does not prove that our brain is an analog device, but it makes this a plausible hypothesis. The question is why now? The truth is there was already a lot of innovative focus on developing AI medical solutions (whether effective or not), but lacked support from effective approval processes. FDA approvals basically mean that you can get paid for services rendered. There has also been a large amount of investment for example Healthcare organizations surveyed by said they planned to invest an average of $32.4 million over the next five years on artificial intelligence. Optum A number of factors are responsible: firstly the was signed into law on December 13, 2016 and was designed to help accelerate medical product development and bring new innovations and advances to patients who need them faster and more efficiently. More specifically the Act specifically exempted certain software products from the definition of ‘medical device’. 21st Century Cures Act (Cures Act) Secondly, Scott Gottlieb became FDA commissioner in May 2017 and under his leadership the FDA has made fighting the crisis of opioid addiction a top priority, advanced initiatives on addressing drug pricing, banned the sale of most flavored e-cigarettes in tens of thousands of convenience stores and gas stations across the country and is expected to propose a ban on menthol in regular cigarettes. He was named “ ” by Time magazine and ranked No 6 by Fortune Magazine's annual survey of the “The World’s 50 Greatest Leaders” in 2018. He also believes that machine learning can help advance healthcare. 50 People Transforming Healthcare in 2018 ‘ ’ Scott Gottlieb, M.D, FDA Commissioner One of the most promising digital health tools is Artificial Intelligence, particularly efforts that use machine learning. There have also been other notable non-AI based advances from the FDA this year such as the approval of 45 novel drugs and biologics which has been the most approved in more than 20 years. Clearly, the FDA is encouraging an environment of innovation. Equally important are the advances in the development of fast hardware Graphics Processor Units (GPUs) allowing for the training of much larger networks, the availability of large labeled datasets both of which have given rise to the ‘data-driven paradigm’ of Deep Learning (DL). Unlike previous eras of excitement over AI, the potential of AI advancement in health may make this era different because of the merging of the following three forces: 1) frustration with the legacy medical system, 2) ubiquity of networked smart devices in our society, 3) acclimation to convenience and at-home services like those provided through Amazon. But…what is Artificial Intelligence? Yes, this may be old news…but how does the US government describe AI? A report by the Executive Office of the President National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology stated that And will today’s artificial intelligence still be tomorrow’s artificial intelligence? As software becomes increasingly capable, tasks considered as requiring “intelligence” are often removed from the definition, for example, optical character recognition is usually excluded from ‘artificial intelligence’ has become routine technology. This phenomenon is known as the AI effect, which can be described using Tesler’s Theorem “ ” “There is no single definition of AI that is universally accepted by practitioners. Some define AI loosely as a computerized system that exhibits behavior that is commonly thought of as requiring intelligence.” AI is whatever hasn’t been done yet. What does the rest of the world think about health and AI? EU The EU is also introducing new regulations that will apply as of May 26, 2020, s. This means that AI software that currently is excluded from being regulated as software medical devices under the existing regulatory regime, because they do not provide a treatment recommendation, but only a prediction of risk to or predisposition of a disease, may in the future be reclassified as medical devices. regulations that contain additional provisions that specifically address software medical devices. Of particular relevance, software with a medical purpose of “prediction and prognosis” will fall within the scope of the Regulation The European Commission outlines a $24 billion (€20 billion) investment between 2018 and 2020, with the expectation that those funds will come from public and private entities INVESTMENT: China On August 31, 2017, the State Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) released a new version of the “Medical Device Classification Catalog”, which came into effect on August 1, 2018. The original version of the catalog increased from 15 pages to more than 150 pages and the number of name examples increased six-fold to 6609, of which the proportion of medical imaging equipment increased significantly. . The CFDA has also added a specific category corresponding to artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis, which is embodied in the catalog of analysis and processing of medical images and pathological images China is investing at least $7 billion through 2030, including $2 billion for a research park in Beijing. The Chinese government foresees a $150 billion AI industry at that time. INVESTMENT: UK The UK government announced earlier this year that it plans to invest millions of pounds of government funding to develop AI that is able to diagnose cancer and chronic disease before symptoms have developed, potentially saving 20,000 lives each year. Prime Minister Theresa May challenged health charities, the National Health Service (NHS) and the AI sector to pool data in order to transform the diagnosis of chronic diseases. In response to Theresa May’s challenge Jane Rendall, Managing Director of NHS imaging technology partner Sectra UK & Ireland, said: “ ” The NHS has practically unused archives of millions of diagnostic images that could become one of the most powerful clinical data sets in the world if artificial intelligence is used effectively. Our health service has a wealth of imaging data that it can use to start teaching machines how to recognize parts of the human anatomy, and more importantly, how to recognize abnormalities. The UK government’s ‘ ' published in May 2018 listed the following mission: Use data, Artificial Intelligence and innovation to transform the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases by 2030. Grand Challenge Policy Paper UK announced a deal between private and public groups that would bring more than $200 million of AI investment into the country INVESTMENT: Canada In 2018 Canada introduced the ‘ ’ initiative, Health Canada established a new division within the Therapeutic Products Directorate’s Medical Devices Bureau to allow for a more targeted pre-market review of digital health technologies, to adapt to rapidly changing technologies in digital health, and to respond to fast innovation cycles. The initiative focuses on a number of key areas including AI. Regulatory Review of Drugs and Devices The Canadian government has committed $125 million to AI research INVESTMENT: List of US healthcare companies that have FDA approved AI medical devices Companies that got FDA approval for AI algorithms in 2018 The Role of the FDA The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assures that patients and health care providers have timely and continued access to safe, effective, and high-quality medical devices. What is a medical device? A is any apparatus, appliance, software, material, or other article, whether used alone or in combination, including the software intended by its manufacturer to be used specifically for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes medical device Medical devices are classified into 3 classes based on the risk, Class I, Class II, or Class III, with Class I being the lowest risk and Class III the highest risk. 3% of devices are are not yet classified by the FDA. % Classification of FDA approved Devices (source: FDA.gov) The FDA regulates over different devices, which are manufactured by more than firms in more than medical device facilities worldwide. 190,000 18,000 21,000 Problems with the current process The FDA’s 510(k) approval process dates from 1976, The 510(k) pathway is the most commonly used premarket review process. In 2017, the FDA cleared 3,173 devices through the pathway, or 82 percent of all devices cleared or approved. Close to 20 percent of current 510(k) approvals are based on predicate devices that are more than 10 years old, a process that could be holding back medical device innovation. Under the 510(k) pathway, device manufacturers use comparative testing against predicate devices — devices already on the market — to show that a new device is as safe and effective as the predicate device. FDA Advances The FDA introduced the De Novo classification for new, novel devices whose type has previously not been classified. It’s for devices that would otherwise be classified into Class III, and provides a means to classify into Class I or II. The De Novo pathway provides a vehicle for establishing new predicates that can reflect modern standards for performance and safety and can serve as the basis for future clearances. As a result, we expect to see more developers take advantage of the De Novo pathway for novel devices. The future of AI in healthcare An Optum survey revealed that 91% of 500 US healthcare leaders said they expect to see a return on investment (ROI) for AI over the next few years. Hospital execs expect to see the ROI in four to five years, while health plans hope to see ROI in three years or less. 36% of respondents said they expect AI to improve patient experience, 33% think AI will decrease per-capita cost of care, and 31% believe AI will improve health outcomes. “Analytics isn’t the end, it’s the beginning — it’s what you do with the insights to drive care improvement and reduce administrative waste,” said Optum Enterprise Analytics SVP and COO Steve Griffiths. “For AI to successfully solve healthcare’s biggest challenges, organizations need to employ a unique combination of curated data, analytics and healthcare expertise.” Artificial intelligence in healthcare does present a whole new set of challenges around data privacy, security and ethics — challenges that are compounded by the fact that most algorithms need access to massive data sets for training and validation. These algorithms in some cases also ‘predict’ outcomes without the full knowledge of how the prediction was made. They are subject to bias and not fully transparent. This is leading to an emerging field of aims to create new AI methods that are accountable to human reasoning. explainable AI Balancing the risks and rewards of AI in healthcare will require collaborative effort from technology developers, regulators, end-users and consumers. Amrit Virdee Machine Learning Engineer | Health Informatics | Pharmacist | Mapping Medication. Some of my other posts: _Before any predictive ML models can be applied to a data set it is important to thoroughly understand the data. Using…_hackernoon.com Visualizing State Drug Utilization Data Sets _Experimenting with simple data augmentation parameters to get the best results_towardsdatascience.com Data Augmentation Experimentation References: _Source: Thinkstock - Healthcare organizations surveyed by Optum said they planned to invest an average of $32.4 million…_hitinfrastructure.com Healthcare Firms to Spend Average of $32M on Artificial Intelligence _In July, the Food and Drug Administration issued guidance on three topics important to the future of medical…_www.forbes.com Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, And The FDA _For the first time, the Food and Drug Administration has approved marketing a medical device that uses artificial…_www.modernhealthcare.com FDA grants first approval to autonomous AI-powered medical device _Remarks by Scott Gottlieb, M.D.Commissioner of Food and DrugsAcademy Health's 2018 Health DatapaloozaWashington…_www.fda.gov Transforming FDA's Approach to Digital Health _Eighty years ago today, President Roosevelt signed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FD&C Act"). In…_www.healthlawadvisor.com 21st Century Cures Act | Health Law Advisor _Machines will replace 80 percent of doctors in a healthcare future that will be driven by entrepreneurs, not medical…_www.wired.co.uk Vinod Khosla: Machines will replace 80 percent of doctors _Hype and fears surround artificial intelligence taking jobs in healthcare. Will it render physicians obsolete? Will it…_medicalfuturist.com 5 Reasons Why Artificial Intelligence Won't Replace Physicians - The Medical Futurist _The UK government has announced plans to invest millions of pounds of government funding to develop AI that is able to…_thejournalofmhealth-com.cdn.ampproject.org UK to Invest Millions in Healthcare AI _The Industrial Strategy sets out Grand Challenges to put the UK at the forefront of the industries of the future. As…_www.gov.uk The Grand Challenge missions _The United States and China currently dominate the world of artificial intelligence, but used very different approaches…_qz.com AI is the new space race. Here's what the biggest countries are doing

AI & the FDA

Do you know what could be the key differentiator between a market leader and a has-been leader? It is and any organization that cannot handle the influx of data and put it into good use is likely to give way to wiser companies that know how to make their data work. “data management” They are constantly on the quest for finding new strategies to make innovative use of Big Data. In fact, to new levels. the power of Big data and mobility can truly elevate businesses Hence, Big Data is the term given to huge amounts of data. As the data comes in from a variety of sources, it could be too diverse and too massive for conventional technologies to handle. This makes it very crucial to have the skills and infrastructure to handle it intelligently. This data must be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns and trends, thereby aiding in marketing and promotional campaigns. Here are a few examples of organizations that make use of Big Data: · Government organizations track social media insights to capture the onset or outbreak of a new disease. · Oil and gas companies integrate their drilling equipment with sensors to ensure safe and more productive drilling. · Retailers track web clicks to help identify the various behavioral trends to improve their ad campaigns. Now, let’s look at some of the trendy big data technologies that you can use to promote your business: 1. Apache Spark With its built-in modules for streaming, machine learning, graph processing and SQL support, certainly deserves a mention as the fastest and general engine for big data processing. It supports all important Big Data languages including Python, Java, R and Scala. Apache Spark It complements the main intention why was initially introduced. The main concern with data processing is speed, so you need something to diminish the waiting time between queries and the time it takes to run the program. Hadoop Even though Spark was introduced to speed up the computational computing software process of Hadoop, it is not an extension of the latter. In fact, Spark uses Hadoop for two main purposes only — storage and processing. Use case: Apache Spark is a major boon to companies aiming to track fraudulent transactions in real time, for example, financial institutions, e-commerce industry and healthcare. Suppose a credit card was swiped for a huge amount, say, Rs. 50,000 whilst your wallet was lost and it wasn’t you who swiped, it is possible to detect where and when the fraud took place. 2. Apache Flink If you have heard of Apache Spark and Apache Hadoop, then you will have heard about as well. Flink is a community driven open source framework, founded by Professor Volker Markl — Technische University, Germany. Flink meaning “swift” in German is high performing and extremely accurate data streaming. Apache Flink The capabilities of Flink is inspired by MPP database technology (for functioning like Declaratives, Query Optimizer, Parallel in-memory, out-of-core algorithms) and Hadoop MapReduce technology for functions like Massive scale out, User Defined functions, Schema on Read). 3. NiFi is a powerful and scalable tool to possess, thanks to its capacity to store and process data from a variety of sources with minimal coding and a comfortable UI. And that’s not all. It can easily automate the data flow between different systems. If NiFi doesn’t contain any sources that you require, then the straightforward Java code lets you write your own Processor. NiFi The specialization of NiFi is data extraction and is a highly useful solution for filtering data. As NiFi is an NSA project, the security for this tool is commendable. 4. Kafka is a must because it is a great glue between various systems right from Spark, NiFi to third party tools. And streams of data can be handled efficiently and in real time. Kafka is open source, horizontally scalable, is fault tolerant, extremely fast and a safe option. Kafka Being a distributed system, Kafka stores the messages (simple byte arrays and developers store any object in any format) in topics, and the topics themselves are partitioned and replicated across different nodes. When Kafka was first introduced, it was a distributed messaging system built initially at LinkedIn, but now is part of the Apache Software Foundation and is used continuously by thousands of companies. Use case: Pinterest uses Apache Kafka. The company built a platform called Secor using Kafka, Storm and Hadoop for real-time data analytics to ingest data into MemSQL. 5. Apache Samza The main purpose of the conception of is to extend the capabilities of Kafka and is integrated with the feature alike Fault Tolerant, Durable messaging, Simple API, Managed State, Extensible, Processor Isolation and Scalable. Apache Samza It uses Apache Hadoop YARN for fault tolerance and Kafka for messaging. Thus, you can say it is a distributed stream processing framework. And it comes with a pluggable API to run Samza with other messaging systems. 6. Cloud Dataflow is a native Google cloud data processing service integrated with simple programming model for both batch based and streaming data processing tasks. Cloud Dataflow With this tool, you no longer have to worry about operational tasks including performance optimization and resource management. Through its fully managed service, it is possible to dynamically provision the resources to maintain high utilization efficiency while minimizing latency. And you no longer have to worry about programming model switching cost through its unified programming model method. This method aids in batch and continuous stream processing, making it easy to express computational requirements without worrying about data source. Conclusion The big data ecosystem is constantly evolving and new technologies come into existence very frequently, many of them evolving further and further beyond the Hadoop-Spark stacks. These tools can be utilized to ensure seamless work with security and management, sans any hiccups. Data engineers require these tools to pull, clean and set patterns for data to help data scientists explore and examine them thoroughly, and build models.

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