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The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated: Discourse II - Theology A Branch Of Knowledge.

The Evolution of Modern Medicine, by William Osler is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . here THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITIES THE most striking intellectual phenomenon of the thirteenth century is the rise of the universities. The story of their foundation is fully stated in Rashdall's great work (Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1895). Monastic and collegiate schools, seats of learning like Salernum, student guilds as at Bologna, had tried to meet the educational needs of the age. The word "university" literally means an association, and was not at first restricted to learned bodies. The origin appears to have been in certain guilds of students formed for mutual protection associated at some place specially favorable for study—the attraction generally being a famous teacher. The University of Bologna grew up about guilds formed by students of law, and at Paris, early in the twelfth century, there were communities of teachers, chiefly in philosophy and theology. In this way arose two different types of mediaeval university. The universities of Northern Italy were largely controlled by students, who were grouped in different "nations." They arranged the lectures and had control of the appointment of teachers. On the other hand, in the universities founded on the Paris model the masters had control of the studies, though the students, also in nations, managed their own affairs. Two universities have a special interest at this period in connection with the development of medical studies, Bologna and Montpellier. At the former the study of anatomy was revived. In the knowledge of the structure of the human body no advance had been made for more than a thousand years—since Galen's day. In the process of translation from Greek to Syriac, from Syriac to Arabic, from Arabic to Hebrew, and from Hebrew or Arabic to Latin, both the form and thought of the old Greek writers were not infrequently confused and often even perverted, and Galen's anatomy had suffered severely in the transmission. Our earliest knowledge of the teaching of medicine at Bologna is connected with a contemporary of Dante, Taddeo Alderotti, who combined Arabian erudition with the Greek spirit. He occupied a position of extraordinary prominence, was regarded as the first citizen of Bologna and a public benefactor exempt from the payment of taxes. That he should have acquired wealth is not surprising if his usual fees were at the rate at which he charged Pope Honorius IV, i.e., two hundred florins a day, besides a "gratification" of six thousand florins. The man who most powerfully influenced the study of medicine in Bologna was Mundinus, the first modern student of anatomy. We have seen that at the school of Salernum it was decreed that the human body should be dissected at least once every five years, but it was with the greatest difficulty that permission was obtained for this purpose. It seems probable that under the strong influence of Taddeo there was an occasional dissection at Bologna, but it was not until Mundinus (professor from 1306 to 1326) took the chair that the study of anatomy became popular. The bodies were usually those of condemned criminals, but in the year 1319 there is a record of a legal procedure against four medical students for body-snatching—the first record, as far as I know, of this gruesome practice. In 1316, Mundinus issued his work on anatomy, which served as a text-book for more than two hundred years. He quotes from Galen the amusing reasons why a man should write a book: "Firstly, to satisfy his own friends; secondly, to exercise his best mental powers; and thirdly, to be saved from the oblivion incident to old age." Scores of manuscripts of his work must have existed, but they are now excessively rare in Italy. The book was first printed at Pavia in 1478, in a small folio without figures. It was very often reprinted in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The quaint illustration shows us the mediaeval method of teaching anatomy: the lecturer sitting on a chair reading from Galen, while a barber surgeon, or an "Ostensor," opens the cavities of the body. I have already referred to the study of medicine by women at Salernum. Their names are also early met with in the school of Bologna. Mundinus is said to have had a valuable assistant, a young girl, Alessandra Giliani, an enthusiastic dissector, who was the first to practice the injection of the blood vessels with colored liquids. She died, consumed by her labors, at the early age of nineteen, and her monument is still to be seen. Bologna honored its distinguished professors with magnificent tombs, sixteen or seventeen of which, in a wonderful state of preservation, may still be seen in the Civic Museum. That of Mundinus also exists—a sepulchral bas-relief on the wall of the Church of San Vitale at Bologna.(19) The other early mediaeval university of special interest in medicine is that of Montpellier. With it are connected three teachers who have left great names in our story—Arnold of Villanova, Henri de Mondeville and Guy de Chauliac. The city was very favorably situated not far from the Spanish border, and the receding tide of the Arab invasion in the eighth century had left a strong Arabic influence in that province. The date of the origin of the university is uncertain, but there were teachers of medicine there in the twelfth century, though it was not until 1289 that it was formally founded by a papal bull. Arnold of Villanova was one of the most prolific writers of the Middle Ages. He had travelled much, was deeply read in Arabic medicine and was also a student of law and of philosophy. He was an early editor of the Regimen Sanitatis, and a strong advocate of diet and hygiene. His views on disease were largely those of the Arabian physicians, and we cannot see that he himself made any very important contribution to our knowledge; but he was a man of strong individuality and left an enduring mark on mediaeval medicine, as one may judge from the fact that among the first hundred medical books printed there were many associated with his name. He was constantly in trouble with the Church, though befriended by the Popes on account of his medical knowledge. There is a Bull of Clement V asking the bishops to search for a medical book by Arnold dedicated to himself, but not many years later his writings were condemned as heretical. In Henri de Mondeville we have the typical mediaeval surgeon, and we know his work now very thoroughly from the editions of his "Anatomy" and "Surgery" edited by Pagel (Berlin, 1889-1892), and the fine French edition by Nicaise (Paris, 1893). The dominant Arabic influence is seen in that he quotes so large a proportion of these authors, but he was an independent observer and a practical surgeon of the first rank. He had a sharp wit and employed a bitter tongue against the medical abuses of his day. How the Hippocratic humors dominated practice at this time you may see at a glance from the table prepared by Nicaise from the works of de Mondeville. We have here the whole pathology of the period. A still greater name in the history of this school is Guy de Chauliac, whose works have also been edited by Nicaise (Paris, 1890). His "Surgery" was one of the most important text-books of the late Middle Ages. There are many manuscripts of it, some fourteen editions in the fifteenth century and thirty-eight in the sixteenth, and it continued to be reprinted far into the seventeenth century. He too was dominated by the surgery of the Arabs, and on nearly every page one reads of the sages Avicenna, Albucasis or Rhazes. He lays down four conditions necessary for the making of a surgeon—the first is that he must be learned, the second, expert, the third that he should be clever, and the fourth that he should be well disciplined. You will find a very discerning sketch of the relation of these two men to the history of surgery in the address given at the St. Louis Congress in 1904 by Sir Clifford Allbutt.(20) They were strong men with practical minds and good hands, whose experience taught them wisdom. In both there was the blunt honesty that so often characterizes a good surgeon, and I commend to modern surgeons de Mondeville's saying: "If you have operated conscientiously on the rich for a proper fee, and on the poor for charity, you need not play the monk, nor make pilgrimages for your soul." One other great mediaeval physician may be mentioned, Peter of Abano (a small town near Padua, famous for its baths). He is the first in a long line of distinguished physicians connected with the great school of Padua. Known as "the Conciliator," from his attempt to reconcile the diverse views on philosophy and medicine, he had an extraordinary reputation as a practitioner and author, the persistence of which is well illustrated by the fact that eight of the one hundred and eighty-two medical books printed before 1481 were from his pen. He seems to have taught medicine in Paris, Bologna and Padua. He was a devoted astrologer, had a reputation among the people as a magician and, like his contemporary, Arnold of Villanova, came into conflict with the Church and appears to have been several times before the Inquisition; indeed it is said that he escaped the stake only by a timely death. He was a prolific commentator on Aristotle, and his exposition of the "problems" had a great vogue. The early editions of his texts are among the most superb works ever printed. He outlived his reputation as a magician, and more than a century after his death Frederick, Duke of Urbino, caused his effigies to be set up over the gate of the palace at Padua with this inscription: It is said that Abano caused to be painted the astronomical figures in the great hall of the palace at Padua. One characteristic of mediaeval medicine is its union with theology, which is not remarkable, as the learning of the time was chiefly in the hands of the clergy. One of the most popular works, the "Thesaurus Pauperum," was written by Petrus Hispanus, afterwards Pope John XXI. We may judge of the pontifical practice from the page here reproduced, which probably includes, under the term "iliac passion," all varieties of appendicitis. For our purpose two beacons illuminate the spirit of the thirteenth century in its outlook on man and nature. Better than Abelard or St. Thomas Aquinas, and much better than any physicians, Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon represent the men who were awake to greet the rising of the sun of science. What a contrast in their lives and in their works! The great Dominican's long life was an uninterrupted triumph of fruitful accomplishment—the titanic task he set himself was not only completed but was appreciated to the full by his own generation—a life not only of study and teaching, but of practical piety. As head of the order in Germany and Bishop of Regensburg, he had wide ecclesiastical influence; and in death he left a memory equalled only by one or two of his century, and excelled only by his great pupil, Thomas Aquinas. There are many Alberts in history—the Good, the Just, the Faithful—but there is only one we call "Magnus" and he richly deserved the name. What is his record? Why do we hold his name in reverence today? Albertus Magnus was an encyclopaedic student and author, who took all knowledge for his province. His great work and his great ambition was to interpret Aristotle to his generation. Before his day, the Stagirite was known only in part, but he put within the reach of his contemporaries the whole science of Aristotle, and imbibed no small part of his spirit. He recognized the importance of the study of nature, even of testing it by way of experiment, and in the long years that had elapsed since Theophrastus no one else, except Dioscorides, had made so thorough a study of botany. His paraphrases of the natural history books of Aristotle were immensely popular, and served as a basis for all subsequent studies. Some of his medical works had an extraordinary vogue, particularly the "De Secretis Mulierum" and the "De Virtutibus Herbarum," but there is some doubt as to the authorship of the first named, although Jammy and Borgnet include it in the collected editions of his works. So fabulous was his learning that he was suspected of magic and comes in Naude's list of the wise men who have unjustly been reputed magicians. Ferguson tells(22) that "there is in actual circulation at the present time a chapbook . . . containing charms, receipts, sympathetical and magicalcures for man and animals, . . . which passes under the name of Albertus." But perhaps the greatest claim of Albertus to immortality is that he was the teacher and inspirer of Thomas Aquinas, the man who undertook the colossal task of fusing Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology, and with such success that the "angelic doctor" remains today the supreme human authority of the Roman Catholic Church. A man of much greater interest to us from the medical point of view is Roger Bacon and for two reasons. More than any other mediaeval mind he saw the need of the study of nature by a new method. The man who could write such a sentence as this: "Experimental science has three great prerogatives over other sciences; it verifies conclusions by direct experiment; it discovers truth which they never otherwise would reach; it investigates the course of nature and opens to us a knowledge of the past and of the future," is mentally of our day and generation. Bacon was born out of due time, and his contemporaries had little sympathy with his philosophy, and still less with his mechanical schemes and inventions. From the days of the Greeks, no one had had so keen an appreciation of what experiment meant in the development of human knowledge, and he was obsessed with the idea, so commonplace to us, that knowledge should have its utility and its practical bearing. "His chief merit is that he was one of the first to point the way to original research—as opposed to the acceptance of an authority—though he himself still lacked the means of pursuing this path consistently. His inability to satisfy this impulse led to a sort of longing, which is expressed in the numerous passages in his works where he anticipates man's greater mastery over nature."(23) Bacon wrote a number of medical treatises, most of which remain in manuscript. His treatise on the "Cure of Old Age and the Preservation of Youth" was printed in English in 1683.(24) His authorities were largely Arabian. One of his manuscripts is "On the Bad Practices of Physicians." On June 10, 1914, the eve of his birth, the septencentenary of Roger Bacon will be celebrated by Oxford, the university of which he is the most distinguished ornament. His unpublished MSS. in the Bodleian will be issued by the Clarendon Press (1915-1920), and it is hoped that his unpublished medical writings will be included. What would have been its fate if the mind of Europe had been ready for Roger Bacon's ferment, and if men had turned to the profitable studies of physics, astronomy and chemistry instead of wasting centuries over the scholastic philosophy and the subtleties of Duns Scotus, Abelard and Thomas Aquinas? Who can say? Make no mistake about the quality of these men—giants in intellect, who have had their place in the evolution of the race; but from the standpoint of man struggling for the mastery of this world they are like the members of Swift's famous college "busy distilling sunshine from cucumbers." I speak, of course, from the position of the natural man, who sees for his fellows more hope from the experiments of Roger Bacon than from the disputations of philosophy on the "Instants, Familiarities, Quiddities and Relations," which so roused the scorn of Erasmus. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from Osler, William. 2006. The Evolution of Modern Medicine. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1566/1566-h/1566-h.htm#link2H_4_0020 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html Photo by on National Cancer Institute Unsplash

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The Evolution of Modern Medicine: Chapter III - THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITIES

The Essays of Adam Smith, by Adam Smith is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Of the Affinity between Music, Dancing, and Poetry. Of the Affinity between Music, Dancing, and Poetry. IN the second part of the preceding Essay I have mentioned the connection between the two arts of Music and Dancing, formed by the Rhythmus, as the ancients termed it, or, as we call it, the tune or measure that equally regulates both. It is not, however, every sort of step, gesture, or motion, of which the correspondence with the tune or measure of Music will constitute a Dance. It must be a step, gesture, or motion of a particular sort. In a good opera-actor, not only the modulations and pauses of his voice, but every motion and gesture, every variation, either in the air of his head or in the attitude of his body, correspond to the time and measure of Music. The best opera-actor, however, is not, according to the language of any country in Europe, understood to dance, yet in the performance of his part, he makes use of what is called the stage step; but even this step is not understood to be a dancing step. Though the eye of the most ordinary spectator readily distinguishes between what is called a dancing step and any other step, gesture, or motion, yet it may not perhaps be very easy to express what it is which constitutes this distinction. To ascertain exactly the precise limits at which the one species begins, and the other ends, or to give an accurate definition of this very frivolous matter, might perhaps require more thought and attention than the very small importance of the subject may seem to deserve. Were I, however, to attempt to do this, I should observe, that though in performing any ordinary action—in walking, for example—from the one end of the room to the other, a person may show both grace and agility, yet if he betrays the least intention of showing either, he is sure of offending more or less, and we never fail to accuse him of some degree of vanity and affectation. In the performance of any such ordinary action, every person wishes to appear to be solely occupied about the proper purpose of the action: if he means to show either grace or agility, he is careful to conceal that meaning, and he is very seldom successful in doing so: he offends, however, just in proportion as he betrays it, and he almost always betrays it. In Dancing, on the contrary, every person professes, and avows, as it were, the intention of displaying some degree either of grace or of agility, or of both. The display of one, or other, or both of these qualities, is in reality the proper purpose of the action; and there can never be any disagreeable vanity or affectation in following out the proper purpose of any action. When we say of any particular person, that he gives himself many affected airs and graces in Dancing, we mean either that he gives himself airs and graces which are unsuitable to the nature of the Dance, or that he executes awkwardly, perhaps exaggerates too much, (the most common fault in Dancing,) the airs and graces which are suitable to it. Every Dance is in reality a succession of airs and graces of some kind or other, and of airs and graces which, if I may say so, profess themselves to be such. The steps, gestures, and motions which, as it were, avow the intention of exhibiting a succession of such airs and graces, are the steps, the gestures, and the motions which are peculiar to Dancing, and when these are performed to the time and the measure of Music, they constitute what is properly called a Dance. But though every sort of step, gesture, or motion, even though performed to the time and measure of Music, will not alone make a Dance, yet almost any sort of sound, provided it is repeated with a distinct rhythmus, or according to a distinct time and measure, though without any variation as to gravity or acuteness, will make a sort of Music, no doubt indeed, an imperfect one. Drums, cymbals, and, so far as I have observed, all other instruments of percussion, have only one note; this note, however, when repeated with a certain rhythmus, or according to a certain time and measure, and sometimes, in order to mark more distinctly that time and measure, with some little variation as to loudness and lowness, though without any as to acuteness and gravity, does certainly make a sort of Music, which is frequently far from being disagreeable, and which even sometimes produces considerable effects. The simple note of such instruments, it is true, is generally a very clear, or what is called a melodious, sound. It does not however seem indispensably necessary that it should be so. The sound of the muffled drum, when it beats the dead march, is far from being either clear or melodious, and yet it certainly produces a species of Music which is sometimes affecting. Even in the performance of the most humble of all artists, of the man who drums upon the table with his fingers, we may sometimes distinguish the measure, and perhaps a little of the humour, of some favourite song; and we must allow that even he makes some sort of Music. Without a proper step and motion, the observation of tune alone will not make a Dance; time alone, without tune, will make some sort of Music. That exact observation of tune, or of the proper intervals of gravity and acuteness, which constitutes the great beauty of all perfect Music, constitutes likewise its great difficulty. The time, or measure of a song are simple matters, which even a coarse and unpractised ear is capable of distinguishing and comprehending: but to distinguish and comprehend all the variations of the tune, and to conceive with precision the exact proportion of every note, is what the finest and most cultivated ear is frequently no more than capable of performing. In the singing of the common people we may generally remark a distinct enough observation of time, but a very imperfect one of tune. To discover and to distinguish with precision the proper intervals of tune, must have been a work of long experience and much observation. In the theoretical treatises upon Music, what the authors have to say upon time is commonly discussed in a single chapter of no great length or difficulty. The theory of tune fills commonly all the rest of the volume, and has long ago become both an extensive and an abstruse science, which is often but imperfectly comprehended, even by intelligent artists. In the first rude efforts of uncivilized nations towards singing, the niceties of tune could be but little attended to: I have, upon this account, been frequently disposed to doubt of the great antiquity of those national songs, which it is pretended have been delivered down from age to age by a sort of oral tradition, without having been ever noted or distinctly recorded for many successive generations. The measure, the humour of the song, might perhaps have been delivered down in this manner, but it seems scarcely possible that the precise notes of the tune should have been so preserved. The method of singing some of what we reckon our old Scotch songs, has undergone great alterations within the compass of my memory, and it may have undergone still greater before. The distinction between the sounds or tones of singing and those of speaking seems to be of the same kind with that between the steps, gestures, and motions of Dancing, and those of any other ordinary action; though in speaking, a person may show a very agreeable tone of voice, yet if he seems to intend to show it, if he appears to listen to the sound of his own voice, and as it were to tune it into a pleasing modulation, he never fails to offend, as guilty of a most disagreeable affectation. In speaking, as in every other ordinary action, we expect and require that the speaker should attend only to the proper purpose of the action, the clear and distinct expression of what he has to say. In singing, on the contrary, every person professes the intention to please by the tone and cadence of his voice; and he not only appears to be guilty of no disagreeable affectation in doing so, but we expect and require that he should do so. To please by the choice and arrangement of agreeable sounds is the proper purpose of all Music, vocal as well as instrumental; and we always expect and require, that every person should attend to the proper purpose of whatever action he is performing. A person may appear to sing, as well as to dance, affectedly; he may endeavour to please by sounds and tones which are unsuitable to the nature of the song, or he may dwell too much on those which are suitable to it, or in some other way he may show an overweening conceit of his own abilities, beyond what seems to be warranted by his performance. The disagreeable affectation appears to consist always, not in attempting to please by a proper, but by some improper modulation of the voice. It was early discovered that the vibrations of chords or strings, which either in their lengths, or in their densities, or in their degrees of tension, bear a certain proportion to one another, produce sounds which correspond exactly, or, as the musicians say, are the unisons of those sounds or tones of the human voice which the ear approves of in singing. This discovery has enabled musicians to speak with distinctness and precision concerning the musical sounds or tones of the human voice; they can always precisely ascertain what are the particular sounds or tones which they mean, by ascertaining what are the proportions of the strings of which the vibrations produce the unisons of those sounds or tones. What are called the intervals; that is, the differences, in point of gravity and acuteness, between the sounds or tones of a singing voice, are much greater and more distinct than those of the speaking voice. Though the former, therefore, can be measured and appreciated by the proportions of chords or strings, the latter cannot. The nicest instruments cannot express the extreme minuteness of these intervals. The heptamerede of Mr. Sauveur could express an interval so small as the seventh part of what is called a comma, the smallest interval that is admitted in modern Music. Yet even this instrument, we are informed by Mr. Duclos, could not express the minuteness of the intervals in the pronunciation of the Chinese language; of all the languages in the world, that of which the pronunciation is said to approach the nearest to singing, or in which the intervals are said to be the greatest. As the sounds or tones of the singing voice, therefore, can be ascertained or appropriated, while those of the speaking voice cannot; the former are capable of being noted or recorded, while the latter are not. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Smith, Adam. 2018. The Essays of Adam Smith. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved May 2022 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/58559/58559-h/58559-h.htm#G This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

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The Essays of Adam Smith: Of the Affinity between Music, Dancing, and Poetry.

David Copperfield: Chapter 50 - Mr. Peggotty's Dream Comes True

Thor (the Marvel version, not the Norse mythology one) has been a popular character for decades; he’s been a prominent character in the comics, he’s appeared in video games, and he’s been in tv shows. But it wasn’t until his inclusion in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) that his stock rose even more and he became well-known by the general public. With how his popularity has exploded in the last decade, you might feel left out if you haven’t jumped onto the Thor train yet. To help with that, I’m here to guide you on your journey. So, here are all of the Thor movies in order. This article will only give you a basic summary of the movies, so your watching experience isn’t ruined. Thor Movies in Order Thor Thor: The Dark World Thor: Ragnarok Thor: Love and Thunder 1. Thor (2011) This is where the character’s MCU adventure begins. Thor is the prince of Asgard who is next in line to become king. Unfortunately, he’s not ready for a responsibility like that; he has some growing up to do. This leads him to Earth, where he has to learn what it means to be responsible, but most importantly, he has to learn what it means to be a hero. A lot of the characters we meet here are important to Thor and his story. His father and mother, Odin and Frigga, his brother, Loki, and his Earth friend, Dr. Jane Foster. Of course, we can’t forget his trusty magical hammer, Mjolnir. The events of this movie directly lead to Marvel’s Avengers, where Thor, and a few other characters, become important to that movie’s plot. 2. Thor: The Dark World (2013) After forming the Avengers with the other heroes, it’s time for Thor to resume his duties as prince of Asgard. And heavy is the head that wears the crown (I know that Thor is only a prince, but I rarely get to use that phrase, so let me be) because there’s an old enemy that has risen from the ashes to not just threaten Asgard, but all of the realms. Malekith, a Dark Elf, is up to no good. What makes him dangerous is that he’s ruthlessly looking for the Aether, a significant weapon in the MCU. Like the previous installment, Thor has the help of Jane, his friends, and others to fight off Malekith. What happens in this movie is pretty important to the entire MCU, so this is a Thor movie that can’t be missed. We next see Thor in Avengers: Age of Ultron, where he again teams up with the other heroes to save the world. 3. Thor: Ragnarok (2017) The Thor movies have always had some humor, but Thor: Ragnarok increased that to 11. This is a comedy movie, but it still manages to mix in drama and emotion. After a series of unfortunate events, Thor becomes stranded on a faraway planet where he’s forced to compete as a gladiator. Although he’s one of the most powerful Avengers, these are heavy circumstances that would wear down anybody. Luckily, Thor meets friends on this strange planet. Miek, Korg, and Valkyrie are a few of his new friends. There are also some old friends here, including a big green one. To leave, they’ll all have to work together. But what awaits them back home is an even bigger nightmare. After this, Thor returns in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame. I know this is an article about the Thor films in order, but I highly recommend not skipping these two movies. They’re absolutely important if you’re trying to get the full Thor story. 4. Thor: Love and Thunder (2022) The latest Thor movie, Love and Thunder, deals with the fallout of the previously mentioned Avengers movies. A lot has changed for Thor, and he too must change. One of the biggest changes, however, is that there is another person wielding his hammer, Mjolnir. Which isn’t an easy task; only the worthy can carry it. And it will take both Thors to beat Gorr the God Butcher. As his name implies, Gorr has only one purpose in life; that’s to butcher gods. Played by the incredible Christian Bale, Gorr might be the most frightening villain Thor has ever faced. Since 2011, Thor has been a fan favorite, and it’s great to see his character evolve. Who knows where his story will take us next? More in Entertainment: The Future of Web 3 Gaming with Oren Langberg 5G is Changing the Game for Gamers Interoperability in NFT Games with Adrian Krion Featured image source

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We are fast approaching the age of the Metaverse - connected, sustainable virtual realities in which we will live our digital lives alongside our real lives. We will increasingly use these spaces for work, play, communication, and learning. Everything we can do in the real world will have a digital counterpart in the Metaverse, with whom we can interact without leaving home. This includes investing and making money, and as in the real world, one of the most popular ways to do this is to invest in virtual real estate. I also have another article about real estate but in the real world - “ ” I recommend you to read it. It is very interesting. Real Estate Tokenization Guide: How Does it Work? So does it make sense to buy real estate in the Metaverse, or will it soon be over? What is Metaverse? The Metaverse is the term for the next-generation Internet. Currently, the Internet consists mainly of two-dimensional websites that look like digital newspapers. We are used to consuming information and buying physical goods online, but that is yesterday's day. The metaworld is a 3D space in which people, through avatars, can interact with each other and with digital objects. Digital objects merge with physical objects in a single ecosystem. The best-known examples of the Metaverse, albeit in limited forms, are the games Minecraft, Roblox, Fortnite, and virtual reality platforms Decentraland and Sandbox. In addition to Facebook, Microsoft, Epic Games (the developer of Fortnite), and many others say they intend to develop a metaverse. In the Metaverse, its ideologists claim, we will work, learn, communicate and attend events. Emil Holtemann, Marketing Manager at , about Metaverse: RealEstate.Exchange In my mind, many of us are already in the metaverse on a daily basis when we engage in group chats on Telegram, or coordinate with our colleagues on Slack. What is changing is the intensity delivered by technology, capital, and artists. It might sound ridiculous to some, but I’m convinced, that in a few years I will have experienced my ‘first day at the office watching a presentation of the company and colleagues from my apartment in Copenhagen - because why limit myself to working in a 10 km radius when every exciting company in the world is just one click away? I see the evolution of the metaverse as the cinema evolved: remember the 1900’s cinemas aired silent-movies, and first later they evolved with sound, pleasent chairs, 6.1 sound and 12k video (in that order!). Commercial virtual real estate in the Metaverse Big companies from the retail sector have long begun to move into the Metaverse. Last year, the Gucci brand began selling its accessories in the game Roblox, and Adidas released and sold out its "Into the Metaverse" clothing collection. The clothes were sold digitally (in the form of non-fungible tokens, NFT), tokens that could be exchanged for physical objects in 2022. The development of NFT technology, as a form of blockchain, makes it possible to sell digital assets and promotes the popularity of investing in them. There is a secondary market for NFTs (marketplace Opensea), where they can be bought and sold for cryptocurrencies. Business interest in NFT increased after Coca-Cola successfully sold digitally branded items on Opensea. Retailers are expected to enter the Metaverse in the coming years actively. As companies increasingly offer clothing, accessories, cars, and other items for avatars, hold fashion shows in the Metaverse, and offer digital art objects, the corresponding infrastructure is also developing. The Decentraland platform has a casino, Sotheby's virtual gallery, and business and retail space. Small parcels of land in Decentraland, when the platform launched in 2017, cost $20. Today, it costs $100,000. In November 2021, Tokenscom bought a plot of land in Decentraland's fashion district for $2.4 million. Real estate in the Metaverse is booming Although virtual real estate sales and other digital assets have been going on for some time, the boom in demand for digital homes and land didn't start until 2021. According to , the real estate sales volume on four major metaworld platforms (The Sandbox, Decentraland, Cryptovoxels, and Somnium) was $501 million last year. The graphics in existing metaworlds are far from ideal, and devices for immersion in the digital world are uncomfortable and expensive. But in January 2022, the virtual real estate boom continued, and the total virtual property transactions exceeded $85 million. By the end of 2022, the figure may grow to $1 billion. CNBC This is due to several factors: Rapid development of NFT and the hype around it Emergence of a virtual market Major players support virtual real estate projects, especially Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who intends to create his meta-universe - . Horizon Worlds Although news about the meta-universe often resembles the plots of the Black Mirror series, the interest in it from the tech giants does not look contrived. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg announced a $10 billion investment in a related project and the hiring of 10,000 employees in Europe. At the same time, virtual real estate has many opponents who believe that all this is just another Ponzi. Their main argument is that - unlike the traditional real estate market, you can create an unlimited number of square meters on the Web, which will sooner or later lead to the collapse. But, as with , blockchain technology allows you to make something non-fungible and scarce. That is, each virtual house or plot is unique and exists in a single copy. In addition, as in the real world, the number of truly exclusive locations is limited. NFT Yes, digital houses and plots cannot be touched, but investors don't need to. As in the case of cryptocurrency, the main thing that matters to them is that virtual properties grow in price, and there is demand for them. This makes it possible to count on future investment returns, especially with proper diversification. $450,000 for a neighborhood with Snoop Dogg The virtual real estate market is just emerging. It has a very high entry threshold (in popular metaverses - from $3-5k) and no clear rules and laws by which it develops. In the future, it will become more and more similar to the traditional real estate market, where the cost of the object depends on the location, the competitive environment (proximity to virtual attractions or plots of famous people), and so on. For example, the mansion was purchased at the Sandbox worth $450,000. Such a high price is because the mansion is located next to the construction of the mansion of American rapper Snoop Dogg. In addition, the owners can earn on the lease of sites for events or placement of advertising. On some platforms, such as Spotselfie, the property will be linked to real-world GPS coordinates - the buyer gets to own the radius around it. And if the platform starts selling advertising in that location, it will have to transfer a certain percentage to him. I don't exclude that real estate agencies will appear on the virtual market, which will help buyers select objects and make deals with them. There are already specialists who advise companies on how to enter the metaverse. Digital goods of the future in the Metaverse However, not only representatives of Generation Z and Alpha are focused on companies entering the meta-universe. For example, a startup Imageneria is already working in the USA. It is the world's first platform for digital 3D-printed assets and 3D-printed NFT (jewelry, accessories, and decor in digital or physical form). So far, requests for the startup's lifestyle goods are more physical, and the customers are primarily young people aged 18-35, users of Roblox and other games. But the company is hopeful that this will change as the meta-universe and NFT market develops. Digital products are positioned as a tool for environmentally responsible consumption. First, when it comes to 3D-printed assets that can be ordered in one part of the world and printed in the other. In addition to game enthusiasts and sustainability fans, the meta-universe will also connect everyone who the pandemic has disconnected. Those used to meetings and inventories in Zoom are invited to go to another level and use something like Microsoft Mesh for Teams. Thanks to this product, avatars will be able to meet in the luxurious expanse of virtual reality. Conclusion In CIS, buying and selling real estate in metaworlds is not yet widespread. This is primarily due to the uncertain future of cryptocurrencies and metaworlds in general, as well as the cautious attitude of the official authorities towards them. Nevertheless, I do not think cryptocurrencies and virtual real estate will be banned in CIS, although their regulation will definitely become stricter. Metaworlds are large-scale and growing too fast to be stopped by directive methods. So far, it is impossible to assess the profitability of virtual real estate. This market is very volatile. There is always the possibility that the platform will collapse, and all real estate on it will depreciate. Another difficulty is that each will have its currency or its token. To buy real estate in the meta-universe on a specific platform, you first have to buy a specific token. However, the demand and prices for items in meta universes are increasing dramatically. If the graphics, user experience, and availability of hardware continue to improve, this trend will grow. All this gives reason to expect that plots and houses in cyberspace will be highly liquid. The metaworld and real estate in them may well repeat the path of Bitcoin. This is a new world, in my opinion, one that is unlikely ever to become accessible to a mass audience but which nevertheless has good prospects. I also recommend you to read: The 7 Craziest Financial Stories of 2021: Investing in Nothing Web3 for Beginners: Why Web3 Will Change Everything? The Future of DeFi: Is DeFi Awaiting for Mass Adoption A Brief Guide to the Challenges, Benefits, and Threats of the DeFi Industry The DeSci Guide: Is Decentralized Science the New Web 3.0 Trend?

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Real Estate in the Metaverse is Booming: is it Really Such a Crazy Idea?

CTAs are among the top 3 most essential elements of a landing page. Of course, after the headline and subheading. Find out how to optimize your call to action to get more customers. A visitor cannot convert online by clicking the CTA. After putting in all the work to overcome objections and anxieties, highlighting the value of your solution brings it down to that single action of clicking the CTA by your visitor. A call to action represents your page and your visitor's entire goal. Most SaaS founders don't focus on optimizing CTA or vaguely understand the concept of optimizing it. After all, it is just a tiny button. However, if not actively converting, CTA can get in the way of conversion if you are making some mistakes. Before you can solve these mistakes, you must know what they are. Some of them are They don't suggest or speak to the value of taking action. They don't reflect the visitor's motivation or goal. They imply work without giving reasons why the result is worth it. Not using contrasting colors with the landing page. Having too many buttons or putting the CTA with other buttons The principles of writing a good CTA Before we jump into the tips and tricks of writing a solid CTA, here are some rules. Keeping them in mind while writing your CTA will significantly help craft a compelling CTA. Lead with a known, familiar verb. Use prepositions (for, to) or articles (a the) to avoid sounding like a robot. Don't be generic, be specific with your word choice. Speak to the desire of your prospect. Consider the heading of the page you are driving them to Place the CTA under important places Giving instant gratification CTA is about simplicity, context and personalization. What makes a good CTA You have used the principles of writing a CTA. Now, you will have a button that invites and amplifies the reasons for moving forward. Let's understand this perspective. When writing a CTA, most of us amplify the ACT, but when you position it as VALUE. It becomes something positive to the visitors and gives more reasons to proceed. Make your CTAs speak to the value of moving forward. Your visitors face anxiety when clicking any button. There are a lot of weird and scammy websites out there, and your visitors are well aware of them. The senses are already ingrained in them if they will give your site the trust and the time by putting up their information and converting. On top of that, people are very skeptical about new startups. They are unsure if they will get what the site claims to give, if not better, which is why the perception of the value of their offer needs to overcome all the anxieties of every visitor they have. It is impossible to go through all the anxieties, and they differ for different industries, but there are the important ones that I listed down. How long has the company been around? Why should I listen to them? If I install this free download, am I installing a virus or spyware? If I give my email, are they going to spam me? How secure will my account be? Why do I need to create an account at all? When I sign up using my Facebook account, how much data am I transferring to this company? How to reduce anxiety Since we talk about anxieties, we must discuss how to remove them. The most obvious way to do this is by researching your audience and your competitor's site. Competitor research will help you pinpoint the similar anxieties you will try to overcome. Be aware of the offers that they have near their CTA. I use this technique a lot, and I have found some standard practices that brands use. Use these near your CTA to overcome anxieties instantly Testimonials Auntorittity credibility Message personalization Money back guarantee Credible logos Using company information Multiple sign-in options Address what's included in the free trial. Social proof Click triggers Click triggers require a bit of definition. A click trigger is any message positioned near a critical call to action to compel people to click the button. Optimize also for your Lizard brain. We are all part of the animal kingdom. As much as we are evolved, we still have a part of our brain that has animal instincts. The instinct comes from a part of our brain called the lizard brain. Your lizard brain doesn't read or reason. It reacts to stimulation (color, noise) for survival. Our lizard brain kicks in naturally, even when interacting with a website. As copywriters, we must hack the copy for the lizard brain too. The best way to optimize the lizard brain is to make the action frictionless. Here are some ways to optimize it for the lizard brain. Use the contrasting button. Contrast is what the lizard brain craves. Tell your visitors explicitly what they need to do or go. Keep the number of options small (3-4) Outline the CTA. You must understand that you can't use all the techniques I have discussed. Use them smartly by figuring out what your visitors need within the context of your brand. However, even if you could use one of these, you will have a CTA that is very highly converting. The basis of all these is not to make the visitors think and to make the conversion effortless.

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For the Story Teller: Story Telling and Stories to Tell, by Carolyn Sherwin Bailey is part of HackerNoon Books Series
. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . The Great Stone Face The Great Stone Face You had only to lift your eyes, and there it was plainly to be seen, though miles away, with the sunshine brightening all its features. What was the Great Stone Face? It seemed as if an enormous giant had sculptured his own likeness on a mountain side. There was the broad arch of the forehead, a hundred feet in height; the nose, with its long bridge; and the vast lips, which, if they could have spoken would have rolled in thunder from one end of the valley to the other. True it was that if you came too near, you lost the outline of the Face and could see only a heap of ponderous rocks, but when you retraced your steps, the wondrous features could be seen again, and the people who lived below it believed that their valley was so fertile because the Great Stone Face looked down upon it lighting up the clouds, and giving tenderness to the sunshine. Now there was a little boy named Ernest who lived in the valley, and his mother had told him a story that her mother had told to her; a story so very old that even the Indians did not know who had first told it, unless it had been murmured by the mountain streams, and whispered by the wind among the tree tops. This was the story—that, sometime, a child should be born who would become the greatest and noblest person of his time, and his face, in manhood, should be the exact likeness of the Great Stone Face. But though the people had watched and waited until they were weary, no man greater and nobler than his neighbors had they yet beheld. “Oh, mother, dear mother!” cried Ernest. “I do hope I shall live to see him.” “Perhaps you may,” said his mother doubtfully. And Ernest never forgot the story. It was always in his mind whenever he looked upon the Great Stone Face. He grew up in the log cottage, and was dutiful to his mother, and helped her with his little hands and more with his loving heart. From a lad he became a quiet youth, sunbrowned from work in the fields, and well learned, though he never had any teacher except that Great Stone Face which smiled down upon him at night when his work was done. About this time there went a rumor through the valley that the great man who was to bear a resemblance to the Great Stone Face, had appeared at last. His name was Gathergold, and he was a very rich merchant and owned a whole fleet of ships. All the countries of the world had added to his wealth. The cold regions of the North had sent him furs; hot Africa had gathered the ivory tusks of her great elephants out of the forests; the East had brought him spices and teas and diamonds and pearls. Mr. Gathergold had become so very rich that it would have taken him a hundred years to count his money so he decided to go back and end his days in the valley where he was born. He ordered a wonderful palace of marble so dazzlingly white that it seemed as if it would melt in the sunshine. When the mansion was done, the upholsterers came with magnificent furniture, and then a whole troop of black and white servants who said that Mr. Gathergold would arrive at sunset. “Here he comes,” cried the people who were waiting to see him. “Here comes the great Mr. Gathergold!” A carriage, drawn by four horses, dashed round the turn of the road. Within it sat a little old man with a skin as yellow as his own gold. “The very image of the Great Stone Face!” shouted the people, but Ernest, who had been watching, too, turned sadly and looked up the valley, where, in the gathering mist, he could see the wonderful Face, and the lips seemed to say: “He will come! Fear not, Ernest; the man will come.” The years went on, and Ernest was a young man, still good, and true, and kind. Poor Mr. Gathergold died and was buried, and the oddest part of the matter was that his wealth all disappeared before he died, leaving nothing of him but a skeleton covered with a wrinkled yellow skin; and every one decided that he had never borne the slightest resemblance to the Great Stone Face. Then a warworn veteran, who had won great honors on the battlefield and was named Old Blood-and-Thunder decided to come back to the valley where he had been born. His neighbors resolved to welcome him with a salute of cannon and a public dinner, for they were all quite sure Old Blood-and-Thunder would bear the likeness of the Great Stone Face. On the day of his arrival Ernest and all the others left their work and went out to meet Old-Blood-and-Thunder. “’Tis the same face, to a hair!” cried one man. “Wonderfully like,” cried another. Then Ernest saw him. There he was, over the shoulders of the crowd with glittering epaulets and an embroidered collar and there, too, through the vista of the forest appeared the Great Stone Face. “This is not he,” thought Ernest. More years passed. Ernest was now an older man. He still laboured for his bread, but he had done so much for his neighbors that it seemed as if he had been talking with the angels and had gotten a portion of their wisdom unawares. The people of the Valley had found out—after a while—that Old Blood-and-Thunder’s face had not the gentleness of the Great Stone Face and now they said, again, that its likeness was to appear upon the broad shoulders of a great statesman. Old Stony Phiz, he was called, and while his friends were doing their best to make him President, he set out on a visit to the valley where he had been born. Ernest and all the others went out to meet him. A cavalcade came prancing along the road, with a clattering of hoofs. There was a band of music, and while the people were throwing up their hats and shouting, an open barouche came by, drawn by four black horses. Inside with his massive head uncovered sat the great statesman, Old Stony Phiz, himself. “Confess it,” cried some one to Ernest. “The Great Stone Face has met its equal.” But Ernest turned away disappointed. The eyes and brow of the great man had none of the nobleness of the Face on the mountain side. And Ernest grew to be an old man, but a strange thing happened. He was no longer an obscure husbandman. Men from the cities began coming to see him to learn from him the things that he had learned from the Great Stone Face, things not put down in books, and he was suddenly become famous. One day a great Poet came to the Valley and stopped at Ernest’s cottage to ask shelter for the night. It was Ernest’s custom each evening to talk to the assemblage of neighbors in a small nook among the hills near his cottage. To this spot he and the Poet went at sunset. All about was the pleasant foliage of many creeping plants, while Ernest’s friends sat in the grove at his feet and in another direction could be seen the Great Stone Face with heavy mists about it, like the white leaves around the brow of Ernest. At that moment Ernest’s face, as he began to speak, grew wonderfully grand, and the Poet threw his arms aloft and shouted, “Behold! Behold! Ernest is himself the likeness of the Great Stone Face.” Then all the people looked and saw that what the poet said was true. The prophecy was fulfilled. Through the courtesy of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin Company, authorized publishers of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s works. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Bailey, Carolyn Sherwin. 2018. For the Story Teller: Story Telling and Stories to Tell. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/58107/58107-h/58107-h.htm#Page_98 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Yellow

Stories for Telling: The Great Stone Face

1811 Dictionary in the Vulgar Tongue, by Francis Grose is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: [ ]. Section I LINK TO TABLE OF LINK Section I IRISH APRICOTS. Potatoes. It is a common joke against the Irish vessels, to say they are loaded with fruit and timber, that is, potatoes and broomsticks. IRISH ASSURANCE. A bold forward behaviour: as being dipt in the river Styx was formerly supposed to render persons invulnerable, so it is said that a dipping in the river Shannon totally annihilates bashfulness; whence arises the saying of an impudent Irishman, that he has been dipt in the Shannon. IRISH BEAUTY. A woman with two black eyes. IRISH EVIDENCE. A false witness. IRISH LEGS. Thick legs, jocularly styled the Irish arms. It is said of the Irish women, that they have a dispensation from the pope to wear the thick end of their legs downwards. IRISH TOYLES. Thieves who carry about pins, laces, and other pedlars wares, and under the pretence of offering their goods to sale, rob houses, or pilfer any thing they can lay hold of. IRON. Money in general. To polish the king's iron with one's eyebrows; to look out of grated or prison windows, or, as the Irishman expresses them, the iron glass windows. Iron doublet; a prison. See STONE DOUBLET. IRONMONGER'S SHOP. To keep an ironmonger's shop by the side of a common, where the sheriff sets one up; to be hanged in chains. Iron-bound; laced. An iron-bound hat; a silver-laced hat. ISLAND. He drank out of the bottle till he saw the island; the island is the rising bottom of a wine bottle, which appears like an island in the centre, before the bottle is quite empty. IVORIES. Teeth. How the swell flashed his ivories; how the gentleman shewed his teeth. ITCHLAND, or SCRATCHLAND. Scotland. IVY BUSH. Like an owl in an ivy bush; a simile for a meagre or weasel-faced man, with a large wig, or very bushy hair. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from Grose, Francis. 2004. 1881 Dictionary in the Vulgar Tongue. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5402/pg5402.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Chainlink

1811 Dictionary in the Vulgar Tongue: Section I

1811 Dictionary in the Vulgar Tongue, by Francis Grose is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: [ ]. Section J LINK TO TABLE OF LINK Section J JABBER. To talk thick and fast, as great praters usually do, to chatter like a magpye; also to speak a foreign language. He jabbered to me in his damned outlandish parlez vous, but I could not understand him; he chattered to me in French, or some other foreign language, but I could not understand him. JACK. A farthing, a small bowl serving as the mark for bowlers. An instrument for pulling off boots. JACK ADAMS. A fool. Jack Adams's parish; Clerkenwell. JACK AT A PINCH, A poor hackney parson. JACK IN A BOX, A sharper, or cheat. A child in the mother's womb. JACK IN AN OFFICE, An insolent fellow in authority. JACK KETCH. The hangman; vide DERRICK and KETCH. JACK NASTY FACE. A sea term, signifying a common sailor. JACK OF LEGS. A tall long-legged man; also a giant, said to be buried in Weston church, near Baldock, in Hertfordshire, where there are two stones fourteen feet distant, said to be the head and feet stones of his grave. This giant, says Salmon, as fame goes, lived in a wood here, and was a great robber, but a generous one; for he plundered the rich to feed the poor: he frequently took bread for this purpose from the Baldock bakers, who catching him at an advantage, put out his eyes, and afterwards hanged him upon a knoll in Baldock field. At his death he made one request, which was, that he might have his bow and arrow put into his hand, and on shooting it off, where the arrow fell, they would bury him; which being granted, the arrow fell in Weston churchyard. Above seventy years ago, a very large thigh bone was taken out of the church chest, where it had lain many years for a show, and was sold by the clerk to Sir John Tradescant, who, it is said, put it among the rarities of Oxford. JACK PUDDING. The merry andrew, zany, or jester to a mountebank. JACK ROBINSON. Before one could say Jack Robinson; a saying to express a very short time, originating from a very volatile gentleman of that appellation, who would call on his neighbours, and be gone before his name could be announced. JACK SPRAT. A dwarf, or diminutive fellow. JACK TAR. A sailor. JACK WEIGHT. A fat man. JACK WHORE. A large masculine overgrown wench. JACKANAPES. An ape; a pert, ugly, little fellow. JACKED. Spavined. A jacked horse. JACKMEN. See JARKMEN. JACKEY. Gin. JACOB. A soft fellow. A fool. JACOB. A ladder: perhaps from Jacob's dream. CANT. Also the common name for a jay, jays being usually taught to say, Poor Jacob! a cup of sack for Jacob. JACOBITES. Sham or collar shirts. Also partizans for the Stuart family: from the name of the abdicated king, i.e. James or Jacobus. It is said by the whigs, that God changed Jacob's name to Israel, lest the descendants of that patriarch should be called Jacobites. JADE. A term of reproach to women. JAGUE. A ditch: perhaps from jakes. JAIL BIRDS. Prisoners. JAKES. A house of office, a cacatorium. JAMMED. Hanged. CANT. JANIZARIES. The mob, sometimes so called; also bailiffs, their setters, and followers. JAPANNED. Ordained. To be japanned; to enter into holy orders, to become a clergyman, to put on the black cloth: from the colour of the japan ware, which is black. JARK. A seal. JARKMEN. Those, who fabricate counterfeit passes, licences, and certificates for beggars. JARVIS. A hackney coachman. JASON'S FLEECE. A citizen cheated of his gold. JAW. Speech, discourse. Give us none of your jaw; let us have none of your discourse. A jaw-me-dead; a talkative fellow. Jaw work; a cry used in fairs by the sellers of nuts. JAZEY. A bob wig. IDEA POT. The knowledge box, the head. See KNOWLEDGE BOX. JEFFY. It will be done in a jeffy; it will be done in a short space of time, in an instant. JEHU. To drive jehu-like; to drive furiously: from a king of Israel of that name, who was a famous charioteer, and mentioned as such in the Bible. JEM. A gold ring. CANT. JEMMY FELLOW. A smart spruce fellow. JEMMY. A crow. This instrument is much used by housebreakers. Sometimes called Jemmy Rook. JENNY. An instrument for lifting up the grate or top of a show-glass, in order to rob it. CANT. JERRYCUMMUMBLE. To shake, towzle, or tumble about. JERRY SNEAK. A henpecked husband: from a celebrated character in one of Mr. Foote's plays, representing a man governed by his wife. JESSAMY. A smart jemmy fellow, a fopling. JESIUT. See TO BOX THE JESUIT. JESUITICAL. Sly, evasive, equivocal. A jesuitical answer; an equivocal answer. JET. A lawyer. Autem jet; a parson. JEW. An over-reaching dealer, or hard, sharp fellow; an extortioner: the brokers formerly behind St. Clement's church in the Strand were called Jews by their brethren the taylors. JEW. A tradesman who has no faith, i.e. will not give credit. JEW BAIL. Insufficient bail: commonly Jews, who for a sum of money will bail any action whatsoever, and justify, that is, swear to their sufficiency; but, when called on, are not to be found. JEW'S EYE. That's worth a Jew's eye; a pleasant or agreeable sight: a saying taken from Shakespeare. JIBBER THE KIBBER. A method of deceiving seamen, by fixing a candle and lanthorn round the neck of a horse, one of whose fore feet is tied up; this at night has the appearance of a ship's light. Ships bearing towards it, run on shore, and being wrecked, are plundered by the inhabitants. This diabolical device is, it is said, practised by the inhabitants of our western coasts. JIG. A trick. A pleasant jig; a witty arch trick. Also a lock or door. The feather-bed jig; copulation. JIGGER. A whipping-post. CANT. JILT. A tricking woman, who encourages the addresses of a man whom she means to deceive and abandon. JILTED. Rejected by a woman who has encouraged one's advances. JINGLE BOXES. Leathern jacks tipped with silver, and hung with bells, formerly in use among fuddle caps. CANT. JINGLE BRAINS. A wild, thoughtless, rattling fellow. JINGLERS. Horse cosers, frequenting country fairs. JUG. See DOUBLE JUG. JUGGLER'S BOX. The engine for burning culprits in the hand. CANT. JUKRUM. A licence. JUMBLEGUT LANE. A rough road or lane. JUMP. The jump, or dining-room jump; a species of robbery effected by ascending a ladder placed by a sham lamp-lighter, against the house intended to be robbed. It is so called, because, should the lamp-lighter be put to flight, the thief who ascended the ladder has no means of escaping but that of jumping down. JUMPERS. Persons who rob houses by getting in at the windows. Also a set of Methodists established in South Wales. JUNIPER LECTURE. A round scolding bout. JURY LEG. A wooden leg: allusion to a jury mast, which is a temporary substitute for a mast carried away by a storm, or any other accident. SEA PHRASE. JURY MAST. A JOURNIERE mast; i.e. a mast for the day or occasion. JUST-ASS. A punning appellation for a justice. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from Grose, Francis. 2004. 1881 Dictionary in the Vulgar Tongue. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5402/pg5402.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

1811 Dictionary in the Vulgar Tongue: Section J

Abroad

BUNCH

Southern

Food and Flavor: A Gastronomic Guide to Health and Good Living: Chapter VIII - EPICUREAN ITALY

Heyo, welcome to our monthly results announcement for by HackerNoon and ! Web3 Writing Contest Octopus Network How to enter the contest? Just . Once your story is published after our editorial review - you’ll qualify to win up to $2,000 worth of OCT tokens every month from a $12,000 prize pool! submit your web3 story Note: The winners must provide NEAR wallet ONLY to claim the reward money. Get NEAR wallet from . here Web3 Writing Contest July 2022 Nominations 🔥 Here’s how we selected the top 10 nominations - We picked all the stories tagged on HackerNoon, published in July 2022. Then we chose the top stories using weightage respectively to: #Web3 60:30:10 Number of hours read Number of people reached The freshness of the content Here are the top 10 nominations: by How to Build a Profitable NFT Marketplace with React, Solidity, and CometChat . @daltonic by The DeSci Guide: Is Decentralized Science the New Web 3.0 Trend? . @strateh76 by 4 Crypto Charity Projects That Are Working to Improve the World . @gabrielmanga by What is So Good About the Ownership Economy? . @lijin by IPFS – The New Internet's Protocol . @myraahio in 2022 by The Tools and Resources You Need to Become a Web3 Developer . @suhail by Break Free From the Work-to-Earn Chains, Help-to-Earn Supports Play-to-Earn . @fintechproffitt by Let’s Take a Look at PIP: Interoperability Between Web2 & Web3 . @bensoncrypto by Where does "Nostalgia" come from? . @wasyne by What is Hedge Funds' Endgame for Shorting Tether . @wasifmrahman Here are the Winners: “ ” by has won 2 prizes this month! How to Build a Profitable NFT Marketplace with React, Solidity, and CometChat @daltonic Congratulations , your story has gained the highest number of reads and votes in the web3 category! You’ve won 434+86 = . @daltonic 520 OCT Tokens The SECOND place goes to ’s “ ” @wasyne Where does "Nostalgia" come from? “Contrary to many investors, I will proceed from what is going on in our brains — a "certain emotion" that we all have. By objectively treating it, which everyone has as a property of the mind, and by changing people’s attitudes to be appropriate for this Web3 era, we would get a scale for the new value that can compete with "silver spoons.” Great job ! You’ve won 260 OCT Tokens. @wasyne Last but not least, we have in 2022 by . The Tools and Resources You Need to Become a Web3 Developer @suhail “Every day more and more people are transiting to Web3. The demand for developers is increasing as Crypto use grows at an exponential rate. Skills in blockchain development are among the most in-demand in the tech industry. It's difficult to find a proper/clean roadmap and resource to get started with Web3 because it's so new.” Congratulations , you have won the third position and 86 Oct Tokens!! @suhail Once again, congratulations to all three of the winners, and best of Luck to the nominees in the upcoming contests! Keep an eye on for more details. We will contact the winners shortly. contests.hackernoon.com Note: The winners must provide NEAR wallet ONLY to claim the reward money. Get NEAR wallet from . here

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The #Web3 Writing Contest 2022: Round 5 Results Announced!

“Alone, we can do so little; together, we can do so much” – Helen Keller. For a long time, like most people, I used Windows, the most ubiquitous operating system in the world. My interest in Linux began when I first got into programming, and even then, inertia made switching difficult. It did not help that Mac computers, the mainstream alternative to Windows, were prohibitively expensive. Over time, I found myself increasingly disappointed with my Windows experience. I wanted a computer I had more control over, one that offered more than just utility. The more I researched, the more apparent it became that Linux was my best option. I loved that it was free and open-source, a cause I passionately admired, which meant there would be little buyer’s remorse should it not work out. It was also lightweight and, depending on the configuration, would have been perfect on my old machine. Its modular nature stood out as well, and I could choose from multiple distributions for a relatively secure and custom experience. I was cautious, dipping my toe with a live USB of Linux Mint. After a couple of uses, I set up a dual-boot of Windows and Linux Mint. I was intimidated at first. Any issue I had seemed enigmatic until I spent some time on forums, where I found articulated solutions that worked. There was no tech support or a salesperson to call. There was almost always a solution that someone in the community had provided. It became apparent to me that Linux was a lot more forgiving than it is given credit for. It has since become my default daily driver. What has stood out is the community. It is one of the unique features of Linux and probably the best thing I love about it. Other operating systems do have active communities, but they are mostly centralized around a particular company or product. Linux is different and has been a community-driven operating system since its inception. Initially, it was developed and released by the Linux Project as a kernel. Around the same time, an open-source project called the GNU was initiated. It was a multi-platform operating system with a set of libraries, utilities, and documentation. The two projects merged under a shared vision of a free, accessible, and open-source operating system. The collaboration would create the GNU/LINUX  operating system, which was open-source and received contributions from developers from all over the world. This was the beginning of the Linux ecosystem, which has now become one of the most popular communities in the world. It is a volunteer-based community with a collective identity of the people who use, develop and distribute Linux and share the goal of creating a better operating system. The developers create a stable, secure, and user-friendly operating system; distributors ensure the best possible version of Linux is available, while the users, through their use of Linux, give feedback that is taken into account in future development. There are also thousands of companies around the world that use Linux as a core part of their systems. The Linux community is very diverse, partly reflected in the wide range of GNU/LINUX-related software. There are different distributions, philosophies, and ways to use Linux within the community. This diversity is also reflected in its diverse membership. It's an international collaboration of computer programmers, geeks, engineers, artists, companies, and enthusiasts worldwide. This diversity is advantageous as there are a wide variety of ideas and solutions and an increased pool of potential contributors. While Linux is a community as a whole, there are many smaller communities within it. They can be found within open forums dedicated to their differentiating criteria. Some forums are distribution specific; some focus on tools, while some are educational to help users get acquainted with an aspect of Linux they may be interested in. The forums are created voluntarily and contributed to by the community. Being a community-driven operating system does create a challenge for Linux. It slows the development of the system due to issues of consensus and variable ideas within the community. Slow updates or abandoned projects inconvenience those who rely on them. On the other hand, a community faction can revive abandoned projects or start new ones should there be any issues of consensus. Generally, there are sets of clearly defined and agreed-upon development practices with comprehensive guides for any willing developer within the community. for example, is a guide to the Linux Kernel Development Process,  while the Linux Mint Developer applies to the Linux Mint distribution specifically. , This guide Essentially anyone can participate and influence the direction of the development of Linux as long as they adhere to the defined practices. This streamlines the development process and allows for cohesion in a community where there are thousands of contributors and millions of lines of code. Without the community, Linux would not be what it is today. It is a community project that has inspired the free and open-source movement and created what is arguably the best open-source operating system in the world.

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HackerNoon Tech Stories Archive August 13th, 2022

The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated: Discourse II - Theology A Branch Of Knowledge.

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