Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Why ELIZA? The Intelligence Engineers Newell, Shaw, and Simon’s IPL Logic Theorist: The First True AIs From IPL to SLIP and Lisp A Critical Tangent into Gomoku Interpretation is the Core of Intelligence The Threads Come Together: Interpretation, Language, Lists, Graphs, and Recursion Finally ELIZA: A Platform, Not a Chat Bot! A Perfect Irony: A Lisp ELIZA Escapes and is Misinterpreted by the AI Community Another Wave: A BASIC ELIZA turns the PC Generation on to AI Conclusion: A certain danger lurks there Acknowledgements and References 13 Acknowledgements This paper developed through extensive discussions over several years with “Team ELIZA”, including Anthony Hay, Art Schwarz, Sarah Ciston, Peggy Weil, Peter Millican, David Berry, and Mark Marino. I am especially indebted to Anthony Hay and Art Schwarz for detailed discussion about technical aspects of ELIZA and SLIP, such as how symbol manipulation worked in SLIP. Terry Winograd and John Markoff participated in helpful background discussions, and Anne Rawls and Clemens Eisenmann provided access to the Garfinkel archives, and Andrei Korbut introduced us to them. Many anonymous commenters in the Hacker News community helped clarify concepts, and provided additional pointers to information that I could not have easily discovered on my own. I am especially indebted to the MIT Archivists, Myles Crowley, Mikki Macdonald, and Allison Schmitt. References [1] https://grammarist.com/new-words/chatbot/. Accessed 2024-04-18. [2] https://sites.google.com/view/elizagen-org/news#h.ykbzq5nuiccs. Accessed 2024-04-18. [3] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/. Accessed 2024-04-18. [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture. Accessed 2024-04-18. [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Processing_Language. Accessed 2024-04-18. [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop. Accessed 2024- 04-18. [7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist). Accessed 2024-04-18. [8] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/meaning/. Accessed 2024-04-18. [9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_blending. Accessed 2024- 04-18. [10] https://sites.google.com/view/elizagen-org/news#h.74lv9le8r29u. Accessed 2024-04-18. [11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET. Accessed 2024-04-18. [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_personal_computers. Accessed 2024-04-18. [13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_9000. Accessed 2024-04-18. [14] https://sites.google.com/view/elizagen-org/. Accessed 2024-04-18. [15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard. Accessed 2024-04-18. [16] https://sites.google.com/view/elizaarchaeology/. Accessed 2024- 04-18. [17] D. G. Bobrow. “Natural language input for a computer problem solving system”. PhD Dissertation. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1964. [18] L. Cameron. What to know about the scientist who invented the term ”software engineering”. https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/events/what-to-know-aboAccessed: 2024-04-18. Oct. 2018. [19] D. Chisnall. Influential programming languages, Part 4: Lisp. https://www.informit.com/articles/artAccessed 2024-04-18. 2011. [20] Noam Chomsky and George A. Miller. “Introduction to the formal analysis of natural languages”. In: Handbook of Mathematical Psychology. Ed. by R. Duncan Luce, Robert R. Bush, and Eugene Galanter. Vol. 2. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 1963, pp. 269–321. [21] K. M. Colby. “Modeling a paranoid mind”. In: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4 (1981), pp. 515–560. [22] K. M. Colby and J. P. Gilbert. “Programming a computer model of neurosis”. In: J. Math Psych 1 (1964), pp. 405–416. [23] Ada Augusta Countess of Lovelace. Notes on L. F. Menabrea’s “Sketch of the analytical engine invented by Charles Babbage”. http://imaginaryinstruments.org/lovelace-anaAccessed 2024-04-18. Sept. 1843. [24] G. Dyson. Turing’s cathedral. Vintage Books, 2012. [25] C. Eisenmann et al. ““Machine Down”: making sense of human–computer interaction—Garfinkel’s research on ELIZA and LYRIC from 1967 to 1969 and its contemporary relevance”. In: AI & Soc (2023). doi: 10.1007/s00146-023-01793-z. [26] E. Feigenbaum. An information processing theory of verbal learning. Paper P-1817. The RAND Corporation, 1959. [27] H. Gelernter, J. R. Hansen, and L. L. Gerberich. “A Fortran-compiled list-processing language”. In: JACM 7.2 (Apr. 1960), pp. 87–101. [28] D. Gentner and A. L. Stevens. Mental models. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1983. [29] B. F. Green et al. “Baseball: An automatic question-answerer”. In: Name of Journal or Conference Volume Number.Issue Number (1961). Additional Information, Page Numbers. [30] F. J. Gruenberger. The history of the JOHNNIAC. RAND memorandum RM-5654-PR. 1968. [31] P. Hayward. Flexible discussion under student control in the ELIZA computer program. Educational Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. 1967. [32] D. R. Hofstadter. G¨odel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid. New York: Basic Books, 1979. [33] P. McCorduck. Machines who think. W.H. Freeman and Co., 1979. [34] M. T. McGuire, S. Lorch, and G. C. Quarton. “Man-machine natural language exchanges based on selected features of unrestricted input—II. The use of the time-shared computer as a research tool in studying dyadic communication”. In: J. Psychiat. Res. 5.2 (1967). [35] A. Newell and H. A. Simon. “Computer science as empirical inquiry: Symbols and search”. In: Communications of the ACM 19.3 (1976), pp. 113– 126. [36] S. North. “ELIZA”. In: Creative Computing (1977), pp. 100–103. [37] C. Petzold. The annotated turing. Wiley, 2008. [38] G. C. Quarton, M. T. McGuire, and S. Lorch. “Man-machine natural language exchanges based on selected features of unrestricted input—I. The development of the time-shared computer as a research tool in studying dyadic communication”. In: J. Psychiat. Res. 5.2 (1967). [39] R. C. Schank and R. P. Abelson. Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977. [40] J. R. Searle. “Minds, brains, and programs”. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3.3 (1980), pp. 417–457. [41] P. Seibel. Coders at Work. APress, 2009. [42] SLIP: University of Michigan executive system for the IBM 7090 computer. Vol. 2. University of Michigan Computing Center, 1965. [43] E. F. Taylor. ELIZA: A skimmable report on the ELIZA conversational tutoring system. Educational Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. 1968. [44] A. Turing. “Computing machinery and intelligence”. In: Mind 49 (1950), pp. 433–460. [45] D. Walden and R. Nickerson, eds. A culture of innovation: Insider accounts of computing and life at BBN. A Sixty Year Report 18 October 1948 to 1 July 2010. Waterside Publishing, 201. [46] J. Weizenbaum. Computer power and human reason. W.H. Freeman and Co., 1976. [47] J. Weizenbaum. “ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine”. In: Communications of the ACM 9.1 (1966), pp. 36–45. doi: 10.1145/365153.365168. [48] J. Weizenbaum. “How to make a computer appear intelligent”. In: Datamation (Feb. 1962), pp. 24–26. [49] J. Weizenbaum. “Symmetric list processor”. In: Comm. ACM 6.9 (1963), pp. 524–536. Author: (1) Jeff Shrager, Blue Dot Change and Stanford University Symbolic Systems Program (Adjunct)( jshrager@stanford.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 license. Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Abstract and 1. Introduction Why ELIZA? The Intelligence Engineers Newell, Shaw, and Simon’s IPL Logic Theorist: The First True AIs From IPL to SLIP and Lisp A Critical Tangent into Gomoku Interpretation is the Core of Intelligence The Threads Come Together: Interpretation, Language, Lists, Graphs, and Recursion Finally ELIZA: A Platform, Not a Chat Bot! A Perfect Irony: A Lisp ELIZA Escapes and is Misinterpreted by the AI Community Another Wave: A BASIC ELIZA turns the PC Generation on to AI Conclusion: A certain danger lurks there Acknowledgements and References Why ELIZA? Why ELIZA? The Intelligence Engineers The Intelligence Engineers Newell, Shaw, and Simon’s IPL Logic Theorist: The First True AIs Newell, Shaw, and Simon’s IPL Logic Theorist: The First True AIs From IPL to SLIP and Lisp From IPL to SLIP and Lisp A Critical Tangent into Gomoku A Critical Tangent into Gomoku Interpretation is the Core of Intelligence Interpretation is the Core of Intelligence The Threads Come Together: Interpretation, Language, Lists, Graphs, and Recursion The Threads Come Together: Interpretation, Language, Lists, Graphs, and Recursion Finally ELIZA: A Platform, Not a Chat Bot! Finally ELIZA: A Platform, Not a Chat Bot! A Perfect Irony: A Lisp ELIZA Escapes and is Misinterpreted by the AI Community A Perfect Irony: A Lisp ELIZA Escapes and is Misinterpreted by the AI Community Another Wave: A BASIC ELIZA turns the PC Generation on to AI Another Wave: A BASIC ELIZA turns the PC Generation on to AI Conclusion: A certain danger lurks there Conclusion: A certain danger lurks there Acknowledgements and References Acknowledgements and References 13 Acknowledgements This paper developed through extensive discussions over several years with “Team ELIZA”, including Anthony Hay, Art Schwarz, Sarah Ciston, Peggy Weil, Peter Millican, David Berry, and Mark Marino. I am especially indebted to Anthony Hay and Art Schwarz for detailed discussion about technical aspects of ELIZA and SLIP, such as how symbol manipulation worked in SLIP. Terry Winograd and John Markoff participated in helpful background discussions, and Anne Rawls and Clemens Eisenmann provided access to the Garfinkel archives, and Andrei Korbut introduced us to them. Many anonymous commenters in the Hacker News community helped clarify concepts, and provided additional pointers to information that I could not have easily discovered on my own. I am especially indebted to the MIT Archivists, Myles Crowley, Mikki Macdonald, and Allison Schmitt. References [1] https://grammarist.com/new-words/chatbot/. Accessed 2024-04-18. [2] https://sites.google.com/view/elizagen-org/news#h.ykbzq5nuiccs. Accessed 2024-04-18. [3] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/. Accessed 2024-04-18. [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture. Accessed 2024-04-18. [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Processing_Language. Accessed 2024-04-18. [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop. Accessed 2024- 04-18. [7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist). Accessed 2024-04-18. [8] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/meaning/. Accessed 2024-04-18. [9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_blending. Accessed 2024- 04-18. [10] https://sites.google.com/view/elizagen-org/news#h.74lv9le8r29u. Accessed 2024-04-18. [11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET. Accessed 2024-04-18. [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_personal_computers. Accessed 2024-04-18. [13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_9000. Accessed 2024-04-18. [14] https://sites.google.com/view/elizagen-org/. Accessed 2024-04-18. [15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard. Accessed 2024-04-18. [16] https://sites.google.com/view/elizaarchaeology/. Accessed 2024- 04-18. [17] D. G. Bobrow. “Natural language input for a computer problem solving system”. PhD Dissertation. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1964. [18] L. Cameron. What to know about the scientist who invented the term ”software engineering”. https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/events/what-to-know-aboAccessed: 2024-04-18. Oct. 2018. [19] D. Chisnall. Influential programming languages, Part 4: Lisp. https://www.informit.com/articles/artAccessed 2024-04-18. 2011. [20] Noam Chomsky and George A. Miller. “Introduction to the formal analysis of natural languages”. In: Handbook of Mathematical Psychology. Ed. by R. Duncan Luce, Robert R. Bush, and Eugene Galanter. Vol. 2. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 1963, pp. 269–321. [21] K. M. Colby. “Modeling a paranoid mind”. In: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4 (1981), pp. 515–560. [22] K. M. Colby and J. P. Gilbert. “Programming a computer model of neurosis”. In: J. Math Psych 1 (1964), pp. 405–416. [23] Ada Augusta Countess of Lovelace. Notes on L. F. Menabrea’s “Sketch of the analytical engine invented by Charles Babbage”. http://imaginaryinstruments.org/lovelace-anaAccessed 2024-04-18. Sept. 1843. [24] G. Dyson. Turing’s cathedral. Vintage Books, 2012. [25] C. Eisenmann et al. ““Machine Down”: making sense of human–computer interaction—Garfinkel’s research on ELIZA and LYRIC from 1967 to 1969 and its contemporary relevance”. In: AI & Soc (2023). doi: 10.1007/s00146-023-01793-z. [26] E. Feigenbaum. An information processing theory of verbal learning. Paper P-1817. The RAND Corporation, 1959. [27] H. Gelernter, J. R. Hansen, and L. L. Gerberich. “A Fortran-compiled list-processing language”. In: JACM 7.2 (Apr. 1960), pp. 87–101. [28] D. Gentner and A. L. Stevens. Mental models. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1983. [29] B. F. Green et al. “Baseball: An automatic question-answerer”. In: Name of Journal or Conference Volume Number.Issue Number (1961). Additional Information, Page Numbers. [30] F. J. Gruenberger. The history of the JOHNNIAC. RAND memorandum RM-5654-PR. 1968. [31] P. Hayward. Flexible discussion under student control in the ELIZA computer program. Educational Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. 1967. [32] D. R. Hofstadter. G¨odel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid. New York: Basic Books, 1979. [33] P. McCorduck. Machines who think. W.H. Freeman and Co., 1979. [34] M. T. McGuire, S. Lorch, and G. C. Quarton. “Man-machine natural language exchanges based on selected features of unrestricted input—II. The use of the time-shared computer as a research tool in studying dyadic communication”. In: J. Psychiat. Res. 5.2 (1967). [35] A. Newell and H. A. Simon. “Computer science as empirical inquiry: Symbols and search”. In: Communications of the ACM 19.3 (1976), pp. 113– 126. [36] S. North. “ELIZA”. In: Creative Computing (1977), pp. 100–103. [37] C. Petzold. The annotated turing. Wiley, 2008. [38] G. C. Quarton, M. T. McGuire, and S. Lorch. “Man-machine natural language exchanges based on selected features of unrestricted input—I. The development of the time-shared computer as a research tool in studying dyadic communication”. In: J. Psychiat. Res. 5.2 (1967). [39] R. C. Schank and R. P. Abelson. Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977. [40] J. R. Searle. “Minds, brains, and programs”. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3.3 (1980), pp. 417–457. [41] P. Seibel. Coders at Work. APress, 2009. [42] SLIP: University of Michigan executive system for the IBM 7090 computer. Vol. 2. University of Michigan Computing Center, 1965. [43] E. F. Taylor. ELIZA: A skimmable report on the ELIZA conversational tutoring system. Educational Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. 1968. [44] A. Turing. “Computing machinery and intelligence”. In: Mind 49 (1950), pp. 433–460. [45] D. Walden and R. Nickerson, eds. A culture of innovation: Insider accounts of computing and life at BBN. A Sixty Year Report 18 October 1948 to 1 July 2010. Waterside Publishing, 201. [46] J. Weizenbaum. Computer power and human reason. W.H. Freeman and Co., 1976. [47] J. Weizenbaum. “ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine”. In: Communications of the ACM 9.1 (1966), pp. 36–45. doi: 10.1145/365153.365168. [48] J. Weizenbaum. “How to make a computer appear intelligent”. In: Datamation (Feb. 1962), pp. 24–26. [49] J. Weizenbaum. “Symmetric list processor”. In: Comm. ACM 6.9 (1963), pp. 524–536. Author: (1) Jeff Shrager, Blue Dot Change and Stanford University Symbolic Systems Program (Adjunct)( jshrager@stanford.edu). Author: Author: (1) Jeff Shrager, Blue Dot Change and Stanford University Symbolic Systems Program (Adjunct)( jshrager@stanford.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 license. available on arxiv available on arxiv
