Inzululwazi Inengxaki Yokuthenjwa. Ngaba Ukungcakaza Ukuyilungisa?

Iimakethi zokuqikelela kudala zisebenza njengeebhola zekristale ezigcwele abantu abaninzi, zisasaza ulwazi olusasazekileyo kunyulo oluqikelelweyo, utshintsho lwezoqoqosho, kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji. Kodwa kwisayensi, badlula nje ukuqikelela-ukuba ziilabhoratri eziphilayo apho uqikelelo luvavanywa, lucokiswa, kwaye lukhuthazwa ngokwemali ngexesha lokwenyani. Eli nqaku lintywila kwi-epistemic revolution ebangelwe ziimarike zengqikelelo yezenzululwazi-indlela abanakho ngayo ukujongana neziphene zenkqubo kuphando, ukubunjwa kwakhona kweendlela zokuqinisekisa, kunye nokuchaza kwakhona ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuvelisa ulwazi kwihlabathi elivulekileyo. Ukuthengiswa kwenyaniso Kuthekani ukuba inyaniso yenzululwazi ayizange ichazwe ziikomiti kunye neempembelelo zempembelelo, kodwa yindawo yokuthengisa evulekileyo apho i-hypotheses iphakama okanye iwa ngokusekelwe kubhejo lwexesha lokwenyani? Kangangeenkulungwane, ukuqinisekiswa kwezenzululwazi kuye kwaxhomekeka ekuphononongweni koontanga, ukuvunywa kweziko, kunye nodumo lwezemfundo-iinkqubo ezigcwele i-bias, i-bottlenecks, kunye nenkuthazo yezopolitiko. Isiphumo? Ingxaki yokuvelisa kwakhona, umkhukula wezifundo ezingenamandla, kunye nenkqubo apho inkxaso-mali iyalela izinto eziphambili ngophando kunokuba zifaneleke ngokwenene ( ; ; ; ; ). Baker, ngo-2016 UBjörk et al., ngo-2010 Fang & Casadevall, 2012 Larivière et al., 2015 Romero, 2019 Iimarike zentelekelelo zazisa enye indlela egqibeleleyo: ulwakhiwo lwenkuthazo yezemali kwimveliso yolwazi, apho izimvo zingaveli nje zipapashwe—ziye zivavanywe ngoxinzelelo, zisulungekiswe, kwaye ziqinisekiswe ngobukrelekrele obuhlangeneyo obunatyisiweyo. Zichasene ne-fragile-ziphumelela ngokungaqiniseki, ngokuqhubekayo ukulungelelanisa idatha entsha kunye nokuqonda. Umqolo wethiyori Ixesha elide lidunyiswa njengeenjini zobukrelekrele obuhlangeneyo, iimarike zokuxela kwangaphambili kudala zibonwa njengamandla aphazamisayo kuqikelelo lwenzululwazi kunye nokwenza izigqibo ( ; ; ). Ngokukhupha ulwazi olwahlulwahlulwayo lube lulwelo, uqikelelo lwexesha lokwenyani, ezi ntengiso zijika ukungaqiniseki zibe luphawu oluguquguqukayo, oluguquguqukayo, olutshintshayo nendawo nganye entsha yedatha. UHanson, ngo-1995 Buckley, ngo-2014 Almenberg, Kittlitz & Pfeiffer, 2009 Embindini wabo, iimarike zokuxela kwangaphambili zibandakanya kwi-overdrive-inkqubo yokwahlulahlulwa apho amathuba alungelelaniswa ngexesha lokwenyani, echaza imigaqo ye-epistemology yaseBayesi. ). Endaweni yezimvo zeengcaphephe ezingatshintshiyo, banyanzela ulwazi ukuba lushukume, ngokuqhubekayo belungisa iinkolelo njengoko ubungqina bungena ngaphakathi. Ukuzilungisa, imodeli yentatho-nxaxheba yenzululwazi, apho inyaniso ingachazwanga-iyavela, ilungelelanise, kwaye ikhuphisane kwibala elivulekileyo lemibono. "ubulumko bezihlwele" Hsu, 2011 Isiseko se-epistemic seemarike zengqikelelo sihambelana nefilosofi ka-Karl Popper yesayensi, ngakumbi imbono yakhe yokuba inkqubela phambili yesayensi ityhilwa ngezinto eziqikelelwayo kunye nezichaso-inkqubo yothethathethwano olubalulekileyo kunokuxhomekeka kubuchwephesha obubodwa. Iimarike zentelekelelo zibonelela ngobume obumiselweyo apho iimbono ezahlukeneyo zidibana, zikhuphisane, kwaye zicokise iingqikelelo ngendlela yokwabela amagunya. Njengoko , omnye wabavakalisi bokuqala bokuqikelelwa kwezinto ngenzululwazi, wathi: Ukuguqula izigwebo zomntu ngamnye zibe yingqiqo ehlangeneyo, iimarike zentelekelelo zibonelela ngenye indlela eguqukayo kwiinkqubo zovavanyo zemveli eziqhutywa ziingcali. URobin Hanson (1995) “Iimarike aziyondawo nje yokunaniselana ngeempahla—zingamaqonga okuqokelela ulwazi.” Ngaphaya koko, ezi marike ziquka ithiyori yolwazi ye-Hayekian, ebeka ulwazi olusasazwayo, xa ludityaniswe ngokufanelekileyo, luvelisa ukuthathwa kwezigqibo ngokuchanekileyo nangobuchule kunolawulo oluphakathi. Iimarike zentelekelelo zaphula uqinisekiso lwezenzululwazi simahla kumaziko olawulo, ukuhambisa amandla kulawulo lwamagunya, inkqubo evulekileyo apho ulwazi luveliswa, luvavanywa, kwaye lusulungekiswa ngokudibeneyo. Ngaphezu kokuba sisixhobo nje, benza -esicacileyo, sokuthatha inxaxheba, kunye nokuguquka okuguquguqukayo kunye nobungqina obutsha. isiseko se-epistemic esiphilayo Ingcamango engundoqo: Iimarike zokuqikelela njengezixhobo ze-epistemic Iimarike zentelekelelo zisebenza njengeendlela ezinatyisiweyo zokudibanisa ulwazi. Abathathi-nxaxheba babheja ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba sibe nesiphumo, kunye nobukrelekrele obuhlangeneyo bemarike buhlengahlengisa amaxabiso ukubonisa eyona meko inokwenzeka. Kumxholo wesayensi, iimarike zokubikezela zithatha indima ekhethekileyo njengezixhobo ze-epistemic-iinkqubo zokuvelisa, ukuvavanya, kunye nokusulungekisa ulwazi. Ngokwenza iimarike ezingqonge iingqikelelo zenzululwazi, abathathi-nxaxheba babheja malunga nokuba amabango aya kuqinisekiswa ngokomfuniselo, enikezela ngovavanyo oluguqukayo, lwexesha lokwenyani lokuthembeka kwabo. Ukusuka kwiinkqubo zovavanyo eziqhutywa ziingcali ukuya kuqikelelo oluqhutywa yintengiso, iimarike zengqikelelo yezenzululwazi zibonelela ngemisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ye-epistemic: Ukudityaniswa kolwazi: Iimarike zoqikelelo ziyagqwesa ekuhlanganiseni ulwazi olunatyisiweyo oluphuma kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, ekholisa ukukhokelela kuqikelelo oluchanekileyo kunohlolo lomntu ngamnye. Ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi olusasazwayo: Inzululwazi igxile kakhulu, kunye neengcali ezigxile kwimida emxinwa. Iimarike zoqikelelo zivumela zombini iingcali kunye nabantu bangaphandle abanolwazi ukuba bafake isandla kwiqonga loqikelelo ekwabelwana ngalo, ukunika ulwazi olwahlukeneyo ( ). Budescu & Chen, ngo-2015 Ulwakhiwo lwemvumelwano: Kumacandelo anokungavisisani okubalulekileyo kwezenzululwazi, uqikelelo lweemarike zenza iimbono ezahlukeneyo zibe kwixabiso elinye lemarike, zinika umlinganiselo wenkolelo edityanelweyo enokuthi ithembeke ngakumbi kunohlalutyo lwemveli okanye iiphaneli zeengcali ( ). Wolfers & Zitzewitz, 2004 Isiphumo senjini ye-epistemic: Ulusu lwezemali kumdlalo Kwenzeka ntoni xa inyaniso inexabiso lexabiso? Kwisayensi yesiNtu, iimpazamo zihlala ziqhubeka kuba akukho mntu wohlwaywa ngokwezimali ngenxa yokungalunganga. Abahlalutyi boontanga abalahlekelwa yimali xa bevuma iphepha elibi. Abahleli bejenali abahlawuli ngokupapasha izifundo ezibuthathaka. Kwimfundo ephakamileyo, ungaphosisa iminyaka kwaye ufumane i-tenure. Iimarike zokuqikelela zitshintsha umdlalo ngokunyanzelisa ukuchaneka ngokusebenzisa inkuthazo yezemali. Xa imali isemgceni, i-ideology ithatha i-backseat ukuya kwinyaniso-abathathi-nxaxheba bavuzwa ngenxa yeziphumo zokubikezela ngokuchanekileyo, kungekhona ngokukhusela ukuthambekela kwamaziko okanye ukutyhala amabali. Oku kudala injini ye-epistemic enamandla, apho ukuchaneka kunenzuzo, kwaye ukungalunganga kuneziphumo zokwenyani. Kule nkqubo, ukuqinisekiswa kwenzululwazi kuba luvavanyo oluvulekileyo, oluphezulu, apho iingcamango ziphakama kwaye ziwa ngokusekelwe kumandla abo okuxela kwangaphambili, kungekhona ukuvunywa kweziko. Esikhundleni sokubhenela kwigunya, imarike ivuza into enye kuphela: ukuba ngokuchanekileyo malunga nenyani. Ukujongana nengxaki yokuphindaphinda kwisayensi Esinye sezithembiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zeemarike zokubikezela amandla abo okujongana nengxaki yokuphindaphinda-umcimbi ojongela phantsi ukuthembeka kophando lwezenzululwazi ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuphindaphinda iziphumo ezipapashiweyo ( ; ; ). UGordon et al, ngo-2021 Munafo et al., 2015 Holzmeister et al. 2024 Uphononongo olubalulekileyo olusebenzisa iimarike zokuqikelela ukuvavanya uphononongo lwezengqondo ezingama-44 lubonise ukuba iimvavanyo eziqhutywa yimarike zinokuqikelela ngokufanelekileyo iziphumo eziphindaphindayo, ezigqwesileyo kwiindlela zovavanyo lwemveli ( ). Ukuvumela abathabathi-nxaxheba ukuba babheje malunga nokubanakho ukuphindaphinda okuyimpumelelo, uqikelelo lweemarike zibonelela ngendlela engabizi kakhulu yokubeka phambili iinzame zokuphindaphinda. Amaphononongo anokuphinda avavanywe kwimarike esezantsi inokuphawulwa ukuze iqwalaselwe ngakumbi, ngelixa izifundo zokuzithemba okuphezulu zinokubekwa phambili ukuze zisetyenziswe. Dreber et al., 2015 Le ndlela iguqula iskripthi sokuqinisekiswa kwesayensi, isusa ukucotha kokucotha kokuphindaphinda kwasemva kokupapashwa kunye nokukhangela okuguquguqukayo, okucwangcisiweyo komgangatho wokujonga-izixhobo zokulawula apho zibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba uphando olusisiseko lufumana indawo oluyifaneleyo. Ngaphandle kokuphononongwa koontanga: Imodeli entsha yokuqinisekiswa kwesayensi Inkqubo yokuphononongwa koontanga, ngelixa isisiseko kupapasho lwezenzululwazi, ihlala igxekwa ngokucotha, ukungaboni ngasonye, kunye nokuba sesichengeni socalucalulo olunjengokomelezwa kwemeko ekhoyo kunye neqela lokucinga. Iimarike zokuqikelela zibonelela ngenye indlela-inkqubo yokuthatha inxaxheba neselubala yokuqinisekiswa kwenzululwazi esebenza ngexesha langempela. Umbono weemarike zentelekelelo njengezixhobo zenguqu kwimvumelwano yezenzululwazi, efana nendlela iSatoshi Nakamoto's blockchain eguqule ngayo utshintshiselwano lwezemali. Waxoxa ukuba iimarike zokubikezela zinokuba kwisayensi ukuba yintoni i-blockchains yokuxhasa ngemali: inkqubo yolawulo, ecacileyo yokudibanisa ukuthembela kunye nolwazi. Ngale ndlela, iimarike zokubikezela zihambelana ne-ethos yeSayensi eSikelwe phantsi (i-DeSci), ifuna ukwenza idemokhrasi kunye nokuzenzekelayo iziseko zenzululwazi. URobin Hanson (1995) Utshintsho olunjalo lunokukhokelela kwiparadigm entsha ekuqinisekisweni kophando, apho ukuthembeka kwezenzululwazi kungagqitywanga ngokuphononongwa koontanga okuzinzileyo kodwa kuvavanywa ngamandla kwiimarike eziqikelelwayo ezihlala zihlaziya ngokusekwe kubungqina obutsha. Kweli hlabathi, inyaniso ayiphumi kwigunya—ikhuphisana kwindawo yentengiso evulelekileyo, apho kusinda ezona ngcamango zinamandla. Iingenelo zeemarike zokuqikelela kwisayensi 🟡 Iimodeli ezinamandla zokuzilungisa Ngokungafaniyo nezimvo zeengcali ezimileyo okanye uphando, iimarike zokuqikelela ziyaqhubeka zihlaziya njengoko kuvela ulwazi olutsha, luvumela uhlengahlengiso lwexesha lokwenyani kuqikelelo lwenzululwazi. Olu phawu lubenza baxabiseke ngokukodwa kwiindawo zophando ezihamba ngokukhawuleza. 🟡 Ukunciphisa utyekelo lwengqondo Uvavanyo lwemveli lwezenzululwazi luhlala lugoba phantsi kobunzima boluhlu lwezifundo, ungquzulwano lomdla, kunye ne-inertia edibeneyo. Ukubophelela inkuthazo yezemali kuqikelelo oluchanekileyo, iimarike zentelekelelo zinqumle ucalucalulo lweziko, ukujongelwa phantsi okuvuzayo phezu kwemeko yendlela yokucinga. 🟡 Ukuphucula ukwabiwa kwezixhobo Inkxaso-mali yenzululwazi isoloko isasazwa ngokusekwe kwintsebenzo yophando lwangaphambili kunye nodumo lweziko kunempembelelo elindelekileyo. Iimarike zokuqikelela zibonelela ngenye indlela ngokuchaza ixabiso elilindelekileyo lezindululo zophando ngexesha lokwenyani. Ii-arhente ezibonelela ngenkxaso-mali zinokusebenzisa ezi mbono ukubeka phambili iiprojekthi ezineempembelelo eziphezulu ezilindelekileyo, okwenza ulwabiwo lwezibonelelo lusebenze ngakumbi ( ). Dreber et al., 2015 🟡 Iimpawu zakwangoko zempumelelo yenzululwazi Imarike yoqikelelo engamanzi kunye nesebenzayo inokusebenza njengesalathiso sakwangoko sokuguquguquka kwemvumelwano yezenzululwazi. Esikhundleni sokulinda ukupapashwa okusemthethweni kunye nemijikelezo yokuphononongwa koontanga, abaphandi banokuphendula ngokuguquguqukayo kwiimpawu zemarike ezikhulayo, ukulungelelanisa umsebenzi wabo ekuphenduleni ubungqina obuguqukayo. 🟡 Ukukhuthaza ukungafihli kunye nesayensi evulekileyo Iimarike zoqikelelo zijika uqikelelo oludityanelweyo lube yingxoxo kawonke-wonke, eguqukayo, ekhulisa ukungafihli kwintetho yenzululwazi. Xa kudityaniswa namanyathelo esayensi evulekileyo, benza inkqubo yokwahlula-hlulwa kokuqinisekiswa kwe-hypothesis-ukuhlakulela inkcubeko yophando ekhulayo ngokungqongqo, intsebenziswano kunye nokuphendula. Ithiyori yokudibanisa kunye nokuziqhelanisa: Imiqobo yendlela kwiimarike zokuqikelela inzululwazi Ngaphandle kwesithembiso sabo sethiyori, iimarike zentelekelelo yezenzululwazi zijongene nemiqobo ebonakalayo ekuphumezeni. Iinzame zakwangoko ziye zasokola kunye esithintela ezi marike ukuba zifikelele kubunzima obuyimfuneko kwimpembelelo ezinzileyo. kuthatho-nxaxheba olunyiniweyo, ukutshona kwezimali okuphantsi, nesibheno se-niche Elinye lawona maqonga athatha ixesha elide, , uye wabamba iimarike kwizihloko ezifana nokufudumala kwehlabathi kunye ne-atmospheric CO₂ amanqanaba ukususela ngo-1994. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo yayo iye yahlala iphantsi. Njengoko iqwalaselwe, imarike yokufudumala kwehlabathi yabona urhwebo olusixhenxe kuphela ngo-2015, iqaqambisa ubunzima bokubandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba aboneleyo ukuze bavelise uqoqosho olunentsingiselo. Utshintshiselwano ngekamva UThikhi (2017) Ngokufanayo, , iqonga elisekelwe eNew Zealand, lizame ukuqalisa iimarike kwiinkqubela zenzululwazi, ezinjengokufunyanwa kwezinto ezintsha zetheyibhile zeperiodic okanye ukufunyanwa kwakhona kweentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingasekhoyo. Ngelixa ngokwengqiqo yamabhongo, ezi marike aziphumelelanga ukutsala umdla ozinzileyo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwenkxaso yeziko kunye nenkuthazo yokuthatha inxaxheba. Ukungabikho kweendlela ezisesikweni zokudibanisa iimarike zoqikelelo ekwenziweni kwezigqibo zenzululwazi kuthintele ukwamkelwa kwazo. iPredict Ngokuphikisana, , iprojekthi yemarike yokubikezela ekhokelwa yiYunivesithi yaseGeorge Mason kunye nenkxaso-mali ye-IARPA, ibonise amandla oqikelelo lwezenzululwazi ukudlula uqikelelo lweengcali zomntu ngamnye. Ngenkqubo yenkuthazo esekwe kumathokheni, iSciCast ibandakanye abathathi-nxaxheba ngempumelelo kwaye yabonisa amandla obukrelekrele obuhlangeneyo ekubikezeleni iziphumo zenzululwazi. Njengoko kuphawulwe*,* iimarike zokuxela kwangaphambili zinokwenza ubuchule bedemokhrasi, umngeni kubagcini-masango bemveli bokuqinisekiswa kwenzululwazi. SciCast Almenberg, Kittlitz & Pfeiffer (2009) Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwezi ziphumo zithembisayo, i-SciCast iye yahlala ingasebenzi malunga neshumi leminyaka, ibonisa umzabalazo obanzi wokugcina inxaxheba esebenzayo kwiimarike zengqikelelo yezenzululwazi. Isithembiso sokunabisa amagunya Ukunyuka kwamaqonga olawulo kuphefumle ubomi obutsha kwiimarike zengqikelelo yezenzululwazi, ukukhululeka kugcino lwamaziko kunye nemiqobo yelifa. Iiplatifti ezisekelwe kwi-Crypto ezifana -eye yadlula i-30 yezigidi zeedola kwixabiso lilonke elitshixiweyo (i-TVL) kunye ne-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kumthamo wokurhweba okongezelekayo ngo-2024-bonisa i-scalability kunye nesibheno soqikelelo olunabileyo. Ngoqikelelo olunxulumene nesayensi ngoku lufumana i-traction, i-Polymarket iye yaba liziko labathathi-nxaxheba abohlukeneyo, ebonisa ukuba ngenkuthazo efanelekileyo kunye noyilo, iimarike zokuqikelela zinokoyisa imida yazo yangaphambili. Namhlanje, ilawula iimarike ze-web3 zokuxela kwangaphambili, zigqithise kunye nokutsala abasebenzisi be-150K+, iqinisa indima yayo njengegeyiji enokwenzeka yomsitho oqhelekileyo. Polymarket I-600 yezigidi zeedola ngomthamo , iqonga elinyukayo le-Solana-based prediction platform, liyanda kwi-forecast yesayensi, umngeni we-Ethereum elawulwa yiPolymarket. Ekuqaleni igxile kwezopolitiko, ezemidlalo, kunye nezezimali, ngoku iqalisa iimarike zokuxela kwangaphambili ubomi obude, ivumela iibheji kuvavanyo lolwandiso lobomi beempuku ngokusebenzisana . Iimarike zeHedgehog impompo.inzululwazi Nangona kunjalo, indlela eya kuqikelelo lwenzululwazi olunatyisiweyo ayikhange ihambe kakuhle. , enye yeemarike zokuqala ezisekelwe kwi-blockchain-based prediction, ekuqaleni yabonisa isithembiso kodwa yaphazamiseka ngenxa yemibandela efana nokubheja okungahambi kakuhle kunye ne-UX ehluphekileyo, ekhokelela ekukhukulisekeni ukuthembela. La manyathelo angalunganga agxininisa imfuneko yemigaqo-nkqubo yokuziphatha kunye nokumodareyitha okuqinileyo-ingakumbi kwiimarike zenzululwazi apho ukuthembeka kubaluleke kakhulu. Njengoko u-Imre Lakatos enokuthi, impumelelo yala maqonga ixhomekeke kubuchule bawo bokusebenza “njengeenkqubo —iinkqubo ezingqongqo, ezizilungisayo ezilungelelanisa ingqibelelo yemethodi kunye nokuqonda okunentsingiselo. Augur zophando oluqhubela phambili” Imikhomba-ndlela yexesha elizayo yeemarike zengqikelelo yenzululwazi Ukwamkelwa okuxhaphakileyo kweemarike zengqikelelo yezenzululwazi kujongene nemingeni emininzi, kubandakanywa iinkxalabo zolawulo (njengoko ezinye iindawo zolawulo zinokuzihlela njengeqonga lokungcakaza), imiba yemali yokuhlawula amatyala (ukuqinisekisa intatho-nxaxheba eyaneleyo ukuze kuveliswe uqikelelo olunentsingiselo), kunye nesidingo seendlela zokusombulula ezomeleleyo zokuqinisekisa iziphumo zenzululwazi. Ukwandisa impembelelo yabo, ukuphunyezwa kwexesha elizayo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo: Isisombululo se-AI kunye ne-smart oracles: Ukusebenzisa ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nee-oracles ezinabileyo ukuze zizenze ngokuzenzekelayo ukuqinisekiswa kweziphumo zenzululwazi, ukunciphisa ukuzithoba kunye nokwandisa ukuthembela kwizisombululo zemarike. Iimodeli zeHybrid ezidibanisa uphononongo loontanga kunye noqikelelo lwentengiso: Iijenali kunye namaqumrhu abonelela ngenkxaso-mali anokuncedisa iinkqubo zophononongo lwemveli kunye novavanyo olusekwe kwimarike. Abenzi beMarike abaSebenzisayo (ii-AMM) zenzululwazi: Ukusebenzisa iindlela zokwenziwa kweemarike ze-algorithmic, ezifana neMithetho ye-Logarithmic Market Scoring Rules (LMSR), ukuqinisekisa ubukho bemali kunye nokulula kokuthatha inxaxheba (Hanson, 2003). Ukudityaniswa namaqonga enzululwazi avulelekileyo: Ukubethelela iimarike zokuxela kwangaphambili kumaqonga ophando akhoyo avulelekileyo anokukhuthaza intatho-nxaxheba enkulu kunye nokungafihli. Amanyathelo emfundo kunye nokufikelela eluntwini: Ukuqhelanisa abaphandi ngobuxhakaxhaka kunye noncedo lweemarike zoqikelelo kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuze bamkelwe. Imingeni kunye nezisombululo: Icala elimnyama lolwazi oluthengisiweyo Yonke inguqu iza nesiphithiphithi, imingcipheko, kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Ngelixa iimarike zentelekelelo zibonelela ngesantya, ukungafihli, kunye nobukrelekrele obunabileyo, zikwavula ucango lokukhohlisa, iingxaki zokuziphatha, kunye nezigcayiseli ezilawulayo. Ukuba isayensi iguqulwa ibe yindawo yentengiso yokubheja, kwenzeka ntoni xa inkqubo idlalwa? Xa izinto ezikhuthazayo zisuka ekufuneni inyaniso ziye ekwandiseni ingeniso? Xa iimarike zibethelela ucalucalulo kunokuba ziluchithe? Ukuqukumbela Iimarike zentelekelelo ayisosixhobo nje esitsha kuluhlu lwenzululwazi-ziyimvukelo ngokuchasene noomatshini abacothayo, abafipheleyo, kunye noomatshini bokuqinisekisa ngokwesiko. Ngaphezu komatshini wokuqikelela, benza —leyo ichulumancisayo ekusasazweni kwamagunya, ukwenziwa kwezinto elubala, kunye nokudityaniswa kobukrelekrele bexesha lokwenyani. injini ephilayo nephefumlayo Ukuba zithatha iingcambu, iimarike zokuxela kwangaphambili ngokwenzululwazi aziyi kulungisa nje inkqubo ekhoyo; baya kuyibhala kwakhona iDNA yayo. Kwihlabathi apho ulwazi olungelulo lusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kunokufumanisa, kwaye ukuvumelana kubuthathaka kwaye kuyaphikiswa, ezi ntengiso zibonelela ngenye indlela eqinisekileyo: inethiwekhi eguqukayo, ezilungisayo apho inyaniso ingachazwa phezulu kodwa ivela ngokwendalo kwingqiqo ehlangeneyo. Olu ayilulo uphononongo loontanga 2.0-yinto engaphezulu lee: indawo yentengiso evulekileyo, eguqukayo, kunye ne-antiethe-ethe, apho ulwazi luvavanywa rhoqo, lusulungekiswa, kwaye lujongwa kwakhona. Iimbekiselo Almenberg, J., Kittlitz, K., & Pfeiffer, T. (2009). Iimarike zoqikelelo lwenzululwazi. (1), i-105-117. Ijenali yezoQoqosho kunye noMbutho, i-80 Arrow, KJ, Forsythe, R., Gorham, M., Hahn, R., Hanson, R., Ledyard, J., Levmore, S., et al. (2008). Isithembiso seemarike zokubikezela. (5878), 877-878. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157675 Inzululwazi, 320 Budescu, DV, & Chen, E. (2015). Ukuchonga ubuchule bokuphucula uqikelelo lwezihlwele. (2), i-267-280. 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