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Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . A NOVEL PROPOSAL OF CAPTAIN NEMO’S here CHAPTER II: A NOVEL PROPOSAL OF CAPTAIN NEMO’S On the 28th of February, when at noon the came to the surface of the sea, in 9° 4′ N. lat., there was land in sight about eight miles to westward. The first thing I noticed was a range of mountains about two thousand feet high, the shapes of which were most capricious. On taking the bearings, I knew that we were nearing the island of Ceylon, the pearl which hangs from the lobe of the Indian Peninsula. Nautilus Captain Nemo and his second appeared at this moment. The Captain glanced at the map. Then turning to me, said: “The Island of Ceylon, noted for its pearl-fisheries. Would you like to visit one of them, M. Aronnax?” “Certainly, Captain.” “Well, the thing is easy. Though, if we see the fisheries, we shall not see the fishermen. The annual exportation has not yet begun. Never mind, I will give orders to make for the Gulf of Manaar, where we shall arrive in the night.” The Captain said something to his second, who immediately went out. Soon the returned to her native element, and the manometer showed that she was about thirty feet deep. Nautilus “Well, sir,” said Captain Nemo, “you and your companions shall visit the Bank of Manaar, and if by chance some fisherman should be there, we shall see him at work.” “Agreed, Captain!” “By the bye, M. Aronnax you are not afraid of sharks?” “Sharks!” exclaimed I. This question seemed a very hard one. “Well?” continued Captain Nemo. “I admit, Captain, that I am not yet very familiar with that kind of fish.” “We are accustomed to them,” replied Captain Nemo, “and in time you will be too. However, we shall be armed, and on the road we may be able to hunt some of the tribe. It is interesting. So, till to-morrow, sir, and early.” This said in a careless tone, Captain Nemo left the saloon. Now, if you were invited to hunt the bear in the mountains of Switzerland, what would you say? “Very well! to-morrow we will go and hunt the bear.” If you were asked to hunt the lion in the plains of Atlas, or the tiger in the Indian jungles, what would you say? “Ha! ha! it seems we are going to hunt the tiger or the lion!” But when you are invited to hunt the shark in its natural element, you would perhaps reflect before accepting the invitation. As for myself, I passed my hand over my forehead, on which stood large drops of cold perspiration. “Let us reflect,” said I, “and take our time. Hunting otters in submarine forests, as we did in the Island of Crespo, will pass; but going up and down at the bottom of the sea, where one is almost certain to meet sharks, is quite another thing! I know well that in certain countries, particularly in the Andaman Islands, the negroes never hesitate to attack them with a dagger in one hand and a running noose in the other; but I also know that few who affront those creatures ever return alive. However, I am not a negro, and if I were I think a little hesitation in this case would not be ill-timed.” At this moment Conseil and the Canadian entered, quite composed, and even joyous. They knew not what awaited them. “Faith, sir,” said Ned Land, “your Captain Nemo—the devil take him!—has just made us a very pleasant offer.” “Ah!” said I, “you know?” “If agreeable to you, sir,” interrupted Conseil, “the commander of the has invited us to visit the magnificent Ceylon fisheries to-morrow, in your company; he did it kindly, and behaved like a real gentleman.” Nautilus “He said nothing more?” “Nothing more, sir, except that he had already spoken to you of this little walk.” “Sir,” said Conseil, “would you give us some details of the pearl fishery?” “As to the fishing itself,” I asked, “or the incidents, which?” “On the fishing,” replied the Canadian; “before entering upon the ground, it is as well to know something about it.” “Very well; sit down, my friends, and I will teach you.” Ned and Conseil seated themselves on an ottoman, and the first thing the Canadian asked was: “Sir, what is a pearl?” “My worthy Ned,” I answered, “to the poet, a pearl is a tear of the sea; to the Orientals, it is a drop of dew solidified; to the ladies, it is a jewel of an oblong shape, of a brilliancy of mother-of-pearl substance, which they wear on their fingers, their necks, or their ears; for the chemist it is a mixture of phosphate and carbonate of lime, with a little gelatine; and lastly, for naturalists, it is simply a morbid secretion of the organ that produces the mother-of-pearl amongst certain bivalves.” “Branch of molluscs,” said Conseil. “Precisely so, my learned Conseil; and, amongst these testacea the earshell, the tridacnae, the turbots, in a word, all those which secrete mother-of-pearl, that is, the blue, bluish, violet, or white substance which lines the interior of their shells, are capable of producing pearls.” “Mussels too?” asked the Canadian. “Yes, mussels of certain waters in Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Saxony, Bohemia, and France.” “Good! For the future I shall pay attention,” replied the Canadian. “But,” I continued, “the particular mollusc which secretes the pearl is the pearl-oyster, the meleagrina margaritiferct, that precious pintadine. The pearl is nothing but a nacreous formation, deposited in a globular form, either adhering to the oyster shell, or buried in the folds of the creature. On the shell it is fast; in the flesh it is loose; but always has for a kernel a small hard substance, may be a barren egg, may be a grain of sand, around which the pearly matter deposits itself year after year successively, and by thin concentric layers.” “Are many pearls found in the same oyster?” asked Conseil. “Yes, my boy. Some are a perfect casket. One oyster has been mentioned, though I allow myself to doubt it, as having contained no less than a hundred and fifty sharks.” “A hundred and fifty sharks!” exclaimed Ned Land. “Did I say sharks?” said I hurriedly. “I meant to say a hundred and fifty pearls. Sharks would not be sense.” “Certainly not,” said Conseil; “but will you tell us now by what means they extract these pearls?” “They proceed in various ways. When they adhere to the shell, the fishermen often pull them off with pincers; but the most common way is to lay the oysters on mats of the seaweed which covers the banks. Thus they die in the open air; and at the end of ten days they are in a forward state of decomposition. They are then plunged into large reservoirs of sea-water; then they are opened and washed.” “The price of these pearls varies according to their size?” asked Conseil. “Not only according to their size,” I answered, “but also according to their shape, their water (that is, their colour), and their lustre: that is, that bright and diapered sparkle which makes them so charming to the eye. The most beautiful are called virgin pearls, or paragons. They are formed alone in the tissue of the mollusc, are white, often opaque, and sometimes have the transparency of an opal; they are generally round or oval. The round are made into bracelets, the oval into pendants, and, being more precious, are sold singly. Those adhering to the shell of the oyster are more irregular in shape, and are sold by weight. Lastly, in a lower order are classed those small pearls known under the name of seed-pearls; they are sold by measure, and are especially used in embroidery for church ornaments.” “But,” said Conseil, “is this pearl-fishery dangerous?” “No,” I answered, quickly; “particularly if certain precautions are taken.” “What does one risk in such a calling?” said Ned Land, “the swallowing of some mouthfuls of sea-water?” “As you say, Ned. By the bye,” said I, trying to take Captain Nemo’s careless tone, “are you afraid of sharks, brave Ned?” “I!” replied the Canadian; “a harpooner by profession? It is my trade to make light of them.” “But,” said I, “it is not a question of fishing for them with an iron-swivel, hoisting them into the vessel, cutting off their tails with a blow of a chopper, ripping them up, and throwing their heart into the sea!” “Then, it is a question of——” “Precisely.” “In the water?” “In the water.” “Faith, with a good harpoon! You know, sir, these sharks are ill-fashioned beasts. They turn on their bellies to seize you, and in that time——” Ned Land had a way of saying “seize” which made my blood run cold. “Well, and you, Conseil, what do you think of sharks?” “Me!” said Conseil. “I will be frank, sir.” “So much the better,” thought I. “If you, sir, mean to face the sharks, I do not see why your faithful servant should not face them with you.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1994). Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/164/164-h/164-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

A NOVEL PROPOSAL OF CAPTAIN NEMO’S

Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CAPTAIN NEMO’S THUNDERBOLT here CHAPTER XXI: CAPTAIN NEMO’S THUNDERBOLT We looked at the edge of the forest without rising, my hand stopping in the action of putting it to my mouth, Ned Land’s completing its office. “Stones do not fall from the sky,” remarked Conseil, “or they would merit the name aerolites.” A second stone, carefully aimed, that made a savoury pigeon’s leg fall from Conseil’s hand, gave still more weight to his observation. We all three arose, shouldered our guns, and were ready to reply to any attack. “Are they apes?” cried Ned Land. “Very nearly—they are savages.” “To the boat!” I said, hurrying to the sea. It was indeed necessary to beat a retreat, for about twenty natives armed with bows and slings appeared on the skirts of a copse that masked the horizon to the right, hardly a hundred steps from us. Our boat was moored about sixty feet from us. The savages approached us, not running, but making hostile demonstrations. Stones and arrows fell thickly. Ned Land had not wished to leave his provisions; and, in spite of his imminent danger, his pig on one side and kangaroos on the other, he went tolerably fast. In two minutes we were on the shore. To load the boat with provisions and arms, to push it out to sea, and ship the oars, was the work of an instant. We had not gone two cable-lengths, when a hundred savages, howling and gesticulating, entered the water up to their waists. I watched to see if their apparition would attract some men from the on to the platform. But no. The enormous machine, lying off, was absolutely deserted. Nautilus Twenty minutes later we were on board. The panels were open. After making the boat fast, we entered into the interior of the . Nautilus I descended to the drawing-room, from whence I heard some chords. Captain Nemo was there, bending over his organ, and plunged in a musical ecstasy. “Captain!” He did not hear me. “Captain!” I said, touching his hand. He shuddered, and, turning round, said, “Ah! it is you, Professor? Well, have you had a good hunt, have you botanised successfully?” “Yes Captain; but we have unfortunately brought a troop of bipeds, whose vicinity troubles me.” “What bipeds?” “Savages.” “Savages!” he echoed, ironically. “So you are astonished, Professor, at having set foot on a strange land and finding savages? Savages! where are there not any? Besides, are they worse than others, these whom you call savages?” “But Captain——” “How many have you counted?” “A hundred at least.” “M. Aronnax,” replied Captain Nemo, placing his fingers on the organ stops, “when all the natives of Papua are assembled on this shore, the will have nothing to fear from their attacks.” Nautilus The Captain’s fingers were then running over the keys of the instrument, and I remarked that he touched only the black keys, which gave his melodies an essentially Scotch character. Soon he had forgotten my presence, and had plunged into a reverie that I did not disturb. I went up again on to the platform: night had already fallen; for, in this low latitude, the sun sets rapidly and without twilight. I could only see the island indistinctly; but the numerous fires, lighted on the beach, showed that the natives did not think of leaving it. I was alone for several hours, sometimes thinking of the natives—but without any dread of them, for the imperturbable confidence of the Captain was catching—sometimes forgetting them to admire the splendours of the night in the tropics. My remembrances went to France in the train of those zodiacal stars that would shine in some hours’ time. The moon shone in the midst of the constellations of the zenith. The night slipped away without any mischance, the islanders frightened no doubt at the sight of a monster aground in the bay. The panels were open, and would have offered an easy access to the interior of the . Nautilus At six o’clock in the morning of the 8th January I went up on to the platform. The dawn was breaking. The island soon showed itself through the dissipating fogs, first the shore, then the summits. The natives were there, more numerous than on the day before—five or six hundred perhaps—some of them, profiting by the low water, had come on to the coral, at less than two cable-lengths from the . I distinguished them easily; they were true Papuans, with athletic figures, men of good race, large high foreheads, large, but not broad and flat, and white teeth. Their woolly hair, with a reddish tinge, showed off on their black shining bodies like those of the Nubians. From the lobes of their ears, cut and distended, hung chaplets of bones. Most of these savages were naked. Amongst them, I remarked some women, dressed from the hips to knees in quite a crinoline of herbs, that sustained a vegetable waistband. Some chiefs had ornamented their necks with a crescent and collars of glass beads, red and white; nearly all were armed with bows, arrows, and shields and carried on their shoulders a sort of net containing those round stones which they cast from their slings with great skill. One of these chiefs, rather near to the , examined it attentively. He was, perhaps, a “mado” of high rank, for he was draped in a mat of banana-leaves, notched round the edges, and set off with brilliant colours. Nautilus Nautilus I could easily have knocked down this native, who was within a short length; but I thought that it was better to wait for real hostile demonstrations. Between Europeans and savages, it is proper for the Europeans to parry sharply, not to attack. During low water the natives roamed about near the , but were not troublesome; I heard them frequently repeat the word “Assai,” and by their gestures I understood that they invited me to go on land, an invitation that I declined. Nautilus So that, on that day, the boat did not push off, to the great displeasure of Master Land, who could not complete his provisions. This adroit Canadian employed his time in preparing the viands and meat that he had brought off the island. As for the savages, they returned to the shore about eleven o’clock in the morning, as soon as the coral tops began to disappear under the rising tide; but I saw their numbers had increased considerably on the shore. Probably they came from the neighbouring islands, or very likely from Papua. However, I had not seen a single native canoe. Having nothing better to do, I thought of dragging these beautiful limpid waters, under which I saw a profusion of shells, zoophytes, and marine plants. Moreover, it was the last day that the would pass in these parts, if it float in open sea the next day, according to Captain Nemo’s promise. Nautilus I therefore called Conseil, who brought me a little light drag, very like those for the oyster fishery. Now to work! For two hours we fished unceasingly, but without bringing up any rarities. The drag was filled with midas-ears, harps, melames, and particularly the most beautiful hammers I have ever seen. We also brought up some sea-slugs, pearl-oysters, and a dozen little turtles that were reserved for the pantry on board. But just when I expected it least, I put my hand on a wonder, I might say a natural deformity, very rarely met with. Conseil was just dragging, and his net came up filled with divers ordinary shells, when, all at once, he saw me plunge my arm quickly into the net, to draw out a shell, and heard me utter a cry. “What is the matter, sir?” he asked in surprise. “Has master been bitten?” “No, my boy; but I would willingly have given a finger for my discovery.” “What discovery?” “This shell,” I said, holding up the object of my triumph. “It is simply an olive porphyry, genus olive, order of the pectinibranchidæ, class of gasteropods, sub-class mollusca.” “Yes, Conseil; but, instead of being rolled from right to left, this olive turns from left to right.” “Is it possible?” “Yes, my boy; it is a left shell.” Shells are all right-handed, with rare exceptions; and, when by chance their spiral is left, amateurs are ready to pay their weight in gold. Conseil and I were absorbed in the contemplation of our treasure, and I was promising myself to enrich the museum with it, when a stone unfortunately thrown by a native struck against, and broke, the precious object in Conseil’s hand. I uttered a cry of despair! Conseil took up his gun, and aimed at a savage who was poising his sling at ten yards from him. I would have stopped him, but his blow took effect and broke the bracelet of amulets which encircled the arm of the savage. Conseil seized his gun “Conseil!” cried I. “Conseil!” “Well, sir! do you not see that the cannibal has commenced the attack?” “A shell is not worth the life of a man,” said I. “Ah! the scoundrel!” cried Conseil; “I would rather he had broken my shoulder!” Conseil was in earnest, but I was not of his opinion. However, the situation had changed some minutes before, and we had not perceived. A score of canoes surrounded the . These canoes, scooped out of the trunk of a tree, long, narrow, well adapted for speed, were balanced by means of a long bamboo pole, which floated on the water. They were managed by skilful, half-naked paddlers, and I watched their advance with some uneasiness. It was evident that these Papuans had already had dealings with the Europeans and knew their ships. But this long iron cylinder anchored in the bay, without masts or chimneys, what could they think of it? Nothing good, for at first they kept at a respectful distance. However, seeing it motionless, by degrees they took courage, and sought to familiarise themselves with it. Now this familiarity was precisely what it was necessary to avoid. Our arms, which were noiseless, could only produce a moderate effect on the savages, who have little respect for aught but blustering things. The thunderbolt without the reverberations of thunder would frighten man but little, though the danger lies in the lightning, not in the noise. Nautilus At this moment the canoes approached the , and a shower of arrows alighted on her. Nautilus I went down to the saloon, but found no one there. I ventured to knock at the door that opened into the Captain’s room. “Come in,” was the answer. I entered, and found Captain Nemo deep in algebraical calculations of and other quantities. x “I am disturbing you,” said I, for courtesy’s sake. “That is true, M. Aronnax,” replied the Captain; “but I think you have serious reasons for wishing to see me?” “Very grave ones; the natives are surrounding us in their canoes, and in a few minutes we shall certainly be attacked by many hundreds of savages.” “Ah!” said Captain Nemo quietly, “they are come with their canoes?” “Yes, sir.” “Well, sir, we must close the hatches.” “Exactly, and I came to say to you——” “Nothing can be more simple,” said Captain Nemo. And, pressing an electric button, he transmitted an order to the ship’s crew. “It is all done, sir,” said he, after some moments. “The pinnace is ready, and the hatches are closed. You do not fear, I imagine, that these gentlemen could stave in walls on which the balls of your frigate have had no effect?” “No, Captain; but a danger still exists.” “What is that, sir?” “It is that to-morrow, at about this hour, we must open the hatches to renew the air of the . Now, if, at this moment, the Papuans should occupy the platform, I do not see how you could prevent them from entering.” Nautilus “Then, sir, you suppose that they will board us?” “I am certain of it.” “Well, sir, let them come. I see no reason for hindering them. After all, these Papuans are poor creatures, and I am unwilling that my visit to the island should cost the life of a single one of these wretches.” Upon that I was going away; But Captain Nemo detained me, and asked me to sit down by him. He questioned me with interest about our excursions on shore, and our hunting; and seemed not to understand the craving for meat that possessed the Canadian. Then the conversation turned on various subjects, and, without being more communicative, Captain Nemo showed himself more amiable. Amongst other things, we happened to speak of the situation of the , run aground in exactly the same spot in this strait where Dumont d’Urville was nearly lost. Apropos of this: Nautilus “This D’Urville was one of your great sailors,” said the Captain to me, “one of your most intelligent navigators. He is the Captain Cook of you Frenchmen. Unfortunate man of science, after having braved the icebergs of the South Pole, the coral reefs of Oceania, the cannibals of the Pacific, to perish miserably in a railway train! If this energetic man could have reflected during the last moments of his life, what must have been uppermost in his last thoughts, do you suppose?” So speaking, Captain Nemo seemed moved, and his emotion gave me a better opinion of him. Then, chart in hand, we reviewed the travels of the French navigator, his voyages of circumnavigation, his double detention at the South Pole, which led to the discovery of Adelaide and Louis Philippe, and fixing the hydrographical bearings of the principal islands of Oceania. “That which your D’Urville has done on the surface of the seas,” said Captain Nemo, “that have I done under them, and more easily, more completely than he. The Astrolabe and the Zelee, incessantly tossed about by the hurricane, could not be worth the , quiet repository of labour that she is, truly motionless in the midst of the waters. Nautilus “To-morrow,” added the Captain, rising, “to-morrow, at twenty minutes to three p.m., the shall float, and leave the Strait of Torres uninjured.” Nautilus Having curtly pronounced these words, Captain Nemo bowed slightly. This was to dismiss me, and I went back to my room. There I found Conseil, who wished to know the result of my interview with the Captain. “My boy,” said I, “when I feigned to believe that his was threatened by the natives of Papua, the Captain answered me very sarcastically. I have but one thing to say to you: Have confidence in him, and go to sleep in peace.” Nautilus “Have you no need of my services, sir?” “No, my friend. What is Ned Land doing?” “If you will excuse me, sir,” answered Conseil, “friend Ned is busy making a kangaroo-pie which will be a marvel.” I remained alone and went to bed, but slept indifferently. I heard the noise of the savages, who stamped on the platform, uttering deafening cries. The night passed thus, without disturbing the ordinary repose of the crew. The presence of these cannibals affected them no more than the soldiers of a masked battery care for the ants that crawl over its front. At six in the morning I rose. The hatches had not been opened. The inner air was not renewed, but the reservoirs, filled ready for any emergency, were now resorted to, and discharged several cubic feet of oxygen into the exhausted atmosphere of the . Nautilus I worked in my room till noon, without having seen Captain Nemo, even for an instant. On board no preparations for departure were visible. I waited still some time, then went into the large saloon. The clock marked half-past two. In ten minutes it would be high-tide: and, if Captain Nemo had not made a rash promise, the would be immediately detached. If not, many months would pass ere she could leave her bed of coral. Nautilus However, some warning vibrations began to be felt in the vessel. I heard the keel grating against the rough calcareous bottom of the coral reef. At five-and-twenty minutes to three, Captain Nemo appeared in the saloon. “We are going to start,” said he. “Ah!” replied I. “I have given the order to open the hatches.” “And the Papuans?” “The Papuans?” answered Captain Nemo, slightly shrugging his shoulders. “Will they not come inside the ” Nautilus? “How?” “Only by leaping over the hatches you have opened.” “M. Aronnax,” quietly answered Captain Nemo, “they will not enter the hatches of the in that way, even if they were open.” Nautilus I looked at the Captain. “You do not understand?” said he. “Hardly.” “Well, come and you will see.” I directed my steps towards the central staircase. There Ned Land and Conseil were slyly watching some of the ship’s crew, who were opening the hatches, while cries of rage and fearful vociferations resounded outside. The port lids were pulled down outside. Twenty horrible faces appeared. But the first native who placed his hand on the stair-rail, struck from behind by some invisible force, I know not what, fled, uttering the most fearful cries and making the wildest contortions. Ten of his companions followed him. They met with the same fate. Conseil was in ecstasy. Ned Land, carried away by his violent instincts, rushed on to the staircase. But the moment he seized the rail with both hands, he, in his turn, was overthrown. “I am struck by a thunderbolt,” cried he, with an oath. This explained all. It was no rail; but a metallic cable charged with electricity from the deck communicating with the platform. Whoever touched it felt a powerful shock—and this shock would have been mortal if Captain Nemo had discharged into the conductor the whole force of the current. It might truly be said that between his assailants and himself he had stretched a network of electricity which none could pass with impunity. Meanwhile, the exasperated Papuans had beaten a retreat paralysed with terror. As for us, half laughing, we consoled and rubbed the unfortunate Ned Land, who swore like one possessed. But at this moment the , raised by the last waves of the tide, quitted her coral bed exactly at the fortieth minute fixed by the Captain. Her screw swept the waters slowly and majestically. Her speed increased gradually, and, sailing on the surface of the ocean, she quitted safe and sound the dangerous passes of the Straits of Torres. Nautilus About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1994). Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/164/164-h/164-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

CAPTAIN NEMO’S THUNDERBOLT

Image Source: H2020 FET projects in nanotechnologies Nano network is a novel information and communication technology, which is based on the communication of nano-scale devices. does not merely refer to the reduction in transmitter and receiver size, but it’s the communication protocols between these nanodevices that are novel. Nano network Traditional wired and wireless networking paradigms use electromagnetic signals as a transmission medium. Whereas, nanonetworks utilize to send and receive messages between nanomachines. message encoded molecules The Nanosize Conundrum Computer science has always been used to solve real-world problems. The progress in computing machines can be marked with an increase in computational power and a reduction in the size of the machines. Nanotechnology has made the manufacturing of computing machines possible that are even smaller than human hair and can only be seen under a microscope. These devices are called nanodevices or nanomachines. are capable of solving real-world problems more efficiently as compared to their macro size counterparts. Nanomachines When the computing devices are downscaled to nano size, they grow in number and can work more efficiently together as compared to a single big machine. Image Source: Research gate The network of nanodevices is analogous to the swarm of bees. One bee is weak and only perform simple chores. But when these bees encounter an attack, they quickly mobilize to form a swarm and attack the predator jointly. Similarly,  nanomachines are resource-constrained devices in terms of computation and power due to their minute size. The full potential of these devices can be explored by interconnecting them into the form of a network. A nano network will aid in overcoming the constraints of a single nanodevice by allowing it to coordinate, share, and fuse information with other devices in the network. There are several promising applications of nanonetworks that can provide solutions in the biomedical, industrial, environmental, and military fields. Nano network applications Nanonetworks applications are unlimited and are used extensively in almost every field. These are classified into the following broad groups. Biomedical applications of nanonetworks Image Source: Medium The size of nanodevices makes them feasible for several biomedical and health monitoring applications including diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Another advancement in the field of healthcare is the nanomachine being deployed inside the human body which can remotely be controlled from the nanoscale and over the internet by an external user (healthcare provider). In the diagnostics area nano-sensors, nanophotonics and nano cameras are playing a vital role in the early detection of biological and environmental contaminants in the body. Connecting the human body with macro-scale devices and networks for data collection is not feasible as 1) the high-frequency electromagnetic waves can interfere with the normal functioning of the body and 2) large devices connected to the body will hinder the mobility of the patient. Thanks to nanotechnology the size of machines is so small that these can be injected into the bloodstream or even swallowed. Don't worry! these machines are non-invasive and made from biocompatible and biodegradable materials.  Following are some of the potential biomedical applications: Immune system support Medical implants Drug delivery systems Continuous Health monitoring Correcting genetic disorders Nanomedicine Industrial applications of nanonetworks Nanodevices are showing potential in a number of industrial and consumer good applications.  Interconnected nanomachines are used by the video gaming industry for increased thrill and realistic gaming experience. Micro-electromechanical System (MEMS) aims at developing small scale systems e-g Lab-on-a-chip (LOC). A LOC is typically a few micrometers to millimeters in size. It provides the functionality of transporting molecules from one location to another, mixing different types of molecules, and separating specific kinds of molecules from a mixture. Some other industrial and consumer goods applications are listed below Food and water quality control Functionalized materials and fabrics Sports and video gaming Cosmetics Military Applications of nanonetworks Nanotechnology also has several applications in the military field. Dense deployment of nanonetworks in large areas helps in monitoring and actuation of the battlefield while soldier performance can be monitored by deploying nano-networks in the human body. Nanodevices such as imperceptible nano cameras, ultrasonic nano phones, and biological nano-sensors are devices that show potential in battlefield monitoring and actuation. Environmental Applications of Nanodevices Image Source: Agriculture News The bio-inspired nature of nanotechnology makes it feasible to detect and sense contaminated materials found in nature. The problem of handling and dumping garbage is increasing around the world; this problem can be dealt with by a biodegradation process that uses nano-networks. Animals and biodiversity control process can be realized with nanonetworks using pheromones. This results in interaction with certain animals and also to control their presence in particular areas. Nanonetworks can also be used to monitor air, thus controlling air pollution and nano filters can be developed to improve air quality and remove harmful materials from the air. ARCHITECTURE OF NANONETWORKS Nano network is comprised of several nano-scale devices such as nano transmitter, nano receiver, nano router, and other specialized nanodevices to perform exclusive tasks like sensing, actuation, monitoring, and control. The composition of nanonetworks depends upon the prospective application requirements. For example, a biomedical application like nano surgeries might need specialized nanodevices like nanorobots along with essential components of the nano network. Nano transmitters, nano receivers, and nano routers are the essential components of nanonetwork, however, a nanonetwork might not necessarily contain all of the below-mentioned nanodevices. Following is a detailed classification of nanomachines that can be part of nanonetworks according to application requirements. Nano Transmitters Nano transmitters are specialized nanomachines that are capable of sending encoded message molecules into the nano network environment. Information molecules can be sent into the environment by two types of nano transmitters, pre-encoded nano transmitters, and generic nano transmitters. Pre-encoded nano transmitters have encoded molecules stored in their compartment at the time of fabrication. Nanosystems that can be used as pre-encoded nano transmitters are artificially synthesized cells, genetically engineered biological cells, or artificial cells. For example, lipid-based liposomes (i.e., molecule carrying enclosure) and polymer-based nanospheres and nanocapsules can be used as nano transmitters. Generic nano transmitters mimic natural cells such as bacteriophage, viruses, etc. Unlike pre-encoded nano transmitters, the message molecule is synthesized inside the nano transmitter according to the trigger signal. has been done by University of Cambridge researchers. A detailed review of physical design options for nano transmitters Nano Receiver A nano receiver detects the transmitted signal from the environment, further processes it, and produces an output signal in response. Same as nano transmitters, nano receivers take up the molecule from the environment, process it via a predefined biochemical algorithm that decodes the signal. The decoded signal is then used to initiate an appropriate response in the environment e-g, stopping, initiating drug delivery sessions, synthesize or release some molecules, internal reconfiguration, or other biochemical reactions. Nano Sensor A nanosensor is a simple nanodevice that senses the environment to detect the presence of biological components or changes in environmental conditions like light, pH level, temperature. Nanosensors can coordinate the changes in the environment with other nanodevices, which may work as a trigger signal to initiate an appropriate response. Nano Robot Nanorobots are nanodevices that have actuation capabilities in addition to the sensing ability. Nanorobot consists of sensors, actuators, information processing unit, memory unit, and power unit that make nanorobots a powerful device. Nanorobots can manipulate the surrounding environment by performing actuation functionalities like precise delivery of therapeutic molecules to diseased cells. Nano controller Nano controllers are specialized nanodevices that are used to monitor and control other devices in the nano network. Their tasks may include monitoring the drug release process to make sure that a controlled amount of drug is released or to initiate/stop a process in the nano network. Nano Router Nano routers are more sophisticated nanodevices in terms of power, storage, and computation capacity. They are in charge of aggregating and processing information coming from various nanodevices in the network. Nanotechnology will let us build computers that are incredibly powerful. We'll have more power in the volume of a sugar cube than exists in the entire world today - Ralph Merkle

Beyond The Nanosize Conundrum: A Deep Dive into Nano Networks and its Many Applications

In the of this series, we highlighted the history, industries and major use cases involved in the NexOS evolution. This article will explore the crucial factors and fundamental intricacies of the technical foundation and frameworks bringing this innovation to fruition. first article Instead of relying on generic technology ill-suited for blockchain’s specific characteristics, Nexus manages to interoperate with the current internet infrastructure while offering the seed of an alternative future. The Nexus Operating System (NexOS) and Protocol (NP) each rely on several key components thoughtfully interwoven to work in harmony. The Lower Level Library (LLL) represents a major part of the puzzle. Referred to as a ‘template library’ written in C++, it consists of database, cryptographic, and protocol templates for use throughout the (graphic below). These base templates are inherited in higher level programming languages, allowing accessibility through a HTTP JSON based API (layer five). software stack Another way of thinking about it follows: instead of an environment enabling any possible computation such as blockchains, templates deep within the software enable the most important aspects of cryptographically-secured value transfer, and the higher layers build upon those templates. The register-based virtual machine of Nexus (accounts, tokens, NFTs, and names all come from registers) is built from the templates provided by Lower Level Database (LLD). Turing complete Split into three sections, the LLL provides base classes focusing on cryptographic, protocol and database functions. These are referred to as LLC, LLP and LLD (Lower Level….Crypto, Protocol, and Database). Each branch provides a foundation for different aspects of the protocol; they are not separate and often interrelate. For instance, all cryptographic functions originate from the LLC, but always are in demand for various databases and protocols which live in the LLD and LLP respectively. This core functionality must be linked with the under-development NexOS, but other advantages such as the consensus mechanisms provide a decentralized and trustless  computation on  the registers. An OS enables Nexus to integrate this distributed, virtualized, and authenticated basis of truth closer to a machine's hardware resources, significantly enhancing integrity, confidentiality, and overall security in general. Simultaneously this design is aimed at fulfilling various IoT requirements including device interoperability, abstracted frameworks available as an API, authenticated user activity and energy efficiency. Operating System Design - Microkernel Vs Monolithic Kernel Kernels are the closest software to your computer’s hardware, often referred to as Ring 0. They allocate and regulate applications with the necessary physical resources while maintaining strong isolation characteristics between processes.Most applications run in a unprivileged “user mode” rather than the privileged “kernel mode” which gives access directly to the hardware(5). Kernel design and management represents a key feature distinguishing operating systems. Monolithic Kernel Many types of kernels exist, but most consumer OSs tend toward what's called monolithic kernels. Monolithics use the kernel for all system operations such as memory handling, file operations, drivers and thread scheduling. This monolithic structure keeps operations quick by not requiring IPC (Inter-Process Communication), however has limitations such as poor fault tolerance (if a driver crashes, your kernel and thus computer will crash too). The historic Windows Blue Screen of Death in early Windows computers highlights the sensitivity of monolithic kernels, as one minor mistake can cause full system failure. Microkernel Microkernels embody a modular design focusing on fault tolerance and footprint minimization. Since a primary goal of kernels is to shield the hardware space, microkernels avoid running unnecessary code in the privileged space when it could be offloaded to the user mode (unprivileged). The increased fault tolerance and modularity can come at the cost of latency, especially in interactions with non-kernel components, but the security and code simplicity helps make up for the loss. ( ) 1 The Foundation: seL4 Nexus has finally settled upon the seL4 (secure L4) microkernel as a foundation for NexOS. The seL4 microkernel branches from the L4 family of microkernels. This family has enjoyed significant commercial success (including billions in mobile phone sales) and adoption in critical systems around the world ( ). 2 Released in 2009 by the , seL4 focuses on critical systems such as military applications such as drones and satellites. Its core innovation comes from the guarantees in isolation properties between applications and unique approaches to kernel resource management. Specifically, seL4 led the world of operating systems by becoming the first formally verified general purpose microkernel (proofs are limited to only a few instruction sets such as ARM). Trustworthy Systems group Formal verification involves transforming a code’s specification into mathematical abstractions, then constructing proofs to “prove” that the implementation follows the specification ( ). Some describe formal verification as proving that bugs can’t occur, but this is imprecise, especially in complex systems where unknown inputs exist. 3 For consumer applications which may be designed for other operating systems, seL4 runs a hypervisor which allows the virtualization of another OS (windows linux, etc.), however a consumer level use implementation of the NexOS won't occur until IoT use cases exhibit success. Overall, SeL4 provides Nexus developers an extremely stable, proven and innovative microkernel to serve as the cornerstone for NexOS. NexOS This type of design can only be pursued because of the opportunities the distributed ledger provides. Listed below, three main innovations illustrate this novel security infrastructure. The first two relate to traditional components of operating systems, however the third, software defined routers, entails a much larger conversation about physical networks, which we will uncover in the final article. Runtime memory and binary verification (e.g. buffer overflow, etc.)File integrity via (e.g. malware, event log manipulation, etc.)Software-defined routers (e.g. spoofing, , surveillance, etc.) merkle trees route poisoning Runtime memory provides the temporary storage necessary for processing binary instructions. Operating systems create memory to process code and reclaims that memory once the process is finished. Binary verification refers to the ability to check that the binaries (0s and 1s comprising code) match a referential source. With NexOS, all executable code must be authenticated either by the source developer or by the user running the application. To explain, let's look at installing a module on the existing Nexus desktop wallet. The hash of the binary you're installing has to match the hash listed on the github repo. The green check mark signifies that the hashes match: To make sure it's understood, the image above just shows the pattern the team will extend to the operating system, not an image of its use. In NexOS, instead of matching with github repo as shown above, the hash will have to match with the one stored in the developers Signature Chain.  Every single runtime instruction will be authenticated with additional checksums. The team decided to approach File System integrity by utilizing merkle trees. Instead of hashing the entire file and storing that for authentication, merkle trees allow hashing of subsets of files, so changes to one part won't require rehashing of the entire file. Creating a new file requires a user's confirmation, generating a new merkle root that can be stored in a special object register, on the blockchain, that points to the data itself. NexOS significantly improves the root of trust with a distributed ledger, mitigating the inherent risk of Certificate Authorities (CA), 3rd- and similar . This and the other authentication features remove the ability for many common attack vectors like trojans, injections and similar techniques. NexOS will not be impenetrable, social engineering and similar threats will continue to be a challenge. Although, the design aims to significantly diminish the developmental mistakes, backdoors and related issues that lead to most incidents involving security and privacy compromises. party back doors vulnerabilities We hope you enjoyed the article! The third and final installment of this series will be published next week. Roadmap What is Nexus? What are the features of Tritium? Technical Guides Whitepapers Nexus Github

NexOS, Internet of Things (IoT), And Beyond: Part II

Understanding the inspiration and history behind Nexus helps convey the current vision. This is the first of three articles covering pertinent aspects of Nexus’ history in which the context is set for the burgeoning NexOS (Nexus Operating System), and its innovative security principles are introduced. Excessive ambition stands as a valid criticism of Nexus’s technical designs and goals. Nevertheless, that energy provides the necessary impetus to pursue an alternative future. Refusing to follow the trendy designs of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), Nexus paved its own path, every passing day affirming these decisions instead of rebuking them. Specifically, the attention to multiple consensus channels, layer one , and simple creates a unified foundation to expand upon. These fundamental infrastructural elements are often left to the second layer in other highly valued projects, potentially including . scalability decentralized identity (DID) Application Programming Interface (API) inheritable risks and vulnerabilities For those new to Nexus, one of the aspiring goals revolves around enabling an infrastructure of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and ground station mesh network, secured by the Nexus , powering an alternative internet. Three-Dimensional Chain (3DC) Source: https://www.endurosat.com/about/?v=7516fd43adaa Colin’s father, Jim Cantrell, was a co-founder of SpaceX and Vector, a small-load rocket launch company. Nexus and Vector collaborated on a proprietary virtualization software, Galactic Sky, which aimed to provide compute management capabilities to LEO satellites. Unfortunatley, Vector deteriorated in dramatic fashion, Lockheed Martin acquired Galactic Sky in the , and the tokenized satellite vision was set on the backburner. bankruptcy aftermath Though this was a major temporary setback, which was justifiably upsetting to many members of the Nexus community, in retrospect it may have been a blessing in disguise. Determined to not let disappointment deter him, Colin renewed his focus on the foundational elements of the 3DC, which allowed him to bring his vision of a Nexus operating system to life. Fortunately, the team also continued to investigate and explore alternative approaches to the tokenized satellite and mesh network design. Several key breakthroughs are reviving these plans, including Jim Cantrell's successful launch of , a space transportation company aiming to "make space commerce commonplace." In addition, the design of a Global Positioning System (GPS) based stateless routing system enabled through the , ledger and variable-frequency phased-array antennas is underway. The new and improved satellite design will create practical value through embedded devices such as IoT and CubeSats. Phantom Lower Level Library (LLL) Early successes in development of GPS-based stateless routing system, coupled with advancements in communications technology, provides a new hope for the Nexus team and community. However, for Colin this is an opportunity to finally bring the secure operating system to fruition. A Bastion for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Beyond NexOS will allow computers to interact with the Nexus Protocol (NP) in a deeper manner than previously possible. The Lower Level Library (LLL) provides the basis for the entire NP, explaining how it arrived at the initial temporary name of LLL-OS. . Inheritance of the distributed database, ledger and protocols from Nexus constitute a form of distributed virtualization. Besides security properties, other desirable features emerge such as offline identity verification and roaming device synchronization. Nexus integrates verification into the NexOS by interweaving consensus throughout the user and kernel spaces. It leverages Signature Chains (SigChains) and the ledger to authenticate the file system, runtime memory and any change to the state of the kernel Source: http://www.beechamresearch.com/article.aspx?id=41 Reading in detail about SigChains helps conceptualize the NexOS. But In short, SigChains serve as a built-in identity and access scheme. A SigChain represents an individual node, controls accounts, tokens, assets (Non-Fungible Tokens or NFTs), and access to several cryptographic tools enforcing the “authenticated” environment. In general, enforcing distributed ledger compliance throughout the NexOS aids in discerning malicious code which “allows the kernel to know itself” - Colin Cantrell (9). IoT devices using NexOS leverage SigChains for device-level Identification and managing network connections. (LISP) enables Nexus devices to engage with multiple virtual networks simultaneously, (IP/NP) while maintaining session, by separating identity from location. LISP represents a networking innovation that the Nexus team believes will play a crucial role in the internet's evolution. Location Identifier Separation Protocol Many IoT devices are being rushed to market with little consideration for security implications. Hasty designs and corners cut play a big part, but so far few standards have proven effective in this field. Even just the thought of being spied on by a makes our temperature rise! Nest thermostat Source: http://www.thelowdownblog.com/2014/07/hacking-googles-nest-thermostat-and.html Using deterministic hardware identifications for device-level authentications (e.g. ) with a cryptographic identity based on SigChains, is an innovative security control mechanism for the IoT industry. The Nexus community aims to provide robust open standards to promote a stable transition into the IoT-dominated world. At first the NexOS will only target IoT use cases, but a consumer version for desktops, tablets and mobile will eventually follow. International Mobile Equipment Identity - IMEI By binding devices to Nexus, a whole new class of potential applications emerges. Environmental, industrial, and consumer IoT use cases increasingly define life experience in the twenty-first century, and the NexOS positions the Nexus community for success in this rapidly changing world. Additionally, many potential (below) supported by the Nexus blockchain are relevant to IoT and could be enhanced by incorporating NexOS as a core component. use cases Thanks for reading! The second part of this series offers details on the design rationale for the NexOS, while the third focuses on the relationships with the GPS based stateless routing system, tokenized satellites and mesh networks. Roadmap What is Nexus? What are the features of Tritium? Technical Guides Whitepapers Nexus Github Previously published at https://www.publish0x.com/nexus-blockchain-technical-articles/nexos-the-nexus-operating-system-a-bastion-for-internet-of-t-xdrowrl

NexOS, Internet of Things (IoT), And Beyond: Part I

An alternate ecosystem for blockchain startups Image from Morpheus Wallet: https://morpheuswallet.com has been the King Kong of blockchain development projects thus far, mainly because of its token protocol, which made it ridiculously easy to launch your own cryptocurrency token. As a result of all of this activity, the Ethereum ecosystem has flourished, and Ethereum has established itself as the #2 cryptocurrency in the world. Ethereum ERC-20 The smart contract concept that Ethereum has pioneered is here to stay, but now there are many other blockchain systems aiming to challenge its dominance. Those competitors include , , , and . Cardano Stellar EOS NEO We’re going to focus our attention on NEO’s NEP-5 token protocol, which offers an attractive alternative to ERC-20. NEP-5 Tokens Defined NEP stands for “NEO Enhancement Protocol” and NEP-5 is simply an enhancement added to NEO last year that allows NEO to support cryptocurrency tokens in much the same way that Ethereum does. In fact, it is clear in the NEO Github notes for NEP-5 that ERC-20 and ERC-223 standards were the primary models when the NEP-5 protocol was designed. Thus, when people refer to NEP-5 tokens, they simply mean that they are tokens that are running on the NEO platform, per the NEP-5 protocol in NEO. A NEP-5 token must be stored/managed via a NEO-compatible wallet, because it is part of the NEO ecosystem. This is exactly how things are with ERC-20 Ethereum tokens, as well. NEO vs. Ethereum So, if NEP-5 tokens are very similar to ERC-20 tokens in purpose and function, why chose them over their Ethereum counterparts, which are much more established in the marketplace? The biggest reasons are: : NEO currently supports 1,000 transactions per second (compared to Ethereum’s 15 per second). In addition, there are currently no transaction fees for NEO, while all Ethereum transactions do carry a fee, which can be significant. Transaction costs and speed : if you are a developer creating your own blockchain-based application, NEO supports many common programming languages, while Ethereum uses its own proprietary language (Solidity). Development Flexibility : The cryptographic models for most blockchain platforms will not be secure once quantum computers become a reality. That means that quantum computers could decrypt the private keys of crypto accounts. NEO, however, is already quantum computer resistant. Ethereum is not. Quantum Computer Proof : When blockchain platforms make major changes to improve their systems, those changes need to be agreed upon by its “stakeholders” via a consensus model. Ethereum’s consensus model has led to one major fork (Ethereum Classic) already. NEO’s Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerant (dBFT) model prevents forks/splits and should lead to a more stable overall upgrade path for the future. Better Consensus Model Why Choose NEO for a Token Sale My own project, , just completed a token sale on NEO (using a NEP-5 token), but we initially started off as an Ethereum project. We were very far down the path of being an ERC-20 token- having already developed our token sale smart contract on Ethereum- before we made the difficult decision to switch over to NEO. Narrative And we did so for all of the reasons listed above- faster, much cheaper transactions, more flexible development environment, and more future-ready. The decision was still difficult, however, because the tools and ecosystem surrounding Ethereum are much deeper and more proven. And, to be sure, launching a token sale on NEO is not nearly as easy from a development standpoint, primarily because there are relatively few examples. When we did our token sale smart contract, we were able to use some templates developed by the (a NEO development group), but there was little in the way of experienced projects/developers that could assist us. In fact, we were the first NEO project to conduct a token sale using “verified mode”, which ensures that user contributions only go through if all requirements have been met. This protects the token sale contributors and saves the project from having to issue too many refunds. City of Zion The other thing we discovered while conducting our token sale is that the NEO community is very tight-knit and eager to help. We received assistance from many NEO developers as we ran into problems creating our token sale smart contract, but we also gave back to the community when we identified/solved problems. Because the number of NEO projects is still very small, especially compared to Ethereum, you can have a very large impact on the NEO ecosystem. The Cons So far, we’ve talked about the many advantages of NEO, but let’s also talk about some of the downsides, compared to Ethereum, if you are looking to launch a new project. The biggest downside is that the development community is MUCH smaller. The resources at your disposal are minuscule, compared to Ethereum, because there simply have not been that many projects running on NEO so far (though that is getting better each month). The other big downside for a NEO project is that the number of cryptocurrency exchanges that support NEP-5 tokens is very small. If you have a project on Ethereum, there are plenty of exchanges where you can list your token. You can pretty much be guaranteed that your token will have a liquid marketplace from Day One. Because there are only a handful of crypto exchanges that support NEP-5, you will likely have to pay more to get your token listed. The good news though is that that number of NEP-5 friendly exchanges is increasing… and some very good decentralized NEO exchange options are appearing- (already live) and (coming later this year). Established (centralized) exchanges that support NEP-5 tokens include: , , and . Switcheo NEX Kucoin Gate.io Binance Finally, to actually launch your token on NEO, you have to pay significant fees to NEO. It costs 490 GAS to launch a smart contract on NEO. For us, that was nearly $50,000 at the time of our token sale. With the recent pullback of crypto prices, it’s much cheaper at the moment, but still a significant expense that you just don’t have with Ethereum. (As an aside, I actually see this smart contact deployment fee as a positive for NEO projects. It deters frivolous projects… which is a huge problem on Ethereum. Most of the NEO projects that have launched have been very high quality IMO.) How To Store NEP-5 Tokens There are a number of quality wallets for storing NEO and NEP-5 tokens, including , , (mobile-only), and . All of these support NEP-5 tokens and are very easy to use. NeonWallet Neotracker O3 MorpheusWallet I always recommend using hardware appliances to secure your crypto accounts, and supports NEO and NEP-5 tokens. You can use your Ledger in conjunction with Neon and MorpheusWallet. Ledger Nano To transfer NEP-5 tokens, you technically need 1 drop of GAS (GAS is the transactional token for NEO) in your account, but that fee is actually refunded back to you when your transaction completes. One drop of gas is equal to 0.00000001 GAS, so we are talking about a VERY small amount. Also, if you have any NEO on you account, you will automatically earn GAS. Why Consumers May Prefer NEO-Based Tokens One reason consumers may take interest in NEO-based projects is that if you own NEO you automatically earn NEOGas (GAS), the transactional token of NEO. By simply holding NEO in your wallet, you can claim GAS tokens, which accrue based on the overall balance of NEO in your account. Currently, transactions on NEO are free, but that may change in the future. If it does, the fact that you can earn GAS automatically to cover transaction fees is a nice perk. And, as stated earlier, this can help you cover your “1 drop of GAS” requirement when sending NEP-5 tokens, as well. The bottom line for consumers is that using NEP-5 tokens in transactions carries no cost; whereas, in Ethereum, ERC-20 tokens always require a fee, paid in Ethereum. Transactions overall are much faster than with Ethereum, where network bottlenecks are quite common and can result in long processing delays. Just as with Ethereum, you can track transactions using a NEO blockchain browser like or . Neotracker Neoscan A sample transaction from Neoscan- 2 NEO being sent from one account to another. The average block time (when a group of transactions are “settled” on the blockchain) for NEO is a little more than 20 seconds currently, which means that there is very little waiting around to confirm that a particular transaction went through. The China Question Some people refer to NEO as the “Ethereum of China”. While it’s true that NEO was created by Chinese developers, it’s not a project that is limited to China by any means. And thus, even though China has had an up-and-down relationship with cryptocurrencies in general, there is no reason to think this has any impact on NEO as a platform. NEO is truly worldwide in scope now, a top-10 blockchain project based on cryptocurrency market cap. The NEP-5 Landscape The NEP-5 protocol was introduced in 2017, but the uptake by quality projects has been impressive. Some of the earliest NEP-5 projects were and , both of which had token sales late in 2017 and early in 2018 and have already achieved market valuations over $100 million, even though they are very early in their development plans. Red Pulse Deepbrain Chain We have seen an increasing number of new NEP-5 projects come to market in the first quarter of 2018, including , , , , , , , , and our own project, . TheKey Moonlight Thor Trinity Switcheo Qlink NEX Concerge.io Narrative And of course, the well publicized project is also a NEP-5 token. Ontology Summary While I expect the vast majority of new blockchain projects to continue to be launched on Ethereum due its overall market dominance and the established resources available, NEO actually has many advantages that new projects should consider and fully evaluate before making a decision. It’s getting easier to launch projects and conduct token sales on NEO, thanks to the pioneering efforts of the City of Zion and the NEP-5 projects listed above. NEP-5 tokens can be stored in a NEO wallet, just like ERC-20 tokens are stored in Ethereum wallets, yet they are in many ways easier to transact with due to the speed and low transaction costs. And you can store NEP-5 tokens securely, as well, through the Ledger hardware appliance. The fact that NEO developers must pay a significant fee to deploy a smart contract should also give consumers more confidence that the project is not being released “on the fly”. If you have a new blockchain project, I’d highly recommend considering the many advantages of NEO. At Narrative, we’re building the content economy, flipping the script on traditional social media by giving users true autonomy and transparency and returning 85% of all revenue to active participants in the network. Check us out at: Website: https://www.narrative.network White Paper: https://assets.narrative.network/documents/narrative-network.pdf Community: https://community.narrative.network Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/narrative_hq Telegram: https://t.me/narrativenetwork

NEP-5: NEO’s Answer to Ethereum ERC-20 Tokens

The was the first quadcopter I fell in love with. However, in spite of the common belief, I dare to think it isn’t really for indoors or suitable for a beginner due to it’s speed, agility and crazy yaw rate. One should rather take that bad boy outside, so the obvious next step would be adding FPV equipment to it. H8 Mini I’ve seen many videos on YouTube of people simply on the H8 and flying around right after; so I got myself a camera and tried to do the same. For some reason, this has never worked for me well. I had to apply too much throttle even to take off and the quad didn’t seem to be struggling with the extra weight though, controlling it wasn’t easy. I even removed the prop guards and the camera case, the trouble with the control remained. At this point I have to mention that I use my Devo 7E transmitter to control the H8 Mini, to which I have added a and flashed with . sticking an AIO camera FX797T 3-in-1 RF module DeviationTX And so it turned out that I needed to upgrade the motors, but the stock frame wasn’t sufficient to do so. Fortunately I bumped into the extension kit by . H8CF101 Out of the Box Innovations The frame kit is made specifically for the H8 Mini, but I’m pretty sure it could fit boards for many other toy drones as well. It supports 8520 motor size (for which I recommend the by , because those motors deliver massive power) and up to 65mm props, the frame feels like cleverly designed. It is very easy to assemble and the result is aesthetically really pleasing. I especially like the motor protection caps, which are made of some kind of rubber material. You need to use something like double-sided tape to mount the PCB on the frame. The manual for the H8CF101 advises to use double-sided tape also to mount the camera on the frame, but I’ve found that a little piece of rubber band can do better, because it lets you adjust the camera position more easily. There is enough space underneath the center rod to wrap a band around the camera. Sidewinder 8520 Spintech Motors H8CF101 assembled, camera mounted using rubber band The camera originally came with a Y-cable, which allowed to connect the camera and the quad to the same power source. While it seemed like a good idea, it soon turned out the excess wiring may easily cause problems in flight, because it could get hit by the propellers. The power is connected to the camera with really tiny solder joints, so I wanted to find a way to get rid of the extra wires without having to cut or replace them. This is because I’m not comfortable with very tiny soldering jobs. Luckily I discovered two solder pads on the H8 Mini board labelled B+ and B- and the power input pads are also labelled B+ and B-. H8 blue board with extra battery out pads (B+ and B-) I tested these pads and they were what I thought they were: output for the battery voltage. So I soldered two pieces of wire on them with the same type of connector the camera power cable had. Then I just wrapped the rest of the camera wires around the camera and this way I could remove about 6cm of needless wire. This is how the camera power connection looks like: Camera connector and wiring One of the problems I could not solve as of yet, is the USB programming connection. It is widely known that the H8 Mini (both the green and blue boards) can be flashed with custom firmware (please take a look at for more info). Flashing is pretty useful, because it gives you things like acro mode, among others, like PID tuning and telemetry. A permanent connector is necessary, since every time you need to change some software settings, you need to reflash the firmware. So the connector I used for flashing prevented me from assembling the frame properly, mainly because I put it on the side where the camera mount piece of the frame supposed to be. Silverware Wiki Servo connector soldered for USB programming I’m yet to figure out what type of connector I should use instead of the servo connector, because it’s obviously too big to fit. I need something smaller, but then I will also need some sort of adapter as the USB programmer has pin headers and I will still be needing a servo connector on the USB side. The other problem is with vibrations in leveling mode. Once the quad takes off and gets airborne it begins to shake. Seems like a PID mistuning problem to me. However this does not occur when I switch to acro mode. This is also something I’m yet to inspect. It partially ties to the other problem, because changing settings means reflashing, to reflash I need a connector, but with the current type of connector I cannot assemble the frame. I will update this article once I’ve figured this out. I’m not affiliated with or sponsored by the maker of any of the products mentioned in this article. I’m just a happy user, so I wrote this independently.

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