Bleapis in the Product Management Tools Industry

Bleap

Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.—No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Bleaching Silk and Wool. here Bleaching Silk and Wool. The methods now in use for bleaching silk, wool, and all animal fibers, such as sulphurous acid, alkalies, soap, etc., are so imperfect that Tessié du Motay has patented the following process, involving the use of binoxide of barium, with or without the addition of permanganates. The binoxide of barium is pulverized and subjected to the action of carbonic acid to remove any unconverted caustic baryta present. It is then thrown into boiling water, and after the bath has partially cooled the materials to be bleached are introduced and the bath kept at a temperature of 86° Fah. to 194° Fah. for two hours; silk from wild silkworms requiring a higher temperature than wool, goat's hair, and the like. It is then taken out and washed, put into an acid bath, then washed again. If necessary, the barium bath is repeated, as also the subsequent washings. If this second bath of binoxide of barium does not produce the requisite whiteness, it is introduced into a solution of permanganic acid or permanganate of magnesia before the last washing. Binoxide of Barium, BaO2, is made by subjecting the oxide or caustic baryta, BaO, to a stream of oxygen or common air at a high temperature. Its bleaching action is probably due to the formation of peroxide of hydrogen in solution in the bath. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2012). Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII. —No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38481/pg38481-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Bleaching Silk and Wool

Economists Agree, Politicians Don't — So Guess Who Loses

অর্থনীতিবিদরা একমত, রাজনীতিবিদরা না - তাই আপনি হারান

Ökonomen sind sich einig, Politiker nicht – also verlieren Sie

Los economistas están de acuerdo, los políticos no, así que usted pierde

Les économistes sont d’accord, les politiciens non – donc vous perdez

अर्थशास्त्री सहमत हैं, राजनेता नहीं - इसलिए आप हारे

経済学者は同意するが、政治家は同意しない — だから負ける

경제학자들은 동의하지만 정치인들은 그렇지 않습니다. 그래서 당신은 패합니다.

Os economistas concordam, os políticos não - então você perde

Экономисты согласны, политики — нет, поэтому вы проигрываете

Ekonomistler Kabul Ediyor, Politikacılar Katılmıyor - Yani Kaybediyorsunuz

Các nhà kinh tế đồng ý, các chính trị gia thì không - Vậy là bạn thua

经济学家同意，政客不同意——所以你输了

Supernormal Stimuli: Are We Amusing Ourselves to Death?

অতিপ্রাকৃতিক উদ্দীপনা: আমরা কি মৃত্যুর জন্য মজা করছি?

Übernatürliche Reize: Amüsieren wir uns zu Tode?

Estímulos sobrenaturales: ¿nos estamos divirtiendo hasta la muerte?

Stimuli supranormaux : sommes-nous en train de nous amuser à mourir ?

अलौकिक उत्तेजनाएँ: क्या हम अपने आप को मौत तक मनोरंजन कर रहे हैं?

超常刺激：私たちは死ぬほど楽しんでいるのか？

초자연적 자극: 우리는 죽을 때까지 즐겁게 지내고 있나요?

Estímulos supranormais: estamos nos divertindo até a morte?

Сверхъестественные стимулы: развлекаемся ли мы до смерти?

Olağanüstü Uyarıcılar: Kendimizi Ölesiye Eğlendiriyor muyuz?

Kích thích siêu thường: Chúng ta có đang vui vẻ đến chết không?

超常刺激：我们是不是正在自娱自乐？

In case you didn’t know this, cryptocurrencies and most of their related technology weren’t created only to be digital payment platform. Nor to be any sort of investment or get-rich-quick scheme. The people behind them, the cypherpunks and crypto-anarchists, thought of them as a freedom tool for a looming digital future. On the other hand, the Anarcho-capitalism supporters could say this is the final piece to finish their puzzle. yet another (also known as “Ancap”) It is quite similar to , just that the latter is more focused on using privacy-enhancing technologies to protect personal data from governments and corporations. Anarcho-capitalism is a political and economic philosophy that advocates for the abolition of the state and the establishment of a purely voluntary society based on private property, free markets, and individual liberty. crypto-anarchism Key features of anarcho-capitalism include the privatization of all functions typically associated with government, including the provision of security, legal services, and infrastructure. Instead of relying on a monopolistic state to provide these services, anarcho-capitalists argue that competing private firms and voluntary associations would emerge to fulfill these roles more efficiently and effectively through market competition. Additionally, anarcho-capitalism emphasizes the importance of private property rights as foundational to a free society, asserting that individuals have the right to own and exchange property without interference or regulation from the state. If this is starting to sound like something cryptocurrencies do, well, yes. That’s why anarcho-capitalists could use cryptos and other decentralized technologies for their purposes. Crypto + Anarcho-capitalism In a modern society, the implementation of anarcho-capitalist principles would entail a radical transformation of existing political and economic structures. However, Distributed Ledger Technology ( ), cryptocurrencies, and other decentralized systems could facilitate the emergence of voluntary, decentralized forms of governance and dispute resolution. DLT These cryptographic tools hold the potential to facilitate a functional anarcho-capitalist society by providing decentralized mechanisms for governance, transactional transparency, and secure exchange of value. DLT ensures that transactions are recorded securely and transparently across a network of nodes, eliminating the need for a central entity to verify and authorize transactions. Imagine a community where individuals voluntarily engage in transactions and contracts without relying on a central authority —because they don’t need it. Cryptocurrencies, as a key part of such an ecosystem, would serve as mediums of exchange within this society. Unlike traditional fiat currencies, cryptocurrencies (when done right) are not controlled by any single entity or government, making them immune to manipulation and censorship. Individuals can freely store and exchange value with one another without intermediaries, fostering a truly free market environment. The only middleman is a computer code. Some concerns That’s the theory. Everything has its downsides, after all. In a world where only money would matter, preventing abuse against the weakest links on the chain would require some kind of authority and rules. It wouldn’t be a government, per se, but it would still be a company —a centralized party. Insurance firms or private defense agencies would be chosen by property owners to defend their rights. These entities would function competitively, assuming the roles of traditional state institutions like courts and law enforcement. Nevertheless, not everybody would likely be able to pay them to defend their rights. It’s also probable that a small number of these hypothetical insurance firms would grow much more than others, creating another kind of power concentration. They wouldn’t hold any right to censor, seize, or block properties because everything would be auto-custodial. Without government intervention, monopolies and authoritarian city-states , limiting competition, freedom, and innovation. Moreover, the nature of anarcho-capitalism could lead to difficulties in coordinating collective action and addressing societal challenges, such as environmental protection and social welfare. could form So, while anarcho-capitalism presents an enticing vision of a society based on voluntary interactions and individual freedom, it also raises significant concerns regarding power dynamics, justice, and the ability to address societal needs effectively. The application of DLT and cryptocurrencies can offer some benefits and solutions, but they may not fully mitigate these fundamental challenges. The Tale of Bitcoin Citadels A quite radical example of how anarcho-capitalism could end badly is in the tale of Bitcoin Citadels, in 2013 by the Redditor Luka Magnotta. published He pretends to be a time traveler from the future, trying to warn about the consequences of fully adopting Bitcoin to completely transform society into what seems to be an anarcho-capitalist system. In this future, Bitcoin's value has soared exponentially, leading to a society where wealth is concentrated among a privileged few, especially among big companies and authoritarian monarchies. The wealthiest individuals reside in Bitcoin Citadels —isolated gated cities protected by sophisticated security measures and automation, born out of the fortifications used to safeguard Bitcoin mining facilities. Governments have become obsolete as Bitcoin transactions evade taxation, and the global economy stagnates due to minimal incentive for investment. Terrorist movements emerge, targeting those with significant Bitcoin holdings, leading to societal breakdown and widespread suffering. Desperate measures, including global destruction by nuclear bombs, are considered. Of course, this is quite bleak, drastic, and unlikely. Back when this Redditor wrote the story, new solutions like smart contracts barely were in their infancy. Smart contract tools could ensure fair and transparent governance by automating contractual agreements without the need for intermediaries, reducing the potential for corruption and inequality. Additionally, decentralized governance models could empower communities to collectively address societal challenges, fostering collaboration and accountability without reliance on centralized authorities. Just as in the by Balaji Srinivasan. network states model No More Mining Maybe Luka Magnotta wasn’t exactly the best at telling the future, but the harsh criticism against Bitcoin mining could be justified. The more energy produced and taken (for mining), the more negative emissions sent to the atmosphere. It may not be a significant problem currently, but Bitcoin keeps growing. This could become a long-term sword of Damocles hanging over the world. It not only gives an inconvenient amount of power over the network to a , but it’s also an . few mining companies ecological issue Luckily, the development of different distributed ledgers hasn’t stopped. That’s how was born, trying to solve the initial downsides of Bitcoin and other crypto coins as well, including potential centralization and censorship that miners could apply, and environmental issues. Unlike Bitcoin, Obyte utilizes a consensus mechanism that doesn't require mining and doesn’t rely on any other powerful players like miners. This design significantly reduces the carbon footprint of the network, making it more environmentally friendly and sustainable, while offering a higher level of resistance against censorship and manipulation. Obyte The network's decentralized nature empowers users to transact freely and securely, fostering a peer-to-peer economy based on individual autonomy and voluntary cooperation. Additionally, Obyte's smart contract functionality enables the creation and execution of automated agreements, further enhancing individual autonomy and reducing the need for third-party intermediaries. Moreover, Obyte's smart contract capabilities could serve the advantages of anarcho-capitalism, offering a platform where individuals can engage in voluntary exchanges without reliance on centralized authorities. Besides, provides a mechanism for dispute resolution, providing a marketplace for inexpensive arbitration services. This platform allows users to resolve disputes fairly and impartially, ensuring that contractual agreements are upheld without the need for traditional government-run legal systems. We can say that Obyte offers a comprehensive solution that embraces the best parts of anarcho-capitalism and crypto-anarchism while promoting transparency and individual freedom within the network. Obyte's ArbStore Featured Vector Image by benzoix / Freepik

A Private Utopia: Anarcho-capitalism, DLT, and Cryptocurrencies

একটি ব্যক্তিগত ইউটোপিয়া: নৈরাজ্য-পুঁজিবাদ, ডিএলটি এবং ক্রিপ্টোকারেন্সি

Eine private Utopie: Anarchokapitalismus, DLT und Kryptowährungen

Una utopía privada: anarcocapitalismo, DLT y criptomonedas

Une utopie privée : anarcho-capitalisme, DLT et crypto-monnaies

एक निजी स्वप्नलोक: अराजकता-पूंजीवाद, डीएलटी, और क्रिप्टोकरेंसी

プライベートユートピア: 無政府資本主義、DLT、暗号通貨

사적인 유토피아: 무정부주의 자본주의, DLT, 암호화폐

Uma Utopia Privada: Anarcocapitalismo, DLT e Criptomoedas

Частная утопия: анархо-капитализм, ТРР и криптовалюты

Özel Bir Ütopya: Anarko-kapitalizm, DLT ve Kripto Para Birimleri

Một điều không tưởng riêng tư: Chủ nghĩa tư bản vô chính phủ, DLT và tiền điện tử

私人乌托邦：无政府资本主义、DLT 和加密货币

Understanding the Severity of Bankman-Fried's Crimes

“If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." This old metaphor, attributed to Bernard of Chartres, can describe the current situation of all inventions. We’re in this technology stage thanks to the advances made by our predecessors, and Obyte (all cryptocurrencies, indeed) is no different. Without computers, the Internet, specialized software, and cryptography, the whole crypto world wouldn’t be here. If we look more closely into the software and cryptography realms, numerous milestones had to be achieved before the appearance of decentralized money. Then, afterward, some others would come to make the Obyte ecosystem possible. The gives them credit at the end, but do you know who they are and what they really did? Let’s check a bit of history and interesting inventions. We’re in debt to experts from all parts of the world and their previous creations. Obyte whitepaper Satoshi Nakamoto Of course, this is the more obvious one. Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency ever, and someone named Satoshi Nakamoto created it. We know little about him, though. He reportedly was born on April 5, 1975, he’s known as a brilliant programmer and a recognized —online activists behind decentralized tools. Beyond this, there are more questions than answers about his persona. Or their personas. We don’t even know if that’s his real name because he (or they?) chose the path of complete privacy. cypherpunk , on the other hand, is the first and most adopted cryptocurrency so far. This piece of software operates on a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, enabling direct transfers without intermediaries —besides the miners. Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography, and recorded in a public ledger called the blockchain. It’s not fully decentralized and has , but it’s the start of the cryptocurrency world. Bitcoin its own set of issues However, we don’t have miners or “validators”, as we don’t have a “blockchain” but a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure. This way, all transactions sent to the DAG are truly censorship-resistant and not dependable on third parties. We took a lot of the Bitcoin original system in Obyte, including the P2P transparent crypto-network and the goal to eliminate middlemen. Sergio Demian Lerner He describes himself this way: “In short, my name is Sergio Demian Lerner. I’m a Cryptofan, Independent Security Researcher, and Bitcoin specialist since 2011.” It could be an understatement, though. Lerner is an Argentinian programmer who has created and participated in a lot of cryptocurrency projects, and more importantly for us, he’s the original designer of DAG-like coins. He even mentions Byteball (now Obyte) in his . personal story He’s helped to fix over 8 vulnerabilities in Bitcoin and has been involved in projects like Copay (now BitPay), Bitshares, Counterparty, Ethereum, and Monero. Interestingly enough, the Obyte wallet UI is based on Copay. Lerner has collaborated in open-source crypto projects for years (and for free), but he’s not exactly a cypherpunk. Among others, he co-founded the blockchain auditing company CoinFabrik in 2014, and the Bitcoin-based sidechain ecosystem Rootstock (now RSK / IOV Labs) in 2015. Additionally, he’s a pioneer of atomic swaps, also mentioned in the Obyte whitepaper. considered As for the DAG, but create the chain themselves**,** with every transaction. We took this idea to create Obyte, and added Order Providers (OPs) as mere waypoints to order transactions, without them being powerful middlemen as miners or centralized companies. Lerner as “a cryptocurrency without blocks,” where every user would be a “miner” —in the sense that they wouldn’t need miners, described it Serguei Popov While Lerner first described DAGs to create cryptocurrencies, he never coded the project himself. However, other developers were interested in the idea and started to propose (and create) new ecosystems around it. Serguei Popov and the IOTA team were likely the first ones back in October 2015. Popov is a Russian-Brazilian mathematician in charge of the conceptual side of the IOTA crypto project. After receiving his Diploma and Ph.D. from the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics of Moscow State University in 1997, he left for Brazil to start an academic career as a professor. interested in cryptocurrencies by 2013, first in Bitcoin and later in the altcoin Nxt. By sharing his own calculations about that network on Bitcointalk, he got to meet the Nxt founder, Sergey Ivancheglo. He became Then, in , Sergey and David Sonstebo invited him to contribute to the theoretical side of IOTA —and that's how the was born, inspired by the previous work by Lerner. Users validate transactions by confirming two previous ones, promoting scalability and feeless microtransactions. However, unlike Obyte, their network is still controlled , and not by the users. late 2015 Tangle whitepaper IOTA is a cryptocurrency designed for the Internet of Things (IoT). It utilizes the Tangle, a DAG network, just like Obyte. by their foundation Tom Holden Some months before the release of Obyte (Byteball, back then), a Bitcointalk member known as Tom Holden proposed another DAG-like system to create an improved cryptocurrency. He named it Transaction Directed Acyclic Graph (TDAG). It utilizes a structured DAG that must form a bounded lattice, ensuring a unique root node and childless node. Each transaction references previous ones, like in every DAG. Besides, it offers incentives such as transaction fees and fee burning. We don’t know who Tom Holden really is, or what he does. However, is connected to the DAG-like ecosystems and probably his early proposal urged us to think about and fix some potential vulnerabilities that this type of system may bring. Tony Chryumov (Tonych), the Obyte founder, participated in that thread and pointed out a potential attack vector where an adversary could construct a shadow DAG, including double-spends, and spend more on fees in the shadow DAG than in the legitimate DAG. The attacker could then publish the shadow DAG, leading users to switch to it as it appears more profitable due to higher fees spent. Obyte solved this issue with the creation of witnesses (Order Providers). Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta They also appear in the Bitcoin whitepaper as the proponents of Linked Timestamping, a cryptographic method that involves associating a timestamp with a piece of data or information, establishing a chronological order of events (or transactions). This process creates a chain or link of timestamps, where each timestamp is linked to the previous one, forming a secure and tamper-evident sequence registered in a difficult-to-alter and widely observed platform, such as a printed newspaper or a public ledger. Both Americans, Haber is a cryptographer and computer scientist, while Stornetta is a physicist —like was. They met while working for the communication company Bellcore (now Iconectiv), and co-authored the paper " ” in 1991. Currently, is an advisor member of the cryptocurrency Kadena and Yugen Partners, a private equity firm for crypto projects. Meanwhile, is a partner and Chief Scientist at the latter one. In other words, they are the creators of the first “blockchain,” so to speak. Tim May How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document Haber Stornetta https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWVoPBkPd6g&embedable=true The order in a DAG is different than in a blockchain, . They serve the same function as the newspaper in our first example: they’re well-known and trusted to post serially, which is equivalent to not publishing two versions of the same issue of the newspaper. Light clients in Obyte rely on witnesses to prove that a transaction exists. By default, light clients select Order Providers as their light client witnesses. but Obyte took the idea of publishing transactions in a widely observed system, such as a newspaper, and created the witnesses Bonus: 1984 Also mentioned in our whitepaper, " " by George Orwell, published in 1949, is a dystopian novel that explores a totalitarian society ruled by an oppressive government led by the Party and its enigmatic leader, Big Brother. Set in an alternative year, 1984, the story follows Winston Smith, a low-ranking member of the Party who becomes disillusioned with the oppressive regime. 1984 The novel delves into themes of censorship, surveillance, and the manipulation of truth, portraying a bleak future where individualism is suppressed, history is rewritten, and the concept of reality is distorted. This is a world where nobody would like to live, and sadly, it’s also not that far from what some modern countries have become, to varying degrees. , , , and of everyone’s money are now realities everywhere. That’s why activists are dedicated to creating freedom tools, and that is (or that should be) the raison d'être of cryptocurrencies. Obyte was created as a freedom tool as well, even more decentralized than its predecessors. We’re working hard to create a free world for everyone, everywhere. Ready to join us? Mass surveillance totalitarian regimes democratic censorship unjustified control like cypherpunks Featured Vector Image by storyset / Freepik

Obyte Precursors: Who Helped to Create Our Decentralized Ecosystem?

Obyte Precursors: কে আমাদের বিকেন্দ্রীভূত ইকোসিস্টেম তৈরি করতে সাহায্য করেছে?

Obyte-Vorläufer: Wer hat zur Schaffung unseres dezentralen Ökosystems beigetragen?

Precursores de Obyte: ¿Quién ayudó a crear nuestro ecosistema descentralizado?

Précurseurs d'Obyte : qui a aidé à créer notre écosystème décentralisé ?

ओबाइट प्रीकर्सर्स: हमारे विकेंद्रीकृत पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को बनाने में किसने मदद की?

オバイトの先駆者: 私たちの分散型エコシステムの構築に貢献したのは誰ですか?

Obyte Precursors: 누가 우리의 분산형 생태계를 만드는 데 도움을 주었나요?

Precursores Obyte: Quem ajudou a criar nosso ecossistema descentralizado?

Предшественники Obyte: кто помог создать нашу децентрализованную экосистему?

Obyte Öncüleri: Merkezi Olmayan Ekosistemimizin Oluşturulmasına Kim Yardımcı Oldu?

Tiền thân của Obyte: Ai đã giúp tạo ra hệ sinh thái phi tập trung của chúng tôi?

Obyte 前身：谁帮助创建了我们的去中心化生态系统？

The Easy Way to Begin Test-Driven Development

Dissecting Video Games and If They Are Art: A Non-Gamer's Analysis

ভিডিও গেম ব্যবচ্ছেদ করা এবং সেগুলি যদি শিল্প হয়: একটি নন-গেমারের বিশ্লেষণ

Videospiele analysieren und ob sie Kunst sind: Die Analyse eines Nicht-Spielers

Diseccionando los videojuegos y si son arte: un análisis de un no jugador

Disséquer les jeux vidéo et s'ils sont de l'art : une analyse d'un non-joueur

विच्छेदित वीडियो गेम और यदि वे कला हैं: एक गैर-गेमर का विश्लेषण

ビデオ ゲームを解剖し、それがアートであるかどうか: 非ゲーマーによる分析

비디오 게임을 분석하고 그것이 예술이라면: 비게이머의 분석

Dissecando videogames e se eles são arte: uma análise de quem não é jogador

Анализ видеоигр и являются ли они искусством: анализ негеймера

Video Oyunlarını İncelemek ve Sanat Olup Olmadıklarını: Oyuncu Olmayan Bir Analiz

Phân tích trò chơi điện tử và liệu chúng có phải là nghệ thuật: Phân tích của một người không phải là game thủ

剖析视频游戏以及它们是否是艺术：非游戏玩家的分析

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