Airstackis in the Blockchain Infrastructure Industry

Airstack

You can jump to any section of the National Aeronautics Science & Technology Priorities here. II. Transforming the National Airspace System The U.S. Government will prioritize the efforts of the FAA’s NextGen Program to modernize the NAS. Emerging technologies, increasingly frequent commercial space launches, and high-altitude operations combined with increases in projected demand for traditional passenger travel and cargo shipments require a continued modernization of the air transportation system. The NAS of the near future will seamlessly manage complexity, become scalable, and dynamically adapt to a diverse set of users. Bolstered by the power of technology, this new paradigm will accommodate traditional aviation activities and the new entrants into the NAS. The safe integration of these aircraft at all levels of airspace challenges current monitoring systems; communications, navigation and surveillance infrastructure; and the regulatory environment. R&D will help mature these advanced technologies, supporting infrastructure, and the regulatory framework for the certification of new aircraft and technologies. As part of this transformation, the U.S. Government will prioritize the comprehensive integration of new aeronautics technologies, with the potential to transform aviation, in both urban and rural communities, creating new industries and jobs. These technologies include small drones and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) vehicles, such as electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, electric short takeoff and landing (eSTOL) aircraft, and other highly automated electric passenger or cargo carrying aircraft. The future NAS will incorporate strategies for the safe, efficient integration of civil and national security operations, ranging from slow, low altitude operations with observers to those conducted beyond the pilot’s Beyond Visual Line-Of-Sight (BVLOS) at a variety of altitudes and speeds. The U.S. Government will support updates to the regulatory framework for the certification of new aircraft and technologies, thereby fostering the safe, secure growth of the drone and AAM industries. The U.S. Government will continue to expand drone certification and integration to accommodate the multiple personal and business uses of drones in the NAS as well as support research and training at the many colleges and universities that offer drone programs. The U.S. Government will also promote the safety of pilots, passengers, and the general public by updating infrastructure, training, and certification processes to operationalize AAM services. The U.S. Government will support the development of scalable AAM solutions to permit the growth of applications such as cargo and package delivery and emergency services. It will maintain research facilities and upgrade as needed to keep pace with emerging technologies, including Vertical Lift Research Centers of Excellence, and test facilities such as flight simulation and wind tunnels. The future of flight is highly automated. Integrating autonomous processes and vehicles into the airspace of the future requires that autonomous vehicles have healthy self-monitoring systems and high-fidelity awareness of their surroundings, especially adjacent traffic. Certification of new vehicle architectures will need to ensure the reliability of the software and sensor suites to effect mature, safe, and stable flight. In October 2022, the Advanced Air Mobility Coordination and Leadership Act was signed into law (Pub. L 117-203)[6] to coordinate efforts to integrate new aviation technologies into the NAS. Consistent with the law, the Department of Transportation (DOT) will work with relevant Federal departments and agencies to create a national strategy to implement the law, while ensuring continued U.S. leadership in these technologies. [6] Congress, “Advanced Air Mobility Coordination and Leadership Act”. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117thcongress/senate-bill/516/text This was originally published in March 2023 on whitehouse.gov. This content has been broken-up into bite sized sections, each with unique headlines and AI-generated lead images, in line with the provisions of Creative Commons 3.0.

U.S. Initiates Overhaul of National Airspace for Automated Future

A blockchain-based sharing economy would reveal available supply (i.e. host availability) and demand data, while radically increasing consumer choice and host income opportunities. For the purposes of this discussion, the sharing economy is defined specifically as, “ . consumers granting temporary access to under-utilized physical assets (‘idle capacity’), possibly for money.” Frenken et al. (2015) In the current Sharing Economy, hosts and users rely on trusted centralized intermediaries to facilitate host/user pairings, provide reliability barometers, dispute resolution mechanisms and when applicable, ensure compensation. While centralized intermediaries can and certainly do provide material value to the sharing economy, serving as nothing more than digital gatekeepers, deliberately obfuscating supply and demand data, isn’t a component of their long-term value proposition. “While centralized intermediaries can and certainly do provide material value to the sharing economy, serving as nothing more than digital gatekeepers, deliberately obfuscating supply and demand data, isn’t a component of their long-term value proposition.” Furthermore, data-siloing creates a dependence on the intermediary service provider for both hosts and users, limiting consumer choice and stymieing potential income for hosts. As each sharing economy company (ex. ride sharing service) develops and expands their market presence unilaterally, it’s not simply a matter of hosts and users alternating between intermediary service providers to successfully partake in the sharing economy (ex. reserve a ride or pick up a passenger). Sharing Economy on the Blockchain: A High-Impact, Real World use of the Blockchain and Crypto Tokens In a Peer-to-Peer (or Peer-to-Blockchain) sharing economy, hosts would be able to go directly to the blockchain to notify network participants and interested parties that their asset or service is available. Therefore, to match potential hosts and service providers based on siloed data. all decentralized applications (“ ”) dApps can eliminate the dependence on relying on any one organization Moreover, dApps can utilize smart contracts to eliminate the dependence on third party processors for compensation. Smart contracts can ensure that sufficient funds are held in a requesting participants wallet prior to participation and upon verification of execution of the parameters defined within the contract, transfer designated funds to a host’s wallet. Airspace is an Under-Utilized, Valuable and Ideal Asset for the Sharing Economy In the Sharing Economy, hosts typically incur “Additional Costs” for sharing their assets. There are various forms of additional costs that can manifest themselves in a number of ways depending on the context and nature of the asset shared. From housecleaning, to vehicle maintenance, the severity of the additional costs varies from the type of assets shared to specific transactions (ex. sharing economy participants that damage host property). Moreover, material non-monetary additional risks are inherently present to all persons that engage in the sharing economy. There are non-trivial liability concerns and physical safety considerations that should not be ignored when allowing other parties to access one’s home, vehicle or property. Ideal that maximize income opportunities for hosts in the sharing economy are ones that i) have low additional monetary costs ii) possess minimal liability concerns and iii) introduce minimum physical risks to all parties involved. under-utilized assets Granting temporary airspace access to drones in exchange for compensation, not only addresses the three-part definition for an ideal under-utilized asset, but is an ideal use-case to demonstrate the sharing economy efficiently and effectively operating on the blockchain. A Blockchain-Based Sharing Economy will enable a Drone Superhighway A number of respected institutions and companies are working toward drone flight management software solutions, while others have proposed policy initiatives with the aim of modifying FAA controlled airspace to accommodate both drone and conventional human piloted aircraft. However, without an efficient mechanism to enable and incentivize property owners to grant to drone service providers, there is no practical way to generate viable flight routes and fly commercial drone services at scale without trespassing, short of an eminent domain action. low-altitude Right-of-Way access By utilizing the blockchain, enhances the sharing economy by demonstrating that an under-utilized asset, airspace over private property, can be easily leveraged to generate income. AERO Token AERO Token provides a missing technological and legal mechanism necessary to enable and easily facilitate the consent of property owners for low-altitude drone flight over private property. But perhaps more importantly, AERO Token demonstrates that the blockchain can maximize the potential of the sharing economy by eliminating data silos, increasing consumer choice and establishing a use-case that may materially influence how future policy and economic issues are addressed. is an Ethereum-based blockchain technology that enables property owners (i.e. hosts) to grant temporary Right-of-Way easements to authorized drone service providers in exchange for income. AERO Token

Moving the Sharing Economy to the Blockchain — Starting with Airspace

The Future of Commercial Drone Operations Requires a Legal and Technological Mechanism that Enables and Quickly Facilitates Low-Altitude Flights Over Private Property In 1946, the landmark case, , the Supreme Court issued foundational guidance as to what extent private property owners actually own and may control airspace over their property. , 328 U.S. 256 (1946) United States v. Causby In , a farmer lived adjacent to an airport whereby U.S. military aircraft entered and departed at low-altitude over his property. While interference with the farmer’s property caused direct and indirect economic damage, the Court addressed the seminal issue as to property invasion, trespass and occupation by flying at low-altitude in airspace over their property. The Court stated that landowners have “ ,” and that “ .” The Court would further clarify that one need not physically occupy the airspace, in the form of building or structure to indeed own or have a connection to the land. Causby exclusive control of the immediate reaches of the enveloping atmosphere the landowner owns at least as much of the space above the ground as they can occupy or use in connection with the land With what surely will constitute one of the most prescient insights concerning the confluence of technological innovation and the law, the Court stated some seventy-years ago, in all but contemporary vernacular that had yet to be manifestly conceived, that the non-voluntary construction of a low-altitude drone superhighway over private property would amount to an unconscionable taking of private property: We would not doubt that if the United States erected an elevated railway over respondents’ land at the precise altitude where its planes now fly, there would be a partial taking, even though none of the supports of the structure rested on the land. As the Court would go on to articulate, compelling low-altitude access and use of airspace over private property would be a of form of taking (i.e. without just compensation, low-altitude flight is a physical intrusion of private property in violation of the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Takings Clause), that would subtract from the enjoyment, use and control of one’s property. The reason is that there would be an intrusion so immediate and direct as to subtract from the owner’s full enjoyment of the property and to limit his exploitation of it. While the owner does not in any physical manner occupy that stratum of airspace or make use of it in the conventional sense, he does use it in somewhat the same sense that space left between buildings for the purpose of light and air is used. The superadjacent airspace at this low altitude is so close to the land that continuous invasions of it affect the use of the surface of the land itself. We think that the landowner, as an incident to his ownership, has a claim to it and that invasions of it are in the same category as invasions of the surface. “We think that the landowner, as an incident to his ownership, has a claim to it and that invasions of it are in the same category as invasions of the surface.” Land Use and Regulatory Takings of Private Property Readdressing the specific issue of airspace ownership and control, the Court held in (1962) that by directing low-altitude flight traffic over the petitioner’s property without consent or just compensation, the County’s actions had amounted to the taking of an avigation easement for which it had to compensate the property owner per the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause, as is pursuant to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Griggs v. County of Allegheny While contemporary land use, regulatory jurisprudence and takings law is in fact extensive, if not quixotic to the point of at times being contradictory, served a distinctive purpose, establishing the foundational nexus between airspace and private property interest. See footnote for a more comprehensive treatise and expansive overview on the subject matter, in Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York. [i] Causby Making Laws and Sausages: A Quarter-Century Retrospective on [ii] Therefore, the question as to when legislation or regulation amounts to a taking of private property is an issue as to the form (i.e. occupation, invasion or appropriation of property or a taking that deprives the owner of the economic use, enjoyment and benefit of the land) and extent of property interference. physical regulatory Physical and Regulatory Takings In (2005), the Supreme Court summarizes takings jurisprudence as a or , either of which requires just compensation. Moreover, the Court states that can occur, even without physical occupation or appropriation of private property, if it deprives the owner of all economically beneficial use. While demonstrating that an owner has been deprived of “all” economic use may seem unnecessarily burdensome, it addresses non-possessory forms of property ownership (i.e. mineral rights interest or easement holders). Lingle v. Chevron direct government appropriation physical invasion of private property [iii] regulatory takings [iv] takes into consideration the previous findings of the Court in (2002): Lingle Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency The text of the Fifth Amendment itself provides a basis for drawing a distinction between physical takings and regulatory takings. Its plain language requires the payment of compensation whenever the government acquires private property for a public purpose, whether the acquisition is the result of a condemnation proceeding or a physical appropriation. But the Constitution contains no comparable reference to regulations that prohibit a property owner from making certain uses of her private property. [v] Therefore, and make a distinction between and , that impact economic use, even if not through physical occupation, invasion or appropriation. Tahoe-Sierra Lingle physical takings regulatory takings New FAA Drone Regulations Fail to Address Essential Issues Necessary for Commercial Applications The Federal Aviation Administration Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (“FAA Reauthorization”) became effective upon July 15, 2016. The FAA Reauthorization specifically addresses the issue of unmanned aerial system (“UAS” or “drones”) in no less than five sections. Moreover, the FAA Reauthorization follows the June 2016 release of the highly anticipated Part 107 by the FAA, concerning commercial drone operations. However, Part 107 neither facilitates nor creates many new commercial drone opportunities and serves primarily to acknowledge the existence of useful technology and its future applications. Functionally suppressive, [vi] [vii] Part 107 still prohibits the most essential technological capabilities necessary for practical commercial drone applications, particularly elements (1-7) below: 1. Beyond visual line of sight of the operator 2. Higher than 400 feet above ground level unless within 400 feet of a structure 3. Operation directly over people not involved in operating the UAS 4. A single individual operating multiple UAS 5. During nighttime hours 6. Aircraft over 55 pounds, including payload 7. Operation in weather conditions with less than three miles visibility While Part 107 fails to address certain existing and mid-development technological capabilities, like autonomous or semi-autonomous drone flight, it does leave open the possibility for drone operations to request FAA approval for a waiver of certain elements of the above restrictions. Line of Sight Limitations The new regulations place a (“ ”) restriction on commercial drone operations, precluding exclusively GPS-based, autonomous drone operations, meaning drone operators must maintain visual contact with their drone. However, while exclusive (“ ”) operation, where operators control the flight based on a video-feed from the first person perspective and orientation of the drone was prohibited, as opposed to drone operations based on direct visual line of sight, Part 107 allows for a broad exemption for first-person view operations if the “see and avoid” safety requirement “is satisfied in other ways.” The “see and avoid” language, in combination with the ambiguous “other ways” elements to the exemption likely address the ongoing development of drone-to-air traffic control communication, traffic collision and obstacle avoidance systems. line of sight LOS first-person view FPV However, for the purposes of commercial drone applications, in particular parcel delivery services, it will likely require a degree of autonomy greater than the current FPV exemption and modification to the LOS requirement, to allow in some capacity autonomous flight (“ ”) necessary to facilitate drone service operations of greater range and scale. beyond-visual-line-of-sight BVLOS To the FAA’s credit, it is not simply aware of the practical limitations under the current regulatory framework, but has initiated programs to analyze (“ ”) operations, the reliability of the existing technology and mitigation of potential safety concerns. These evaluative programs include, but are not limited to, the Pathfinder Initiative, coordination with NASA’s Unmanned Aircraft Systems (“ ) Traffic Management (“ ”) National Campaign and partnership with various digital platforms to create the (“ ”) in an effort to streamline waiver authorization in airspace. Extended Visual Line of Sight EVLOS UAS” UTM [viii] Low-Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability LAANC controlled [ix] FAA Regulation is Silent on the Issue of Low-Altitude Flight Over Private Property The FAA’s receptiveness to the ongoing technological changes and potential benefits of commercial drone services to the economy, as well as its willingness to coordinate inter-agency governmental programs with NASA and private technology vendors is indeed most promising. However, unless the FAA expects drones to exclusively operate over public property or within controlled airspace (i.e. higher altitudes), a technological and legal mechanism is necessary to swiftly enable and facilitate the consent of property owners for low-altitude flight over private property, short of an eminent domain action. Instead of pursuing an eminent domain action, which unnecessarily thrusts public policy issues and likely litigation upon unsuspecting individuals, we propose a mechanism that both incentivizes participation of property owners (i.e. ), while providing an unrestrained potential to create dynamic flight paths for commercial drone service providers (i.e. as opposed to static flight routes) and the ability fly at low-altitude over private property without trespassing. hosts A mechanism to facilitate wide-scale Right-of-Way access, via granting of revocable avigation easements at low-altitudes is an essential, if not the most critical component to successfully scaling commercial drone services. While the FAA has sovereign regulatory authority over all airspace in the U.S., it cannot compel (i.e. force) low-altitude access over private property without consent, short of an eminent domain or condemnation action which would require judicial participation and just compensation, as it would constitute a form of taking. Moreover, as stated by the FAA, Air Traffic Control has no authority or responsibility to control air traffic in Class G airspace, which extends from the surface (i.e. ground) to the base of the overlying Class E airspace. [x] [xi] Therefore, without an efficient mechanism to enable and incentivize property owners to grant low-altitude Right-of-Way access to drone service providers, there is no practical way for commercial drone services to map dynamic flight routes and operate at low-altitude without trespassing**.** Avigation Easements An easement is a legally enforceable mechanism that enables the use of property by someone other than the property owner. Easements are commonly granted to public utilities and government agencies for uses that benefit the public good (i.e. railroad tracks and public streets). Easements can be temporary or permanent (i.e. “runs with the land”). Permanent easements thereby remain enforceable upon future transfer of property ownership to any succeeding property owners. Compensation and the rights to use private property is typically negotiated on a case-by-case basis, between property owners and the easement seeking entity. However, when public agencies have the authority to seek an easement and are unable to negotiate compensation and terms of property use, they may attempt to acquire the easement through eminent domain in a legal proceeding called condemnation. Airports frequently acquire avigation easements in the airspace over properties surrounding airports and airport development projects, as low-altitude flights, takeoffs and landings may include invasion, trespass and occupation of private property, therefore constituting a taking and/or interference with the property owner’s use and enjoyment of their property. The proposes the use of uniform Revocable Avigation Easements, which will provide a mechanism for property owners (i.e. ) to grant access to any qualified drone services providers within the AERO Network. This peer-to-blockchain instrument is a revocable and temporary agreement, enabling registered and qualifying drone service providers to access low-altitude airspace over host property in accordance to the terms prescribed by the avigation easement and the AERO Foundation. AERO Foundation hosts This article is an excerpt from Section 2 of the , by , Eric Wroble and Hayley Halpin. ( 2017) for the original white paper. AERO Token White Paper Chase Perkins See aerotoken.com is an Ethereum-based blockchain technology that enables property owners (i.e. hosts) to grant temporary Right-of-Way easements to authorized drone service providers in exchange for income. AERO Token Footnotes: , Gideon Kanner, Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 13 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 679, 681 (2005). Kanner noted that: Penn Central lacks doctrinal clarity because of its outright refusal to formulate the elements of a regulatory taking cause of action, and because of its intellectual romp through the law of eminent domain that paid scant attention to preexisting legal doctrine. Its aftermath has become an economic paradise for specialized lawyers, a burden on the judiciary, as well as an indirect impediment to would-be home builders, and an economic disaster for would-be home buyers and for society at large. [i] See Making Laws and Sausages: A Quarter-Century Retrospective on [ii] Id. Lucas v. S.C. Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1019 (1992) [iii] [iv] Id. Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Reg’l Planning Agency, 535 U.S. 302, 321–22 (2002) [v] See [vi] https://www.congress.gov/114/bills/hr636/BILLS-114hr636enr.pdf [vii] https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/Part_107_Summary.pdf [viii] https://www.nasa.gov/aero/nasa-completes-latest-drone-traffic-management-flight-campaign [ix] https://faaco.faa.gov/index.cfm/attachment/download/75780 [x] https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/328/256 [xi] https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak/media/17_phak_ch15.pdf

Navigable Airspace for Drones: Private Property Rights and Regulated Airspace

You can jump to any section of the National Aeronautics Science & Technology Priorities here. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) NASA leads high-risk, high-reward research and development of innovative technologies and solutions to address the most difficult technical aviation challenges, contributing to U.S. leadership in the global aeronautics industry. NASA partners with academia, entrepreneurs, industry and other federal departments and agencies to fuel innovations that grow the economy and high-paying jobs, while improving life on Earth. Cost-sharing partnerships with U.S. industry and collaboration with other federal agencies through the Sustainable Flight National Partnership (SFNP) will develop and demonstrate in the late 2020s the technologies required for game-changing, ultra-efficient aircraft that will be needed to meet aggressive climate and efficiency goals. Through the SFNP, NASA will partner with aviation stakeholders to demonstrate a suite of aircraft technologies by 2030 that collectively could lead to a 30 percent reduction in fuel burn, while reducing noise and emissions of conventional pollutants. Employing these advanced technologies, new narrow-body aircraft, with a step change in environmental performance could enter the fleet in the 2030s; new wide-body aircraft could enter in the 2040s. NASA also leads exploratory research of aircraft and propulsion systems such as those designed to take advantage of novel, non-drop-in energy sources such as cryogenic fuels, or to incorporate hybrid- or fully-electric propulsion technologies. NASA assesses the feasibility and climate impacts of sustainable aviation fuels and other non-traditional fuels, and the associated technologies to enable their safe adoption. NASA systematically works to understand and overcome barriers to increasing connectivity and speed of aviation. NASA will assess community acceptability of quiet supersonic technology through flight demonstrations using the X-59 quiet supersonic aircraft, and will seek solutions to other challenges associated with landing and take-off noise, upper atmospheric emissions, and aircraft efficiency. NASA will advance the understanding and development of critical fundamental technologies necessary for hypersonic flight, and provide world-class U.S. experimental computational, ground, and flight R&D capabilities and expertise relied on by the Nation. NASA explores cutting edge airspace and safety management tools and demonstrates them in collaboration with industry, the DoD, and the FAA for transition and operational integration. For instance, NASA and FAA are developing a long-term vision for a transformed NAS with safe, scalable, high-tempo airspace access for all users, and pioneering operational automation to safely and automatically optimize flight routes for minimum environmental impact. NASA research in AAM vehicles and operational concepts will establish the foundation for private sector innovation that will transform the way people and goods move through our National Airspace System. NASA leverages Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer programs to drive aeronautics innovation across these priorities, engaging small businesses, research institutions, and entrepreneurs in vehicle and airspace management exploratory research. Both programs foster commercial application of research results and encourage participation of socially and economically disadvantaged persons and women-owned small businesses. NASA serves as a catalyst for novel innovations through public challenges and prize competitions. NASA partners with universities to explore advances that can transform aviation and build the next generation workforce. This was originally published in March 2023 on . It has been broken-up into bite sized sections, each with unique headlines and AI-generated lead images, in line with the provisions of whitehouse.gov Creative Commons 3.0.

NASA's High-Risk, High-Reward Vision for Sustainable Air Travel 

টেকসই বিমান ভ্রমণের জন্য নাসার উচ্চ-ঝুঁকি, উচ্চ-পুরস্কার দৃষ্টি

Die risikoreiche und lohnende Vision der NASA für nachhaltigen Flugverkehr

La visión de alto riesgo y alta recompensa de la NASA para viajes aéreos sostenibles

La vision à haut risque et à haute récompense de la NASA pour un transport aérien durable

सतत हवाई यात्रा के लिए नासा का उच्च-जोखिम, उच्च-इनाम दृष्टिकोण

持続可能な航空旅行に対する NASA のハイリスク、ハイリターンのビジョン

지속 가능한 항공 여행을 위한 NASA의 고위험, 고보상 비전

Visão de alto risco e alta recompensa da NASA para viagens aéreas sustentáveis

Концепция НАСА по устойчивому воздушному путешествию с высокими рисками и высокой наградой

NASA'nın Sürdürülebilir Hava Yolculuğuna Yönelik Yüksek Riskli, Yüksek Ödüllü Vizyonu

Tầm nhìn có rủi ro cao, có lợi nhuận cao của NASA đối với du lịch hàng không bền vững

NASA 对可持续航空旅行的高风险、高回报愿景

You can jump to any section of the National Aeronautics Science & Technology Priorities here. Department of Commerce (DOC) DOC recognizes aeronautics as a critical sector in the U.S. economy and works across its bureaus to promote investment, innovation, safety, and standards across the industry. In pursuit of weather and climate forecasting advancements, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) equips its aircraft with cutting-edge technology focused on environmental research and weather forecasting. Improvements in weather forecasting are critical to the guiding principles of promoting safety, protecting the environment, and strengthening national security. NOAA supports innovative research and development on uncrewed systems for collecting data to support its mission of science, service, and stewardship. New technologies and concepts in uncrewed systems that are developed by NOAA or through NOAA programs in partnership with others are often transitioned into use within NOAA or U.S. industries to maintain NOAA's and the U.S. position as global leaders in environmental observations. Additionally, NOAA provides weather observations, forecasts, and weather decision support to the Federal Aviation Administration as part of the mission to maintain the safety and efficiency of flight in the operation of the National Airspace System. As climate change impacts and mitigation measures are considered more broadly by the aviation industry, NOAA services can support optimum long-haul routing - to increase efficiency and lower carbon emissions - and airport density altitudes, which will impact long-term airport capacities. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) supports the aeronautics supply chain through direct interactions with the suppliers. The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) National Network of 51 Centers (one in each state and in Puerto Rico) engages annually with hundreds of projects and individual manufacturing clients in the aeronautics industry. A majority of these clients are small manufacturers (those with fewer than 100 employees). The work done by NIST MEP and its Centers has resulted in the creation or retention of thousands of aeronautics jobs and billions of dollars in new and retained sales, new investments, and in cost savings. MEP is aligned with National Aeronautics Science & Technology Priorities with emphasis in smart manufacturing by helping small and medium-sized manufacturers, including transportation firms, to integrate physical and digital processes within factories and across other supply chain functions to optimize current and future supply and demand requirements. In addition, NIST laboratories conduct R&D at the cutting edge of technologies integral to the aeronautics sector. NIST also provides calibration services that ensure that makers and users of precision aeronautics instruments achieve the highest possible levels of measurement quality and productivity The International Trade Administration (ITA) supports the international competitiveness of U.S. manufacturers in all sectors by promoting trade and investment, ensuring resilient supply chains to support economic and national security, advocating for U.S. businesses in international markets to promote exports and ensuring fair trade through the rigorous enforcement of our trade laws and agreements. ITA is closely engaged with industry partners working on emerging technologies, in such areas as advanced air mobility, sustainable aviation technology, and high-speed flight to ensure that U.S. companies have the tools to grow and succeed in foreign markets. ITA will continue to advance U.S. competitiveness in the aeronautics sector through exports and assisting emerging aeronautics technology companies to become export-ready. This was originally published in March 2023 on whitehouse.gov. This content has been broken-up into bite sized sections, each with unique headlines and AI-generated lead images, in line with the provisions of Creative Commons 3.0.

How the Department of Commerce (DOC) Services the Aeronautics Sector in the U.S.

You can jump to any section of the National Aeronautics Science & Technology Priorities here. Guiding Principles To maintain its leadership in the aeronautics enterprise, U.S. Government efforts will be guided by seven principles, which reflect American values. 1. Promoting Safety The U.S. Government will continue to prioritize safety while fostering innovation to capture the benefits of technological progress. Automated systems need to be safe without impeding software updates or machine learning capabilities. U.S. Government and industry stakeholders need to continuously update systems to meet the needs of the aeronautics community, while continuing to manage safety risks. The United States will promote the continued safety of air transportation as new technologies are integrated into the NAS. In partnership with the aeronautics enterprise, the U.S. Government will maintain public confidence in the safety of the NAS and will continue to invest in systems that facilitate air traffic control and support collision avoidance. Federal departments and agencies will continue to promote the commercial availability of alternate sources of positioning, navigation, and timing to a create a more resilient aviation enterprise. 2. Protecting the Environment Aviation noise impacts communities near airports, and emissions of conventional pollutants substantially degrade local air quality. Emissions from aviation must be dramatically reduced to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2050, from U.S. commitments to decarbonize shared skies with other nations to local communities, where the impact of aviation becomes a community concern. The U.S. Government will promote game-changing research and technological innovations, while advocating for timely state, local, and international policies, to reduce emissions and achieve quiet, clean, energy-efficient air transportation. To achieve these goals, the U.S. Government will work with aviation stakeholders to implement the actions on the aeronautics enterprise stipulated in the U.S. 2021 Aviation Climate Action Plan. 3. Advancing Global Economic Competitiveness The ability to compete is critical to preserving the role of the United States as the world’s leading economy. The U.S. Government will support efforts to create and sustain high-skill, high-paying jobs. The U.S. Government will continue to support entrepreneurs that experiment, innovate, and pursue new ideas in a market that allows all types of businesses to flourish, resulting in improved choice, better service, and lower costs for consumers. The U.S. Government will create systems that foster and enable private sector innovation and international collaboration. Examples include promoting standards and regulatory approaches that support aviation industry’s efforts in new technology and innovations, and supporting high-risk design and development approaches for rapid transformation of the technology to increase the Technology Readiness Level (TRL). One avenue for academic, private sector, and government cooperation is ensuring infrastructure and testbeds are available to the community, consistent with airspace safety and national security considerations. The U.S. Government will provide a safe, timely, responsive regulatory environment, consistent with national security and foreign policy considerations, that supports the infusion and agility needed for new technologies. The U.S. Government will work with ICAO and other international organizations to develop cost-effective, cooperative international standards and regulatory approaches, while promoting safety and sustainability. 4. Accelerating Innovation The U.S. Government will prioritize R&D investments that expand the boundaries of flight by maturing new technologies and designs through agile development and digital engineering to reduce development times and costs. It will prioritize accessible, domestic, long-term and applied R&D, and the design, testing and evaluation (RDT&E) and manufacturing of emerging aeronautics technologies. It will also draw on expertise at academic institutions to provide independent scientific advice to inform U.S. Government R&D programs and planning processes, and advance a strong U.S. academic community dedicated to aeronautics. The U.S. Government will coordinate the efforts required to sustain and advance the nation’s RDT&E infrastructure, including computational and experimental facilities. It will work with the aeronautics enterprise on training, evaluation, and standards development to better enable new aviation technologies and the regulatory framework required for safe and secure operations. The U.S. Government will continue to promote high-risk, high-reward near- and long-term innovative technologies and solutions that are beyond the scope and time horizon of commercial entities. This includes R&D on advanced energy storage technologies, hydrogen, electricity, alternative fuels, and other technologies needed to reduce GHG emissions. Priority technologies include autonomy, artificial intelligence and machine learning, secure hardware and software systems, high-strength materials, lightweight battery and charging technologies, advanced propulsion systems, new design tools to enable agile development, and new fuels that will result in lower carbon emissions and more efficient operations. The U.S. Government will continue to promote the importance of the regulatory enterprise working closely with the aeronautics enterprise to enable the rapid transition of technologies to new commercial products. 5. Strengthening National Security The aeronautics enterprise is vital to strengthening the U.S. national security and homeland defense. It is a critical aspect of America’s national security strategy, providing needed capabilities to defend U.S. interests. New aeronautics technologies, such as supersonics and hypersonics, are being developed for national security purposes, and are becoming important components of U.S. defense. All elements of aircraft and the air transportation system must be secure to protect people and goods within the aeronautics enterprise. The U.S. Government will prioritize a secure, agile aviation technology system that supports air transportation. Modern information technology systems with clear cybersecurity standards and supply chain risk management best practices are critical to aviation operations and integral to building trust in the aeronautics enterprise. To this end, the U.S. Government will prioritize secure-by-design hardware and software systems to build trust and resilience. 6. Developing the Workforce The U.S. Government will develop the aeronautics workforce by investing in people. To enable a robust, technologically-advanced aeronautics R&D environment, the United States will continue to cultivate human talent and creativity by fostering a vibrant, innovative academic community dedicated to aeronautical technical disciplines. It will promote access to aeronautics activities, technology, and infrastructure for academic use through partnerships with academic institutions. The U.S. Government will continue to engage communities to build relationships for supporting STEM opportunities linked to aeronautics research priorities, and create timely, engaging activities for youth to discover and experience real-life applications of STEM skills. The U.S. Government will identify and provide opportunities to expand the applicant pool for jobs in the aeronautics enterprise, while attracting youth through fellowships, internships, apprenticeships, and other work-based learning experiences. The growing sector presents an opportunity to educate and employ people from underserved communities and from backgrounds currently underrepresented in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). A focus on developing a skilled, interdisciplinary technical workforce drawing on trade schools, community colleges, tribal schools, as well as traditional four-year college degrees and universities, will increase diversity in and contribute to the evolution of the aeronautics enterprise. 7. Prioritizing Equitable Access to Air Transportation Air transportation must remain broadly affordable and accessible. AAM has the potential to transform commercial aviation, connecting underutilized airports in rural communities to other locations. Like high-quality roads, connectivity enables rural and underserved communities to access more opportunities. Future air transportation should serve all communities wherever they may live. In July 2022, the U.S. Government announced a new set of disability policy priorities, which underscore the importance of inclusion, dignity, and non-discrimination. To this end, the U.S. Government will prioritize airport improvement projects, domestically and internationally, designed to increase mobility, expand access, and improve connectivity for people with disabilities and reduced mobility This was originally published in March 2023 on whitehouse.gov. This content has been broken-up into bite sized sections, each with unique headlines and AI-generated lead images, in line with the provisions of Creative Commons 3.0.

7 Core Principles Shaping the Future of Aviation in the U.S 

You can jump to any section of the National Aeronautics Science & Technology Priorities here. Introduction U.S. leadership in the aeronautics enterprise has long underpinned economic prosperity and national security. The aeronautics enterprise comprises civil and military aircraft and aviation systems, the air transportation management system, aviation infrastructure, and the people involved in the research, design, development, manufacture, operation and use of these aircraft and aviation systems. The aeronautics enterprise is an integral part of the U.S. economy, annually generating 4.9 percent of U.S. gross domestic product—$1.9 trillion in total economic activity in 2019—and more than 10 million jobs.[1] The aeronautics sector is also a major exporter, the second largest manufacturing export sector in the United States, generating $148 billion in exports in 2019.[2] From next-generation fuels, to advances in aircraft design, to improvements in the aviation infrastructure, the aeronautics enterprise is poised for disruption and transformation. As such, continued investment in state-of-the-art aeronautics research and development (R&D) is critical to ensure the continued vitality of this important sector. One of the major challenges facing the global aviation industry is to reduce the climate impacts of aviation. Consistent with the 2021 Aviation Climate Action Plan[3] and national security policies, the U.S. Government will prioritize efforts to reduce and ultimately achieve net-zero emissions from United States aviation by 2050. These efforts include improved efficiency in flight operations, innovations in engine and aircraft technology, and the use of emerging energy sources such as Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs), electricity, and hydrogen. In light of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) goals for net-zero carbon emissions, the U.S. Government will prioritize decarbonization to maintain its global economic competitiveness, national security, and benefits to humanity. The U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) is the most complex, most efficient, and safest airspace system in the world. It accommodates approximately 2.3 million passengers and 66,000 tons of cargo on 25,000 flights daily. These numbers are projected to increase, as emerging aviation technologies such as drones, air taxis, balloons, and the increasingly frequent launch and re-entry of spacecraft, place increased strain on the NAS. Accordingly, it is imperative that the NAS safely transform into the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). Transforming into NextGen is necessary to create an optimal operating environment for integrating new aircraft and traffic management systems, while completing upgrades to legacy systems, and enhancing connectivity and speed. New aeronautics technologies are providing users of the NAS better connectivity options, with greater speed. Drones offer the ability to perform complex operations faster and more efficiently. Large electric aircraft can move people or cargo around urban environments with greater speed. Quiet supersonic and hypersonic aircraft have the potential to traverse huge distances in a fraction of current times. Autonomous systems can improve operational and energy efficiencies, while promoting sustainability. These advances in connectivity and speed are expected to significantly benefit both economic competitiveness and national security. To that end, the U.S. Government will prioritize maintaining an agile regulatory framework that rewards innovation and technological advances, while promoting safety and sustainability. The United States will maintain its global leadership in the aeronautics enterprise by supporting R&D to: (1) achieve sustainable aviation, (2) transform the national airspace system, and (3) promote connectivity and speed. The United States will pursue these priorities as guided by seven principles: (1) Safety, (2) Environment, (3) Economic Competitiveness, (4) Innovation, (5) Security, (6) Workforce, and (7) Equity. [1] Federal Aviation Administration. “The Economic Impact U.S. Civil Aviation: 2020”. https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2022-08/2022-APL 038%202022_economic%20impact_report.pdf. Released August 2022 [2] International Trade Administration. “Leading Economic Indicators Aerospace Industry”. Accessed February 21, 2023. https://www.trade.gov/leading-economic-indicators-aerospace-industry [3] Federal Aviation Administration. “United States 2021 Aviation Climate Action Plan”. https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2021-11/Aviation_Climate_Action_Plan.pdf. Released November 2021 This was originally published in March 2023 on whitehouse.gov. This content has been broken-up into bite sized sections, each with unique headlines and AI-generated lead images, in line with the provisions of Creative Commons 3.0.

Wings of Prosperity: U.S. Aeronautics Leadership Anchors Economic Growth and Security

You can jump to any section of the National Aeronautics Science & Technology Priorities here. Executive Summary Since the development of aircraft and the advent of heavier-than-air flight, the United States has been a world leader in aeronautics research and technologies. The U.S. Government has a vision for continued global leadership in aeronautics. This document describes that vision, as manifested by the U.S. Government’s top aeronautics strategic priorities, and as shaped by the U.S. Government’s guiding principles. As such, this document updates and replaces the “2006 National Aeronautics Research and Development Policy”. The U.S. Government’s top aeronautics strategic priorities are: (1) achieving sustainable aviation; (2) transforming the national airspace system; and (3) promoting connectivity and speed. The U.S. Government is committed to achieving sustainable aviation to reduce and eventually eliminate the greenhouse gas emissions from aviation by implementing the U.S. 2021 Aviation Climate Action Plan and the Climate Adaptation Plans for each Federal department and agency. Maintaining the nation’s edge in aeronautics requires increased use of data, software, automation, and artificial intelligence to integrate drones, Advanced Air Mobility aircraft, and other emerging technologies into the National Airspace System. The U.S. Government will also transition its legacy systems, and modernize and adapt regulatory and operational structures. It will continue to invest in maintaining, enhancing, and advancing national security through superior aircraft and technologies, from subsonic through hypersonic technologies, that emphasize speed. The U.S. Government will also promote connectivity through supporting the development of Advanced Air Mobility to enable more connections to less utilized airports and underserved communities, and a competitive airline industry that results in lower costs for air travel. Across all priorities, the U.S. Government’s efforts will be guided by these principles, which reflect enduring American values: (1) Safety, (2) Environment, (3) Economic Competitiveness, (4) Innovation, (5) Security, (6) Workforce, and (7) Equity. The choices and investments made today will determine our competitive position long into the future. By highlighting these priorities and principles, it is the United States’ intent to empower aeronautics stakeholders across the U.S. Government and private sector to work collaboratively toward achieving these goals. The United States will remain globally competitive in aeronautics innovations through ground-breaking research and development (R&D), the implementation of efficient, timely regulations, and close cooperation with domestic and international partners. By achieving the three top aeronautics strategic priorities, the U.S. Government will ensure that the United States remains the global leader in aeronautics in the 21st century and beyond. This was originally published in March 2023 on whitehouse.gov. This content has been broken-up into bite sized sections, each with unique headlines and AI-generated lead images, in line with the provisions of Creative Commons 3.0.

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