Give users help, not confusion Give users help, not confusion TL;DR: Replace vague error messages with specific, actionable feedback that helps users solve problems. TL;DR: Replace vague error messages with specific, actionable feedback that helps users solve problems. Problems Addressed 😔 User confusion and frustration
No actionable guidance provided
Technical jargon
Poor Unhandled errors
Poor UX
Poor error recovery
Incomplete Error Information
Decreased user trust
Generic messaging
Silent Failures User confusion and frustration No actionable guidance provided Technical jargon Poor Unhandled errors Unhandled errors Poor UX UX Poor error recovery Incomplete Error Information Error Information Decreased user trust Generic messaging Silent Failures Related Code Smells 💨 https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xx-we-have-reached-100 https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xx-we-have-reached-100 https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xxxiv https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xxxiv https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xv https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xv https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-vi-cmj31om https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-vi-cmj31om https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xxvii https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xxvii Steps 👣 Identify all generic error messages in your codebase that use terms like "Oops", "Something went wrong", or "An error occurred"
Replace generic messages with specific descriptions of what happened
Add actionable guidance telling users exactly what they can do to resolve the issue
Implement proper internal logging to capture technical details for developers
Add monitoring alerts to notify the development team when errors occur frequently Identify all generic error messages in your codebase that use terms like "Oops", "Something went wrong", or "An error occurred" Replace generic messages with specific descriptions of what happened Add actionable guidance telling users exactly what they can do to resolve the issue Implement proper internal logging to capture technical details for developers Add monitoring alerts to notify the development team when errors occur frequently Sample Code 💻 Before  🚨 function processPayment(paymentData) {
  try {
    // Too broad try catch  
    validatePayment(paymentData);
    chargeCard(paymentData);
    sendConfirmation(paymentData.email);
  } catch (error) {
    // Generic error message shown to user
    return {
      success: false,
      userMessage: "Oops! Something went wrong. Please try again.",
      error: error.message
    };
  }
}

function handleError(res, error) {
  // Exposing HTTP 500 to users
  res.status(500).json({
    message: "Internal Server Error",
    error: error.message
  });
} function processPayment(paymentData) {
  try {
    // Too broad try catch  
    validatePayment(paymentData);
    chargeCard(paymentData);
    sendConfirmation(paymentData.email);
  } catch (error) {
    // Generic error message shown to user
    return {
      success: false,
      userMessage: "Oops! Something went wrong. Please try again.",
      error: error.message
    };
  }
}

function handleError(res, error) {
  // Exposing HTTP 500 to users
  res.status(500).json({
    message: "Internal Server Error",
    error: error.message
  });
} After 👉 function processPayment(paymentData) {
  try {
    validatePayment(paymentData);
    // This catch is specific to payment validation
  } catch (error) {
    // 1. Identify all generic error messages in your codebase
    // that use terms like "Oops", "Something went wrong", 
    // or "An error occurred"    
    // 2. Replace generic messages 
    // with specific descriptions of what happened
    // 3. Add actionable guidance telling users 
    // exactly what they can do to resolve the issue
    // 4. Implement proper internal logging 
    // to capture technical details for developers
    logger.error('Payment validation failed', {
      userId: paymentData.userId,
      error: error.message,
      stack: error.stack,
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
    });
    // 5. Add monitoring alerts to notify 
    // the development team when errors occur frequently    
    alerting.notifyError('PAYMENT_VALIDATION_FAILED', error);
    if (error.code === 'INVALID_CARD') {
      return {
        success: false,
        userMessage: "Your card information" + 
        " appears to be incorrect." +
        "Please check your card number," + 
        " expiry date, and security code."
      };
    }
    return {
      success: false,
      userMessage: "There was a problem validating" +
      " your payment." +
      "Please try again or contact support."
    };
  }

  // You should break this long method
  // Using extract method
  try {
    chargeCard(paymentData);
  } catch (error) {
    logger.error('Card charging failed', {
      userId: paymentData.userId,
      error: error.message,
      stack: error.stack,
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
    });
    alerting.notifyError('CARD_CHARGING_FAILED', error);
    if (error.code === 'INSUFFICIENT_FUNDS') {
      return {
        success: false,
        userMessage: "Your payment couldn't be processed"+
        " due to insufficient funds. " +
        "Please use a different payment method" + 
        " or contact your bank."
      };
    }
    if (error.code === 'CARD_EXPIRED') {
      return {
        success: false,
        userMessage: "Your card has expired. " +
        "Please update your payment method with a current card."
      };
    }
    return {
      success: false,
      userMessage: "There was a problem processing your payment." +
      " Please try again or contact support."
    };
  }

  try {
    sendConfirmation(paymentData.email);
  } catch (error) {
    logger.error('Confirmation sending failed', {
      userId: paymentData.userId,
      error: error.message,
      stack: error.stack,
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
    });
    alerting.notifyError('CONFIRMATION_FAILED', error);
    return {
      success: true,
      userMessage: "Payment processed successfully,"+
      " but we couldn't send the confirmation email." +
      " Please check your email address or contact support."
    };
  }

  return { success: true,
          userMessage: "Payment processed successfully." };
} function processPayment(paymentData) {
  try {
    validatePayment(paymentData);
    // This catch is specific to payment validation
  } catch (error) {
    // 1. Identify all generic error messages in your codebase
    // that use terms like "Oops", "Something went wrong", 
    // or "An error occurred"    
    // 2. Replace generic messages 
    // with specific descriptions of what happened
    // 3. Add actionable guidance telling users 
    // exactly what they can do to resolve the issue
    // 4. Implement proper internal logging 
    // to capture technical details for developers
    logger.error('Payment validation failed', {
      userId: paymentData.userId,
      error: error.message,
      stack: error.stack,
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
    });
    // 5. Add monitoring alerts to notify 
    // the development team when errors occur frequently    
    alerting.notifyError('PAYMENT_VALIDATION_FAILED', error);
    if (error.code === 'INVALID_CARD') {
      return {
        success: false,
        userMessage: "Your card information" + 
        " appears to be incorrect." +
        "Please check your card number," + 
        " expiry date, and security code."
      };
    }
    return {
      success: false,
      userMessage: "There was a problem validating" +
      " your payment." +
      "Please try again or contact support."
    };
  }

  // You should break this long method
  // Using extract method
  try {
    chargeCard(paymentData);
  } catch (error) {
    logger.error('Card charging failed', {
      userId: paymentData.userId,
      error: error.message,
      stack: error.stack,
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
    });
    alerting.notifyError('CARD_CHARGING_FAILED', error);
    if (error.code === 'INSUFFICIENT_FUNDS') {
      return {
        success: false,
        userMessage: "Your payment couldn't be processed"+
        " due to insufficient funds. " +
        "Please use a different payment method" + 
        " or contact your bank."
      };
    }
    if (error.code === 'CARD_EXPIRED') {
      return {
        success: false,
        userMessage: "Your card has expired. " +
        "Please update your payment method with a current card."
      };
    }
    return {
      success: false,
      userMessage: "There was a problem processing your payment." +
      " Please try again or contact support."
    };
  }

  try {
    sendConfirmation(paymentData.email);
  } catch (error) {
    logger.error('Confirmation sending failed', {
      userId: paymentData.userId,
      error: error.message,
      stack: error.stack,
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
    });
    alerting.notifyError('CONFIRMATION_FAILED', error);
    return {
      success: true,
      userMessage: "Payment processed successfully,"+
      " but we couldn't send the confirmation email." +
      " Please check your email address or contact support."
    };
  }

  return { success: true,
          userMessage: "Payment processed successfully." };
} Type 📝 [x]Manual [x]Manual [x] Safety 🛡️ This refactoring changes the behavior and is safe if you keep logging and alerts active for debugging. Avoid removing details needed by support teams. The risk of breaking changes is low since you're improving existing error handling rather than changing core business logic. Why is the Code Better? ✨ You give users useful guidance instead of confusion. You create a better user experience by providing clear, actionable feedback instead of confusing technical jargon. Users understand what went wrong and know their next steps. You separate concerns by keeping technical details in logs while showing business-friendly messages to users. Your support team gets better debugging information through structured logging. You can proactively address system issues through monitoring alerts before users report them. You keep technical information away from them, but still record it for faster issue resolution. How Does it Improve the Bijection? 🗺️ You keep a closer match between the real world and your model. Instead of vague "Oops" messages, your system speaks in clear terms that reflect actual events. Error messages in the real world contain specific information about what went wrong and how to fix it. real world A cashier doesn't say "Oops, something went wrong" when your card is declined - they tell you the specific issue and suggest solutions. This refactoring aligns the software model with Bijection error communication patterns, making the system more intuitive and helpful for users Bijection Limitations ⚠️ You must be careful not to expose sensitive system information that could help attackers. Some errors may need to remain generic for security reasons (like authentication failures). Additionally, creating specific error messages requires more development time and thorough testing of error scenarios. Refactor with AI 🤖 Suggested Prompt: 1. Identify all generic error messages in your codebase that use terms like "Oops", "Something went wrong", or "An error occurred" 2. Replace generic messages with specific descriptions of what happened 3. Add actionable guidance telling users exactly what they can do to resolve the issue 4. Implement proper internal logging to capture technical details for developers 5. Add monitoring alerts to notify the development team when errors occur frequently Suggested Prompt: 1. Identify all generic error messages in your codebase that use terms like "Oops", "Something went wrong", or "An error occurred" 2. Replace generic messages with specific descriptions of what happened 3. Add actionable guidance telling users exactly what they can do to resolve the issue 4. Implement proper internal logging to capture technical details for developers 5. Add monitoring alerts to notify the development team when errors occur frequently Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions



ChatGPT

ChatGPT



Claude

Claude



Perplexity

Perplexity



Copilot

Copilot



You

You



Gemini

Gemini



DeepSeek

DeepSeek



Meta AI

Meta AI



Grok

Grok



Qwen

Qwen Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions



ChatGPT

ChatGPT



Claude

Claude



Perplexity

Perplexity



Copilot

Copilot



You

You



Gemini

Gemini



DeepSeek

DeepSeek



Meta AI

Meta AI



Grok

Grok



Qwen

Qwen Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions Without Proper Instructions Without Proper Instructions With Specific Instructions With Specific Instructions ChatGPT

ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT Claude

Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Perplexity

Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Copilot

Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot You

You You You You You You You Gemini

Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini DeepSeek

DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek Meta AI

Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Grok

Grok Grok Grok Grok Grok Grok Grok Qwen

Qwen Qwen Qwen Qwen Qwen Qwen Qwen Tags 🏷️ Exceptions Exceptions Level 🔋 [x]Intermediate [x]Intermediate [x] Related Refactorings 🔄 https://hackernoon.com/refactoring-014-how-to-remove-if?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/refactoring-014-how-to-remove-if?embedable=true See also 📚 https://hackernoon.com/fail-fast-philosophy-explained-si963vk9?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/fail-fast-philosophy-explained-si963vk9?embedable=true https://www.morling.dev/blog/whats-in-a-good-error-message/?embedable=true https://www.morling.dev/blog/whats-in-a-good-error-message/?embedable=true https://ulrikapark.wordpress.com/2021/05/03/are-you-sure-people-get-happy-about-your-oops-error-messages-or-does-it-lower-their-trust-in-your-software/?embedable=true https://ulrikapark.wordpress.com/2021/05/03/are-you-sure-people-get-happy-about-your-oops-error-messages-or-does-it-lower-their-trust-in-your-software/?embedable=true https://www.sonarsource.com/learn/error-handling-guide/?embedable=true https://www.sonarsource.com/learn/error-handling-guide/?embedable=true Credits 🙏 Image by Ryan McGuire on Pixabay Ryan McGuire Pixabay This article is part of the Refactoring Series. https://maximilianocontieri.com/how-to-improve-your-code-with-easy-refactorings?embedable=true https://maximilianocontieri.com/how-to-improve-your-code-with-easy-refactorings?embedable=true

The code in this story is for educational purposes. The readers are solely responsible for whatever they build with it.

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