Ababhali:  (1) Martin Peresıni, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Information Technology (iperesini@fit.vut.cz);  (2) Ivan Homoliak, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Information Technology (ihomoliak@fit.vut);  (3) Federico Matteo Bencic, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (federico-matteo.bencic@fer.hr);  (4) UMartin Hruby, i-Brno University of Technology, i-Faculty of Information Technology (hruby@fit.vut.cz);  (5) Kamil Malinka, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Information Technology (malinka@fit.vut).  Ithebula Lezixhumanisi   Abstract kanye I. Isingeniso   II. Ingemuva   III. Incazelo Yenkinga   IV. Izixazululo ze-DAG-Oriented   V. Ukuhlaziywa Kwethiyori Yomdlalo   VI. Imodeli Yokulingisa   VII. Ukuhlola   VIII. Izinyathelo zokulwa   IX. Ingxoxo kanye Nomsebenzi Wakusasa   X. Umsebenzi Ohlobene   XI. Isiphetho Nezikhombo    - Izivumelwano zokuvumelana ze-blockchain ezimbalwa ezihlongozwayo zokusebenzisa ama-Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) ukuze kuxazululwe ukucutshungulwa okulinganiselwe kokuphuma kwama-blockchain we-single-chain Proof-Work (PoW). Amaphrothokholi amaningi anjalo asebenzisa isu lokukhetha okungahleliwe (i-RTS) (isb, i-PHANTOM, i-GHOSTDAG, i-SPECTRE, i-Inclusive, ne-Prism) ukuze kugwenywe izimpinda zomsebenzi kuwo wonke amabhulokhi afanayo ku-DAG futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe ukusetshenziswa kwenethiwekhi. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwangaphambilini aluzange luhlole ngokucophelela ukuziphatha kokuhaha okugxile ekukhuthazeni lapho ukukhethwa kokwenziwe kuphambuka kuphrothokholi. Kulo msebenzi, siqale senze ukuhlaziya okujwayelekile komdlalo wethiyorikhi esikhipha amaphrothokholi e-blockchain ambalwa asuselwa ku-DAG asebenzisa isu le-RTS, futhi sifakazela ukuthi isu elinjalo alihlanganisi ukulingana kwe-Nash, okungqubuzana nobufakazi obusephepheni elibandakanya konke. . Okulandelayo, sithuthukisa isilingisi se-blockchain esinweba amathuluzi omthombo ovulekile akhona ukuze asekele amaketanga amaningi futhi sihlole ukuchezuka okusekelwe ekukhuthazeni kusukela kuphrothokholi. Senza ukulingisa nabavukuzi abayishumi ukuze siqinisekise isiphetho sethu kusukela kuhlaziyo lwethiyori yegeyimu. Ukulingisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi abalingisi abahahayo abangalandeli isu le-RTS bangathola inzuzo engaphezu kwabasebenzi basezimayini abathembekile futhi balimaze ukucubungula okuphumayo kwephrothokholi ngenxa yokuthi okwenziwa yimpinda kufakwe kubhulokhi engaphezu kweyodwa yamaketanga ahlukene. Sibonisa ukuthi lo mphumela ulingana ngokungaqondile nokulibaziseka kokusabalalisa inethiwekhi. Okokugcina, sibonisa ukuthi abavukuzi abahahayo bayakhuthazwa ukuba bakhe idamu lezimayini elihlanganyelwe ukuze bandise inzuzo yabo. Lokhu kubukela phansi ukuhlukaniswa kwezifundazwe futhi kwehlisa isithunzi ukwakheka kwezimiso okukhulunywa ngazo. Ukuze siqhubeke sisekele izimangalo zethu, senza izivivinyo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunethiwekhi engokoqobo efana ne-Bitcoin enamanodi angaphezu kuka-7000. I-Abstract  I. ISINGENISO  Ama-Blockchains adumile ngenxa yezindawo eziningana ezithakazelisayo ezinikezayo, njengokwabiwa kwamazwe, ukungaguquki, ukutholakala, njll. Ngenxa yalezi zakhiwo, ama-blockchains amukelwa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, njengezezimali, amaketanga okuhlinzeka, ukuphathwa kobunikazi, i-inthanethi Yezinto, amasistimu wefayela, njll.  Noma kunjalo, ama-blockchains ngokwemvelo ahlushwa ibhodlela le-process throughput, njengoba kufanele kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni ngebhulokhi ngayinye ngaphakathi kweketango. Enye indlela yokuxazulula le nkinga ukukhulisa izinga lokudala vimba. Nokho, indlela enjalo inezinkinga ezithile. Uma amabhulokhi angasakazwa ngenethiwekhi ngaphambi kokuthi kudalwe ibhulokhi entsha, kungase kwenzeke   , lapho amabhulokhi amabili ahambisanayo ebhekisela kubhulokhi yomzali efanayo. Imfoloko ethambile ixazululwa ngesikhathi esifushane ngomthetho wokukhetha imfoloko, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ibhulokhi elilodwa kuphela eligcina livunyelwe njengelivumelekile. Konke ukuthengiselana endaweni   (aka, stale) kuyalahlwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-nodes wokuvumelana lokho  imfoloko ethambile yezintandane  adale amabhulokhi ayizintandane achitha izinsiza zawo futhi awazange athole umvuzo.  Njengempendulo yodaba olungenhla, iziphakamiso ezimbalwa (isb, Okubandakanyayo [26], PHANTOM [44], GHOSTDAG [44], SPECTER [43]) zithathele indawo isakhiwo sedatha yokuhlanganisa eyodwa (engakhiwe) Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) (bheka Fig. 1), kuyilapho esinye isiphakamiso kulesi siqondiso siqashwe i-DAG ehlelekile (okungukuthi, i-Prism [6]). Isakhiwo esinjalo singagcina amaketanga axhumene amaningi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngokwembono sandise ukucutshungulwa kokuphuma. Ukucatshangelwa kwezixazululo ezithintekayo ezigxile ku-DAG wukuyeka ukukhetha kokwenziwe ngokusekelwe ezinkokhelweni eziphezulu kakhulu njengoba le ndlela ikhulisa ngokunembile amathuba okuthi umsebenzi ofanayo ufakwe ebhulokhini elingaphezu kwelilodwa (   ngemva kwalokhu ). Kunalokho, lezi zindlela zisebenzisa isu lokukhetha okungahleliwe (okungukuthi, i-RTS)[1] njengengxenye yephrothokholi yesivumelwano ukugwema ukungqubuzana kokwenziwe. Nakuba imiphumela yokuchezuka kuhlelo olunjalo ingase ibonakale inembile, akekho noyedwa osahlaziye ngokucophelela ukusebenza nokuqina kwezindlela ezithintekayo ezigxile ku-DAG phakathi kocwaningo olunobufakazi oluphenya ukuhlaselwa kokugqugquzela ekukhetheni okwenziwayo. ukushayisana kokwenziwe  Kulo msebenzi, sigxila kumthelela wabalingisi **abahahayo[**2] kumadizayini amaningana agxile ku-DAG wezivumelwano zokuvumelana. Ikakhulukazi, sifunda isimo lapho umhlaseli (noma abahlaseli) ephambuka esivumelwaneni ngokungalandeli isu le-RTS elithathwa izindlela ezimbalwa ezigxile ku-DAG [26], [44], [44], [43], [6]. Kulezi zindlela, i-PHANTOM [44], GHOSTDAG, [44], kanye ne-SPECTER [43] zisebenzisa i-RTS eyethulwa ku-Inclusive [26] - ukuhlaziya kwayo ithiyori yomdlalo (kanye nokuqagela okungekho mayelana nokudala iphuli yezimayini) esiphikisana nayo kulokhu. umsebenzi. Ngokuphambene, i-Prism [6]   ayihlinzeki nganoma yikuphi ukuhlaziya okugxile ekukhuthazeni ngakho-ke ayizange ibonise ukuthi imelana nanoma yikuphi ukuhlasela okukhuthazwayo okusekelwe ekukhethweni kokwenziwe. Noma kunjalo, yomibili imigqa yemisebenzi isebenzisa i-RTS futhi ngaleyo ndlela isenze sikwazi ukuveza imininingwane yayo futhi sigxile ekumodeleni nasekuhlaziyeni lesi sici.  Senza i-hypothesis ethi umhlaseli ochezuka kuqhinga le-RTS angase abe nemiphumela emibili ebalulekile. Okokuqala, umhlaseli onjalo angathola imivuzo emikhulu uma eqhathaniswa nabahlanganyeli abaqotho. Okwesibili, umhlaseli onjalo ulimaza umsebenzi owenziwayo, njengoba   kuyanda. Siqinisekisa futhi sifakazele i-hypothesis yethu ekuhlaziyweni kwethiyori yomdlalo futhi sibonisa ukuthi i-RTS ayihlanganisi ukulingana kwe-Nash. Ngamagama aguquguqukayo, isibalo sabavukuzi abalandela imigomo okukhulunywa ngayo asigonyiwe kumhlaseli (oguquguqukayo). Okulandelayo, siqinisekisa iziphetho ezivela ekuhlaziyweni kwethiyori yegeyimu ngokuhlolwa okumbalwa kokulingisa, lapho sigxila khona ku-DAG-PROTOCOL efushanisiwe, egqugquzelwe imiklamo ekhona. ukungqubuzana kokwenziwe    . Iminikelo yalo msebenzi imi kanje: Iminikelo  Sicabanga ukuthi ukungalandeli isu le-RTS kumaphrothokholi aphathelene ne-DAG kuthinta kabi inzuzo ehlobene yabavukuzi abathembekile kanye nokusebenza okusebenzayo kwenethiwekhi.  I-hypothesis iqinisekiswa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya kwethiyori yegeyimu okugxile kuzo zonke izimo ezingaba khona ezifaka abalingisi ababili: umvukuzi othembekile olandela i-RTS kanye nomvukuzi ohahayo ophambuka kuyo. Siphetha ngokuthi isu le-RTS alihlanganisi ukulingana kwe-Nash.  Sakha isifanisi sangokwezifiso esinweba amathuluzi okulingisa omthombo ovulekile ukuze sicabangele amaketanga amaningi nezikimu zokukhuthaza ezihlukahlukene, futhi ngaleyo ndlela sisenze sikwazi ukuphenya izakhiwo zamaphrothokholi athintekayo asekelwe ku-DAG.  Senza ukuhlola ku-DAGPROTOCOL efushanisiwe, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi umlingisi ohahayo okhetha ukuthenga ngokusekelwe enkokhelweni ephakeme kakhulu unenzuzo enkulu ekwenzeni inzuzo uma kuqhathaniswa nabavukuzi abaqotho abalandela i-RTS.  Okulandelayo, sibonisa ngokuhlolwa ukuthi abalingisi abaningi abahahayo banganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo okwenziwayo okusebenzayo ngokukhuphula izinga lokushayisana komsebenzi kuwo wonke amaketango ahambisanayo ama-DAG.  Sikhombisa ukuthi abalingisi abanobugovu banesisusa esibalulekile sokwakha inkundla yezimayini ukuze bakhulise inzuzo yabo ehlobene, okwehlisa isithunzi ukuhlukaniswa kwemiklamo ethintekayo egxile ku-DAG.  Leli phepha  ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-CC BY 4.0 DEED.   itholakala ku-arxiv  Qaphela ukuthi i-RTS ihilela ukungahleleki okuthile ekukhetheni okwenziwayo kodwa ayilingani ngempela nokukhetha okwenziwayo okungahleliwe (ukuze ihambisane nemisebenzi esebenzisa i-Inclusive [26], efana ne-PHANTOM, GHOSTDAG [44], SPECTER [43], kanjalo njengokuqaliswa kwe-GHOSTDAG ebizwa nge-Kaspa [42]).  Abalingisi abahahayo bayaphambuka esivumelwaneni ukuze bandise inzuzo yabo.

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