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I-Cypherpunks Bhala Ikhodi: Bram Cohen & BitTorrent

nge Obyte6m2024/09/04

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Kude kakhulu; Uzofunda

U-Bram Cohen ungusosayensi wekhompyutha waseMelika owasungula iphrothokholi yokwabelana ngamafayela ye-BitTorrent. Uphinde athathwe njenge-cypherpunk yakuqala, ngoba uzinikele ekudaleni isofthiwe egxile kubumfihlo kanye ne-peer-to-peer (P2P). U-Cohen wasungula inkampani i-BitTorrent Inc. ngo-2004, esekhona nanamuhla.

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Impela, i-BitTorrent izwakala njengento ejwayelekile, akunjalo? Yileya phrothokholi edumile yokwabelana ngamafayela manje esebenza neklayenti uTorrent. Nokho, uBram Cohen, usosayensi wamakhompiyutha waseMelika, uyena owayisungula—nokunye okwengeziwe. Uphinde athathwe njenge-cypherpunk yakuqala, noma ngabe wayengekho ohlwini lwama-imeyili wama-90s ngoba uzinikele ekudaleni isofthiwe egxile kubumfihlo kanye ne-peer-to-peer (P2P).

Wazalwa ngo-1975 eNew York City, uCohen wakhulela emndenini owawukhulisa ubuhlakani bakhe, uyise engusosayensi wamakhompyutha. Ukuthatheka kwakhe ngamakhompyutha waqala ekuseni ; lapho eneminyaka eyisithupha, wayesefunda ukubhala ikhodi ku-BASIC kukhompyutha ye-Timex Sinclair. Lokhu kuvezwa kwezinhlelo kusenesikhathi kubeka isisekelo sezinto zakhe ezintsha ezizayo.

Phakathi neminyaka yakhe yesikole samabanga aphezulu e-Stuyvesant High School, u-Cohen wenza kahle ezibalweni waze wafanelekela i-United States of America Mathematical Olympiad. Ngempela, kusho yena ukuthi uzibheka njengesazi sezibalo ngokwakhe. Ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe, waya kafushane e-SUNY Buffalo kodwa washeshe wasuka wayongena embonini yezobuchwepheshe, wajoyina ama-dot-com amaningi ngeminyaka yawo-1990.

Ngaphambi komsebenzi wakhe omkhulu ku-BitTorrent, u-Cohen wayehileleke kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-MojoNation, inkundla ayithuthukisa ngokubambisana noJim McCoy—enye i-cypherpunk yakuqala. Lolu hlelo lwaklanyelwe ukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babelane ngokuvikelekile amafayela ngokuwaphula abe izingcezu ezibethelwe ezisatshalaliswa kumakhompyutha amaningi, ngendlela ye-P2P.

Akuzange kube njalo isebenza ngokugcwele , kodwa le phrojekthi cishe izobeka isisekelo sokudalwa kuka-Cohen kamuva kwephrothokholi ye-BitTorrent, eyashintsha ukwabelana kwefayela nokusatshalaliswa kwedijithali.

I-BitTorrent ne-Chia

U-Cohen waqala ukusebenza ku-software ye-BitTorrent ngo-2001, kodwa kwakungeke kuze kube yi-2004 lapho asungula khona inkampani i-BitTorrent Inc., kanye nomfowabo uRoss Cohen kanye nomlingani webhizinisi u-Ashwin Navin. Iphrothokholi inikezela ukumelana nokuvala shaqa, okusebenzayo, nokusabalaliswa kwefayela ngokusabalalisa inqubo. Isebenza ngokuhlephula amafayela abe izingcezu ezincane, abese asatshalaliswa phakathi kwabasebenzisi (ababizwa ontanga) abalanda futhi balayishe lezi zingcezu kanyekanye.

Le ndlela ivumele ubugebengu obukhulu ukuthi kwenzeke phakathi neminyaka, noma kunjalo UCohen uthe bekungeyona inhloso yakhe leyo. Njengoba kwenzeka ngempela, noma kunjalo, inzuzo enkulu ye-BitTorrent iyithuluzi lapho ukwabelana kwefayela kunzima kakhulu ukumisa noma ukuvimba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifayela noma izwe, ngoba kukhona ontanga abaningi abahilelekile.

Izinsizakalo zangaphambilini zalolu hlobo, njenge-mp3.com ne-Napster, zavalwa ngoba zazibekwe endaweni eyodwa -ngokungafani ne-BitTorrent, eza ukuzoxazulula leyo nkinga, naphezu kwakho konke ukungezwani.

Isistimu yayo yayiklanyelwe ukusabalalisa nokwabelana ngedatha ngokuqondile kontanga ngabanye, ngaphandle kwemikhawulo, ngokungafani nezindlela ezivamile ezifana ne-HTTP noma i-FTP, evame ukuthembela kuseva eyodwa. Ukukhishwa kokuqala kwesoftware ye-BitTorrent yinkampani ka-Cohen bekungomthombo ovulekile futhi kusekhona, okuvumela ukutholwa nokuthuthukiswa okusabalele ngabathuthukisi abahlukahlukene nemiphakathi.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izici zobuchwepheshe benkampani ye-BitTorrent zaba ubunikazi, ikakhulukazi njengoba inkampani engemuva kwayo, i-BitTorrent, Inc. (kamuva eyaba yi-Rainberry, Inc.), yayifuna ukwenza imali ngobuchwepheshe ngemikhiqizo namasevisi ahlukahlukene.

Iklayenti elenziwe kabusha i-uTorrent, elakhishwa ngo-2007, lalingasewona umthombo ovulekile. Nokho, iphrothokholi ye-BitTorrent ivuliwe, futhi kunezinye izinhlelo eziningi ezisebenzisa isimiso esifanayo, ezinye zazo ziwumthombo ovulekile.

Ngokwengxenye yakhe, u-Cohen washiya inkampani ukuze athole i-Chia Network ngo-2017. Lena i-protocol ye-blockchain eklanyelwe ngokugxila ekuzinzeni. Ngokungafani nemali ye-cryptocurrency efana ne-Bitcoin, ethembele ku-Proof-of-Work (PoW) osebenzisa amandla izindlela, i-Chia isebenzisa i-algorithm yayo yokuvumelana ebizwa ngokuthi Ubufakazi Bendawo Nesikhathi (PoST), eyakhiwe ngu-Cohen.

Le ndlela isebenzisa indawo yokugcina engasetshenziswanga kuma-hard drive wabasebenzisi ukuze “balima” izinhlamvu zemali ze-Chia, kunokuthi “zimbiwe” ngehadiwe enamandla yokwenza ikhompuyutha. Umqondo uwukwenza inethiwekhi ibe ne-eco-friendly ngokusebenzisa izinsiza ezikhona esikhundleni sokudla amandla amaningi. Nokho, izingcezu ezinkulu zesikhala ( ngaphezu kwe-108 GB ) kanye nezinga elithile lolwazi lobuchwepheshe liyadingeka ukuze ube umlimi.

Cohen futhi Cypherpunks

U-Cohen uthathwa njenge-cypherpunk abaningi, kodwa wabelane ngokuthi ubengekho kunoma yiluphi uhlu lwe-cypherpunk, ngoba wathola "izinkulumo eziningi zezepolitiki, ubuchwepheshe obuncane kakhulu." Ngaphandle kwalokhu, futhi mhlawumbe okuxakayo, ubelokhu ehileleke kakhulu namanye ama-cypherpunk eminyakeni edlule.

U-Len Sassaman, ummeli wobumfihlo kanye ne-vocal cypherpunk (ngisho a osolwayo ukuba ngu-Satoshi Nakamoto), wayehlala naye ngo-2001 futhi wamsiza ukuthi enze ingqungquthela yaminyaka yonke ye-CodeCon yabaduni nabathanda ubuchwepheshe ngo-2002.

UCohen uyakhumbula ukuthi uLen wayengumbambiqhaza njalo ohlwini lwama-mail we-cypherpunk, futhi wazama ukumenza ashicilele i-BitTorrent ngokungeyena. Ngaphandle kwe-Sassaman, ama-cypherpunk ambalwa kungenzeka agcine ebambe iqhaza ku-CodeCon kwaze kwaba ngeyokugcina, ngo-2009.

U-Hal Finney, umsebenzisi wokuqala we-Bitcoin, nomqambi wohlelo lwe-RPOW, wanikeza inkulumo lapho ngo-2005, no-Adam Back, manje oyi-CEO yeBlockstream, kusizwa ngo-2002.

Nokho, ngaphezu kwakho konke, indalo kaCohen ibilokhu ibonisa imibono yakhe. I-BitTorrent, njengohlelo lokwabelana ngamafayela lwe-P2P, kanye ne-Chia, njenge-crypto ecosystem, ibonwe njengamathuluzi ahambisana nemibono ye-cypherpunk, ekhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwedatha futhi inikeze abasebenzisi ukulawula okwengeziwe kubumfihlo babo bedijithali—nezimali .

Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngaye , elithi “cypherpunk” “igama elivamile elisetshenziswayo le-badassery ehlobene ne-inthanethi,” futhi umsebenzi wakhe “uzwakala njengochungechunge oluqhubekayo lokuphanga okwedlulele, ngandlela thize ngendlela exakile konke okwenzekayo ngenkathi ngiziphumulele kusofa wami ngijulukile. ibhulukwe.”

Amaphrojekthi we-Cypherpunk

Singasho ukuthi u-Bram Cohen uyi-lowkey cypherpunk, hhayi njengezwi ngakho njengamanye amalungu. Nokho, indalo yakhe ilandela imigomo efanayo. I-BitTorrent, ngokwesibonelo, yenza izinguquko ekwabiweni kwamafayela ngokusabalalisa inqubo, okwenza kwaba nzima ukuvala.

Ngokungafani nezinhlelo zangaphambili ezifana ne-mp3.com ne-Napster, ethembele kumaseva aphakathi nendawo okungenzeka ukuthi aqondiswe futhi ehliswe yiziphathimandla, i-BitTorrent yasabalalisa umsebenzi kubasebenzisi abaningi. Inethiwekhi yayo ye-P2P isho ukuthi alikho iphuzu elilodwa lokwehluleka, iyenza ikwazi ukumelana nemizamo yokuvala shaqa.

Le mvelo yokwehlukaniswa ihambisana kahle nemibono ye-cypherpunk, elwela ubumfihlo, inkululeko, kanye nokumelana nokucwaninga. I-BitTorrent, kanye ne-Chia enwetshiwe, ihlanganisa lezi zimiso ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi nemisebenzi ihlala igeleza mahhala futhi ifinyeleleka, ngaphakathi kwamadivayisi ezinkulungwane, ngaphandle kokubheka imizamo yokuyilawula. Idizayini yabo ibonisa i-cypherpunk ethos yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kanye nokugcina i-inthanethi evulekile, engahloliwe.

I-Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) njengesakhiwo I-Obyte futhi ikhombisa leyo mibono. Lena inkundla ehlukaniswe ngempela, umklamo wayo ovumela ukuthengiselana ukuthi kwengezwe abasebenzisi ngokuqondile, futhi inakekelwa yinethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yontanga. Okuwukuphela kwento edingekayo ukuze kugwenywe ukusebenzisa kabili imali Abahlinzeki Be-oda (OPs), abavele banikeze imisebenzi yabo njengomhlahlandlela woku-oda okunye, kodwa abangenakho ukulawula okwengeziwe kunethiwekhi.

Le ndlela yokuthuthukisa ayigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu kodwa futhi ihambisana ne-cypherpunk ethos yokunciphisa ukuthembela kuziphathimandla ezimaphakathi kanye nokwandisa ukulawula komsebenzisi kudatha nokuthengiselana.

Ukuzinikela kwenkundla kubumfihlo nokuzimela kubonakala ezicini zayo ezifana nalezi ubunikazi bokuzimela kanye nemali yayo yobumfihlo ( Amabhayithi amnyama ), okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baphathe idatha yabo futhi bahlanganyele emisebenzini evikelekile, eyimfihlo. Lezi zibaluli nokunye okuningi kwenza i-Obyte ibe ithuluzi elisebenzayo lalabo abazisa izimiso ze-cypherpunks, njengokuvikelwa kolwazi lomuntu siqu kanye nokukhuthazwa komnotho wedijithali ohlukaniselwe izwe.

Funda kabanzi ochungechungeni lwe-Cypherpunks Bhala Ikhodi: