Ababhali: Almudena Carrera Vazquez Caroline Tornow Diego Ristè Stefan Woerner Maika Takita Daniel J. Egger Isishwankathelo Iikhompyutha zeQuantum zicombulula ulwazi ngokusebenzisa imithetho ye-quantum mechanics. I-hardware yeQuantum yangoku inengxaki, ingabamba ulwazi ixesha elifutshane kwaye ilinganiselwe kwiibithi ezimbalwa ze-quantum, oko kukuthi, ii-qubits, ngokomgaqo zihlelwe ngolwazi oluyunithi . Nangona kunjalo, izicelo ezininzi zekhompyutha ye-quantum zifuna ulwazi olunabileyo kunelo lolwakhiwo oluyunithi olunikezelwa yi-hardware kwi-qubits ezininzi kunokuba zikhona kwi-unit ye-quantum processing (QPU) enye. Uluntu lunethemba lokujongana nale miceli mingqiniba ngokudibanisa ii-QPU kusetyenziswa unxibelelwano lwekhamera, nto leyo engakaqhubekanga ibonakala ngoku kumava. Apha siphumeza ngamandla ngoku ngokusetyenziswa kweesekethe ezinokwenziwa ngokweemali kunye nokusika isekethe ukwenza izimo ze-quantum ezifuna ulwazi oluqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ii-qubits ezifikelela kuma-142 ezahlulahlulwe ziimpawu ezimbini ze-QPU ezine-qubits ezili-127 nganye ezidityaniswe ngexesha lokwenyani kunye nekhonkco lekhamera. Kwiseti eyenziwe ngokweemali, iigati ze-quantum zinokulawulwa yi-classical ngokwe ziphumo zemilinganiselo ye-mid-circuit ngaphakathi kwexesha lokusebenza, oko kukuthi, ngaphakathi kwesahlulo sexesha lokuchuma kwee-qubits. Ikhonkco lethu lekhamera langexesha lokwenyani lisivumela ukuba sisebenzise igati ye-quantum kwi-QPU enye ngokuxhomekeka kwisiphumo somlinganiso kwenye i-QPU. Ngapha koko, ulawulo olwenziweyo ngoku lunyusa ulwazi lwee-qubits kunye neseti yeemiyalelo ye-hardware ngoko ke lunyusa ukuzisebenzisa kwezikhompyutha zethu ze-quantum. Umsebenzi wethu ubonisa ukuba sinokusebenzisa ii-processors ezininzi ze-quantum njenge-enye ngeesekethe ezenziwe ngokweemali ezisekelwe kwikhonkco lekhamera langexesha lokwenyani. 1 Imiba ephambili Iikhompyutha zeQuantum zicombulula ulwazi olubhalwe kwiibithi ze-quantum kunye nemisebenzi ye-unitary. Nangona kunjalo, iikhompyutha ze-quantum zinengxaki kwaye uninzi lwezixhobo ezinkulu zihlela ii-qubits ezifanelekileyo kwidatshana eyunithi. Ngaphandle koko, ii-processors zangoku ezinokwenziwa ngokweemali zinokufanekisa imodeli ze-Ising ze-hardware ezine-qubits ezili-127 kwaye zilinganise izinto ezingabonakaliyo ngobukhulu apho iindlela zokuhlaselwa ngekhompyutha ziqala ukubandezeleka . Ukusetyenziswa kwezikhompyutha ze-quantum kuxhomekeke ekwandeni kwayo kunye nokoyiswa kobunzima bazo obuphakathi. Indlela ye-modular ibalulekile ekwandiseni ii-processors ze-quantum zangoku ezinengxaki kwaye ekufumaneni inani elikhulu lee-qubits ezingafunekiyo ukuba zibe nobungqongqo . I-trapped ion kunye nezixhobo ze-atom ezingaphandle zingafumana i-modularity ngokuthwala ii-qubits ngokwas physical , . Kwixesha elingekude, i-modularity kwi-superconducting qubits ifunyenwa ngeekhonkhoni ezimfutshane ezidibanisa iichips ezikufutshane , . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kwixesha eliphakathi, iigati ezide ezisebenza kwidemo ye-microwave zingaqhutywa ngemikha yeqhelekileyo , , . Oku kungavumela ulwazi lwee-qubits ezingekho-yunithi olufanelekileyo kulwazi olusebenzayo . Enye indlela yexesha elide kukuqhubekisa ii-QPU ezikude ngekhonkco le-optical esebenzisa i-microwave ukuya kwi-optical transduction , nto leyo engakaqhubekanga ibonakala, ngokwazi kwethu. Ngaphezu koko, iiseti ezenziwe ngokweemali zandisa isethi yokusebenza yekhompyutha ye-quantum ngokwenza imilinganiselo ye-mid-circuit (MCMs) kunye nokulawula i-classical igati ngexesha lokuchuma kwee-qubits. Zinyusa umgangatho we-algorithmic kunye nolwazi lwee-qubits . Njengoko siza kubonisa, iiseti ezenziwe ngokweemali zikwenza kube lula ukudibanisa ii-QPU ngexesha lokwenyani ngekhonkco lekhamera. 9 10 11 3 12 13 14 Sithatha indlela yokugqibezela esekelwe kwii-gates ezingabonakaliyo ukwenza imisebenzi emide kwisakhiwo esihlelekileyo. Sidityaniswe ii-qubits kwiindawo ezingalindelekiyo kwaye senze izibalo ze-entanglement ngokusebenzisa ukwahlukaniswa kwe-quasi-probability (QPD) , , . Sikhetha inkqubo ye-Local Operations (LO) kuphela kuye enye eyongezwe yi-Classical Communication (LOCC) . Inkqubo ye-LO, eboniswe kwindawo ye-qubit ezimbini , ifuna ukuqhutywa kweesekethe ezininzi ze-quantum kunye nemisebenzi yendawo kuphela. Ngokungafaniyo, ukwenza i-LOCC, sisebenzisa iibhilidi ze-Bell ezingabonakaliyo kwiseti ye-teleportation ukwenza iigati ezimbini ze-qubit , . Kwi-hardware ye-quantum enolwazi olungalunganga kunye nolwakhiwo oluyunithi, ukwenza i-Bell pair phakathi kwee-qubits ezingalindelekiyo kufuna igati ye-CNOT ende. Ukuphepha ezi gatis, sisebenzisa i-QPD phezu kwemisebenzi yendawo evelisa iibhilidi ezisikiweyo ezenziwa yi-teleportation. Ii-LO azifuni khonkco lekhamera kwaye ngoko ke kulula ukuyisebenzisa kunokuba yi-LOCC. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko i-LOCC ifuna iseti enye kuphela ye-template yeseti, kulula ukuyicompile kunokuba yi-LO kwaye ixabiso le-QPD yayo liphantsi kunexabiso lenkqubo ye-LO. 15 16 17 16 17 18 19 20 Umsebenzi wethu wenze iminikelo emine ebalulekileyo. Okokuqala, sibonisa iiseti ze-quantum kunye ne-QPD ukwenza iibhilidi ezininzi ezisikiweyo ukwenza ii-gates ezingabonakaliyo kwi-ref. . Okwesibini, sibonisa kwaye sinyusa iimpazamo ezivela kwi-latency ye-hardware yolawulo lwekhamera kwiiseti ezenziwe ngokweemali ngokudibanisa i-dynamical decoupling kunye ne-zero-noise extrapolation . Okwesithathu, sisebenzisa ezi ndlela ukuyila imeko yomjikelo kwi-103-node graph state. Okwesine, sibonisa unxibelelwano lekhamera langexesha lokwenyani phakathi kweempawu ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-QPU ngoko ke sibonisa ukuba inkqubo ye-QPU ezihanjelweyo ingasebenza njenge-enye ngekhonkco lekhamera . Idibene neeseti ezenziwe ngokweemali, oku kusivumela ukuba siqhube zombini iichips njengekhompyutha ye-quantum enye, nto leyo esiyichaza ngokwenza isimo sophawu oluqhelekileyo esahlulwe kwiidivaysi ezimbini kwi-qubits ezili-142. Siyixubusha indlela yokuya phambili yokwenza iigati ezinde kwaye sinike isigqibo sethu. 17 21 22 23 Ukusika isekethe Sisebenzisa iiseti ze-quantum ezinkulu ezingenakusetyenziswa ngqo kwi-hardware yethu ngenxa yezithintelo kwinani le-qubit okanye ulwazi ngokunqumisa iigati. Ukusika isekethe kwahlula isekethe eneenkcukacha kwiiseti ezincinci ezinokwenziwa ngokwahlukeneyo , , , , , . Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka siqhube inani elonyukileyo leesekethe, esizibiza ngokuba yindleko yokuphendla. Iziphumo ezivela kwezi seti ezincinci zize zihlanganiswe yi-classical ukubonelela ngesiphumo sesekethe yoqobo ( ). 15 16 17 24 25 26 Iindlela Njengenye yeminikelo ephambili yomsebenzi wethu kukwenza ii-gates ezingabonakaliyo nge-LOCC, sibonisa indlela yokwenza iibhilidi ezisikiweyo ezifunwayo kunye nemisebenzi yendawo. Apha, iibhilidi ezininzi ezisikiweyo zenziwa ngeesekethe ze-quantum ezibonisa i-parameter, esizibiza ngokuba yifektri ye-Bell pair (Fig. ). Ukusika iibhilidi ezininzi ngaxeshanye kufuna indleko yokuphendla ephantsi . Njengoko ifektri ye-Bell pair isenza iiseti ezimbini ze-quantum ezahlukeneyo, sibeka iseti nganye kufutshane nee-qubits ezineegati ezinde. Isixhobo esivelayo sisebenziswa kwiseti ye-teleportation. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Fig. , iibhilidi ezisikiweyo zisetyenziswa ukwenza iigati ze-CNOT kwiiparesi zeqabane (0, 1) kunye (2, 3) (bona isebe ‘ ’). 1b,c 17 1b Iifektri zeBell pair ezisikiweyo , Inkcazo yesixhobo se-IBM Quantum System Two. Apha, ii-Eagle QPU ezimbini ezine-qubit ezili-127 zidityaniswe nekhonkco lekhamera langexesha lokwenyani. Inye i-QPU ilawulwa yee-electronics zayo kwiraka yayo. Siyavumelanisa zombini iiraka ukuze siqhube zombini ii-QPU njenge-enye. , I-template yeseti ye-quantum yokwenza ii-CNOT gates ezingabonakaliyo kwiiparesi zeqabane ( 0, 1) kunye ( 2, 3) kunye ne-LOCC ngokusebenzisa iibhilidi ezisikiweyo kwiseti ye-teleportation. Imigca ephindwe kabini enemibala epinki ibonisa ikhonkhco lekhamera langexesha lokwenyani. , Iifektri zeBell pair ezisikiweyo 2( ) ngeebhilidi ezimbini ezisikiweyo ngaxeshanye. I-QPD inezinye iiseti ze-parameter ezingama-27 ezipheleleyo . Apha,. a b q q q q c C θ i θ i Iimfanelo zomda womjikelo Sakha isimo sophawu | ⟩ kunye nemiqobo yomda womjikelo kwi-ibm_kyiv, iprosesa ye-Eagle , sidlula imida emiselweyo bubume bayo be-physical (bona isebe ‘ ’). Apha, ine-∣ ∣ = 103 ii-nodes kwaye ifuna imida emine ende lr = {(1, 95), (2, 98), (6, 102), (7, 97)} phakathi kwama-nodes aphezulu naphantsi ephela ephepheni le-Eagle (Fig. ). Silinganisa ii-stabilizer zenode kwi-node nganye ∈ kunye nee-stabilizer zemida ezakhiwe yimveliso kuyo yonke imida ( , )∈ . Kwi-stabilizers ezi, sakha umnini wobungqina bokudibana , nto leyo engaboniyo ukuba kukho ukudibana okukwinqanaba eliphindwe kabini kuyo yonke imida ( , )∈ (ref. ) (bona isebe ‘ ’). Sijonga kubungqina bokudibana obukwinqanaba eliphindwe kabini kuba yiyo leyo sifuna ukuyenza kwakhona ngegati ezingabonakaliyo. Ukulinganisa ubungqina bokudibana phakathi kwamaqela angaphezu kwama-two kuya kulilinganisa kuphela umgangatho weegati ezingezizo ezibonakalayo kunye nemilinganiselo eyenza ukuba iigati ezingabonakaliyo zingacaci. G 1 Iimo zoPhawu G V E 2a Si i V SiSj i j E i j E 27 Umnini Wobungqina bokudibana , I-graph ye-heavy-hexagonal igojwe izalise ngemida (1, 95), (2, 98), (6, 102) kunye (7, 97) egqame ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Siyisika ezi mida. , Ii-stabilizer zenode (phezulu) kunye neenobungqina , (ezantsi), kunye ne-1 standard deviation yee-nodes kunye nemida kufutshane nemida ende. Imigca eqhekezayo yahlula ii-stabilizer kunye neenobungqina ngokwewayekileyo kwii-edges ezisikiweyo. , Umsebenzi wokuhambisa oqokelelekileyo wempazamo yenode stabilizer. Iinkwenkwezi zibonisa ii-stabilizer zenode ezinayo imida enziwe yigati ende. Kwimvavanyo yomda onqanyuliweyo (umgca obomvu obonelela ngeengcebiso), iigati ezinde azikwenziwa kwaye ii-stabilizer ezikhonjiweyo ngeenkwenkwezi ngoko ke zine-unit error. Indawo engwevu yindlela yokusasazeka yamandla enxulumene nee-stabilizer zenode ezichaphazelekayo zii-cuts. – , Kwizicwangciso ezimbini, ii-nodes eziluhlaza ziphinda ii-nodes 95, 98, 102 kunye 97 ukubonisa iimida ezisikiweyo. Ii-nodes eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi ziizixhobo ze-qubit zokwenza iibhilidi ezisikiweyo. Umbala wenode nguphazamo olupheleleyo ∣ −1∣ ye-stabilizer elinganisweyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwibala lemibala. Imida imnyama ukuba izibalo zokudibana ziyabonakala kwinqanaba le-99% kwaye iphuzi ukuba azikho. Kwi , iigati ezinde zenziwe nge-SWAP gates. Kwi , iigati ezifanayo zenziwe nge-LOCC. Kwi , azikwenziwa konke konke. a b Sj c Sj d f e i Si d e f Silungiselela i-| ⟩ sisebenzisa iindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo. Iimida ze-hardware native ziye zenziwe nge-CNOT gates kodwa imiqobo yomda womjikelo yenziwe nge- (1) SWAP gates, (2) LOCC kunye (3) LO ukudibanisa ii-qubits kulo lonke ulwakhiwo. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-LOCC kunye ne-LO yindawo yokuhambisa enokwenziwa ngokweemali equka iigati ze-qubit enye exhomekeke kwiziphumo zemilinganiso ye-2 , apho ingubani weencutshelo. Inye yeendawo ezingama-22 iqhuba indibaniselwano ekhethekileyo ye- kunye/okanye ii-gates ze- kwi-qubits efanelekileyo. Ukufumana iziphumo zemilinganiso, ukumisela indawo efanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza ngokusekelwe kuyo kwenziwa ngexesha lokwenyani yi-hardware yolawulo, ngendleko ye-latency eyongeziweyo esisigxina. Sinikela ingqalelo kwaye sinciphise iimpazamo ezivela kule latency kunye ne-zero-noise extrapolation kunye ne-staggered dynamical decoupling , (bona isebe ‘ ’). G n n n X Z 22 21 28 Imiyalezo yeSeki yeQuantum enokuphathwa ngcono Sivavanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-SWAP, LOCC kunye ne-LO ka-| ⟩ kunye nesimo sophawu lwe-hardware native kwi- ′ = ( , ′) esifunyenwe ngokukhupha iigati ezinde, oko kukuthi, ′ = lr. Iselile sokulungiselela i-| ′⟩ ngoko ke sifuna ii-CNOT gates ezingama-112 ezibekwe kwiilayidi ezintathu zilandelwa bubume be-heavy-hexagonal yephepheni le-Eagle. Esi selile siya kuxela iimpazamo ezinkulu xa silinganisa ii-stabilizer zenode kunye nemida ka-| ⟩ kwi-nodes kwisigqayi esisikiweyo kuba yenzelwe ukwenza i-| ′⟩. Sibhekisa kweli vimbela le-hardware njengomvavanyo womda onqanyuliweyo. Isekele yokusetyenziswa kwe-SWAP ifuna ii-CNOT gates ezongezelelweyo ezingama-262 ukwenza imida ende lr, nto leyo eyanciphisa kakhulu ixabiso lee-stabilizer ezilinganisweyo (Fig. ). Ngokungafaniyo, ukwenziwa kwe-LOCC kunye ne-LO kweedletshi e- lr akufuni i-SWAP gates. Iimpazamo zabo zenode kunye neye-edge stabilizers kwi-nodes ezingachaphazelekiyo kwisigqayi esisikiweyo zilandela ngokusondeleyo ivimbela yomda onqanyuliweyo (Fig. ). Ngokuchaseneyo, ii-stabilizer ezibandakanya igati engabonakaliyo zinephazamo eliphantsi kunomvavanyo womda onqanyuliweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-SWAP (Fig. , iimpawu zenkwenkwezi). Njengomlinganisi omkhulu womgangatho, siqala sibonisa isixa seepozamelo zonke kwi-node stabilizers, oko kukuthi, ∑ ∈ ∣ −1∣ (Itafile yedatha eyongeziweyo ). Indleko enkulu ye-SWAP inoxanduva lwesixa sopozamelo esingu-44.3. Impazamo ye-13.1 kuvimbela lomda onqanyuliweyo iqhele kwi-nodes ezisibhozo kwii-cuts ezine (Fig. , iimpawu zenkwenkwezi). Ngokungafaniyo, iimpazamo ze-LO kunye ne-LOCC zichaphazeleka yi-MCMs. Sibeka impazamo eyongezelelweyo ye-1.9 ye-LOCC phezu kwe-LO kwii-delays kunye nee-CNOT gates kwiseti ye-teleportation kunye nee-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo. Kwimiphumo ye-SWAP-based, ayibonisi ukudibana kwi-116 yee-edges kwinqanaba le-99% yesiqinisekiso (Fig. ). Kwimigcineyo ye-LO kunye ne-LOCC, ibona izibalo zokudibana okukwinqanaba eliphindwe kabini kuyo yonke imida kwi- kwinqanaba le-99% yesiqinisekiso (Fig. ). Ezi milo zibonisa ukuba iigati ezinde ezingabonakaliyo zivelisa ii-stabilizer ngeempazamo ezincinci kunokuba zabo bahlulwe baba zi-SWAPs. Ngaphezu koko, zigcina i-variance iphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa izibalo zokudibana. G G V E E EE G G G E 2b–d E 2b,c 2c i V Si 1 2c 2b,d G 2e Ukuqhuba ii-QPU ezimbini njenge-enye Ngoku sidibanisa ii-Eagle QPU ezimbini ezine-qubits ezili-127 nganye kwikhonsorti ye-QPU enye ngekhonkco lekhamera langexesha lokwenyani. Ukuqhuba ii-devices njenge-processor enye, enkulu kubandakanya ukuqhutywa kwe
