Our system is managing over $500 million in budget every year – beauty and clothing brands, web services, and ad agencies from over 90 countries around the world use Revealbot to launch and control thousands of campaigns on social platforms

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In this article, we’ll cover some particular approaches to automation processes using Facebook examples from my previous work at Scentbird. Scentbird utilizes the subscription model and business growth directly connected to active user base growth. Business margins are needed to optimize customer acquisition costs. For any startup, it is critical to demonstrate steady growth with all the KPIs met, primarily including ROI. In Scentbird, I began as a media buyer and was responsible for user acquisition on Facebook. I ended up managing 100% of performance traffic with up to a $2M monthly ad budget. The ideas on why and when it’s the best time to automate are covered in the article “ ”. Why and When to Automate Media Buying Automation itself sounds like an obvious and simple solution in the IT epoch; however, there are several pitfalls that we should keep in mind to avoid spending excessive resources like time and money. Here, we’ll discuss several practical things: On what channels can we automate ads? Where to start with automation Which parts of the ad cycle may be automated? Several particular approaches to automation. On what channels can we automate ads? This question usually has a pretty simple answer. You can at least partially automate any channel with an API, like Meta Ads, Google Ads Campaigns, DSPs, Apple Search Ads, etc. Usually, if the channel has an API, you’ll have to perform code automatization. However, looking for services that provide no-code automation for these channels may be a good idea. These services may go with relatively high prices, like or , or with a bit lower price (or even free), like for Apple Search Ads, because it is an Apple partner with specific terms with Apple. RevealBot Smartly.io Luna A general rule of thumb is that the larger your budget, the more advantageous it becomes to hire a developer—whether on a part-time basis or for a specific project—to build and support the automation system for your company. Where to start? As we discussed in the , it makes sense to consider automation when at least: previous article There are one or several scalable digital marketing channels with sufficient LTV/CAC ratio; Routing tasks to manage each channel takes at least 2 hours per day. The keyword here is “routine”; thus, you are sure this channel is here with you and not going anywhere soon. Also, you or your team perform relatively the same tasks frequently. Step 0 in the automation process separates the routine tasks (daily/weekly maintenance) from the creative ones (A/B tests, new placements tests, etc.) AND . The best way here is to write an algorithm (a process) for performing these tasks and stick to it for a while to ensure that it’s stable and you haven’t missed anything. begin to perform them in the same way each time Which parts of the ad cycle may be automated? A typical ad lifecycle consists of the following parts: Launch; Active running; Turn off. Let’s discuss each part. Launch This is the trickiest part. Here, you should pick the creative, the target audience, and the budget. Usually, it’s more complicated to automate because: Most no-code solutions haven’t integrated automation yet. Even if they did, you can’t be sure they have all the needed features. Thus, the solution might not be flexible enough. The logic may be pretty complicated. If you automate this part yourself, this is the place where you’ll need the most maintenance from the code perspective in the future. The audience grid approach will be applicable from the target audience's perspective. It has different names in different companies, but the logic is simple and almost the same. In particular, you need to group small target audiences into several large ones based on each small audience's performance. You can determine the performance after running several audiences simultaneously and check the statistical significance of the difference. For example, for Facebook lookalike audiences, the lower the percentage, the better performance is. The performance may vary significantly between different publishers for DSPs like Vungle, ironSource, or Google DV360. This data is highly business-specific, so although you know how the audience is distributed in other companies, it’s better to recheck each case. Having the audience grid, you can add it to code or no-code automation. It’s a good idea to review the grid structure occasionally. Still, the main idea is to fix it and use it similarly until significant algorithm, product, or inventory changes happen. The next important thing is the budget allocation. For different channels, budget policy will vary a lot. Let’s discuss the Facebook example. You may notice different patterns after running media buying in the channel for a while. For example, there was a time when a strategy was launching an ad set on Facebook with a small budget and then scaling it when it appeared to “work well” yielded better statistically significant performance than launching an ad set with a “working budget” right away. Now, CBO simplifies this task, but in any case, you should have a typical process for default budget allocation, scaling, and downscaling, depending on the performance. Having this process in place, you can determine the budget you are launching with. And the last (but not the least) part is the creative. For creatives, you typically should have two cycles: The “main” cycle, where you put creatives that are proven to perform “best” - a part of your evergreen campaigns; The “test” cycle, where you test your new creatives - a part that may vary depending on the seasonality, performance, number of new creatives, ROI targets, etc. Depending on the channel, algorithm, and product-market fit strength, the creative tests may be either profitable or unprofitable. Furthermore, depending on a particular channel capacity and the number of new creatives for testing, you can either have the opportunity to test all the creatives on this particular channel at the required pace while maintaining the health channel performance (ROI) or not. So you can consider different approaches for test creatives allocation. Let’s consider the general thoughts about the creatives’ tests that may be useful: You may fix the specific audiences, where you keep a small number of best creatives for benchmarking, add the new creatives for tests, and then remove them after the test. If you perform media buying worldwide, you can define the regions with similar performance, divide the creatives between these regions, test only in one region, and consider that these creatives will perform similarly in another region. The same idea stands for the channel in case you can group the channels by performance. Also, remember that not all the channels provide the instruments for creative A/B tests like Facebook or Google DV 360; thus, you may want to test your creatives on these channels and use “good” creatives on the other channels without tests or with partial tests. If the channel automatically reallocates the budget for the best creatives (like Facebook or Twitter Ads do). In that case, you may add new creatives to the running ad sets along with the best creatives and see whether the algorithm reallocates any significant share of the budget to the new creatives (at least 5%). Also, there should be a process to remove the burned-out creatives from the rotation. Combining all these three processes, you can create a decision-making process in pseudocode and understand what functions you need to automate your process and which parts can or can not be automated depending on the no-code tool you are using or the code you are using to write. The automated launch process will help you maintain the daily ad budget and avoid underspending. It’s especially important when monthly spending on each channel is part of your team's KPIs. Lifecycle Lifecycle is about managing your ads during the time they’re on. On most channels, you can change the bid and budget. In rare cases, you can control things like frequency or other parameters. Usually, this is the simple part. The bid helps you to control CAC; this is the limiting condition on the lower side (if the bid is too low, you may set a higher budget, but the algorithm won’t spend it). You have the budget to control overall spending; this is the limiting condition on the high end (if the bid is reasonable, the algorithm will spend the amount approximately equal to your budget). Thus, you can create rules to adjust these settings depending on performance. Most no-code platforms will successfully perform this kind of management. Here, you can perform many experiments with strategy and particular details, but still, it’s a simple part from the automatization perspective. Turn off This process has a medium complexity compared to launch and maintenance from the automatization perspective. And this is the spot where you can achieve quick and significant results. Most no-code automation tools also let you configure such kinds of rules easily and quickly. Furthermore, for example, already has a built-in tool to set up rules like that. Facebook Here, you should formulate what is “good” performance and what is bad. In edge cases, it’s obvious, but sometimes we can’t tell yet. And this is a challenging part: what is the earliest time (and under which circumstances) when we can, with sufficient probability, say that the performance of this particular ad set is not good enough and decide to turn it off? The more precise you can differentiate the “good” from the “not good enough” ad set, the more the CAC optimization will occur. You’ll often need several iterations to develop a decent solution, but it’s worth it. Conclusion Here, we discussed some practical approaches and details of automating user acquisition via channels like Meta Ads, Google Ads Campaigns, etc. Hope these examples will clarify some aspects of crafting the automation process that helps the company grow without additional HQ. This case describes the key points that will allow you to navigate better. At the end of the day, automation can bring the company a lot of value in establishing processes and optimizing CAC and FTE. However, it’s essential to consider the company's maturity in general and the marketing department's maturity in particular before you even come up with this idea because you need to build it before you can automate it.

How to Get Started With Effective Ad Automation

Rebel Bots, an upcoming NFT game to launch on the Polygon blockchain, announced today it has secured investments from top tier investors including Ubisoft, Overwolf, and Makers fund, via a $2M private token sale following a prior $2M seed round investment. The successful private round closed ahead of the upcoming public launch of the RBLS governance token which will be held at the end of January 2022. Unlike many blockchain games, Rebel Bots have captured the interest of the non-crypto sector and the majority of private round investors come from the gaming and entertainment sectors. Joining the previously mentioned Ubisoft, Overwolf, and Makers Fund includes investors such as Remagine Ventures and LD Capital. The Rebel Bots first title, Xoil Wars is a skilled-based, sci-fi-themed digital card battle game that allows players to battle and compete against other players. Successful players are rewarded with game resources which then allows them to build new, more advanced robotic soldier characters in the form of NFTs, progress, and rank higher in leaderboards for season prizes. This successful funding round comes a few months after the Rebel Bots initial game-related NFT collection was sold out in August, which allowed the team to build an engaged community and generated an additional $1 million for the game development. Since selling out, the collection has seen increasing transaction volume through the Opensea marketplace. Buyers are driven by the utility of owning the NFT, as every Rebel Bot owner will be able to form his own kingdom within the game. Further details about the game can be found on the newly launched Rebel Bots Xoil Wars game website. The upcoming game is developed on Unity and will be launched on both web and mobile platforms in Q2 this year. The makers, who have years of experience in developing social games for mobile, aspire to make their new game suitable for all gaming fans, with fast onboarding for new players and rich gameplay with integrated player-to-player social interaction features. In addition to the Rebel Bots NFT collection available on Opensea, the company will release the player NFT collections including 150,000 NFT land plots, which will be sold together as a package with 3 fighting bot NFTs which act as the playable characters in the game. The land sale will take place in February and allows each player who purchases the NFT bundle to be one of the first to enter the game. The team says these land NFTs will be sold at a very affordable price to ensure every player will be able to purchase the NFTs required to enter and play the game upon release. With this investment announced today the team behind the Rebel Bots believe they can become one of the biggest names in the fast-growing play to earn space. Home page: https://rebelbots.com/ Social Links: Twitter - https://twitter.com/REBEL_BOTS Discord: https://discord.gg/rebelbots

Gaming Giant Ubisoft Invests in RebelBots P2E Game During $2M Private Token Sale

This paper is under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) H. Wen, Department of Economics, University of Bath; (2) T. Huang, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Roehampton; (3) D. Xiao, School of Mathematical Sciences. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Relevant Blockchain Technologies Basic Model Advanced Models for Real-World Scenarios Monte Carlo Simulations Conclusions Future Investigations, and References 2. Relevant Blockchain Technologies Introduced in 2009 as the foundation of Bitcoin, blockchain technology is a decentralized, immutable distributed ledger, facilitating the transparent and verifiable recording of transactions. Each transaction is appended to a structure known as a ’block’, which in turn links to the previous block, thereby forming a chain. The advantages of blockchain are manifested in its transparency, security, decentralization, and immutability. Despite its transformative potential across sectors—such as supply chain management, finance, healthcare, and voting systems—blockchain grapples with various challenges. These encompass high energy consumption, scalability, transaction speed, and regulatory issues. A notable challenge, particularly salient for integrating the real-world with blockchain, is the lack of sustainable oracles. Oracles serve as critical infrastructure, bridging the gap between on-chain and off-chain environments, yet their sustainability and reliability remain areas of concern. Nevertheless, the optimism surrounding blockchain’s ability to revolutionize diverse industries persists. In this section, we will delve into the workings of Oracles as the Connections between Blockchain and the Real World and Blockchain in Voting Systems, discuss the Scalability Requirements our reputation system necessitates, and enumerate relevant Blockchain Technologies for Potential Integration. 2.1. Oracles as the Connections between Blockchain and the Real World Oracles, in the realm of blockchain, function as pivotal bridges connecting the real world with on-chain smart contracts. These systems essentially imbue blockchain platforms with a capability they intrinsically lack: accessing and processing data from external sources. When a real-world event or condition is met, oracles convey this information to smart contracts, triggering predefined operations. In such a setting, the credibility, timeliness, and accuracy of the data become indispensable, as the execution of the contract relies on this external information. Yet, ensuring the sustained and trustworthy operation of oracles presents challenges, a significant one being the incentive mechanism. To encourage data providers to supply accurate and timely information, many oracle systems deploy tokens as rewards. However, this approach often entails the transition of native assets, like ”Link”, from non-circulation to circulation. Over time, this can potentially dilute the value of the tokens for all holders. As the reservoir of these incentives approaches depletion, questions about the long-term sustainability of such a system become pressing. How can one maintain the motivation of data providers without compromising the system’s overall stability and value? This paper aims to address the above conundrum by introducing our novel blockchain reputation system. We posit that this system can function as a sustainable solution for oracle operations. Rather than leaning heavily on token-based rewards, our approach integrates the principles of reputation and trust, ensuring that data providers are motivated by both immediate rewards and the longer-term benefits of maintaining a trustworthy reputation. In the subsequent sections, we will delve into the intricacies of our proposal, illustrating how it offers a harmonious blend of incentives, trustworthiness, and sustainability. 2.2. Blockchain in Voting Systems A blockchain-based voting system operates as follows: 1. : For traditional blockchain-based voting systems aimed at public elections or polls, participants are typically required to register on the platform. Once verified, voters are provided with a unique cryptographic identity that ensures both anonymity and eligibility. This method mimics the conventional voter registration process but integrates the benefits of blockchain. Voter Registration However, in the context of blockchain governance, especially on Proof of Stake (PoS) platforms, the registration process may differ. In these scenarios, the act of creating a blockchain wallet and acquiring assets within that wallet often implicitly grants the holder voting rights. The weight of their vote might be determined by the amount of the asset they hold. Thus, there isn’t a separate ’registration’ as such; instead, participation in the network (by holding assets) inherently provides the ability to vote. 2. : When casting a vote, the voter signs it with their cryptographic key. This vote is then added as a transaction to be confirmed and recorded on the blockchain. Voting Process 3. : Once the voting period concludes, the votes can be tallied directly from the blockchain. Given the blockchain’s immutable nature, the records cannot be changed, ensuring an accurate count. Vote Counting 4. : At any point, anyone can verify the votes on the blockchain without revealing the identity of the voter, ensuring a transparent yet confidential system. Transparency and Verification 2.2.2. Real-world Implementations Many existing blockchain platforms have adopted on-chain governance and voting mechanisms, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of this approach. For example: • : The Cosmos Network utilizes a staking and delegation model wherein ATOM holders can delegate their stakes to validators [43, 44]. These validators then propose and vote on network changes and upgrades, ensuring decentralized decision-making. Each vote’s weight is proportionate to the stake, promoting a sense of accountability among validators. Cosmos (ATOM) • : Tezos has an on-chain governance system where XTZ holders vote on protocol upgrades [45, 46]. Instead of contentious hard forks, the platform evolves through community consensus, emphasizing adaptability. Tezos (XTZ) To sum up, blockchain’s inherent properties—security, transparency, and decentralization—make it an ideal candidate for reshaping voting systems. By ensuring a democratic and trustworthy process, it offers a future-proof solution to traditional voting challenges. 2.3. Scalability Requirements Scalability has perennially been one of the most contentious challenges in the blockchain domain [47, 48]. It stands as a stumbling block that has led numerous promising projects to falter or even wither away before achieving their potential. The crux of the scalability challenge is the need to handle a vast number of transactions per second (TPS) without compromising on speed, security, or decentralization. However, our reputation system elegantly sidesteps this vexing issue. The fundamental reason is its modular design: while our system is dedicated solely to ratings or votes, the actions and trades of agents can occur on any external public blockchain. This delineation ensures that the TPS demand for our system is driven exclusively by the frequency at which agents rate or vote. In reality, such activities are infrequent. On average, an individual might cast a rating or a vote once every few days. Even in the most engaged scenarios, a single individual might rate only a few times within a day. Given this low-frequency engagement, even with participants in the order of millions, the system would only necessitate a TPS at the level of hundreds. Notably, this is well within the capabilities of many existing blockchain platforms [49, 50]. In essence, by confining our system’s operations to these particular tasks and allowing other actions to be handled elsewhere, we’ve effectively decoupled our platform’s functionality from the more demanding scalability requirements that have beleaguered so many other projects. 2.4. Blockchain Technologies for Potential Integration 2.4.1. Ring Signatures: Ensuring Anonymity and Authenticity Our blockchain-based reputation system can benefit from the technique of Ring Signatures to safeguard the privacy of agents. This ensures that they can express their opinions without concerns of potential retaliation or discrimination, especially when giving negative feedback. Ring Signatures, originally introduced for ensuring anonymous communications, plays a pivotal role in ensuring both the authenticity and anonymity of transactions in our reputation system. A ring signature, in essence, is a type of digital signature that can be generated by any member of a group of users, which we’ll refer to as a ’ring’. The distinguishing feature of this signature is its ambiguity: while anyone can validate the signature to ascertain that a member of the group generated it, it remains computationally infeasible to determine the exact individual who created the signature. Within our reputation system, when a user wishes to endorse or rate an entity, they can use ring signatures to validate their authenticity (proving they belong to a group of legitimate users) while keeping their individual identity concealed. This ensures that while ratings and feedbacks are trustworthy and genuine, raters can maintain their privacy. For instance, if Alice wants to rate a service, she can produce a ring signature using her private key and the public keys of other members in the ring. When others verify this rating, they can be confident that it originated from someone within the group, but they can’t pinpoint it specifically to Alice, ensuring her anonymity. interface RingSignature { function generateSignature(bytes memory _data, bytes[] memory _publicKeys) public ,→ returns (bytes memory); function verifySignature(bytes memory _data, bytes memory _signature) public returns ( ,→ bool); } 2.4.2. Threshold Functions in Zero Knowledge Proofs Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), specifically in our design at a later stage when the computing environment is allow, can be implemented to introduce a threshold functionality. This is a sophisticated feature allowing agents to prove their reputation score exceeds a set threshold without unveiling the exact score, preserving user’s privacy. Although valuable, this feature introduces a computational overhead due to the intrinsic complexity of ZKPs. As a starting point, our design opts to unveil interfaces for this threshold functionality without instant deployment, preserving computational efficiency. interface ThresholdZKP { function verifyProof(bytes memory _proof) public returns (bool); // Potential future functions } 2.4.3. Commitment Schemes with Rounds To accentuate fairness, especially in scenarios where real-time rating or feedback might be infeasible, our system envisages the use of Commitment Schemes [51, 52] in a round-based manner. In this paradigm, participants first ’commit’ to their ratings within a specific round. Following the round’s conclusion, these commitments are ’revealed’. This stratagem promotes fairness within each round, eliminating the possibility of preemptive actions based on insights or predictions. If our system doesn’t adopt this round-based approach initially, we envision the Commitment Schemes to be woven in at a later stage, bolstering the system’s fairness. interface CommitmentRounds { function commitRating(bytes memory _rating) public; function revealRating(bytes memory _commitmentKey) public; // Supplementary functions for advanced features } In essence, the blend of Ring Signatures, ZKPs, and Commitment Schemes amplifies the robustness and fairness of our blockchain-based reputation system. This blend ensures a future-ready framework that starts lean but is capable of seamlessly adopting advanced features.

Relevant Blockchain Technologies for a Sustainable Reputation System

80 Stories To Learn About Blockchain Games

195 Stories To Learn About Play To Earn

Many users often complain about being victims of sandwich attacks or front-running attacks. In reality, these attacks are often initiated by Mev Bots. In this short article, I won’t delve into the details of MEV (you can refer to the for that). Ethereum official documentation MevBots are still actively operating on the Ethereum network today, with some continuing to target users. 🌐 This reminds us that when writing smart contracts, we need to consider vulnerabilities that MevBots might exploit and attack and take appropriate measures to avoid them. In this article, I will demonstrate a simple example of a front-running attack and how to prevent such attacks. 🛡️ First, Let's Describe the Process of a Front Running Attack Alice deployed a simple game contract and deposited 10 ether. The rule of the game is to guess the string (a word) corresponding to a specific hash, and the player who guesses it wins a reward of 10 ether. The code is as follows: // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

contract FindThisHash {
    bytes32 public constant hash =
        0x564ccaf7594d66b1eaaea24fe01f0585bf52ee70852af4eac0cc4b04711cd0e2;

    constructor() payable {}

    function solve(string memory solution) public {
        require(hash == keccak256(abi.encodePacked(solution)), "Incorrect answer");

        (bool sent, ) = msg.sender.call{value: 10 ether}("");
        require(sent, "Failed to send Ether");
    }
} The player, Bob, guesses the word corresponding to the hash as "Ethereum" and calls the solve function with this word as the parameter. His wallet's default transaction gas is set at 10 gwei. The attacker Eve's bot detects Bob's transaction in the memory pool and automatically initiates another transaction with the same content but sets the gas to 1000 gwei. Transactions in the memory pool are sorted based on gas, and since Eve's transaction is set with much higher gas than Bob's, it gets included in the block before Bob's and is mined first. Thus, Eve beats Bob to win the 10 ether in the game. Bob's call to the solve function only leads to a revert, with the message “Failed to send Ether.” 💸 How to Prevent Such Front-Running Attacks This attack is quite straightforward, but it showcases an important design line of MEV, . Many MevBots work on this principle, including the sandwich attack bots mentioned earlier. monitoring and attacking in the dark forest of the memory pool Based on this design strategy of MevBots, when we write contracts, we can consider the following methods to reduce such risks: 🔍 Using Commit-Reveal Schemes Under Existing Conditions for Transaction Design: Let's use the same game as an example to explain how the Commit-Reveal transaction design avoids such monitoring and attacks targeting the memory pool. The code is as follows: contract SecuredFindThisHash {
    // Struct is used to store the commit details
    struct Commit {
        bytes32 solutionHash;
        uint commitTime;
        bool revealed;
    }

    // The hash that is needed to be solved
    bytes32 public hash =
        0x564ccaf7594d66b1eaaea24fe01f0585bf52ee70852af4eac0cc4b04711cd0e2;

    // Address of the winner
    address public winner;

    // Price to be rewarded
    uint public reward;

    // Status of game
    bool public ended;

    // Mapping to store the commit details with address
    mapping(address => Commit) commits;

    // Modifier to check if the game is active
    modifier gameActive() {
        require(!ended, "Already ended");
        _;
    }

    constructor() payable {
        reward = msg.value;
    }

    /* 
       Commit function to store the hash calculated using keccak256(address in lowercase + solution + secret). 
       Users can only commit once and if the game is active.
    */
    function commitSolution(bytes32 _solutionHash) public gameActive {
        Commit storage commit = commits[msg.sender];
        require(commit.commitTime == 0, "Already committed");
        commit.solutionHash = _solutionHash;
        commit.commitTime = block.timestamp;
        commit.revealed = false;
    }

    /* 
        Function to get the commit details. It returns a tuple of (solutionHash, commitTime, revealStatus);  
        Users can get solution only if the game is active and they have committed a solutionHash
    */
    function getMySolution() public view gameActive returns (bytes32, uint, bool) {
        Commit storage commit = commits[msg.sender];
        require(commit.commitTime != 0, "Not committed yet");
        return (commit.solutionHash, commit.commitTime, commit.revealed);
    }

    /* 
        Function to reveal the commit and get the reward. 
        Users can reveal the solution only if the game is active and they have committed a solutionHash before this block and not revealed yet.
        It generates a keccak256(msg.sender + solution + secret) and checks it with the previously committed hash.  
        Front runners will not be able to pass this check since the msg.sender is different.
        Then the actual solution is checked using keccak256(solution), if the solution matches, the winner is declared, 
        the game is ended and the reward amount is sent to the winner.
    */
    function revealSolution(
        string memory _solution,
        string memory _secret
    ) public gameActive {
        Commit storage commit = commits[msg.sender];
        require(commit.commitTime != 0, "Not committed yet");
        require(commit.commitTime < block.timestamp, "Cannot reveal in the same block");
        require(!commit.revealed, "Already committed and revealed");

        bytes32 solutionHash = keccak256(
            abi.encodePacked(Strings.toHexString(msg.sender), _solution, _secret)
        );
        require(solutionHash == commit.solutionHash, "Hash doesn't match");

        require(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_solution)) == hash, "Incorrect answer");

        winner = msg.sender;
        ended = true;

        (bool sent, ) = payable(msg.sender).call{value: reward}("");
        if (!sent) {
            winner = address(0);
            ended = false;
            revert("Failed to send ether.");
        }
    }
} First, Alice still deploys a game contract to guess the word corresponding to the hash to win 10 ether. Bob finds the corresponding word "Ethereum." He uses on the frontend to pack his own address, the answer, and a secret into a hash value (let's call this correctAnswerHash) and calls the commitSolution function, passing in this correctAnswerHash value. A commit is then saved in the contract's commits mapping. keccak256(abi.encodePacked(Strings.toHexString(msg.sender), _solution, _secret) Attacker Eve's MevBot detects this transaction in the memory pool and submits another transaction with the same parameter as Bob's, also correctAnswerHash, at a higher gas. Her commit is also saved in the contract's commits mapping. But at this point, no one has won the reward yet because there is a second step to the game. Then Bob calls the revealSolution function, this time passing in two parameters on the frontend: the word he guessed "Ethereum" and the secret he set earlier. The contract again packs and calculates the hash with these two inputs and the caller's address: . We'll call this hash correctAnswerHash2. keccak256(abi.encodePacked(Strings.toHexString(msg.sender), _solution, _secret) The contract compares the correctAnswerHash and correctAnswerHash2 for the same caller. Bob's will be the same as the parameters used in both calculations are identical. However, Eve's will be different, as her first submitted correctAnswerHash was calculated using Bob's address, while the second calculated correctAnswerHash2 uses her own address. In this way, even if Eve continuously monitors the memory pool and submits transactions with higher gas ahead of Bob, she ultimately cannot pass the contract's check, and Bob wins the game. 🎉 Adopting Privacy-Enhancing Technologies or Services Like Flashbots: Since the design strategy of these MevBot attacks is based on monitoring and attacking the memory pool, as long as our transactions are not publicly exposed in the memory pool, we can avoid these attacks. One effective way is to use Zero-Knowledge Proofs ( ). ZK-Proofs are an encryption technology that allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party (the verifier) that a statement is true without revealing any other information about the statement. ZK-Proofs For example, in this game, users can generate a proof that they know an input that produces the correct hash output without publicly exposing this input on the blockchain. They can only claim the reward when their proof is verified as true. Some proof methods, like zk-SNARKs, can provide fast verification times. Thus, we currently see many Ethereum network L2s applying zero-knowledge proofs for upgrades. Another widely used method nowadays is to employ services like . 🚀 These services enable the bundling of transactions into a package that are submitted directly to miners (validators), bypassing the mempool. 🌐 Flashbots This approach effectively shields your transactions from being exposed in the mempool, thereby eliminating the possibility of being detected and exploited by the aforementioned MevBots. 🛡️ That wraps up our discussion on Front Running attacks and related security strategies. 📝 If you've made it this far, please take a moment to give this a like! 👍🙂

What Is MevBot's Front Running Attack on Users? How to Avoid It? 🤔

Philochristus: Memoirs of a Disciple of the Lord by Edwin Abbott Abbott is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . How Quartus interpreted the New Law. here How Quartus interpreted the New Law. When Jesus had ended all these words, he came down from the mountain, and we followed, reasoning much among ourselves. Baruch spake first, complaining that the new Law was full of hard sayings. “For,” said he, “when the Prophet proclaimed a blessing on the poor and hungry, that was easy to understand, and I rejoiced thereat: but afterwards, when he bade us bless them that cursed us, and do good to those that injured us, yea, and turn the left cheek to him that had smitten us on the right, and give our coat to him that had taken away our cloak, then indeed his doctrine seemed too wonderful for the mind of man to fathom.” Then a certain Essene (who at that time followed with us) made answer and said, “This world is but as a vestibule before the world to come: therefore the Prophet’s intent is to instruct us how to prepare ourselves at the vestibule so that we may find grace to come into the King’s presence: and his words enjoin on us to abstain from all earthly cares and pleasures, and to withdraw ourselves from the cities of men.” But to this Simon Peter made answer that Jesus had taught us to live in the sight of all men, like a city on an hill or like a candle on a candlestick: moreover, he had promised that we should inherit the earth. But here Eliezer the son of Arak could no longer constrain himself. “I marvel,” he said, “that we listen so long without first asking this Prophet by what authority he sayeth these things, or what sign he can work in Heaven to prove his authority. For other teachers received of teachers before them; as, for example, Hillel and Shammai received from Shemaiah and Abtalion; and Shemaiah and Abtalion received from Jehudah the son of Tabai, and Simeon the son of Shatach; and so on successively; but this teacher maketh mention of no teachers from whom he hath received his doctrine: neither worketh he any sign in Heaven. But whence doth he draw his knowledge about the Unapproachable (blessed is He)? Even from the creatures; even from the weeds of the field, and the silly birds that are caught in the snare of the fowler; from the senseless rain and from the shining of the sun; yea, and from the nature of the heart of man, which is evil from his youth! But how much better than all these is the Law, whereby was created all that is; according as it is said, ‘Beloved are the children of Israel, in that there was given to them the instrument by which the world was created.’ ” No answer was made to the words of Eliezer: but Barabbas took up the words of Baruch, and said, “If we are to turn the left cheek to him which hath smitten the right, and if we are to do good unto them which do us harm, who shall cause injustice to cease in the world? For verily the unjust will wax fat in their injustice and will go on from oppression to oppression.” But said Judas of Kerioth, “Listen unto me, O foolish ones, and take counsel from me: for is it not even as I foretold? Did not I say unto you that the Prophet would not at this time make laws that should endure for ever, but only ordinances for a season, till we had gained the upper hand? Wherefore ye must know that it is in the mind of the Prophet to draw unto himself the hearts of all people by fair words and gentle dealing: but when the time is come for different policy, then we shall take fresh counsel according to our needs. But now hearken. Did not the Prophet prophesy woe to the rich and the powerful? These are the Romans; and in foretelling woe to them, he foretold woe against the Romans. Again, did he not prophesy blessing for the poor? And we are poor: and in every city of Israel the poor are the greater part, and will fight on our side, and will have a part in our blessing. I grant, he said not that we should be judges and princes: but he promised that we should have that for which we asked; and is not this enough for us? Yea, and albeit he mentioned not expressly money, or lands, or houses, yet he said that our reward should be great. But if persecution or the shedding of some of our blood must needs come before our success, who is so fainthearted and womanish as to draw back for such a cause? Therefore, I say, be of good heart; and though there be some dark sayings of the Prophet, let us be content to stand fast on those sayings which are plain. But as touching the words of Eliezer, we all know in our hearts that Jesus is not a man as other men, but that he is a leader sent from God; and howsoever he teacheth, and whithersoever he leadeth, it is our wisdom to obey him and to follow him.” The words of Judas pleased us: and we all agreed to them. Only a certain Alexandrine (whose name was Quartus) said to Baruch that he judged not that the words of Jesus were intended to be merely transitory ordinances. Now this Quartus was a man of no common understanding and discernment; and inasmuch as his father had been a Greek and had caused him to be trained in the Greek learning and philosophy, he spake with more art and subtlety than most of my companions. Howbeit he lacked not faith and the love of righteousness; and, his mother being of our nation, he had been circumcised, and had conformed himself to the worship of Israel; but having been bred up in the schools of the Greeks and in the school of Philo, he was at all times desirous to compare the teaching of other philosophers with the teaching of Jesus. He was a merchant, and his business brought him oftentimes to Capernaum, where I had met him; but I had also met him before in the house of my uncle at Alexandria. So when I overheard Quartus saying these words to my cousin, I questioned him how he interpreted the sayings of Jesus, and in particular, that saying concerning the turning of the cheek to the smiter. Then said Quartus unto me, after some pause, “Be not displeased if I speak in a parable. Many times in Capernaum have I seen mariners (such as know not your waters) grievously tossed by a storm while they strove to enter into the harbour by a straight course, and toiling hard for many hours, but all to no purpose; but others (which know the secret) leave the straight course on one side, and stand far out to Taricheæ. Thence floweth a current toward Capernaum, strong at all times; but in stormy weather it cannot be resisted. Falling into this current therefore, the wise mariner needeth but to row softly, or scarce at all, and lo, he entereth into Capernaum as it were upon wings. Now even such a wise mariner doth Jesus seem unto me.” I marvelled at his words. But Quartus perceived that I understood him not; and he continued, “I speak as one groping in the dark. But the meaning of my parable is this: The lake is the world; the vessel is Israel; and Capernaum is redemption. Other pilots have striven to guide Israel to redemption by dint of force, but they have failed: Jesus is the true pilot, and knoweth the currents and streams in the nature of men and things; and by his wisdom he thinketh to guide us aright.” “But what,” I asked, “are these streams and currents?” Again Quartus was silent for a while, and longer than before, so that by this time we were almost come down from the mountain; but at last he said unto me, “What seemeth to thee the strongest current in the nature of men?” But, when I held my peace, not knowing what to answer, he spake again very earnestly, “Thou art a student of the sayings of the Wise, O Joseph, and canst answer with discerning. Tell me, then, on what standeth the earth?” Then I replied according to the saying, “Upon the pillars; and the pillars upon the waters.” “Yea,” replied Quartus; “and after these cometh the wind; and what after the wind?” Then I said, “Beneath the wind is the storm, and beneath the storm is the arm of the Holy One; for it is said, ‘Underneath are the Everlasting Arms.’ ” Then said Quartus, “It is so; and verily the foundations of earth are the Ever lasting Arms of the Father in Heaven: but if the Fatherhood of God be the strongest thing on earth, and if this be the mightiest stream or current in the nature of men, then how may we best sail with that current?” I remembered the words which Jesus had spoken that we were to become as little children; so I answered, “I suppose, by approaching Him as children.” Here Judas interrupted us and said, “Nay, but wisdom is the strongest thing in the world, for it is written of wisdom, ‘The Lord possessed me in the beginning of His way, before His works of old. When He appointed the foundations of the earth, then I was by Him as one brought up with Him.’ ” “Thou sayest well,” said Quartus, “but what human wisdom is like unto that wisdom which revealeth God to men? Now as no child can understand his father unless he love his father, so no man can know God (who is our Father in Heaven) unless he love Him; but whoso loveth, understandeth; therefore to love God is the highest wisdom of man.” Then Judas scoffed at him and said, “This is nothing but repeating in new words the old saying of the Law, ‘Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength.’ What! do ye then deem our Master to be naught but a merchant that retaileth old wares as if they were new?” So he left us and went on before. But Quartus continued, “Judas saith truly that the new Law aimeth at the same mark as the old Law. But the means are diverse. For the old Law worketh by purifications and feasts and sabbaths; but the new Law belike worketh in part by these means, but in greater part by other means. And, as I judge, Jesus goeth toward the end of the old Law; but by a path that is new, yea, altogether new. For I have myself heard him say that the redeemers of old were like unto thieves and robbers, using force and violence; but he himself cometh not like a thief over the wall, but like the true shepherd through the door of the fold, that is to say, through the path of Redemption which God hath appointed. Now this path is kindness or love. And Jesus saith that the former redeemers failed of their purpose, for they thought to redeem men by force; but he will not fail, for he purposeth to redeem men by gentleness. And he saith that God ordaineth strength out of babes and sucklings, and that the spirit of childhood is the conquering spirit of the world. Rememberest thou not how our teacher Philo said some things not much unlike to these, teaching that the highest revelation of God is through love? Howbeit, none methinks, save Jesus only, can reveal this revelation. For Philo testifieth of that which is behind the veil; but Jesus of Nazareth hath power to lift up the veil.” By this time we had overtaken the others, whom we found all sitting, and Jesus in the midst of them. By the side of Jesus was a man bearing in his arms a little child. He was come forth from a house nigh to the place where Jesus sat, bringing a cup of water for Jesus to drink. While Jesus was drinking, the father still kept his eyes upon the child in his arms, and his face was full of compassion and tenderness; for the child was very sickly. We soon perceived that it was the same man that had denied to give us guidance in the morning; but at first we knew him not; pity and love had so transformed his countenance. Now it came to pass that when Jesus had given back the cup to the man, he laid his hands on the child and blessed him. And as he blessed him, his face shone as with the glory of the Lord; and the little one also seemed to rejoice and to partake in the brightness of our Master’s countenance. We both stood still, beholding Jesus. Then said Quartus unto me, “Did not Eliezer the son of Arak say truly, that ‘Jesus looketh upon the book of the world as well as upon the book of the Law, and seeth in all things God’? For even as Elias the Prophet loved to commune with God on the tops of mountains, and in deserts, and in caves, and received revelations of the Lord from earthquakes and fires, but most of all from the still small voice; even so doth our Master look upon all things that are, yea even on the smallest things that live or grow, and from all, he heareth a still small voice that speaketh of the Father. Yea, and there is yet more than this. For whithersoever he turneth his face, methinks he giveth of his love to all things, whether they be the flowers of the field, or the birds, or the mountains, or the children of men: and because he thus giveth, it is given to him again; yea, wisdom and joy and peace are given back to him, even from things that have not life; but most of all from the children of men, which are made in the image of God. Therefore said I that Jesus seemeth as the wise mariner of whom we spake but now; for, by the Word of God in himself, he hath haply hit upon a certain current in the nature of created things, whereby he will easily prevail over the blasts of all opposing storms, and be carried into the haven of God, both he and all they that put their trust in him.” “Thy words are fair,” I replied, “but they do not persuade me. That the love of children doth bind husband and wife together, and that the bond of families is the bond of nations, this I deny not. Perchance also the love that parents have to their children may have lifted up the hearts of many in Israel, during many generations, to the true God. But how we are to take Jerusalem or thrust forth the Romans from Syria by becoming as little children, this passeth my understanding. Or dost thou not believe that Jesus will lead us against the Romans in Jerusalem?” “I know not,” replied Quartus (who spoke as one musing, and not giving heed to my question); “but what troubleth me most of all is the fear lest the knowledge of Jesus may haply perish with him; for if he hath (as I judge that he hath) a certain inborn power of winning men over to his will by kindness and gentleness, then, as it seemeth to me, this power may be likened unto the fabled ring of Solomon, which gave unto the owner well nigh whatsoever he desired. But there is this difference. The ring could be delivered from one man to another; but the art or secret of Jesus is, in all likelihood, not able to be delivered to them that shall come after; but it will perish with him. And then what becometh of his Kingdom of God?” As long as Quartus was speaking I heard him gladly: but when he had ceased, his words seemed like mist in the morning sun; but the words of Judas seemed as the solid ground from which the mist rolleth away. For what Quartus said was hard to understand; but the words of Judas seemed according to reason, and very plain to be understood; to wit, that the ordinances given on the mountain of blessing were transitory, and that we were still to wait for the New Law: and to this I agreed, and not I only, but the most part of the disciples. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Edwin Abbott Abbott (2015). Philochristus: Memoirs of a Disciple of the Lord. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/48843/pg48843-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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