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This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Muzhaffar Hazman, University of Galway, Ireland; (2) Susan McKeever, Technological University Dublin, Ireland; (3) Josephine Griffith, University of Galway, Ireland. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Related Works Methodology Results Limitations and Future Works Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References A Hyperparameters and Settings B Metric: Weighted F1-Score C Architectural Details D Performance Benchmarking E Contingency Table: Baseline vs. Text-STILT 6 Conclusion In this work, we addressed the challenge of training multimodal meme sentiment classifiers on a limited number of labelled memes by incorporating unimodal sentiment analysis data. We did so by proposing the first instance of STILT that applies unimodal intermediate tasks to a multimodal target task. Specifically, we tested image-only and text-only sentiment classification as intermediate tasks in training a meme sentiment classifier. We showed that this approach worked – unimodal text improved meme classification performance to a statistically significant degree. This novel approach allowed us to train a meme classifier that outperforms meme-only finetuning with only 60% as many labelled meme samples. As possible explanations for our observations, we discuss apparent similarities and differences in the roles of image and text modalities between unimodal and multimodal sentiment analysis tasks. Acknowledgments This work was conducted with the financial support of the Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Research Training in Digitally-Enhanced Reality (d-real) under Grant No. 18/CRT/6224; and the provision of computational facilities and support from the Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC). References Christian Bauckhage. 2011. Insights into internet memes. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 5(1):42–49. Efrat Blaier, Itzik Malkiel, and Lior Wolf. 2021. 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Image sentiment polarity - dataset. Available at https://data.world/ crowdflower/image-sentiment-polarity. Accessed: 2023-01-15. Baishan Duan and Yuesheng Zhu. 2022. Browallia at memotion 2.0 2022 : Multimodal memotion analysis with modified ogb strategies (short paper). In DeFactify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Noam Gal, Limor Shifman, and Zohar Kampf. 2016. “it gets better”: Internet memes and the construction of collective identity. New Media & Society, 18(8):1698–1714. Yue Gu, Kangning Yang, Shiyu Fu, Shuhong Chen, Xinyu Li, and Ivan Marsic. 2018. Hybrid Attention based Multimodal Network for Spoken Language Classification. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 2379–2390, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics. Muzhaffar Hazman, Susan McKeever, and Josephine Griffith. 2023. 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Nguyen, and YongGuk Kim. 2022. Hcilab at memotion 2.0 2022: Analysis of sentiment, emotion and intensity of emotion classes from meme images using single and multi modalities (short paper). In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Asaf Nissenbaum and Limor Shifman. 2017. Internet memes as contested cultural capital: The case of 4chan’s /b/ board. New Media & Society, 19(4):483– 501. Parth Patwa, Sathyanarayanan Ramamoorthy, Nethra Gunti, Shreyash Mishra, S Suryavardan, Aishwarya Reganti, et al. 2022. Findings of memotion 2: Sentiment and emotion analysis of memes. In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal FactChecking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Kim Ngan Phan, Gueesang Lee, Hyung-Jeong Yang, and Soo-Hyung Kim. 2022. Little flower at memotion 2.0 2022 : Ensemble of multi-modal model using attention mechanism in memotion analysis (short paper). In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Jason Phang, Thibault Fevry, and Samuel R. Bowman. ´ 2019. Sentence encoders on stilts: Supplementary training on intermediate labeled-data tasks. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1811.01088. Mohammad Taher Pilehvar and Jose Camacho-Collados. 2019. WiC: the word-in-context dataset for evaluating context-sensitive meaning representations. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), pages 1267–1273, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Association for Computational Linguistics. Clifton Poth, Jonas Pfeiffer, Andreas Ruckl ¨ e, and Iryna ´ Gurevych. 2021. What to pre-train on? Efficient intermediate task selection. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 10585–10605, Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics. Christopher Potts, Zhengxuan Wu, Atticus Geiger, and Douwe Kiela. 2021. DynaSent: A dynamic benchmark for sentiment analysis. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 2388–2404, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. Shraman Pramanick, Md Shad Akhtar, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. 2021a. Exercise? i thought you said ’extra fries’: Leveraging sentence demarcations and multi-hop attention for meme affect analysis. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 15(1):513–524. Shraman Pramanick, Shivam Sharma, Dimitar Dimitrov, Md. Shad Akhtar, Preslav Nakov, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. 2021b. MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021, pages 4439–4455, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics. Yada Pruksachatkun, Jason Phang, Haokun Liu, Phu Mon Htut, Xiaoyi Zhang, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Clara Vania, Katharina Kann, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2020. Intermediate-task transfer learning with pretrained language models: When and why does it work? In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 5231–5247, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, et al. 2021. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In International Conference on Machine Learning, pages 8748–8763. PMLR. Sathyanarayanan Ramamoorthy, Nethra Gunti, Shreyash Mishra1, S Suryavardan, Aishwarya Reganti, Parth Patwa, Amitava Das, Tanmoy Chakraborty, Amit Sheth, Asif Ekbal, and Chaitanya Ahuja. 2022. Memotion 2: Dataset on sentiment and emotion analysis of memes. In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Elad Segev, Asaf Nissenbaum, Nathan Stolero, and Limor Shifman. 2015. Families and Networks of Internet Memes: The Relationship Between Cohesiveness, Uniqueness, and Quiddity Concreteness. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4):417–433. Lanyu Shang, Yang Zhang, Yuheng Zha, Yingxi Chen, Christina Youn, and Dong Wang. 2021. AOMD: An Analogy-Aware Approach to Offensive Meme Detection on Social Media. Inf. Process. Manage., 58(5). Chhavi Sharma, Deepesh Bhageria, William Scott, Srinivas PYKL, Amitava Das, Tanmoy Chakraborty, et al. 2020. SemEval-2020 task 8: Memotion analysisthe visuo-lingual metaphor! In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pages 759–773, Barcelona (online). International Committee for Computational Linguistics. Shivam Sharma, Mohd Khizir Siddiqui, Md. Shad Akhtar, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. 2022. Domainaware self-supervised pre-training for label-efficient meme analysis. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 12th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 792–805, Online only. Association for Computational Linguistics. Limor Shifman. 2014. The cultural logic of photo-based meme genres. Journal of Visual Culture, 13(3):340–358. Pranaydeep Singh, Aaron Maladry, and Els Lefever. 2022. Combining language models and linguistic information to label entities in memes. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Combating Online Hostile Posts in Regional Languages during Emergency Situations, pages 35–42, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics. Shardul Suryawanshi, Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi, Pranav Verma, Mihael Arcan, John Philip McCrae, and Paul Buitelaar. 2020. A dataset for troll classification of TamilMemes. In Proceedings of the WILDRE5– 5th Workshop on Indian Language Data: Resources and Evaluation, pages 7–13, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Cagri Toraman, Furkan S¸ahinuc¸, and Eyup Yilmaz. 2022. Large-scale hate speech detection with crossdomain transfer. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 2215–2225, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association. Alex Wang, Jan Hula, Patrick Xia, Raghavendra Pappagari, R. Thomas McCoy, Roma Patel, Najoung Kim, Ian Tenney, Yinghui Huang, Katherin Yu, Shuning Jin, Berlin Chen, Benjamin Van Durme, Edouard Grave, Ellie Pavlick, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2019. Can you tell me how to get past sesame street? sentence-level pretraining beyond language modeling. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 4465–4476, Florence, Italy. Association for Computational Linguistics. Ron Zhu. 2020. Enhance multimodal transformer with external label and in-domain pretrain: Hateful meme challenge winning solution. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2012.08290. Yan Zhuang and Yanru Zhang. 2022. Yet at memotion 2.0 2022 : Hate speech detection combining bilstm and fully connected layers (short paper). In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI.

Innovative Strategies in Meme Sentiment Analysis: The Impact of Unimodal Training

THOUGHTS ON LIFE

THE DAWN OF A GALA DAY.

Dick Sands the Boy Captain by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . A RAY OF HOPE here A RAY OF HOPE. Mrs. Weldon's first feeling on being left alone was a sense of relief at having a week's respite. She had no trust in Negoro's honesty, but she knew well enough that their "marketable value" would secure them from any personal danger, and she had time to consider whether some compromise might be effected by which her husband might be spared the necessity of coming to KazonndÃ©. Upon the receipt of a letter from herself, he would not hesitate for a moment in undertaking the journey, but she entertained no little fear that after all perhaps her own departure might not be permitted; the slightest caprice on the part of Queen Moena would detain her as a captive, whilst as to Negoro, if once he should get the ransom he wanted, he would take no further pains in the matter. Accordingly, she resolved to make the proposition that she should be conveyed to some point upon the coast, where the bargain could be concluded without Mr. Weldon's coming up the country. She had to weigh all the consequences that would follow any refusal on her part to fall in with Negoro's demands. Of course, he would spend the interval in preparing for his start to America, and when he should come back and find her still hesitating, was it not likely that he would find scope for his revenge in suggesting that she must be separated from her child. The very thought sent a pang through her heart, and she clasped her little boy tenderly to her side. "What makes you so sad, mamma?" asked Jack. "I was thinking of your father, my child," she answered; "would you not like to see him?" "Yes, yes; is he coming here?" "No, my boy, he must not come here." "Then let us take Dick, and Tom, and Hercules, and go to him." Mrs. Weldon tried to conceal her tears. "Have you heard from papa?" "No." "Then why do you not write to him?" "Write to him?" repeated his mother, "that is the very thing I was thinking about." The child little knew the agitation that was troubling her mind. Meanwhile Mrs. Weldon had another inducement which she hardly ventured to own to herself for postponing her final decision. Was it absolutely impossible that her liberation should be effected by some different means altogether? A few days previously she had overheard a conversation outside her hut, and over this she had found herself continually pondering. Alvez and one of the Ujiji dealers, discussing the future prospects of their business, mutually agreed in denouncing the efforts that were being made for the suppression of the slave-traffic, not only by the cruisers on the coast, but by the intrusion of travellers and missionaries into the interior. Alvez averred that all these troublesome visitors ought to be exterminated forthwith. "But kill one, and another crops up," replied the dealer. "Yes, their exaggerated reports bring up a swarm of them," said Alvez. It seemed a subject of bitter complaint that the markets of NyangwÃ©, Zanzibar, and the lake-district had been invaded by Speke and Grant and others, and although they congratulated each other that the western provinces had not yet been much persecuted, they confessed that now that the travelling epidemic had begun to rage, there was no telling how soon a lot of European and American busy-bodies might be among them. ThedÃ©pÃ´ts at Cassange and Bihe had both been visited, and although KazonndÃ© had hitherto been left quiet, there were rumours enough that the continent was to be tramped over from east to west. [Footnote: This extraordinary feat was, it is universally known, subsequently accomplished by Cameron.] "And it may be," continued Alvez, "that that missionary fellow, Livingstone, is already on his way to us; if he comes there can be but one result; there must be freedom for all the slaves in KazonndÃ©." "Freedom for the slaves in KazonndÃ©!" These were the words which in connexion with Dr. Livingstone's name had arrested Mrs. Weldon's attention, and who can wonder that she pondered them over and over again, and ventured to associate them with her own prospects? Here was a ray of hope! The mere mention of Livingstone's name in association with this story seems to demand a brief survey of his career. Born on the 19th of March, 1813, David Livingstone was the second of six children of a tradesman in the village of Blantyre, in Lanarkshire. After two years' training in medicine and theology, he was sent out by the London Missionary Society, and landed at the Cape of Good Hope in 1840, with the intention of joining Moffat in South Africa. After exploring the country of the Bechuanas, he returned to Kuruman, and, having married Moffat's daughter, proceeded in 1843 to found a mission in the Mabotsa valley. After four years he removed to Kolobeng in the Bechuana district, 225 miles north of Kuruman, whence, in 1849, starting off with his wife, three children, and two friends, Mr. Oswell and Mr. Murray, he discovered Lake Ngami, and returned by descending the course of the Zouga. The opposition of the natives had prevented his proceeding beyond Lake Ngami at his first visit, and he made [Illustration: Dr. Livingstone. 408.] Page a second with no better success. In a third attempt, however, he wended his way northwards with his family and Mr. Oswell along the ChobÃ©, an affluent of the Zambesi, and after a difficult journey at length reached the district of the Makalolos, of whom the chief, named SebituanÃ©, joined him at LinyantÃ©. The Zambesi itself was discovered at the end of June, 1851, and the doctor returned to the Cape for the purpose of sending his family to England. His next project was to cross the continent obliquely from south to west, but in this expedition he had resolved that he would risk no life but his own. Accompanied, therefore, by only a few natives, he started in the following June, and skirting the Kalahari desert entered Litoubarouba on the last day of the year; here he found the Bechuana district much ravaged by the Boers, the original Dutch colonists, who had formed the population of the Cape before it came into the possession of the English. After a fortnight's stay, he proceeded into the heart of the district of the Bamangonatos, and travelled continuously until the 23rd of May, when he arrived at LinyantÃ©, and was received with much honour by Sekeletoo, who had recently become sovereign of the Makalolos. A severe attack of fever detained the traveller here for a period, but he made good use of the enforced rest by studying the manners of the country, and became for the first time sensible of its terrible sufferings in consequence of the slave-trade. Descending the course of the ChobÃ© to the Zambesi, he next entered Naniele, and after visiting Katonga and Libonta, advanced to the point of confluence of the Leeba with the Zambesi, where he determined upon ascending the former as far as the Portuguese possessions in the west; it was an undertaking, however, that required considerable preparation, so that it was necessary for him to return to LinyantÃ©. On the 11th of November he again started. He was accompanied by twenty-seven Makalolos, and ascended the Leeba till, in the territory of the Balonda, he reached a spot where it received the waters of its tributary the Makondo. It was the first time a white man had ever penetrated so far. Proceeding on their way, they arrived at the residence of ShintÃ©, the most powerful of the chieftains of the Balonda, by whom they were well received, and having met with equal kindness from Kateema, a ruler on the other side of the Leeba, they encamped, on the 20th of February, 1853, on the banks of Lake Dilolo. Here it was that the real difficulty commenced; the arduous travelling, the attacks of the natives, and their exorbitant demands, the conspiracies of his own attendants and their desertions, would soon have caused any one of less energy to abandon his enterprise; but David Livingstone was not a man to be daunted; resolutely he persevered, and on the 4th of April reached the banks of the Coango, the stream that forms the frontier of the Portuguese possessions, and joins the Zaire on the north. Six days later he passed through CassangÃ©. Here it was that Alvez had seen him. On the 31st of May he arrived at St. Paul de Loanda, having traversed the continent in about two years. It was not long, however, before he was off again. Following the banks of the Coanza, the river which was to bring such trying experiences to Dick Sands and his party, he reached the LombÃ©, and having met numbers of slave-caravans on his way, again passed through Cassange, crossed the Coango, and reached the Zambesi at Kewawa. By the 8th of the following June he was again at Lake Dilolo, and descending the river, he re-entered LinyantÃ©. Here he stayed till the 3rd of November, when he commenced his second great journey, which was to carry him completely across Africa from west to east. After visiting the famed Victoria Falls, the intrepid explorer quitted the Zambesi, and took a north-easterly route. The transit of the territory of the Batokas, a people brutalized by the inhalation of hemp; a visit to Semalemboni the powerful chief of the district; the passage of the Kafoni; a visit to king Mbourouma; an inspection of the ruins of Zumbo, an old Portuguese town; a meeting with [Illustration: With none to guide him except a few natives.] the chief MpendÃ©, at that time at war with the Portuguese, these were the principal events of this journey, and on the 22nd of April, Livingstone left TetÃ©, and having descended the river as far as its delta, reached QuilimanÃ©, just four years after his last departure from the Cape. On the 12th of July he embarked for the Mauritius, and on the 22nd of December, 1856, he landed in England after an absence of sixteen years. Loaded with honours by the Geographical Societies of London and Paris, brilliantly entertained by all ranks, it would have been no matter of surprise if he had surrendered himself to a well-earned repose; but no thought of permanent rest occurred to him, and on the 1st of March, 1858, accompanied by his brother Charles, Captain Bedingfield, Dr. Kirk, Dr. Miller, Mr. Thornton, and Mr. Baines, he started again, with the intention of exploring the basin of the Zambesi, and arrived in due time at the coast of Mozambique. The party ascended the great river by the Kongone mouth; they were on board a small steamer named the "Ma-Robert," and reached TetÃ© on the 8th of September. During the following year they investigated the lower course of the Zambesi, and its left affluent the ShirÃ©, and having visited Lake Shirwa, they explored the territory of the Manganjas, and discovered Lake Nyassa. In August, 1860, they returned to the Victoria Falls. Early in the following year, Bishop Mackenzie and his missionary staff arrived at the mouth of the Zambesi. In March an exploration of the Rovouma was made on board the "Pioneer," the exploring party returning afterwards to Lake Nyassa, where they remained a considerable time. The 30th of January, 1862, was signalized by the arrival of Mrs. Livingstone, and by the addition of another steamer, the "Lady Nyassa;" but the happiness of reunion was very transient; it was but a short time before the enthusiastic Bishop Mackenzie succumbed to the unhealthiness of the climate, and on the 27th of April Mrs. Livingstone expired in her husband's arms. A second investigation of the Rovouma soon followed and at the end of November the doctor returned to the Zambesi, and reascended the Shire. In the spring of 1803 he lost his companion Mr. Thornton, and as his brother and Dr. Kirk were both much debilitated, he insisted upon their return to Europe, while he himself returned for the third time to Lake Nyassa, and completed the hydrographical survey which already he had begun. A few months later found him once more at the mouth of the Zambesi; thence he crossed over to Zanzibar, and after five years' absence arrived in London, where he published his work, "The exploration of the Zambesi and its affluents." Still unwearied and insatiable in his longings, he was back again in Zanzibar at the commencement of 1866, ready to begin his fourth journey, this time attended only by a few sepoys and negroes. Witnessing on his way some horrible scenes which were perpetrated as the result of the prosecution of the slave-trade, he proceeded to MokalaosÃ© on the shores of Lake Nyassa, where nearly all his attendants deserted him, and returned to Zanzibar with the report that he was dead. Dr. Livingstone meanwhile was not only alive, but undaunted in his determination to visit the country between the two lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika. With none to guide him except a few natives, he crossed the Loangona, and in the following April discovered Lake Liemmba. Here he lay for a whole month hovering between life and death, but rallying a little he pushed on to the north shore of Lake Moero. Taking up his quarters at CazembÃ© for six weeks, he made two separate explorations of the lake, and then started farther northwards, intending to reach Ujiji, an important town upon Lake Tanganyika; overtaken, however, by floods, and again abandoned by his servants, he was obliged to retrace his steps. Six weeks afterwards he had made his way southwards to the great lake Bangweolo, whence once more he started towards Tanganyika. This last effort was most trying, and the doctor had grown so weak that he was obliged to be carried, but he reached Ujiji, where he was gratified by finding some [Illustration: "You are Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"] supplies that had been thoughtfully forwarded to him by the Oriental Society at Calcutta. His great aim now was to ascend the lake, and reach the sources of the Nile. On the 21st of September he was at BambarrÃ©, in the country of the cannibal Manyuema, upon the Lualaba, the river afterwards ascertained by Stanley to be the Upper Zaire or Congo. At Mamobela the doctor was ill for twenty-four days, tended only by three followers who continued faithful; but in July he made a vigorous effort, and although he was reduced to a skeleton, made his way back to Ujiji. During this long time no tidings of Livingstone reached Europe, and many were the misgivings lest the rumours of his death were only too true. He was himself, too, almost despairing as to receiving any help. But help was closer at hand than he thought. On the 3rd of November, only eleven days after his return to Ujiji, some gun shots were heard within half a mile of the lake. The doctor went out to ascertain whence they proceeded, and had not gone far before a white man stood before him. "You are Dr. Livingstone, I presume," said the stranger, raising his cap. "Yes, sir, I am Dr. Livingstone, and am happy to see you," answered the doctor, smiling kindly. The two shook each other warmly by the hand. The new arrival was Henry Stanley, the correspondent of the , who had been sent out by Mr. Bennett, the editor, in search of the great African explorer. On receiving his orders in October, 1870, without a day's unnecessary delay he had embarked at Bombay for Zanzibar, and, after a journey involving considerable peril, had arrived safely at Ujiji. New York Herald Very soon the two travellers found themselves on the best of terms, and set out together on an excursion to the north of Tanganyika. They proceeded as far as Cape Magala, and decided that the chief outlet of the lake must be an affluent of the Lualaba, a conclusion that was subsequently confirmed by Cameron. Towards the end of the year Stanley began to prepare to return. Livingstone accompanied him as far as Kwihara, and on the 3rd of the following March they parted. "You have done for me what few men would venture to do; I am truly grateful," said Livingstone. Stanley could scarcely repress his tears as he expressed his hope that the doctor might be spared to return to his friends safe and well. "Good-bye!" said Stanley, choked with emotion. "Good-bye!" answered the veteran feebly. Thus they parted, and in July, 1872, Stanley landed at Marseilles. Again David Livingstone resumed his researches in the interior. After remaining five months at Kwihara he gathered together a retinue consisting of his faithful followers Suzi, Chumah, Amoda, and Jacob Wainwright, and fifty-six men sent to him by Stanley, and lost no time in proceeding towards the south of Tanganyika. In the course of the ensuing month the caravan encountered some frightful storms, but succeeded in reaching Moura. There had previously been an extreme drought, which was now followed by the rainy season, which entailed the loss of many of the beasts of burden, in consequence of the bites of the tzetsy. On the 24th of January they were at ChitounkwÃ©, and in April, after rounding the east of Lake Bangweolo, they made their way towards the village of Chitambo. At this point it was that Livingstone had parted company with certain slave-dealers, who had carried the information to old Alvez that the missionary traveller would very likely proceed by way of Loanda to KazonndÃ©. But on the 13th of June, the very day before Negoro reckoned on obtaining from Mrs. Weldon the letter which should be the means of securing him a hundred thousand dollars, tidings were circulated in the district that on the 1st of May Dr. Livingstone had breathed his last. The report proved perfectly true. On the 29th of April the caravan had reached the village of Chitambo, the doctor so unwell that he was carried on a litter. The following night he was in great pain, and after repeatedly murmuring in a low voice, "Oh dear, oh dear!" he fell into a kind of stupor. A short time afterwards he called up Suzi, and having asked for some medicine, told his attendant that he should not require anything more. "You can go now." About four o'clock next morning, when an anxious visit was made to his room, the doctor was found kneeling by the bed-side, his head in his hands, in the attitude of prayer. Suzi touched him, but his forehead was icy with the coldness of death. He had died in the night. His body was carried by those who loved him, and in spite of many obstacles was brought to Zanzibar, whence, nine months after his death, it was conveyed to England. On the 12th of April, 1874, it was interred in Westminster Abbey, counted worthy to be deposited amongst those whom the country most delights to honour. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (2005). Dick sands, the boy Captain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3250.html.images This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

A RAY OF HOPE

Those who do not learn history are doomed to repeat it. Unfamiliar with the term ? Gmail, Yahoo, and every other company you know in the email market are all clients built on the SMTP or IMAP email protocol. The client is an interface, and the Protocol connects all the interfaces. For example, Twitter is a client with a database, but it could be one of many interfaces connected through a protocol. Protocol I’m writing this article to explain why I have decided to build an audience on a niche social platform known as Warpcast, a client of the Farcaster Protocol, “ .” A protocol for building sufficiently decentralized social networks The Protocol is being developed by a team of former Coinbase staff, and it leans heavily into encryption, decentralization, ownable identity, and despite all odds, an extremely scalable, durable, and fast social data store growing in decentralization. Why is that important? Let us start by looking not at the team, the features, or the promise; but at the investors who support it. https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1520949176103620608?s=20&embedable=true Is it starting to make sense yet? Innovation does not all stem from a single company, and it is not likely to arise from the failed choices and leadership of a bellied-up company like Twitter/Bluesky. That is why I bet on the Farcaster protocol, to reap the benefits of being an early adopter of what may be the backbone of all future social media. As an early adopter, developer, content creator, reader, and outside founder, I need neither laundry nor food. My long-term goals point to the set of opportunities that the Farcaster team worked hard to unlock. I need access, I need high-status networks, I need intense technical discussion, I need technologists, and I need the most easily accessible distribution channels that a man can find. I need work opportunities, money in my pocket, introductions to people, and referrals that I could not otherwise obtain. Is it starting to make sense? Protocol, client, opportunities. I was drawn towards Farcaster because joining closely resembled my approach towards startups; it was . Even though my business wasn't directly related to social media, I aimed to and . By tapping into these new networks, I found everything and more. Opportunities like this enabled today's mega-influencers like DJ Khaled, Gary Vee, Jamie Oliver, and countless brands to become known yesterday. The opportunity is unmatched when compared to growing on an existing network, and the pie is getting larger. high risk yet held the potential for high reward expand my network build product distribution channels https://youtu.be/mArnxXgyeQQ?embedable=true I found a job in data engineering I found $10,000+ (6.9Ξ (Ethereum)) to build whatever I wanted I found referrals, mentors, and friends I became a better developer and engineer I learned why my Startup would fail and what could win I learned what people do in their startup careers and who they were I watched my friends raise hundreds of thousands, even millions I watched artists, writers, and developers earn cash for work I participated in a DAO war; unfolding realtime The Great Online Game I watched Vitalik pretend to care about decentralizing social media …99. https://github.com/farcasterxyz/protocol?embedable=true Understanding Turing Completeness . Although I know it relates to the Turing test, which signifies a system's capability to perform any computational task, relating the meaning to specific circumstances remains difficult. This concept frequently surfaces in discussions around programming languages and blockchains. However, regarding its application in a Social Network protocol, the discourse is still in its early stages and somewhat primitive. Turing completeness is a term that often leaves me perplexed handles many schemas, including standard text content, unique metadata (such as links, blockchain transactions, nft items, etc.), reactions, polls for voting, and any novel proposals. Generic message type , such as Reddit communities, or the unique audiences on otherwise completely separate platforms such as Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, or TwitchTV. Social Contextualization and the prioritization of new content (say one year old), with the ability to form markets around longer-term access and memory. Rapid yet decentralized storage , meaning true encryption, where the CEO can’t unlock the data with their encryption key. This applies to private messages and content publicly available in the social feed. Encrypted content , similar to Ethereum sign-in and Social Logins like Facebook or Google, these Identity solutions can offer key advantages such as the type of data packaged on a signature, access controls, and decentralization (existence beyond a single company) Identity Solutions Unlocking Opportunity Today Why would anyone care about a Turing-complete and decentralized social Protocol? If you read the section above and it did not resonate, let’s sideline the entire conversation and focus on the immediate value propositions of a new social network. applies to startups, social experiences, job opportunities, and any place where the ability to start anew is akin to firing a cold engine; it’s difficult and requires priming. The Cold Start Problem That is a problem for the founders, and it’s a problem they’ve worked hard to overcome. It is not a problem for users, Farcaster may have a capped volume to date, but what it lacks in quantity, it makes up in quality, whether that is the willingness to engage new users, the reach and activity generated by an otherwise average performing post, or the excitement generated by high achieving content. I would compare the activity generated by 100 users on Farcaster to 1,000+ on Twitter or similar socials. That is not to say they mindlessly like content; genuine interactions are as simple as liking a post or sharing it to as complex as helping onboard new users and funneling monetary value into the content through NFT purchases and new business lead generation. Farcaster This is the only Social Network I have joined which returned more than $10,000, or 6.9Ξ (Ethereum), within a few months of attempting it and under a year since joining the network- . all this with no prior connections to anyone on the network https://twitter.com/JoshuaOgundu/status/1200443772858847232?s=20&embedable=true To me, friendship is a willingness to help others, including without any immediate benefit. I see it as less transactional than was offered up by my friends in Tech but not wholly lacking. I have met many interesting people on Farcaster, and like my experience in Founding, I have made friends with whom I have never met in the real world. I find this less outlandish than some, and I value real-world interaction. I am simply limited and play by the rules of the game. I refer to , the ability to perceive the internet as we know it as an incarnation of the Metaverse in a text-based format, an with real-world consequences, opportunity, friendship, and love. Farcaster is a new land, vast with opportunity, products, and people, yet mostly unknown. The Great Online Game MMORPG It has player groups, specifically in the spirit of web3, DAOs. One of the most notable is the which recently went into a spirited battle with a competing ; the funny thing is, they are competing to give away money to new creators and builders to help foster the Farcaster ecosystem; they’re simply competing on the best way to achieve that. These opportunities include developers, artists, gamers, writers, founders, etc. Even my article is part of a native community-led ( ) contest. Purple DAO Purpler DAO not founder-led I've also witnessed the launch of , a web3 style startup that emerged from the Farcaster community. Although it is currently small in scale, it has attracted exceptional builders and founders, including notable figures such as of Lens and Aave, from Coinbase's new L2 project coined base, , the creator of the revolutionary decentralized compute platform Quilibrium, , the founder of Farcaster, and , an impressive young builder who is now an ENS employee. These individuals and many other startup founders and employees have shared their insights and experiences through interviews, demonstrating their resilience during a global economic recession and a crypto bear market. unlonely.app Twitch.tv Stani Kulechov Jesse Pollak @Cassie Dan Romero Greg Skriloff https://www.unlonely.app/nfc/327?embedable=true Other remarkable people are working on projects like decentralized hacker news , interoperable crowdfunding , NFT trading with , and zero-knowledge social technologies with . The presence of these accomplished individuals and their contributions further enriches the vibrant web3 startup ecosystem on Farcaster. kiwinews.xyz withfabric.xyz VFProtocol bigwhalelabs Joining the Farcaster Network I joined Farcaster for apparent reasons; after exploring many new and existing social platforms, I decided the best opportunity was to build an audience through the largest opportunity platform. One that allowed me to readily discuss my interests, specifically startups, web3, metaverse, and identity. It enables me to bootstrap distribution to a group of individuals within those niches. And it allows me to grow with the platform, which would have been incredibly hard on other platforms if compared to aged accounts that have bootstrapped growth for years. I have about 1,500 followers, around 15% of the total network, a network with almost no bots, and an otherwise rigorous and hand-vetted invite process. Only now is that invite system starting to open up slowly. You can reach many well-known people and people just starting out; seriously, it’s all about the people. Simply familiarizing myself with the technologies helped me obtain new job opportunities, access references, and build a professional network to learn from that would have otherwise likely not been possible. Not everyone posts about web3 or Ethereum, and new content is welcomed. From Marc Andreessen shilling communism upon unsuspecting capitalists To Vitalik, cosplaying as someone who might have known how to build deep neural networks and Brian Armstrong teaching us about the value of friendship Farcaster is the place I chose to double down on, where I meet friends, engage in combat, share new ideas, complain about the founders, and ultimately, where I hope to become rich and famous through (jk). But, in the infamous words of Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood, ? Won't You Be My Neighbor Want to Join? I currently have 48 invites and would like to use them to bring new members into the community. To acquire an invite, comment on this article, or email me directly at padenfool[@]gmail[.com]. As for me, I’ll be busy working on a new career, a career which was unlocked through… you guessed it, the Farcaster Protocol! -Alex https://youtu.be/nNPKiD7p4XM?embedable=true

Shattering Barriers: Unlocking Access, Opportunity, and Rewards in the New Era of Social Networking

ছিন্নভিন্ন বাধা: সামাজিক নেটওয়ার্কিংয়ের নতুন যুগে অ্যাক্সেস, সুযোগ এবং পুরষ্কার আনলক করা

Barrieren abbauen: Zugang, Chancen und Belohnungen im neuen Zeitalter der sozialen Netzwerke freischalten

Derribando Barreras: Liberando Acceso, Oportunidades y Recompensas en la Nueva Era de las Redes Sociales

Briser les barrières : libérer l'accès, les opportunités et les récompenses dans la nouvelle ère des réseaux sociaux

बिखरती बाधाएं: सामाजिक नेटवर्किंग के नए युग में पहुंच, अवसर और पुरस्कार खोलना

障壁を打ち破る: ソーシャル ネットワーキングの新時代におけるアクセス、機会、報酬のロックを解除する

장벽 파괴: 새로운 소셜 네트워킹 시대의 액세스, 기회 및 보상 잠금 해제

Quebrando Barreiras: Desbloqueando Acesso, Oportunidade e Recompensas na Nova Era das Redes Sociais

Engelleri Yıkmak: Sosyal Ağın Yeni Çağında Erişimin, Fırsatların ve Ödüllerin Kilidini Açmak

Phá vỡ rào cản: Mở khóa quyền truy cập, cơ hội và phần thưởng trong kỷ nguyên mới của mạng xã hội

打破壁垒：在社交网络新时代解锁访问权限、机会和奖励

A Fortuitous Coincidence

The Little Shop at New Romney

IN SUMMER STAR-LANDS

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