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In October 2020, Stripe (an American financial service and software as a service company headquartered in San Francisco) acquired Paystack for a rumoured amount of about $200M. Paystack is a technology company solving payments problems for ambitious businesses. Their mission is to help businesses in Africa become profitable, envied, and loved. In this episode of , I sit down with the CTO of Paystack, Ezra Olubi to discuss his background, his work before Paystack, the experiences acquired through the years and more. He shares how Paystack started, why he said Yes to the idea, how Paystack raised money and eventually got acquired; his biggest life lessons and favourite failures and even talks about his personal style. It’s one for the books. #FoundersConnect Learn From the CTO of Paystack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA2OLvxT4oU Video timestamps 0:23 - How would you describe Ezra? 1:16 - How was growing up for you? What experiences shaped you? 3:53 - From childhood till now, what has changed about your views on Religion? 4:50 - What was it about the Paystack idea that gave him the confidence to build it, and with Shola? 9:54 - The ways in which Ezra and Shola complement each other. 11:48 - How do you manage all the people and teams in Paystack? 13:02 - Biggest lesson and favourite failure as a CTO? 15:15 - What mistakes did you make? 17:37 - How hard was it raising money in 2016 vs now? 22:19 - If you were going to do it all over again, what is one thing you will do differently? 23:28 - What friendships have had the most impact on you? 24:39 - How would you describe your style? 25:47 - Have you had any struggles with how people perceive you, and your style? 27:50 - Do you have a lot of male friends? 28:32 - Were you always androgynous? 28:56 - Do you think your style would evolve? 30:04 - Fun questions, bucket list, social media, cereal, favourite city, etc. 32:14 - What should one look for in a technical cofounder if they want to start a company?

Interview with Ezra Olubi, CTO of Paystack, on Getting Acquired by Stripe

Read the first part of this article here: Unveiling a 35-Year-Old Vulnerability in nix libX11: Part 1 My team recently discovered two security vulnerabilities in X.Org libX11, the widely popular graphics library – (with a high NVD severity ). These vulnerabilities cause a denial-of-service and remote code execution. X11’s latest versions contain fixes for these vulnerabilities. CVE-2023-43786 and CVE-2023-43787 CVSS 7.8 The team constantly monitors open-source projects to find new vulnerabilities and malicious packages and shares them with the wider community to help improve their overall security posture. This 2-part blog series provides details of the inner workings of the vulnerable Xpm file format and deep-dives into exploiting these vulnerabilities. This post provides a walkthrough for achieving code execution by exploiting CVE-2023-43787 on a Debian machine. RCE vulnerability – CVE-2023-43787 CVE-2023-43787 is a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability that occurs when parsing a malformed XPM image, which can be exploited to achieve remote code execution. Fix commit: The vulnerability was fixed in libX11 version 1.8.7, in commit . 7916869d Technical analysis The root cause of CVE-2023-43787 lies in , a libX11 function that is used to create an object, representing an off-screen image that can be manipulated and displayed on the screen. With , developers can efficiently manage off-screen images in X11 applications, specifying parameters like width, height, depth, and format to customize image attributes. XCreateImage XImage XCreateImage package org.example;

import java.io.IOException;
import org.yaml.snakeyaml.LoaderOptions;
import org.yaml.snakeyaml.constructor.*;
import org.yaml.snakeyaml.Yaml;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        LoaderOptions options = new LoaderOptions();
        Yaml yaml = new Yaml(new Constructor(options));
        String strYaml = Files.readString(args[0]); 
        String parsed = yaml.load(strYaml);
    }
} XImage *XCreateImage (
    register Display *dpy,
    register Visual *visual,
    unsigned int depth,
    int format,
    int offset,
    char *data,
    unsigned int width,
    unsigned int height,
    int xpad,
    int image_bytes_per_line)
        /*How many bytes between a pixel on one line and the pixel with the same X coordinate on the next line? 0 means 	  XCreateImage can calculate it.*/
{
    register XImage *image;
    int bits_per_pixel = 1;
    int min_bytes_per_line;


    .......
    if (format == ZPixmap)
    {
       bits_per_pixel = _XGetBitsPerPixel(dpy, (int) depth); [1]
    }

    image->xoffset = offset;
    image->bitmap_pad = xpad;
    image->depth = depth;
    image->data = data;
    /*
     * compute per line accelerator.
     */
    {
    if (format == ZPixmap)
        min_bytes_per_line =                              [2]
           ROUNDUP((bits_per_pixel * width), image->bitmap_pad);
    else
        min_bytes_per_line =
            ROUNDUP((width + offset), image->bitmap_pad);
    }
     if (image_bytes_per_line == 0) {
        image->bytes_per_line = min_bytes_per_line;
    } else if (image_bytes_per_line < min_bytes_per_line) { Xfree(image); return NULL; } else { image->bytes_per_line = image_bytes_per_line;     [3]
    }
    ....... When the format is it calculates [1], and then uses the result to calculate the [2]. ZPixmap bits_per_pixel min_bytes_per_line It is then set to the attribute of the XImage [3]. bytes_per_line There is no validation on the of the image, and so the calculation [2] exceeds the capacity of (a 4-byte integer), causing an overflow. width min_bytes_per_line is called from libXpm’s function, defined in : XCreateImage CreateXImage create.c /*
 * Create an XImage with its data
 */
static int
CreateXImage(
    Display	 *display,
    Visual	 *visual,
    unsigned int  depth,
    int		  format,
    unsigned int  width,
    unsigned int  height,
    XImage	**image_return)
{
    ...

    /* then create the XImage with data = NULL and bytes_per_line = 0 */
    *image_return = XCreateImage(display, visual, depth, format, 0, 0,
                     width, height, bitmap_pad, 0);                       [1]
    if (!*image_return)
    return (XpmNoMemory);

#if !defined(FOR_MSW) && !defined(AMIGA)
    if (height != 0 && (*image_return)->bytes_per_line >= INT_MAX / height) {
        XDestroyImage(*image_return);
        *image_return = NULL;
        return XpmNoMemory;
    }
    /* now that bytes_per_line must have been set properly alloc data */
    if((*image_return)->bytes_per_line == 0 ||  height == 0) {
        XDestroyImage(*image_return);
        *image_return = NULL;
        return XpmNoMemory;
    }
    (*image_return)->data =
        (char *) XpmMalloc((*image_return)->bytes_per_line * height);     [2]

    ...
} On [1] there’s the call to the vulnerable function that calculates the size needed to be allocated. XCreateImage On [2] there’s an allocation that uses the overflown property of the XImage, which will then proceed to allocate a smaller buffer than needed. bytes_per_line is called from the function [1], triggered when libXPM is asked to parse an XPM file: CreateXImage xpmParseDataAndCreate /*
 * This function parses an Xpm file or data and directly create an XImage
 */
int
xpmParseDataAndCreate(
    Display		 *display,
    xpmData		 *data,
    XImage		**image_return,
    XImage		**shapeimage_return,
    XpmImage		 *image,
    XpmInfo		 *info,
    XpmAttributes	 *attributes)
{
    


   .....

    /*
     * parse the header
     */
    ErrorStatus = xpmParseHeader(data);
    if (ErrorStatus != XpmSuccess)
        return (ErrorStatus);

    /*
     * read values
     */
    ErrorStatus = xpmParseValues(data, &width, &height, &ncolors, &cpp,
                 &x_hotspot, &y_hotspot, &hotspot,
                 &extensions);
    if (ErrorStatus != XpmSuccess)
        return (ErrorStatus);

   .........

    /* now create the ximage */
    if (image_return) {
        ErrorStatus = CreateXImage(display, visual, depth,
                       (depth == 1 ? bitmap_format : ZPixmap),
                       width, height, &ximage);                       [1]
    if (ErrorStatus != XpmSuccess)
        RETURN(ErrorStatus);
        ......... Exploiting CVE-2023-43787 to achieve code execution Let’s discuss all the basic exploitation pieces before moving on to code execution. Piece 1 – Controlling the allocation size The size of the allocation that is overflown, is decided from the width of the Xpm image. As we discussed in the previous blog post, the width can be easily manipulated by modifying this information in the Xpm header. So, we have control over the allocation size (heap bin size). We now want to find out how to control the overflown data. Piece 2 – Controlling the overflowed buffer data The overflown data is , which is the pointer to the image data. ximage->data Piece 3 – Controlling the overflow size Controlling the size of the overflow itself (anything that comes after the allocated buffer). This is easily achieved as Xpm reads the image pixels from the file as long as there are pixels to read. The function calls the function with the ximage object [1]: xpmParseDataAndCreate ParseAndPutPixels .....
    /*
     * read pixels and put them in the XImage
     */
    ErrorStatus = ParseAndPutPixels(
#ifdef FOR_MSW
                    display,
#endif
                    data, width, height, ncolors, cpp,
                    colorTable, &hashtable,
                    ximage, image_pixels,                      [1]
                    shapeimage, mask_pixels);
..... The ParseAndPutPixels function loops over the image pixels and fills the ximage->data: .....
        for (x = 0; x < width; x++) {                                  [1]
            int c = xpmGetC(data);                                      [2]
..... On [1], we can see the loop reads data according to , which is very big (as we needed to overflow the size). On [2], a call to the macro is made: width xpmGetC #define xpmGetC(mdata) \
    ((!mdata->type || mdata->type == XPMBUFFER) ? \
    (*mdata->cptr++) : (getc(mdata->stream.file))) Multiple Avenues of Exploitation After going over the basic exploitation pieces, let’s see which primitives can be triggered by overwriting different heap chunks. Specifically, we will examine the case of exploitation when the vulnerability is triggered through the CLI utility (for example, using the simple command-line . These exploitation avenues can be extrapolated to other vulnerable cases as well (ex. exploiting code that uses the library’s vulnerable functions) – sxpm sxpm attacker_image.xpm) Option #1 – Function pointer overwrite – Code Execution #1 Due to time constraints, we opted to switch from a 64-bit binary to 32-bit for this exploitation (which would have required more research into the pixel data). Exploitation with Option #1 will focus on Debian 12 32-bit, but the ideas apply similarly to 64-bit. If we set our overflown bin to 428 bytes ( bin), something interesting happens. 0x1b0 (Display) pointer, which is later used when freeing the XPM colors. We managed to overwrite the dpy The structure size is 2,412 bytes – allocated on the large bin. Display 0x970 Specifically, we overwrite the pointer in this structure: lock_fns struct _XLockPtrs *lock_fns; /* pointers to threads functions */ The libX11 code dereferences this pointer and jumps to the address inside it – int
XFreeColors(
    register Display *dpy,
    Colormap cmap,
    unsigned long *pixels, /* LISTofCARD32 */
    int npixels,
    unsigned long planes) /* CARD32 */
{
    register xFreeColorsReq *req;
    register long nbytes;

    LockDisplay(dpy);                                                          [1]
    GetReq(FreeColors, req);
    req->cmap = cmap;
    req->planeMask = planes;

    /* on the VAX, each pixel is a 32-bit (unsigned) integer */
    req->length += npixels;

    nbytes = npixels << 2;		/* watch out for macros... */
    Data32 (dpy, (long *) pixels, nbytes);
    UnlockDisplay(dpy);
    SyncHandle();
    return 1;
} on [1] is a macro: LockDisplay /* used everywhere, so must be fast if not using threads */
#define LockDisplay(d)	     if ((d)->lock_fns) (*(d)->lock_fns->lock_display)(d) As can be seen from the macro, when we overwrite the pointer, it will be dereferenced twice and run the resulting pointer, leading to code execution. dpy After checking the offset of in our payload, and setting its pointer to a predictable address in the 32-bit memory space of (e.g. ), we have total control over EIP. dpy->lock_fns sxpm 0x409774 Option #2 – Limited Write-What-Where Another possible primitive is to overwrite a pointer to the File Descriptor (in an structure). This happens when we allocate 136 bytes (on the fastbin). xpmData 0x90 Inside the loop that reads each character from the XMP file, it uses it and reads a character. The structure: xpmData This is a limited relative write-what-where. We can write 4 bytes (3 controlled bytes + 1 byte fixed ’00’), into a relative address like 0x5555{00414243}. This can be seen here in [1] and [2]: static int
ParseAndPutPixels(
#ifdef FOR_MSW
    Display		*dc,
#endif
    xpmData		*data,
    unsigned int	 width,
    unsigned int	 height,
    unsigned int	 ncolors,
    unsigned int	 cpp,
    XpmColor		*colorTable,
    xpmHashTable	*hashtable,
    XImage		*image,
    Pixel		*image_pixels,
    XImage		*shapeimage,
    Pixel		*shape_pixels)
{
    unsigned int a, x, y;

    switch (cpp) {

    case (1):				/* Optimize for single character
                     * colors */
    {
        unsigned short colidx[256];
#ifdef FOR_MSW
        HDC shapedc;
        HBITMAP obm, sobm;

        if ( shapeimage ) {
            shapedc = CreateCompatibleDC(*dc);
            sobm = SelectObject(shapedc, shapeimage->bitmap);
        } else {
            shapedc = NULL;
        }
        obm = SelectObject(*dc, image->bitmap);
#endif
        if (ncolors > 256)
            return (XpmFileInvalid);
        bzero((char *)colidx, 256 * sizeof(short));
        for (a = 0; a < ncolors; a++) {
            colidx[(unsigned char)colorTable[a].string[0]] = a + 1;
        }

        for (y = 0; y < height; y++) {
            xpmNextString(data);
            for (x = 0; x < width; x++) { int c = xpmGetC(data); [1] if (c > 0 && c < 256 && colidx[c] != 0) {
#ifndef FOR_MSW
                    XPutPixel(image, x, y, image_pixels[colidx[c] - 1]); [2]
                    if (shapeimage) {
                        XPutPixel(shapeimage, x, y,
                            shape_pixels[colidx[c] - 1]);
                    }
#else
                    SetPixel(*dc, x, y, image_pixels[colidx[c] - 1]);
                    if (shapedc) {
                        SetPixel(shapedc, x, y, shape_pixels[colidx[c] - 1]);
                    }
#endif
                }else {
                    return (XpmFileInvalid);
                }
            }
        }
        ...... Option #3 – Code Execution Alternative When allocating a chunk of 136 bytes (which gets allocated on the 0x90 heap fastbin), we can overwrite an object: _XLockInfo The object: structure is 192 bytes long, so it gets allocated on the bin. _XLockInfo dpy->lock 0xd0 As can be seen from the backtrace, we overwrote the that gets used in the function, which then gets accessed at the start of the function (using the register): mutex __pthread_mutex_lock rdi int
__pthread_mutex_lock (pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
  unsigned int type = PTHREAD_MUTEX_TYPE_ELISION (mutex);
  .....
}


#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_TYPE_ELISION(m) \
  ((m)->__data.__kind & (127|PTHREAD_MUTEX_ELISION_NP)) This is called when freeing the colors structure in , which calls the function. xpmParseDataAndCreate XFreeColors After the Mutex is accessed, the data is then used in the function: _XDisplayLockWait static void _XDisplayLockWait(
    Display *dpy)
{
    xthread_t self;

    while (dpy->lock->locking_level > 0) {
        self = xthread_self();
        if (xthread_equal(dpy->lock->locking_thread, self))
            break;
        ConditionWait(dpy, dpy->lock->cv);
    }
} The is a macro: ConditionWait #define ConditionWait(d,c) if ((d)->lock) \
    (*(d)->lock->condition_wait)(c, (d)->lock->mutex) It dereferences the lock object and then . executes it as a function This can be used as another code execution primitive. Option #4 – Another Write-What-Where (dead end in the case of sxpm) Another primitive will overwrite the structure (which is 136 bytes long – bin). XImage 0x90 This is when allocating a chunk of 16 bytes (on the fastbin). 0x20 Our image data ( ) is allocated just before the contents, and so we overwrite the pointer with our data to create this primitive. ximage->data XImage ximage->data This can be an absolute write-what-where primitive. Again, switching from a 64-bit binary to 32-bit. The rest of the exploitation will focus on Debian 12 32-bit. The structure on 32-bit is 88 bytes long. Let’s try changing the size of our overflowing buffer to 88: Contrary to the 64-bit primitive, on 32-bit our overflowing buffer is allocated after the target object. XImage XImage The allocation will be adjacent to the structure, but in the reverse order (a bit after the address). ximage->data XImage XImage Therefore – our overflown buffer will not be behind our target XImage structure, and our exploitation won’t work. Using debug prints: Now, let’s groom the heap using an allocation primitive. There are 4 pixel allocations using the following calculation: sizeof(Pixel) * ncolors On 32-bit, equals 4. sizeof(Pixel) Let’s change the file to have only 22 colors, to achieve our needed 88 bytes (22*4). Changing to 22 colors will still not help us overwrite the XImage object. Using debug prints: In the case of , this led us to a dead-end (It would be better to create a new exploitation primitive) however this chain of primitives might be relevant in different exploitation scenarios. sxpm In which cases can CVE-2023-43787 be triggered? Any application or library that uses libXPM to parse externally-supplied XPM images, can trigger CVE-2023-43787 with the use of the following vulnerable libXPM exported functions: XpmCreateImageFromXpmImage
XpmCreateImageFromBuffer
XpmCreateImageFromData
XpmCreatePixmapFromXpmImage
XpmCreatePixmapFromBuffer
XpmCreatePixmapFromData
XpmReadFileToImage
XpmReadFileToPixmap For example, is a CLI utility that is used to display XPM images on the screen. The vulnerability can be triggered via with a simple command line – sxpm sxpm sxpm attacker_image.xpm This utility calls the vulnerable libXpm function, which then calls the vulnerable libX11 functions then . xpmCreatePixmapFromImage XPutImage PutSubImage

Uncovering and Exploiting a 35-Year-Old Vulnerability, *nix libX11: Part 2 

123 Stories To Learn About Youtube Transcripts

Let's learn about via these 55 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Peace Itimi /Learn Repo 1. #FoundersConnect: Mariam Jimoh, CEO & Founder of Oja (Ethnic Grocery Delivery Startup) Peace speaks with Mariam about her grocery startup for afrocarribean people living in the diaspora. 2. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Hanu Agbodje, the Founder and the CEO of Patricia In this episode, Peace Itimi interviews Hanu Agbodje, CEO of Patricia, on his journey as a tech entrepreneur and 3. #FoundersConnect: Abdul Hassan, CEO & Founder of Mono, Backed by Ycombinator #FoundersConnect: Abdul Hassan, CEO & Founder of Mono, Backed by Ycombinator 4. #FoundersConnect: Chimezie Emewulu, Co-Founder and MD of Seamfix Limited. Conversation with an OG Founder, Chimezie Emewulu, Co-founder and CEO of Seamfix. 5. The co-CEOs of Printivo, Temitope Ekundayo and Ibukun Oloyede on How to Run a Company Peace interviews co-CEOs of Temitope Ekundayo and Ibukun Oloyede or Printivo, a solution enabling small and medium enterprises to print items seamlessly. 6. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Chijioke Dozie, the CEO of Carbon Peace interviews Chijioke Dozie, CEO of $15.8 million VC-backed company, Carbon on his journey as a tech entrepreneur. 7. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Nadayar Enegesi, CEO of Eden Life & Co-founder of Andela Peace interviews Nadayar Enegesi, the Co-founder and CEO of Eden Life a tech-enabled service that puts its users' home chores on autopilot. 8. #FoundersConnect (Music): Rebecca Inyang Junaid Founder of JustJoJo (Music Publishing) A conversation with Rebecca Inyang Junaid, Founder of JustJojo Entertainment, a music agency based in the UK on career, life and experiences. 9. #FoundersConnect: How Erika Brodnock, Founder of Kami, Uses Tech to Improve the Lives of Families Peace speaks with Erika Brodnock, Founder of Kami app. 10. #FoundersConnect: An Interview With Bernard Parah, CEO of Bitnob Bernard Parah, CEO of Bitnob, a Bitcoin centred payment service shares his love for cryptocurrency and the plans for his growing Startup with me. 11. Ayo Akindele, Founder and CEO of Kyshi Interview with Ayo Akindele, of Kyshi, a payment startup for transnational money transactions. 12. #FoundersConnect - Bayo ‘Lion’ Adedeji: CEO, Wakanow & Founder, Dundu Nation & Wave Beach In this interview I have a conversation with Bayo Adedeji concerning how work at Wakanow and his extensive journey as an entrepreneur. 13. #FoundersConnect: Kay Akinwunmi, Co-Founder & CEO of Zazuu, A Transborder Payment Company Kay, Co-founder and CEO of Zazuu, speaks to me about his platform that allows money transfers across border with ease, his background and journey. 14. Adewale Yusuf, Co-founder TalentQL, on Helping Young Africans Launch Their Tech Careers Peace interviews Adewale Yusuf, serial entrepreneur with a demonstrated history in EdTech,  with building Talent QL, Techpoint Africa and AltSchool. 15. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Musty Mustapha, Co-Founder & CTO of Kuda Peace Interviews Co-Founder of Kuda Bank, Musty Mustapha on his journey as a tech entrepreneur, experiences and lessons. 16. #FoundersConnect: Douglas Kendyson of Selar on Hitting Huge Revenue Milestones Peace sits with Douglas Kendyson, CEO and founder of Selar for a fun and elucidating interview on his journey and his company. 17. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Yinka Adewale, the CEO of Kudi Peace interviews Yinka Adewale, CEO of Kudi, a Start-up that offers seamless banking services to communities in Africa. 18. #FoundersConnect: How Kemi Olawoye Is Building BabyMigo, Nigeria's Largest Parenting Community Kemi shares her journey building Babymigo, Nigeria's largest Parenting Community 19. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Michael 'Trojan' Okoh - Co-founder and CTO, ThePeer 22-year old Founder of ThePeer, Michael Trojan Okoh, shares his story with me. 20. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Yanmo Omorogbe, Co-Founder of Invest Bamboo Peace interviews Yanmo Omorogbe, Co-founder of Invest Bamboo, on her "accidental" journey into entrepreneurship, running Bamboo and biggest wins and lessons. 21. Interview with Ezra Olubi, CTO of Paystack, on Getting Acquired by Stripe Peace interviews Ezra Olubi, co-founder and CTO of Paystack as he shares the Paystack story. 22. #FoundersConnect: Njoku Emmanuel, the 19-year-old CEO & Co-founder of Lazerpay Interview with Lazerpay co-founder & CEO, Njoku Emmanuel. 23. #FoundersConnect: Duncan Muchangi, Principal @ Unicorn Growth, Former MD, Jumia Group & Antler E.A Interview with Kenyan VC, Duncan Muchangi and founder of Unicorn Growth Capital. 24. #FoundersConnect: How Preston Ideh is building Africa's Largest Intelligence Startup, Stears. Interview with Preston Ideh, CEO and Co-founder of Stears. 25. #FoundersConnect: Wale Adetula, Co-Founder of TNC Africa Interview with Wale Adetula, the Founder of one of Nigeria's pioneer Media companies, TNC Africa. 26. #FoundersConnect: Peter Bunor Jr., From Nollywood Child Actor, to Co-Founder of Field Intelligence Peace interviews Nollywood Child Actor turned Founder, Peter Bunor of Field Intelligence. 27. #FoundersConnect (Music): Interview with Toba Adeyanju, CEO of Ejoya Music I sit with Toba Adeyanju, CEO of Ejoya Music, a startup music company, on his journey, insights and plans for the future. 28. FoundersConnect: Interview with Kelvin Umechukwu, CEO and co-Founder of Bumpa Kelvin Umechukwu, CEO of Bumpa,  shares his journey into entrepreneurship and the role of community in effecting change. 29. Interview with the Founder of Money Africa: Financial Education, Investing, and More Peace interviews Oluwatosin Olaseinde, founder of Money Africa and Ladda on her journey as a startup founder, biggest life lessons and future plans. 30. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Onyeka Akumah, CEO Farmcrowdy & Co-founder CrowdyVest, PlentyWaka Peace interviews Onyeka Akumah, CEO of Farmcrowdy, and co-founder at Plentywaka, Crowdyvest and Rent Smallsmall on his journey as a tech entrepreneur. 31. Yele Bademosi, Founder of Bundle Africa, Talks About Tech Entrepreneurship Peace speaks with Yele Bademosi, founder of Bundle Africa, Microtraction and co-Founder of Nestcoin, in a lengthy and elucidating interview. 32. Interview with Atsu Davoh, Founder of Bitsika, on Creating a Payment App in Africa Peace sits down with Atsu Davoh, Founder & CEO of Bitsika. Bitsika is a payments app for making transactions. 33. The Founder & CEO of Kudigo Talks About Tech Startups in Ghana Peace interviews Kingsley Abrokwah, serial entrepreneur and founder of Kudigo, a software solution for retail businesses in Africa. 34. #FoundersConnect: Odun Eweniyi, Co-Founder of Piggyvest, Africa's Top Savings App Odun Eweniyi, coFounder of Piggyvest, FirstCheck Africa and the Feminist Coalition shares her journey with me. 35. #FoundersConnect: Eyitayo Ogunmola, Founder of Utiva, an African Ed-tech Startup I speak with Eyitayo Ogunmola, the CEO of Utiva, an education service for Africans and people of colour entering the tech industry. 36. #FoundersConnect - Ized Uanikhehi, CEO of Loose Media, and Her Advice for Tech Marketers Peace interviews Ized Uanikhehi, Media professional and CEO of Loose Media on her journey, experiences and advice. 37. #FoundersConnect: Tosin Faniro-Dada, MD /CEO of Endeavor (Nigeria) Peace has a conversation with Tosin Faniro-Dada, the MD & CEO of Endeavor in Nigeria, about her career and her passion for helping entrepreneurs. 38. #FoundersConnect: Moe Odele - Tech Lawyer, Human Rights Advocate & Travel Enthusiast Peace speaks to Moe "Moechievous" Odele, about her life and career, growing up in a polygamous family, studying law and finding tech law. 39. #FoundersConnect: Babajide Duroshola, General Manager at M-KOPA & ex-Country Director, SafeBoda (NG) I speak with Babajide Duroshola, the General Manager at M-Kopa with years of experience managing startups about his journey and work. 40. #FoundersConnect: Ben Lyon, CEO and CoFounder of Stax, an Offline Payment App for Africans Conversation with Ben Lyon of Hover Developer Services, the parent company of Stax, a simple way to carry out payment services without internet or USSD codes. 41. #FoundersConnect: Bunmi Akinyemiju, Partner at GreenHouse Capital, Former CEO Venture Garden Group I speak with Bunmi Akinyemiju, one of the biggest investors in the African startup space, and Founding Partner at GreenHouse Capital. 42. #FoundersConnect: Ijeoma Akwiwu, Lawyer, Developer, and Co-founder of Pivo, a Digital Bank Peace speaks with Ijeoma Akwiwu, the Co-founder and COO of Pivo, a bank for trade. 43. #FoundersConnect: Tomiwa Aladekomo, The Man behind Big Cabal Media (Techcabal & Zikoko) Peace speaks with Tomiwa Aladekomo, CEO of BigCabal, the parent company of Zikoko, a media company that creates content for African youth, and TechCabal. 44. #FoundersConnect: Adia Sowho, CMO of MTN Nigeria Peace speaks with Adia Sowho, CMO of MTN Nigeria, on her life and journey. This interview is one you definitely should not miss! 45. #FoundersConnect: Kennedy Ekezie-Joseph, CEO of Kippa, a Company Helping Small businesses Grow. I have a conversation with Kippa's CEO & Co-Founder, Kennedy Ekezie-Joseph. 46. #FoundersConnect: Koromone Koroye, Managing Editor of TechCabal Conversation with Koromone Koroye, Managing Editor of TechCabal on her interesting life experiences, thoughts of religion, work culture and more! 47. #FoundersConnect - Interview with Rodney Jackson-Cole, Cofounder and CTO at Prospa (YC W21) Rodney Jackson-Cole is the CTO of Prospa, a company set out to aid African entrepreneurs. Peace finds out more about his mission and journey in this episode. 48. #FoundersConnect: Ameyaw Debrah, the Founder of Ameyawdebrah.com | Ghanaian Celebrity Blogger Peace has a conversation with Ameyaw Debrah, Ghanaian celebrity blogger and founder of Ameyawdebrah.com, a lifestyle news blog about media, his life, and more. 49. #Founders Connect: Moses Enenwali, CEO & Co-founder of Topship (YC W 2022) Peace speaks with Moses Enenwali, the CEO and Co-founder of Topship, a fast-growing Logistics startup in Africa. 50. #FoundersConnect: Jude Dike, CoFounder and CEO of GetEquity Conversation with Jude Dike, co-Founder of GetEquity, a company democratizing access to startup investment in Africa. 51. #FoundersConnect: Marvin Coleby, Co-Founder and CEO of Raise Marvin Coleby is building Raise, an equity management platform with a vision for Panafrican unity. He shares his background, startup and experiences with me. 52. #FoundersConnect: Godwin Tom, Serial Entrepreneur, Music Business Mogul & CEO of iMANAGE AFRICA Conversation with Godwin Tom, an expert in music management and CEO of iMANAGE Africa on his journey, his work, and the future. 53. Interview with the Cofounder of Helicarrier (Formerly, Buycoins) on Crypto in Africa Peace interviews Tomiwa Lasebikan, co-founder and head of product at Helicarrier, a product dedicated to connecting Africans with financial solutions. 54. #FoundersConnect: Florence Githinji, Regional Marketing Manager at YellowCard Conversation with Florence Githinji, Regional Marketing Manager of Yellowcard. 55. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Lotanna Nwose, Co-founder of Investsika I sit with Investsika's Co-Founder, Lotanna Nwose and we discuss his passion for stock accessibility and entrepreneurship and desires to provide this in Ghana. Thank you for checking out the 55 most read stories about Peace Itimi on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

55 Stories To Learn About Peace Itimi

FORTUNE TELLING

Let's learn about via these 61 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Founders Connect /Learn Repo 1. #FoundersConnect: Duncan Muchangi, Principal @ Unicorn Growth, Former MD, Jumia Group & Antler E.A Interview with Kenyan VC, Duncan Muchangi and founder of Unicorn Growth Capital. 2. Interview with Ezra Olubi, CTO of Paystack, on Getting Acquired by Stripe Peace interviews Ezra Olubi, co-founder and CTO of Paystack as he shares the Paystack story. 3. #FoundersConnect: Ijeoma Akwiwu, Lawyer, Developer, and Co-founder of Pivo, a Digital Bank Peace speaks with Ijeoma Akwiwu, the Co-founder and COO of Pivo, a bank for trade. 4. #FoundersConnect: Marvin Coleby, Co-Founder and CEO of Raise Marvin Coleby is building Raise, an equity management platform with a vision for Panafrican unity. He shares his background, startup and experiences with me. 5. Interview with the Cofounder of Helicarrier (Formerly, Buycoins) on Crypto in Africa Peace interviews Tomiwa Lasebikan, co-founder and head of product at Helicarrier, a product dedicated to connecting Africans with financial solutions. 6. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Chijioke Dozie, the CEO of Carbon Peace interviews Chijioke Dozie, CEO of $15.8 million VC-backed company, Carbon on his journey as a tech entrepreneur. 7. #FoundersConnect: Florence Githinji, Regional Marketing Manager at YellowCard Conversation with Florence Githinji, Regional Marketing Manager of Yellowcard. 8. Ayo Akindele, Founder and CEO of Kyshi Interview with Ayo Akindele, of Kyshi, a payment startup for transnational money transactions. 9. #FoundersConnect: Jude Dike, CoFounder and CEO of GetEquity Conversation with Jude Dike, co-Founder of GetEquity, a company democratizing access to startup investment in Africa. 10. #FoundersConnect (Music): Interview with Toba Adeyanju, CEO of Ejoya Music I sit with Toba Adeyanju, CEO of Ejoya Music, a startup music company, on his journey, insights and plans for the future. 11. Adewale Yusuf, Co-founder TalentQL, on Helping Young Africans Launch Their Tech Careers Peace interviews Adewale Yusuf, serial entrepreneur with a demonstrated history in EdTech,  with building Talent QL, Techpoint Africa and AltSchool. 12. #FoundersConnect: An Interview With Bernard Parah, CEO of Bitnob Bernard Parah, CEO of Bitnob, a Bitcoin centred payment service shares his love for cryptocurrency and the plans for his growing Startup with me. 13. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Nadayar Enegesi, CEO of Eden Life & Co-founder of Andela Peace interviews Nadayar Enegesi, the Co-founder and CEO of Eden Life a tech-enabled service that puts its users' home chores on autopilot. 14. #FoundersConnect: Peter Bunor Jr., From Nollywood Child Actor, to Co-Founder of Field Intelligence Peace interviews Nollywood Child Actor turned Founder, Peter Bunor of Field Intelligence. 15. #FoundersConnect - Bayo ‘Lion’ Adedeji: CEO, Wakanow & Founder, Dundu Nation & Wave Beach In this interview I have a conversation with Bayo Adedeji concerning how work at Wakanow and his extensive journey as an entrepreneur. 16. Interview with Atsu Davoh, Founder of Bitsika, on Creating a Payment App in Africa Peace sits down with Atsu Davoh, Founder & CEO of Bitsika. Bitsika is a payments app for making transactions. 17. #FoundersConnect: Wale Adetula, Co-Founder of TNC Africa Interview with Wale Adetula, the Founder of one of Nigeria's pioneer Media companies, TNC Africa. 18. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Onyeka Akumah, CEO Farmcrowdy & Co-founder CrowdyVest, PlentyWaka Peace interviews Onyeka Akumah, CEO of Farmcrowdy, and co-founder at Plentywaka, Crowdyvest and Rent Smallsmall on his journey as a tech entrepreneur. 19. #FoundersConnect: Kay Akinwunmi, Co-Founder & CEO of Zazuu, A Transborder Payment Company Kay, Co-founder and CEO of Zazuu, speaks to me about his platform that allows money transfers across border with ease, his background and journey. 20. The co-CEOs of Printivo, Temitope Ekundayo and Ibukun Oloyede on How to Run a Company Peace interviews co-CEOs of Temitope Ekundayo and Ibukun Oloyede or Printivo, a solution enabling small and medium enterprises to print items seamlessly. 21. #FoundersConnect with Oluwatomi Solanke, Co-founder/CEO of Trove Finance Peace interviews Oluwatomi Solanke, co-founder and CEO of Trove Finance, a micro-investment platform that allows Nigerians to invest in foreign stock markets. 22. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Musty Mustapha, Co-Founder & CTO of Kuda Peace Interviews Co-Founder of Kuda Bank, Musty Mustapha on his journey as a tech entrepreneur, experiences and lessons. 23. #FoundersConnect with Iyinoluwa Aboyeji, Co-founder of Andela & Former MD of Flutterwave Peace interviews Iyinoluwa Aboyeji, Co-founder of Andela on his career journey across various successful projects; mistakes, insights and much more. 24. #FoundersConnect: Douglas Kendyson of Selar on Hitting Huge Revenue Milestones Peace sits with Douglas Kendyson, CEO and founder of Selar for a fun and elucidating interview on his journey and his company. 25. #FoundersConnect: Koromone Koroye, Managing Editor of TechCabal Conversation with Koromone Koroye, Managing Editor of TechCabal on her interesting life experiences, thoughts of religion, work culture and more! 26. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Yinka Adewale, the CEO of Kudi Peace interviews Yinka Adewale, CEO of Kudi, a Start-up that offers seamless banking services to communities in Africa. 27. #FoundersConnect: Njoku Emmanuel, the 19-year-old CEO & Co-founder of Lazerpay Interview with Lazerpay co-founder & CEO, Njoku Emmanuel. 28. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Hanu Agbodje, the Founder and the CEO of Patricia In this episode, Peace Itimi interviews Hanu Agbodje, CEO of Patricia, on his journey as a tech entrepreneur and 29. #Founders Connect: Moses Enenwali, CEO & Co-founder of Topship (YC W 2022) Peace speaks with Moses Enenwali, the CEO and Co-founder of Topship, a fast-growing Logistics startup in Africa. 30. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Lotanna Nwose, Co-founder of Investsika I sit with Investsika's Co-Founder, Lotanna Nwose and we discuss his passion for stock accessibility and entrepreneurship and desires to provide this in Ghana. 31. #FoundersConnect with Damilola Olokesusi, Co-founder & CEO of Shuttlers Peace interviews Damilola Olokesusi, Co-founder and CEO of Shuttlers, a platform that enables its users access efficient shared transportation in Lagos, Nigeria 32. #FoundersConnect: Eyitayo Ogunmola, Founder of Utiva, an African Ed-tech Startup I speak with Eyitayo Ogunmola, the CEO of Utiva, an education service for Africans and people of colour entering the tech industry. 33. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Yanmo Omorogbe, Co-Founder of Invest Bamboo Peace interviews Yanmo Omorogbe, Co-founder of Invest Bamboo, on her "accidental" journey into entrepreneurship, running Bamboo and biggest wins and lessons. 34. #FoundersConnect with Tito Ovia, Cofounder of Helium Health (#1 Health-Tech Provider in Africa) Peace speaks with Tito Ovia, co-founder of Helium Health, a health-tech provider in Nigeria set to digitize hospital processes within the continent. 35. #FoundersConnect: Odun Eweniyi, Co-Founder of Piggyvest, Africa's Top Savings App Odun Eweniyi, coFounder of Piggyvest, FirstCheck Africa and the Feminist Coalition shares her journey with me. 36. #FoundersConnect: How Preston Ideh is building Africa's Largest Intelligence Startup, Stears. Interview with Preston Ideh, CEO and Co-founder of Stears. 37. #FoundersConnect (Music): Rebecca Inyang Junaid Founder of JustJoJo (Music Publishing) A conversation with Rebecca Inyang Junaid, Founder of JustJojo Entertainment, a music agency based in the UK on career, life and experiences. 38. #FoundersConnect: Chimezie Emewulu, Co-Founder and MD of Seamfix Limited. Conversation with an OG Founder, Chimezie Emewulu, Co-founder and CEO of Seamfix. 39. FoundersConnect: Interview with Kelvin Umechukwu, CEO and co-Founder of Bumpa Kelvin Umechukwu, CEO of Bumpa,  shares his journey into entrepreneurship and the role of community in effecting change. 40. How Kuda Bank Grew From Zero to Millions of Users Peace interviews Bradley Want, the VP  of Growth at Kuda Bank. 41. #FoundersConnect: Interview with Michael 'Trojan' Okoh - Co-founder and CTO, ThePeer 22-year old Founder of ThePeer, Michael Trojan Okoh, shares his story with me. 42. #FoundersConnect: Mariam Jimoh, CEO & Founder of Oja (Ethnic Grocery Delivery Startup) Peace speaks with Mariam about her grocery startup for afrocarribean people living in the diaspora. 43. #FoundersConnect with Ben Eluan, Co-Founder/ CEO of Flux Peace interviews Ben Eluan, co-founder and CEO of Flux, a crypto remittance startup built to help individuals and merchants make transactions globally. 44. #FoundersConnect: How Erika Brodnock, Founder of Kami, Uses Tech to Improve the Lives of Families Peace speaks with Erika Brodnock, Founder of Kami app. 45. #FoundersConnect: Ameyaw Debrah, the Founder of Ameyawdebrah.com | Ghanaian Celebrity Blogger Peace has a conversation with Ameyaw Debrah, Ghanaian celebrity blogger and founder of Ameyawdebrah.com, a lifestyle news blog about media, his life, and more. 46. #FoundersConnect: Abdul Hassan, CEO & Founder of Mono, Backed by Ycombinator #FoundersConnect: Abdul Hassan, CEO & Founder of Mono, Backed by Ycombinator 47. #FoundersConnect - Interview with Rodney Jackson-Cole, Cofounder and CTO at Prospa (YC W21) Rodney Jackson-Cole is the CTO of Prospa, a company set out to aid African entrepreneurs. Peace finds out more about his mission and journey in this episode. 48. #FoundersConnect: Tosin Faniro-Dada, MD /CEO of Endeavor (Nigeria) Peace has a conversation with Tosin Faniro-Dada, the MD & CEO of Endeavor in Nigeria, about her career and her passion for helping entrepreneurs. 49. #FoundersConnect: Moe Odele - Tech Lawyer, Human Rights Advocate & Travel Enthusiast Peace speaks to Moe "Moechievous" Odele, about her life and career, growing up in a polygamous family, studying law and finding tech law. 50. Yele Bademosi, Founder of Bundle Africa, Talks About Tech Entrepreneurship Peace speaks with Yele Bademosi, founder of Bundle Africa, Microtraction and co-Founder of Nestcoin, in a lengthy and elucidating interview. 51. #FoundersConnect: Kennedy Ekezie-Joseph, CEO of Kippa, a Company Helping Small businesses Grow. I have a conversation with Kippa's CEO & Co-Founder, Kennedy Ekezie-Joseph. 52. #FoundersConnect: Adia Sowho, CMO of MTN Nigeria Peace speaks with Adia Sowho, CMO of MTN Nigeria, on her life and journey. This interview is one you definitely should not miss! 53. #FoundersConnect: Ben Lyon, CEO and CoFounder of Stax, an Offline Payment App for Africans Conversation with Ben Lyon of Hover Developer Services, the parent company of Stax, a simple way to carry out payment services without internet or USSD codes. 54. The Founder & CEO of Kudigo Talks About Tech Startups in Ghana Peace interviews Kingsley Abrokwah, serial entrepreneur and founder of Kudigo, a software solution for retail businesses in Africa. 55. #FoundersConnect: How Kemi Olawoye Is Building BabyMigo, Nigeria's Largest Parenting Community Kemi shares her journey building Babymigo, Nigeria's largest Parenting Community 56. #FoundersConnect: Babajide Duroshola, General Manager at M-KOPA & ex-Country Director, SafeBoda (NG) I speak with Babajide Duroshola, the General Manager at M-Kopa with years of experience managing startups about his journey and work. 57. #FoundersConnect: Tomiwa Aladekomo, The Man behind Big Cabal Media (Techcabal & Zikoko) Peace speaks with Tomiwa Aladekomo, CEO of BigCabal, the parent company of Zikoko, a media company that creates content for African youth, and TechCabal. 58. Interview with the Founder of Money Africa: Financial Education, Investing, and More Peace interviews Oluwatosin Olaseinde, founder of Money Africa and Ladda on her journey as a startup founder, biggest life lessons and future plans. 59. #FoundersConnect: Godwin Tom, Serial Entrepreneur, Music Business Mogul & CEO of iMANAGE AFRICA Conversation with Godwin Tom, an expert in music management and CEO of iMANAGE Africa on his journey, his work, and the future. 60. #FoundersConnect - Ized Uanikhehi, CEO of Loose Media, and Her Advice for Tech Marketers Peace interviews Ized Uanikhehi, Media professional and CEO of Loose Media on her journey, experiences and advice. 61. #FoundersConnect: Bunmi Akinyemiju, Partner at GreenHouse Capital, Former CEO Venture Garden Group I speak with Bunmi Akinyemiju, one of the biggest investors in the African startup space, and Founding Partner at GreenHouse Capital. Thank you for checking out the 61 most read stories about Founders Connect on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

61 Stories To Learn About Founders Connect

The Art of Trading Attention: Your Path to eCommerce Glory

ট্রেডিং শিল্প মনোযোগ: ইকমার্স গৌরব আপনার পথ

Die Kunst, Aufmerksamkeit zu erregen: Ihr Weg zum E-Commerce-Ruhm

El arte de la atención comercial: su camino hacia la gloria del comercio electrónico

L'art de trader l'attention : votre chemin vers la gloire du commerce électronique

ट्रेडिंग अटेंशन की कला: ईकामर्स ग्लोरी के लिए आपका पथ

注目の取引術: e コマースの栄光への道

주의를 기울이는 기술: 전자상거래의 영광을 향한 길

A arte de negociar atenção: seu caminho para a glória do comércio eletrônico

Ticaret Sanatı Dikkat: E-Ticaret Zaferine Giden Yol

Nghệ thuật giao dịch Chú ý: Con đường dẫn đến vinh quang thương mại điện tử của bạn

交易注意力的艺术：通往电子商务荣耀之路

Table of Contents What is the Blockchain? Origin of the Blockchain Components of the Blockchain The Blockchain: Pros and Cons Why is everyone talking about the Blockchain? ? What is the Blockchain is a shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets on a business network. Tangible assets such as cars, houses, land, etc. can be tracked on the blockchain. Intangible assets like intellectual property, patents, copyrights and branding can also be tracked on the blockchain. The blockchain You can think of the that is split among the nodes of a computer network. A blockchain collects data in groups called blocks. These blocks help store information: when one block is full, it is closed and linked to the next block. In that manner, all the new information that follows the freshly added block is compiled into a newly formed block that will be added to the chain once it is filled. blockchain as a shared database is so designed that the decision to add a transaction to the chain is made by general agreement. That means that the majority of nodes in the network must agree that a transaction is valid. The blockchain was created to be decentralized: no single authority can control transactions. The validation of transactions done by different nodes on the network is done by using cryptographic keys and a password to confirm every transaction. The blockchain Origin of the Blockchain In 1991, when on a cryptographically secure chain of blocks, the blockchain was not as popular as it is now. The blocks then were designed so that no one could tamper with timestamps of documents. In 1992, Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta upgraded their work to include that enhanced efficiency and enabled the collection of more documents on a single block. Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta worked Merkle trees In 2004, the computer scientist and cryptographic artist introduced a system called This system was designed to enable cryptocurrency users to verify the transfer of tokens in real time. the theory of distributed blockchains. He improved the blockchain design to enable the addition of extra blocks to the chain without requiring the blocks to be signed by trusted parties. Reusable Proof of Work. 2008 saw Satoshi Nakamoto conceptualize In 2009, and he received a reward of 50 Bitcoins. Then Bitcoin was linked to the blockchain and everyone associated Bitcoin with Blockchain until 2013 when stated that Bitcoin needed a scripting language for building decentralized applications. He then built Ethereum, a new blockchain based distributing platform on which hundreds of decentralized apps run. Since the Ethereum launch in 2015, : from Hyperledger by Linux Foundation, EOS.IO by block.one, IOTA, NEO and Monero dash blockchain. The block chain industry is still growing and businesses built on the platforms are expanding daily. Satoshi Nakomoto mined the first Bitcoin block Vitalik Buterin different blockchain platforms have been launched Components of the Blockchain The Blockchain has numerous components and they are: 1. : the full node and the partial node. The full node maintains a full copy of all the transactions and it has the authority to validate, accept and reject any transaction. On the other hand, the partial node or lightweight node maintains only the hash value of the transaction. It does not maintain the whole copy of the blockchain ledger, hence it has low storage and low computational power. Node The node is divided into two sections: 2. : The ledger is a public database of information. There are three types of ledger: public ledger, decentralized ledger and distributed ledger. The public ledger is available to all and anyone on the blockchain can add information to the ledger. A decentralized ledger allows each node to participate in each transaction. The distributed ledger gives all nodes a copy of the database. A group of nodes can collectively verify transactions or add blocks of information on the blockchain. Ledger 3. : A enables users to send, receive, store and exchange digital assets on the blockchain, as well as monitor and manage the value of their assets on the blockchain. There are two main types of wallets: hardware wallets and software wallets. A wallet can either be online or offline. Online or hot wallets are used when connected to the internet. Offline wallets like paper wallets and hardware wallets can be used to store private keys offline and sign transactions without an internet connection. Wallets generally provide users with a private key and wallet address for securing transactions. Wallet blockchain wallet 4. : A nonce is a short term for a " ''. It is used to describe a random number that can only be used once. Nonces are generated often to modify the result of cryptographic communication. A nonce is a number that changes over time, so it is used to ensure that some values cannot be reused. It can also be a timestamp or special marker used to prevent the reproduction of a document. In addition, it can be used to vary input in a cryptographic hash function. Nonces have varying functions: from authentication to hashing and even electronic signatures. Nonce number used once 5. : A that converts inputs of arbitrary length to outputs of fixed length. That means that or regardless of a file size, the hash will be unique and unchanging in size. A hash cannot be used to generate input from an already hashed output, but it can be helpful in identifying a file. Hashes can be used to check the integrity of messages and authenticate information. Cryptographic hash functions add security to typical hash functions, making it difficult to detect the contents of a message or get information about the senders. Hash hash is a mathematical function Blockchain: Pros and Cons A major reason why the blockchain serves its users is that it provides a trustworthy, secure and trackable platform for business transactions speedily and at reduced costs. The the need for paperwork, errors in documentation and the need for third parties or middlemen to verify transactions. blockchain generally reduces The provides is based on a system of unaltered records of transactions with end-to-end encryption, reducing fraud and unauthorized activity. The blockchain also helps in the confirmation of authenticity of items such as food from farms, medicines and even certification of employees. The quality that endears the block chain to its users is the provision of control over data, thus giving users privacy that no other platform offers. security that blockchain technology The has its limitations: its popular application, which is Bitcoin, can only handle seven transactions a second. This is opposed to Hyperledger and Visa which can handle ten thousand and twenty four thousand transactions every second. Also, each participant node is required to verify and approve transactions, making exchanges time-consuming and reducing scalability. blockchain The : large amounts of electricity are required to keep the platform running. In addition, the blockchain is not a hugely distributable system and it is destructible. Security can also be compromised if hackers hack into the block chain; it is not completely foolproof. Also the blockchain entries are immutable and they cannot be changed, so data cannot be removed. The high energy consumption that the blockchain provides and reduced scalability reduces its efficiency. blockchain consumes a lot of energy Why Is Everyone Talking About The Blockchain? The in technology. In 2018, a whopping 90% of US and European banks had started exploring the potential of blockchain. In 2021, it was projected that 24% of companies expected to invest between $5 million to $10 million on the blockchain. In 2022, financial institutions have spent over $552 million on blockchain-powered projects and in the end of 2024, it is expected that corporations will spend $20 billion per year on blockchain technical services. blockchain is one of the biggest giants The main reason why everyone is talking about the blockchain is the that it provides: blockchain is used in cryptocurrency, the storage of medical records, identity verification, election voting, security, agriculture, business and many other fields. The blockchain offers a secure, more decentralized and less corrupt system of making swift payments all over the globe, making it loved by the cryptocurrency enthusiasts. The faster processing time and reduced bureaucracy as compared with the bank and healthcare systems makes it more readily adopted by users who want to save their time and energy. versatility The blockchain is a moving train that most  organizations have jumped on and for good reason: the potential for the blockchain industry is greater than ever before. The launch of IBM's Blockchain Wire, Paystack, Aza Finance and Bloom are visible proof of the wonders that the blockchain has done. In the future, the cryptocurrency segment of the blockchain might not be as popular as the other segments that the blockchain caters to; the are proof. The blockchain is here to stay and for a long time, it will be on the lips of different individuals not just in tech, but in multiple industries. innovations in the different industries where the blockchain is used

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