neverinstall is a next-generation cloud platform that brings your favorite desktop apps to a browser without any downloads or installation

Neverinstall

Dear reader, please note that this article was written anonymously, as I am a person deep inside the Enterprise Linux ecosystem. I know "anonymous" is a big word, and if anyone wants to identify the author, they can. I'm against changes to RHEL code redistribution, and I believe that Red Hat is as much a "freeloader" on open source as any other company is on the RHEL codebase. However, I would like to share reasons why I will never install Rocky Linux on my servers. ever In this article, I would like to share some of the stories, misdeeds, and bad practices that explain why so many people do not like Rocky Linux. I also want to show that things are a bit more complicated than most Linux users think. Story 0: The original founder of CentOS The central figure in the case against Rocky Linux is Gregory Kurtzer. He is, for many people, the hero of the RHEL rebuild world. Many believe he is the father of CentOS, and Rocky is/will remain his beloved and, more importantly, free child. The term "The original founder of CentOS" comes from Kurtzer himself and has been spread like wildfire by PR companies (more on illegal, in most countries, and shady PR practices later). The only problem with this statement is that, in the opinion of many, including myself, it is not true. My doubts about Rocky Linux came exactly from this point, as one of my much older colleagues said that this was "not entirely true" (his exact expression was a “little” stronger). I would like to present some basic but important facts: Rebuilds started on the RHEL rebuilds mailing list. The name CentOS was announced by Rocky McGaugh. The Kurtzer was not interested in building a Red Hat Enterprise Linux (then Red Hat Linux) clone. The idea of creating a true distribution from RHEL was not his and had been discussed much earlier. Well, you can read a bit more on HN. And it's written by quite a famous person in the Linux world :) So why does Gregory Kurtzer claim to be the "original founder of CentOS?" Mainly because he started the Chaos Foundation, which took over the efforts to rebuild under a common name. [1] https://www.mail-archive.com/redhat-devel-list@redhat.com/msg07038.html [2] https://web.archive.org/web/20040630213827/http://www.caosity.org/pipermail/caos/2003-December/001205.html [3] - Gregory Kurtzer was not interested in building a RHEL clone https://web.archive.org/web/20040824032738/http://www.caosity.org/pipermail/caos/2003-July/000701.html [4] - Idea of creating Distribution on it's own https://www.mail-archive.com/rhel-rebuild-l@uibk.ac.at/msg00022.html [5] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33907452 Story 1: The Departure One of the main misconceptions about Gregory is that he left CentOS when, in fact, CentOS left his foundation. The people leading CentOS development didn't want to be part of Gregory's scheme. To this day, some of the "old guard" of CentOS are not "on the best of terms" with him. Fifteen years later, the CIQ CEO is much smarter - but unfortunately for the open-source community, in a very bad way. So, when articles like "What happened to CentOS will not happen to Rocky Linux” make the rounds, I think not only about bad changes to the lifecycle, but also about the fact that CentOS was able to leave the Gregory Foundation, but Rocky Linux cannot. Generally speaking, the person in question himself has a few versions of it; my favorite was presented by himself in the Changelog podcast: I was associated with it until Red Hat sued me. And then he said: It wasn’t a lawsuit, it was a threaten of a lawsuit, which was enough in my book to do it. [1] https://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos-devel/2005-March/077502.html [2] https://www.reddit.com/r/CentOS/comments/s77p49/comment/ht9v86o/ [3] https://changelog.com/podcast/427#transcript-87 Story 2: Foundation You may know that Rocky Linux is part of RESF—Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation. But if you are familiar with "foundations," especially US-based "foundations,” you know that many of them are broken by design. The Rocky Linux Foundation loosely promised to be a non-profit. But it isn't. It's for-profit and it has a single owner (Gregory Kurtzer). But there is more to the smoke and mirrors surrounding RESF. As you may know, they have governance and bylaws. So look at them and count how many people in that governance are not employed by or connected to the CIQ. By the way, the foundation broke its own statutes by not having a diverse governance :). I'm not going to read the bylaws again to see if they still do that, but if you find it, feel free to comment. Also, remember to read older bylaws and older about pages since it’s changed. The whole story is strong in media and PR. Take, for example, the ITWorld Canada article from 2022 In literally the same paragraph, you have the following sentences: The key for an open source initiative to grow and flourish,
Kurtzer said, is to is to register it as a non-profit organisation,
which is what the cAos Foundation. He did the same with Rocky Linux. And then: The Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation (RESF) is a Public Benefit Corporation (PBC). Do you see the "little" problem here? I do not like to be lied to. And I do not like people being lied to, especially when it is such a primitive lie, literally in the same paragraph. [1] Look at the manipulative language used in this article https://www.zdnet.com/article/rocky-linux-foundation-launches/ [2] https://www.resf.org/about [3] https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxadmin/comments/15p1gbt/comment/jvyat0h [4] https://www.itworldcanada.com/article/what-happened-with-centos-will-not-happen-with-rocky-linux-kurtzer/501239 Story 3: Trademark ownership As I said, have you ever wondered why CentOS could leave the Greg Foundation? Well, one of the main reasons was that there was no clear ownership of trademarks/domains. Unfortunately, for the open-source community, that's not the case with RESF and Rocky Linux. As I said before, RESF has a single owner, and the Rocky Linux project does not have its trademarks. Rocky Linux, as an individual project, if it tries to leave RESF, can't use its name, logo, and other trademarks without permission from the RESF owner. So, good luck. So with CIQ/RESF milking Rocky Linux, there is no way the project can become independent. It's not a community project, it's a corporate project. From this point on, I will use arguments against CIQ/RESF/RL interchangeably. [1] https://www.zdnet.com/article/goodbye-centos-hello-rocky-linux/ [2] https://www.reddit.com/r/AlmaLinux/comments/15dr141/giving_rebuilders_a_bad_name_ciq_and_ansible/ [3] https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxadmin/comments/15p1gbt/comment/jw90zhc Story 4: Buying advertising against community-owned open-source projects These are the early days, and RL is losing to AlmaLinux. AlmaLinux is the first diversely governed foundation (and it is non-profit for real). So, what does CIQ do? They buy ads against several Linux distros, including AlmaLinux and CentOS. Is this legal? Yes, it is! Is this something that a "self-imposed non-profit" (this term is a joke) would benefit from? YES! Is this what the open-source community would do? NO! Buying ads against community-owned non-profit open-source projects while pretending to make one is against the general spirit of open source. Of course, Rocky Linux did not buy these ads; CIQ did, and they did it out of the goodness of their hearts. [1] https://twitter.com/ChrisLAS/status/1460668344156114944 [2] https://twitter.com/ChrisLAS/status/1420123460982894599 [3] https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/qv6mg2/comment/hkw046b/ Story 5: PR without disclosure In many cases, the CIQ/RESF/RL use PR firms to spread the word about themselves. Sometimes, they even sponsor Linux influencers, and they tend to leave out some facts :) (like CentOS leaving the former Kurtzer Foundation or RESF being a for-profit company owned by one person). Anyway, some PR tends not to mention the obvious conflict of interest and that the article is sponsored. And since it's very difficult, if not impossible, to verify the source of the PR, it's very hard to say whether the article is sponsored or not if it's not labeled. In my country and many EU countries, it's legal. Even in the US, it's not a legal problem; it shows poor ethics and morals of the: Writer PR company Publisher The company that sponsored it As I said, it's extremely difficult to catch someone red-handed. However, in the case of RL and CIQ, it has become quite well-known in the Linux community. [1] https://twitter.com/GordonMessmer/status/1675997483573612546 Story 6: Spreading FUD One of the biggest damages done to CentOS Stream has been the FUD spread by CIQ and others. The main point is that CentOS Stream is unstable and will never be production-ready. As someone who regularly compares packages and distributions, I can say this: CentOS Stream is stable and, in many ways, even better than RHEL, and that means it is even better than clones. The number of engineers working on CentOS Stream is greater than that of any other RHEL clone. The amount of testing done on CentOS Stream is orders of magnitude greater than any other RHEL clone. The CentOS Stream gives users real power to fix bugs and influence the future of the distribution. There has also been a lot of FUD spread about AlmaLinux. That AlmaLinux has taken "shortcuts,” especially when it comes to the subscription manager. If you're familiar with Subscription Manager, you know that it's designed to connect to Red Hat infrastructure, and Enterprise Linux clones don't install it by default. So, not including it in AlmaLinux is not a bad shortcut but a good decision. Later, it was added because it might also work with Foreman/Katello/Candlepin. The whole "AlmaLinux takes shortcuts" era was FUD in its purest form. Unfortunately, I can't find the source of this ATM, but I've seen it, and I'm sure one of the readers will be able to add it in the comments section. Other popular FUD spread about AlmaLinux, although I did not find CIQ employees saying it publicly: AlmaLinux uses CloudLinux infrastructure (they used it during the bootstrap phase, and it was very well-known) AlmaLinux is controlled by Russians (this one goes strong after Putler attacks Ukraine). CloudLinux controls AlmaLinux (not that CloudLinux CEO literally stepped down from the foundation; also, AlmaLinux has a much healthier board than RESF) Story 7: Being fu****g hypocrites So, you remember all that Red Hat drama about paywalled GPL sources? When Red Hat a "cancer" on open source? And users were "freeloaders"? One of the people who was very vocal about this was Gregory Kurtzer :). No matter what all the shouting was about: "Rocky going strong." "Protect the community." "Protect open source." Or nice PR from RESF: “I believe that open source should always be freely available and completely stable.
It should never be hidden behind a paywall, nor should it be controlled by a single company,”
states Gregory Kurtzer, founder of the Rocky Linux project and chair of the board of the
Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation, What's worse, they are doing the same or even more restrictive things than Red Hat. And other big words that are not worth mentioning because when it comes to real action, they are not there. Now, CIQ is giving back to the community by putting a paywall around the sources of CIQ Rocky Linux 8.8: Restrictions. The license granted in this Section 3 is conditioned upon
Customer’s and its Authorized Users’ compliance with this Agreement. Customer shall
not and shall ensure its Authorized Users do not: (i) permit any third party to use or
access the Software (except for the Authorized Users as permitted herein); (ii) install the
Software on more than the number of Licensed Hosts permitted under the applicable
Order; (iii) share access to the Software (including log in information or notifications)
with anyone who is not intended to be an Authorized User; (iv) provide, license,
sublicense, sell, resell, rent, lease, share, lend, or otherwise transfer or make available
the Software to any third parties, except as expressly permitted by Ctrl IQ in writing; (v)
except with respect to any access to Software that is licensed under an open source
license, modify, copy or create derivative works based on any content accessed through
the Software; (vi) except with respect to any Software that is licensed under an open
source license, disassemble, reverse engineer, decompile or otherwise seek access to
the source code of the Software; (vii) access the Software in order to build a competitive
product or services; (viii) remove, delete, alter, or obscure any copyright, trademark,
patent, or other notice of intellectual property or documentation, including any copy
thereof; (ix) transmit unlawful, infringing or harmful data or code to or from; or (x)
otherwise use the Software except as expressly permitted hereunder There is more. They made rebuilds of other RH products Red Hat Ansible Tower (or whatever they call it, ATM). They made it closed source. Then, after the community started noticing that it should be open source, after two weeks they decided to release code. So that's it when it comes to open-source heroes and giving back to the community. [1] https://www.reddit.com/r/AlmaLinux/comments/1aurwrr/comment/kri9xpc/ [2] https://www.reddit.com/r/AlmaLinux/comments/15dr141/comment/ju3t9mv/ Story 8: Borrowed content - erratas So the CIQ/RESF/RL use Red Hat content, that's obvious. However, you need to remember that components have different licenses. So, if you are using the source code, the most important and, in many cases, only license is the one that is in the source code. If you are using Red Hat Portal or Support, the new restrictive EULA applies. If you use Red Hat errata, the errata text and content are protected. That's why some vendors have rather empty errata information, including one generated for CentOS. The most important parts of erratas are: List of packages CVEs numbers (for security erratas) The text is not that useful; you should probably read the CVE anyway, but some projects cannot help themselves and cannot be used without any consideration. Have a look at where you can read about it: https://errata.rockylinux.org/RLSA-2023:6818 Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation Satellite is a systems management tool for Linux-based systems. You can also find other examples, such as: Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation Identity Management (IdM) or Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation Entitlement Platform. Is it legal? I do not know. Ask a lawyer. Is it ethical? No. Story 9: Killing Open Source - CIQ versus Sylabs In late August 2023, news broke of a lawsuit against CIQ. Note that if I'm right, it's still ongoing. But for the moment, the court "DISMISSES all of Sylabs' claims WITH LEAVE TO AMEND." I'm not a lawyer, but I am an engineer. An open source engineer who's heard "we won't open it because it might hurt our business" or "it makes us vulnerable" time and time again. And I never liked that, but as I got older and saw people like Gregory Kurtzer, I started to understand. What Gregory did is the worst-case scenario for any company trying to build open-source projects. A company employs Kurtzer as CTO. This company makes software vital to its survival and expansion, just like any software company. Gregory was CTO when the company decided to open source its critical assets. (March 2020). Gregory leaves the company with extensive knowledge of customers, system internals, users, and contacts. As a C-level executive, he literally knows it all. Kurtzer started a new company, took part in the development team, and used it against the former company. Kurtzer profits from the old company code that was open-sourced during his time as CTO. By pulling this kind of stunt, one is killing open source—killing trust in open source companies and developers. You work with people you trust, and you never expect them to be your enemy the next day. It leaves a bad taste in your mouth that's hard to describe. Finally, I do not care about the future of Sylab, CIQ, or who is legally right. I care about the future of open source, and this kind of practice is a mortal wound to open source and free software. [1] https://www.theregister.com/2023/08/24/lawsuit_claims_ciq_was_founded/ [2] https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.408847/gov.uscourts.cand.408847.59.0.pdf [3] https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/66863695/sylabs-inc-v-rose/ Other stories There are other stories, like why EPEL stopped doing count_me analyses for some time and why nobody takes them seriously anymore. Or about some key people officially working in public institutions and de facto doing work for a for-profit foundation. But I think the most important ones are covered. Some of these stories are only known to a small circle of people who go to the conference and know each other. Personally, I have left out some of them because it would literally say who I am or where I work. Summary When Red Hat "bought" the CentOS project, there were many red flags. We all know how it ended. Red Hat was then, and for many still is, the champion of open source. RESF/CIQ/RL was never there and never will be with its current smelly track record. And the sheer volume of red flags regarding them is by far more than it ever was with Red Hat. If you read this and install Rocky Linux, you are not only a fool but a dangerous fool. You are the fool who likes to be lied to and is incapable of understanding the bigger picture. I also omitted the technical part of the CIQ/RESF/RL. Perhaps I will return to this to this topic. In the next article, I will cover the joke called OpenELA.

The Case Against Rocky Linux

রকি লিনাক্সের বিরুদ্ধে মামলা

Der Fall gegen Rocky Linux

El caso contra Rocky Linux

Le cas contre Rocky Linux

रॉकी लिनक्स के खिलाफ मामला

Rocky Linux に対する反論

Rocky Linux에 대한 사례

O caso contra Rocky Linux

Дело против Rocky Linux

Rocky Linux'a Karşı Dava

Vụ kiện chống lại Rocky Linux

针对 Rocky Linux 的案例

The web3 environment is both centralized and decentralized because of the intersection between some centralized entities and decentralized protocols. Conversely, navigating the decentralized aspect of the web3 space requires some basic understanding of the space. The decentralization of blockchain embodied various attributes and security responsibilities and as a decentralized environment, we must step up and be responsible for our security to mitigate and reduce the risk of becoming a victim. Due to the decentralized nature of the web3, cybersecurity becomes a major concern and protecting your non-custodial wallet, decentralized exchanges transactions, and data becomes your sole responsibility. Although web3 does allow decentralized transfer of value and autonomous interactive environment, thus, decentralization comes with some security responsibility trade-off, and as always, humans remain the weak link in web3 space. Understanding The Blockchain Trilemma As postulated by Vitalik Buterin - the co-founder of the Ethereum blockchain - public blockchains must trade-off either decentralization, security, or scalability at the protocol and application level, as further explained by Yahoo. “The blockchain trilemma is the problem of being unable to balance between security, decentralization, and scalability in blockchains. Decentralization is the ability of blockchains to distribute data and computing power across the many computers in their network.” Blockchain protocols must trade-off one from the blockchain trilemmas to achieve the other two. Understanding Web3 Security The web3 ecosystem inherited some security vulnerabilities from its predecessors, web1.0 and web2.0 caused by human factors. Although, blockchain technology provides additional security and privacy layers using cryptographic end-to-end encrypted processes and mathematics computational mechanisms such as zero-knowledge proof. The web3 and blockchain technology provides centralized and decentralized platforms for transactions. In the centralized aspect of the web3, the service provided by the exchanges is centralized with a single point of failure. Centralized exchanges (CEX) like FTX, Binance, Crypto.com, KuCoin, and Coinbase provide a platform for transacting using custodial wallets where they control your private and public keys. There is this popular saying that goes, “Not your key, not your money.” However, in a decentralized peer-2-peer environment (DEX), you control your non-custodial wallet, your private, public keys, your money, and your security become your primary and sole responsibility. Conversely, the security concerns in the web3 space are inherited from web2.0 as previously stated on the application level. Although, there are also protocol-level security concerns. However, some security vulnerabilities are designed to trick and deceive decentralized application (Dapp) users into giving out their sensitive information. Hackers are becoming more sophisticated in their attempts to compromise security and trick users. So making security your top priority is significant. In every emerging technology, there are 3 actors, 1. The good actors 2. The bad actors 3. The Victim. are the ones with good intentions, they build projects with real-life use cases, educate the people, and provide a safe working environment. The good actors: are the ones with bad intent. They trick and take advantage of people. The bad actors Anyone can be a victim of both bad and good actors. A good project doesn’t guarantee a good return. A good project can fail due to encapsulated and systemic complexity. The victims: Major Web3 Security Threats There are several security threats in the web3 environment. Spamming Scams : The CISA defines Ransomware as a form of malware designed to encrypt files on a device, rendering any files and the systems that rely on them unusable. Malicious actors then demand ransom in exchange for decryption. Some of the ransom demands are in cryptocurrency. Ransomware : Cryptojacking is malicious software (malware) that infects your devices to use for cryptocurrency mining. Cryptojacking scripting Smart Contracts Social engineering Man in the middle attacks (DOS) Denial of service attacks : Hackers send a small amount of crypto to a wallet to deanonymize users and break their privacy. Wallet Dusting Attacks Phishing attacks : Hackers are also deploying the use of honeypot to lure their victims and gather intelligence about their identity Honeypot attacks Routing attacks : In a Sybil attack, hackers create and use many false network identities to flood the network and crash the system. Sybil attacks : On proof of work blockchain, having more than 50% of the power means having control over the ledger and the ability to manipulate it. 51% attacks How to Protect Yourself and Your Crypto Account From Threats Always visit the original website Only download applications and software from the source If possible, disable direct messages on telegram and discord Only click the official website of your community Never click any link sent to you from an unverified source without properly checking Never send your seed phrase to anyone Never open an email link that looks suspicious Never install any file with a “.exe” or “.scr” extension sent to your email by an unknown email Never fill your wallet password and seed phrase into any form that you are not sure of Make sure you don’t keep all your money in one wallet Have multiple wallets for different transactions Store your crypto money in a cold wallet (A cold wallet is an offline hardware wallet) How to Secure Your Non-custodial Wallet if You Are Interacting with Decentralized Exchanges and Finance Never share your seed phrase with anybody Never input your seed phrase on any website requesting for it Never reveal your wallet private key Never grant access to any smart contract requesting access to your wallet if you are not sure Be careful of people contacting you that they have some money in their wallet, and they cannot transfer it because of their government restrictions, and they want you to help them, and they will ask you to cover the gas fees Make sure you double-check any website requesting you to connect your wallet Avoid websites that have spelling mistakes from the original website Always disconnect all active connections on your metamask You can use a separate wallet to connect to a smart contract you don’t know Never store your wallet seed phrase on your email or cloud How to Spot a Potential Web3 Security Threat Security vulnerabilities come in many forms, and the best solution is to educate yourself and take preventive precautions to protect yourself. is one of the most sophisticated tricks in the web3 space. Unaudited smart contracts pose a lot of security risks, they can be programmed with malicious intent to compromise your security by executing an unauthorized recurring transaction in your wallet when you interact with decentralized applications (Dapp). Smart contracts scripting To protect yourself, make sure you interact with audited smart contracts after every transaction Disconnect your wallet : The concept of rug pull goes beyond token value going back to zero or the project devs running away with the liquidity. Even a legitimate project with bad tokenomic could drop in value drastically. However, a smart contract can be programmed with malicious intent to lock tokens for a long period by denying withdrawal. Even after fundamentally and technically analyzing a project and even going as far as performing some technical on-chain analysis, due to encapsulated and systemic complexity project value can go back to zero even with a good fundamental. So, make sure you do your due diligence before investing in any project to avoid emotional rug pull. Rug pulls What Not to Do While Interacting with Web3 Never give out your seed phrase to anybody [ ] Never interact with the web link you are not sure of [ ] Never click a spam link pretending to be from trading exchanges [ ] Always double-check the website you are interacting with [ ] Never click on unlockable content from any NFT airdrops you are not expecting [ ] Conclusion: Web3 Security There is an inherent security vulnerability threatening the internet since its inception. These security vulnerabilities transcended from web1.0 to web2.0 and now the web3 environment. Thus, pose risks to the web3 ecosystem users. However, preventing and mitigating these security risks requires proper knowledge, education, and risk management skill. References Lisa Ann Yount (2022) What Is Cryptojacking? How to Protect Yourself Against Crypto Mining Malware. Retrieved from https://www.coindesk.com/learn/what-is-cryptojacking-how-to-protect-yourself-against-crypto-mining-malware/ Simplilearn (2021) What Is Blockchain Security: Challenges and Examples. Retrieved from https://www.simplilearn.com/what-is-blockchain-security-and-its-examples-article IBM (2019) What is blockchain security? Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/topics/blockchain-security Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (…) What is Ransomware? Retrieved from . https://www.cisa.gov/stopransomware#:\~:text=Ransomware is a form of,ransom in exchange for decryption Tanvir Zafar (2021) How Layer-Two Solutions Can Help Solve the Blockchain Trilemma. Retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/news/layer-two-solutions-help-solve-144306678.html Also published here

Web3 Security: Tips to Protect Yourself and Your Crypto Wallet from Hackers

Hi, I’m Valerio, founder and CTO at Inspector. You may have already heard of rate limiting associated with API consumption. In this article, I’ll show you a more complex use of this component, using it to coordinate data ingestion pipelines. Building Inspector, I’m learning a lot about data-intensive applications, and pipelines are one of the most critical component of their internal architecture. The architecture of a data-intensive application can be simplified with the schema below: Large, unpredictable volumes of incoming data requires a well designed data processing pipeline to ingest that data without disrupting the entire system at every incoming data spike. While the and the can easily scale horizontally with an “auto scaling” configuration in your cloud platform (Google Cloud, AWS, Azure, or Digital Ocean, provide this feature), or using a modern serverless infrastructure, for the datastore, it is not so easy. Ingestion Node Ingestion Pipeline Databases are often the real bottleneck for data intensive systems because they need to support a big big number of write requests per second. Write requests can hardly be scaled. I talked about database scalability in a recent article: https://inspector.dev/how-i-handled-the-scalability-of-the-sql-database-at-inspector/ Yes there are many technologies that claim their ability to “infinite scale”. Think about Elastic, Scilla DB, SingleStore, Rockset, MongoDB, and many many more. Perhaps technically they can do it without problems, . but that the costs are compatible with your business constraints is far from obvious Here comes the Rate Limiter. What is rate limiting and how to use it in data processing pipelines? In Inspector the Rate Limiter protects the datastore from inadvertent or malicious overuse by limiting the rate at which an application can store monitoring data. Without rate limiting, each application may make a request as often as they like, leading to “spikes” of requests that starve other consumers. Once enabled, rate limiting can only perform a fixed number of write requests per second against the datastore. A rate limiting algorithm helps automate the process. But a monitoring system can’t lose data. It would mean generating fake metrics. But at the same time it should be capable to store all data without breaking down the entire system at a reasonable costs. For this reason, requests that exceeds the limit are not lost, but they are re-scheduled again onto the messages queue, waiting for a time window with free capacity. Fixed Window Fixed window algorithm divides the timeline into fixed-size windows and assigns a counter to each window. Each request, based on its arriving time, is mapped to a window. If the counter in the window has reached the limit, requests falling in this window should be rejected. The current timestamp floor typically defines the windows, so if we set the window size to 1 minute. Then the windows are , , etc. (12:00:00 – 12:01:00) (12:01:00 – 12:02:00) Suppose the limit is 2 requests per minute: Request at 00:00:24 and 00:00:36 increase the window’s counter up to 2. The next request that comes at 00:00:49 is re-scheduled because the counter has exceeded the limit. Then the request coming at 00:01:12 can be served because it belongs to a new window. There are two main downsides to this algorithm: Many consumers waiting for a reset window If a window becomes too busy, the entire capacity can be consumed in a single second, overloading the system (e.g. during peak hour like black Friday sale). A burst of traffic that occurs near the boundary of a window can result in twice the rate of requests being processed Suppose, the counter is empty, and 10 requests spikes arrive at , they will be accepted. If another 10 requests spike arrives at they would be accepted too since this is a new window and the counter will be set to 0 for this window. That would mean the sever is now handling 20 requests in a few seconds (not really 10 requests/minute). 00:00:59 00:01:00, Sliding Window Sliding window counter is similar to fixed window but it smooths out bursts of traffic near the boundary by adding a weighted count in previous window to the count in current window. Let me show you a real example. Suppose a new request arrives at “1:15”. To decide, whether we should accept this request or deny it will be based on the approximation. The current rate will be calculated considering the weighted sum below: limit = 100 requests/hour

rate = 84 * ((60-15)/60) + 36
     = 84 * 0.75 + 36
     = 99

rate < 100
    hence, the request will be accepted. Conclusion As discussed in this article we didn’t use the rate limiting to control the incoming traffic in a public API , but we used it internally to protect the datastore against burst of data. We started with the fixed window and now we moved to the sliding window algorithm improving the speed at which developers see data available in their dashboard. New to Inspector? Are you looking for a “code-driven” monitoring tool instead of having to install things at the server level? Get a monitoring environment specifically designed for software developers avoiding any server or infrastructure configuration. Thanks to Inspector, you will never install things at the server level or make complex configurations in your cloud infrastructure. Inspector works with a lightweight software library that you can install in your application like any other dependencies. Checkout the supported technology on our GitHub ( ). https://github.com/inspector-apm Visit our website for more details: https://inspector.dev Also published here

Using Rate Limiting Algorithms for Data Processing Pipelines

Hi, I'm Valerio, founder and CTO at Inspector. As the Inspector's cache system runs on Redis, we recently decided to move from a single Redis server to an AWS-managed Redis cluster. Amazon ElastiCache is a fully managed caching service that can be configured in cluster mode with a simple click so it can be easily scaled in and out. Running a Redis cluster isn't an easy task. Orchestrating multiple Redis nodes with the same efficiency as a managed service requires a lot of vertical skills. A managed service helps us to stay focused on application development instead of dealing with infrastructure management issues. But moving from a single server instance to a cluster enabled configuration caused a new error to appear: CROSSSLOT Keys in request don't hash to the same slot Where Does This New Error Come From? When Redis operates in cluster mode, it handles data storage differently than when it operates as a single instance. This is because it should be ready to distribute data across multiple nodes enabling horizontal scalability. A Redis Cluster, if you are comparing it to the standalone Redis, which is the non-distributed setup, use the " " concept for key management, which implies some restrictions on key operations, . HASH SLOT necessary to ensure data consistency in a distributed environment If you take a look at the error description, it says, " ", it means that we are running some commands not compatible with "HASH SLOT" restrictions mentioned above. Keys in request don't hash to the same slot What is a Hash Slot in Redis? Redis Cluster determines what instance the particular key shall be assigned to using a specific algorithm. To make it simple, when you create a new key, Redis will assign an integer to it, called hash-slot. Keys with the same hash-slot will reside on the same Redis node inside the cluster. You can verify it by yourself with a quick example. Connect to your Redis Cluster: redis-cli -h [CLUSTER_ADDRESS] -p 6379 Create two new keys and checkout their assigned hash slot: redis> SET mykey1 "Hello"
"OK"
redis> SET mykey2 "Hello 2"
"OK"
redis> CLUSTER KEYSLOT mykey1
(integer) 650
redis> CLUSTER KEYSLOT mykey2
(integer) 8734 As you can see, the cluster has assigned two different hash-slots to the keys, so they are probably stored on different nodes within the cluster. This is exactly what happens when your application creates or changes keys in Redis. Why does the CROSSSLOT Error Occur? This error occurs because the application is trying to run a command on multiple keys, but the keys involved in the operation aren't in the same hash-slot. This result in a “CROSS-SLOT” operation which is not allowed in a cluster. Hash slots control how data is distributed within the cluster, so this constraint is necessary to avoid information corruption in a distributed environment. In the example above we have verified that the two keys (mykey1, mykey2) have obtained two different hashes slots. Trying to run a command that involve both keys we will get the error: redis> SUNION mykey1 mykey2
(error) CROSSSLOT Keys in request don't hash to the same slot How to Solve CROSSSLOT Error at the Application Level When creating keys that could be used by multi-key operations, use hashtags ({…}) to force the keys into the same hash slot. When the key contains a "{…}" pattern, only the substring between the braces, "{" and "}", is considered to calculate the hash slot. For example, the keys and are hashed to the same hash-slot, because only the string inside the braces "{" and "}", that is, "user1", is used to compute the hash-slot: {user1}:mykey1 {user1}:mykey2 redis> CLUSTER KEYSLOT {user1}:mykey1
(integer) 8006
redis> CLUSTER KEYSLOT {user1}:mykey2
(integer) 8006

redis> SUNION {user1}:mykey1 {user1}:mykey2
1) "Hello"
2) "Hello 2" Now multi-key operations can be performed since both keys are placed in the same hash-slot. Almost all Redis client support the "tag" feature, so you should explore the documentation of your framework/library to understand how to use it. New to Inspector? Are you looking for a "code-driven" monitoring tool instead of having to install things at the server level? Get a monitoring environment specifically designed for software developers avoiding any server or infrastructure configuration. Thanks to Inspector, you will never install things at the server level or make complex configuration in your cloud infrastructure. Inspector works with a lightweight software library that you can install in your application like any other dependencies. Checkout the supported technology on our . GitHub Visit our website for more details: https://inspector.dev Also Published Here

Resolving the CROSSSLOT Keys Error with Redis Cluster-Mode Enabled

Resolviendo el error de las claves CROSSSLOT con Redis Cluster-Mode habilitado

Believe it or not - your website is a part of your online identity. Hackers can deface it and tarnish your image in front of the world. In a survey, it was found that people have less trust in websites they view as less secure and feel afraid to do any transactions. Here are some straightforward security tips that protect websites from hackers. Implementing these steps will beef-up the security of your website and protect it from malicious attacks. It will also ensure seamless operation of the site and the users will follow the website if they find it trusted. Security Tips to Protect your Website 1) Keep software up to date If you are wondering how to improve website security, the first step is updating all software. Outdated software creates a vulnerable gap in the security system. Hackers can take benefit of this vulnerability and infiltrate your website easily. For this reason, always check for software updates frequently and install security patches whenever possible. 2) Watch out for SQL Injection It is a type of attack that targets the database of the website. Hackers can steal vital information from the website by doing this attack. Input filtering is one of the proven methods that can protect websites from hackers and SQL Injection attacks. In recent times, many top-rated websites became victims of SQL Injection attacks and lost their credibility in front of their customers. 3) Protect against XSS attacks In the cyber world, this attack is also known as cross-site scripting. This attack can infiltrate customer's computers through your website. Different browsers like Firefox and Chrome will automatically stop serving your website to the users. As a result, the traffic to your website will diminish instantly. It can severely tarnish the reputation of your website. Dangling markup injection and Encode data on output are two effective methods to protect websites from Malware and these types of attacks. 4) Protect against DDoS attacks DDoS attacks overwhelm your website with fake users and waste precious bandwidth of your server. DDoS attacks not only reduce the capability of a website but also causes frustration among genuine users. It can shut down your website unless you take preventive measures in advance. Setup a service denial response plan to protect websites from DDoS. 5) Beware of suspicious links Another way you can protect websites from hackers by spam emails. Never click any suspicious link if it comes from an unknown person. Most hackers send malware through fraudulent links. Therefore, spam filters are the best way to secure your server and protect websites from Malware. Before opening any link, verify its origin first. After ensuring the credibility of the sender, you can open the link. 6) Beware of error message Most of the error messages from the server expose the venerability it is encountering. Many people ignore these messages and increase the risk of cyberattacks. Never make this mistake and never discard any error message without reading. Fixing error codes of the website is one of the easiest ways you can protect a website from hackers. It also keeps your server in healthy condition and reduces downtime significantly. 7) Validate on both sides If you are wondering how to secure a website for free, then it is advised to install two-way authentications. Validations from both sides check every entry to the server twice. It is a simple method that can prevent 80% of cyberattacks. The two-way authentications process validates the authenticity of a genuine user beyond doubt. Implementing it does not cost any money and it keeps away hackers. 8) Make your password stronger Password is nothing more than a key to your website server. If you have a weak password, it means you are compromising security. Choosing passwords like 1234 or abcd is asking for trouble. Therefore always use an alpha-numeric password with upper case letters and symbols. 12 to 16 digit long passwords are the best way to protect websites from hackers. If possible, change the password every week. 9) Avoid file uploading Unless you have unlimited space on the server, never allow the file uploading feature. If you have a simple HTML website and are wondering how to secure an HTML website, then immediately turn off this feature. It will reduce disk space on the server. 10) Use HTTPS HTTPS is also known as SSL encryption. It encodes the communication between your website and its user. If you have an e-commerce website, HTTPS encryption is a must. The strong encryption system of SSL has proven itself over years. Till now, no hackers have been able to hack it. There are lots of providers who offer free SSL certificates with their basic plans. It is one of the ultimate ways you can protect websites from hackers. SEO hosting Bonus Point Use Security Tools to Protect your Site If you are not tech-savvy and wondering how to protect websites from hackers and viruses, the best way you can do it is by installing security tools. The simple interface of these tools lets you understand the threat level and suggest you the best prevention action against hackers. You can purchase some anti-virus software and firewalls to improve your network security. Don’t Install Nulled Plugins and Themes Unnecessary plugins and themes also slow down your server. The hackers can also infiltrate your website through these plugins. Therefore, never install any unverified plugins or themes on your website. Unnecessary cluttering of plugins can also frustrate users. Keep it simple and protect the website from hackers. Conclusion Just wondering how to protect your website from hackers and other malicious attacks will not stop it. You need to take preventive steps in advance. Hackers are constantly exploring new ways to infiltrate websites. So, you also have to improve the security and protect websites from hackers. Your business may lose its credibility if your website got hacked. All users around the world never prefer to exchange information on an unsecured website. A secure website will establish your position in the cyber-world and let you do more business with customers and bring prosperity.

9 Security Tips to Protect Your Website from Hackers and Data Breaches

There are over 250 apps in the Google Play Store that pop up when you search for VPN, but not all of them are worth downloading. Even more - most of them you should stay far away from, and never install on your device. Why? A VPN app is all about security. The main reason you want to use VPN is to hide your online activity from your ISP (Internet Service Provider) and make sure your personal info or your web traffic stats do not fall into the wrong hands. This is why trust and credibility are the most important assets of any VPN provider. You are placing your trust in those apps and want to be sure that your personal data does not get collected, nor does any data get shared with government agencies when asked for. Conducting the research looked at Google Play store and the first 50 search results for “VPN”. They discovered a worrying number of VPN apps that have either a very vague background, link to a Privacy Policy that does not exist, or have suspicious user ratings. VPN Selector The first criteria assessed was company information. The location of the company's headquarters is important as it can place the app in a not-so-ideal jurisdiction. If you haven't heard of the Five-Eyes, Nine-Eyes and 14-Eyes alliances ( )  then these are intelligence alliances between countries to share data and intelligence. The existence of said treaties was kept under wraps and was only revealed to the public in 2005. A country that is part of any of those alliances might not be the best location to headquarter a VPN company. UKUSA Agreement Five Eyes: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States Nine Eyes: Five Eyes + Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and Norway 14 Eyes: Nine Eyes +  Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden Israel, Singapore, and Japan are also collaborating with Five Eyes and reportedly Japan and Germany started collaborating since 2018. So if the developer behind any of the VPNs is located in one of those intelligence-sharing alliances they might not be the best option if you are into super-shady business. But you might be OK turning the other cheek if the company itself is reputable and you have no plans to engage in illegal activities (which you shouldn’t!). Out of the 50 Apps we investigated 16 belonged in one of the alliances and 5 collaborate with them. For 8 apps we were unable to track the company or a person behind the app so the location remained unknown. What was more alarming though was the huge amount of VPN apps for Android that had very questionable developers behind them. Some had no other info but a Gmail address. And the Privacy Policy was too general in its description of data collection and gave no hints of the company behind the app. In some cases, the Privacy Policy link was broken or led to a Google Doc with Chinese text. For example, Wang VPN that boasts a suspicious average score of 4.9 has no developer info or an English Privacy Policy. The app seems to have been developed in  China, a country that has a very hands-on government when it comes to controlling user info of its citizens. Unlimited Free VPN Monster and Snap VPN have different companies associated with the apps, but digging a bit deeper you can clearly see they have the same people behind them. Take a look at their websites and see if you can spot the differences. The suspicious terms in the Privacy Policy don't exactly paint a pretty picture either. For Example: “We may share information with third-party vendors and service providers that provide services on our behalf, such as helping to provide our Services, for promotional and/or marketing purposes, and to provide you with information relevant to you such as product announcements, software updates, special offers, or other information.” A VPN that shares data with third parties makes you question if you want to trust your data with that company. VPN Russia has this in their Privacy Policy: “Among the types of Personal Data that VPN Russia by tap2free collects, by itself or through third parties, there are: Cookies, Usage Data, unique device identifiers for advertising (Google Advertiser ID or IDFA, for example) and geographic position.” What specifically this Usage Data is and why and with whom exactly your Unique Device Identifiers are shared remains unclear. You would expect that kind of suspect terms from dodgy apps sitting at the bottom of the search results page but this is from the top 50 Apps that mostly have a rating over 4.0. In fact, 48 out of 50 had an average user score of 4.0 or above, 22 of them had scores of 4.5 or over. All of the Apps had install counts over 100,000 and some of the Apps even over 1,000,000. Wang VPN with a record score of 4.9 has 170,478 reviews and over 1 million installs. How many of those installs and reviews are fake, we can not tell. But considering how easy it is to buy Android app installs and user ratings we can only imagine how artificially bloated the scores are. has dug into this topic in depth. Digitaltrends In total, we found 21 out of 50 Apps in our scope had problems with their Privacy policy. Either it was completely missing (broken link), it was unreadable (In Chinese), was extremely vague and superficial or had concerning clauses in it. The good news is that all the “Big Names” in the VPN industry, like ExpressVPN, NordVPN, TunnelBear, HotspotShield etc, had their ducks in a row when it came to Privacy Policy. The only thing that might scare some people off them is the jurisdiction but for the everyday user this can mostly be ignored. For Example, ExpressVPN has its physical address as well as a link to a proper and detailed Privacy policy listed. One thing we also noticed during the research is that there are plenty of VPN apps that try to masquerade themselves and try to copy the big brand VPN. This is not, of course, unusual but users should pay attention and not install a copycat but make sure they pick the correct app. Express VPN for example, has three blatant knockoffs that catch the eye immediately and can be mistaken for the original if not careful. The data from this research shows that there is a reason to be careful when you pick an App that is supposed to protect your privacy. People in general don't have the time to look into each and every app's background - who the developer is, what's their Privacy Policy, or conduct speed tests before they buy or install the app. The VPN testing and review site VPN Selector has a handy guide “ ” that lists the best Android VPN apps that are safe to use and that have passed speed tests, price comparisons and privacy checks. Best VPN for Android 2019 A VPN app is supposed to hide and secure your online activities. If you can't fully trust the app or the company behind it, you might want to reconsider your choices and stick to the ones that have a long reputable history and have been tried and tested by verified VPN sites.

Why you shouldn't trust all VPNs on Google Play Store

— Ensure updated OS & Apps versions are installed. Patch Known Security Vulnerabilities — Use pin-code or app-lock services. Restrict Unauthorized Access to Your Device and to Sensitive Apps — Install an App which enable you to locate your device in case of a theft or loss. Make sure it also provides you the capability for a remote data wipe. Theft Protection Do not Jailbreak or Root your Device. — Install advanced threats protection solution & Install apps solely from official App Stores. Malicious Apps Detection & Prevention mobile — If you ever receive a message from an unknown source via instant messaging, MMS or email with a link, avoid accessing it. Phishing Awareness — Avoid connecting to unknown Wi-Fi networks. If you do connect, make sure you’re using a VPN App which encrypts your traffic. Secure yourself Against Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks — Never install or update by yourself an provisioning profile or APN configurations. Avoid iOS Malicious Configuration Profile Attacks iOS — Never install Apps with developer or demo certificate to avoid malicious Apps. iOS Fake Developer Certificate Protection — Avoid saving sensitive data on your device. Protect your Data

Mobile Security in 200 Words

One of my side projects involves writing a around the Universal Chess Interface ( ). I originally developed a mock implementation and . That used version one of Apollo’s client/server stack, which . One of the biggest changes was the subscriptions interface and implementation, and I struggled for many hours to get that to work. Part of the problem is that the documentation is not very complete and rather scattered. This post will cover the most basic implementation of subscription service and the client code that uses it. GraphQL API UCI wrote about it awhile back changed quite a bit in version two Getting started The GraphQL server will be based on , which in this case will use an Express server as middleware. Subscriptions will use a that is attached to a plain HTTP server (also managed by ApolloServer, as we shall see). ApolloServer WebSocket There are two clients: the , and a client for use by Mocha to test the API outside of a GUI. For simplicity, I’ll keep the Mocha client code in the same folder as the server code. I also use Babel so I don’t have to think about and the like. GraphQL Playground Michael Jackson Scripts With that in mind, here are the packages to be installed: apollo-link, apollo-link-http, apollo-link-ws, apollo-server-express babel-cli, babel-core, babel-preset-env graphql, graphql-tools subscriptions-transport-ws mocha, chai I’ll provide a link to a working code repository at the end of this article. The Server The server is as basic as I could make it: express ; { ApolloServer } ; http ; { typeDefs } ; resolvers ; PORT = ; app = express(); server = ApolloServer({
  typeDefs,
  resolvers,
});

server.applyMiddleware({
  app
}); httpServer = http.createServer(app);
server.installSubscriptionHandlers(httpServer);

httpServer.listen({ : PORT }, () => { .log( ); .log( );
}); import from 'express' import from 'apollo-server-express' import from 'http' import from './schema' import from './resolvers' const 3031 const const new const port console `🚀 Server ready at http://localhost: ` ${PORT} ${server.graphqlPath} console `🚀 Subscriptions ready at ws://localhost: ` ${PORT} ${server.subscriptionsPath} An ApolloServer is created with schema and resolver parameters. The call passes in an express application instance. Finally, an HTTP server is created to handle the web socket interface to the subscription service. Both GraphQL and the subscription websocket share the same port, but under different protocols. applyMiddleware The Schema { makeExecutableSchema } ; resolvers ; typeDefs = [ ,
]; options = {
  typeDefs,
  resolvers,
}; executableSchema = makeExecutableSchema(options); executableSchema; { typeDefs }; import from 'graphql-tools' import from './resolvers' const `
  type Query {
    go: String!
  }
  type Subscription {
    info: String!
  }
` const const export default export The schema is very basic: will return a string acknowledgment, but behind the scenes it will fire off a method that sends publish notifications to subscribers. Subscribers subscribe through the subscription API. go info We can see how this works in resolvers.js: { PubSub } ; pubsub = PubSub(); TOPIC = ; infos = [ , , , ] publish = {
    setTimeout( infos.forEach( pubsub.publish(TOPIC, {info})), )
} { : { : { publish(); }
    }, : { : { : pubsub.asyncIterator([TOPIC]),
      },
    },
  }; import from 'apollo-server-express' const new const 'infoTopic' const 'info1' 'info2' 'info3' 'done' const => () => () => info 1000 export default Query go => () return 'going' Subscription info subscribe => () I’ve made the resolvers deliberately simple. For example, the asyncIterator method from PubSub is quite sophisticated (it supports filters and authentication, for example). Since it is already , I won’t delve into various options here. All the resolver above does is to publish an to all subscribers, passing objects as the body of the subscription. well-documented infoTopic info The Client As I mentioned, I’ll use two clients for testing. One is the built-in Prisma Playground, a service automatically provided by the ApolloServer (FYI: ). you can turn this feature off in production Testing in Playground To test, I’ll open Playground in Chrome, at Within Playground you can open up multiple tabs. For the first, I’ll subscribe to the : http://localhost:3031/graphql. infoTopic When this command is played, you will see a ‘Listening …’ response in the right pane, as shown above. Now you’re subscribed. Open another tab within Playground and query go: This sends back a response of “going”, so everything is okay. Now, going back to the subscription tab, you will see the published output: Testing using Mocha/Chai There’s a lot of boilerplate in setting up a client, so I’ve created a utility file to handle query and subscribe operations. It’s called fetch.js: fetch ; { execute, makePromise } ; { WebSocketLink } ; { SubscriptionClient } ; ws ; { HttpLink } ; gql ; uri = ; wsUri = ; link = HttpLink({ uri, fetch }); wsClient = SubscriptionClient(wsUri, { : }, ws); wsLink = WebSocketLink(wsClient); doQuery = { operation = { : gql ,
  }; .log( ) makePromise(execute(link, operation));
}; subscribe = { operation = { : gql ,
  }; execute(wsLink, operation).subscribe(handlers);
}; doQuery; { subscribe }; /* eslint-env mocha */ /* eslint-disable import/no-extraneous-dependencies */ // see https://www.apollographql.com/docs/link/index.html#standalone import from 'node-fetch' import from 'apollo-link' import from 'apollo-link-ws' import from 'subscriptions-transport-ws' import from 'ws' import from 'apollo-link-http' import from 'graphql-tag' const `http://localhost:3031/graphql` const `ws://localhost:3031/graphql` const new const new reconnect true const new const ( ) => query const query ` ` ${query} console `$query is ` ${query} return const ( ) => query, handlers const query ` ` ${query} return export default export The fetch.js code pulls in a lot of interdependent modules. For the test operations, I use to handle the interface between the server (which has to be running, btw 😉) and the GraphQL operations used by the tests. There are actually two interfaces here: one to handle query and mutation requests vis HTTP, and another that goes through a web socket to subscribe to a topic. apollo-link Most of this comes from the , but you will have to install a few additional modules I neglected to mention earlier: documentation node-fetch (installed globally via ) npm -g ws gql The module implements the HTTP that’s becoming a standard. The module is a WebSocket implementation for Node (there are others), and is a template literal tag that you can read more about . node-fetch Fetch API ws gql here The test itself is pretty straightforward: we first , then : subscribe go chai ; fetch, { subscribe } ;

chai.should();

describe( , { .timeout( ); handlers = { : { .log( , data); (data.data.info === ) { .log( )
        process.exit( );
      }
    }, : .error( ),
  }; it( , () => { query = ;
    subscribe(query, handlers);
  });

  it( , (done) => { query = ; { res = ( fetch(query)).data;
      res.should.have.property( )
      res.go.should.equal( )
    } (e) { .error(e)
      done(e)
    }
  })

}) /* eslint-env mocha */ import from 'chai' import from './fetch' 'subscribe, then go' ( ) function this 5000 const next ( ) => data console `received data:` if 'done' console 'exiting...' 0 error => error console `received error ` ${error} // get the subscriber ready... 'subscribe' async const `subscription {
          info
        }` 'go' async const `query {
            go
        }` try const await 'go' 'going' catch console The object (passed to the method) is what receives the publish notifications. When the last published message is received, the test process is terminated. hander subscribe Conclusion You should explore the links provided, as there is a lot more about GraphQL subscriptions that I wasn’t able to cover in this article. I’ve also included a few relevant links, below. A complete github repository containing the code above can be found . Enjoy! here Tutorial: GraphQL Subscriptions (server-side) — Apollo GraphQL apollographql/graphql-subscriptions: A small module that implements GraphQL subscriptions for Node.js SSL on Apollo Server 2.0 + Subscriptions · Issue #1338 · apollographql/apollo-server apollo-link-ws | Apollo Link Composable networking for GraphQL | Apollo Link Apollo Client | Apollo Client

NEVERINSTALL

neverinstall.com

-- employees

Since n.d.

COMPANY RANKING

NEVERINSTALL

EVERGREEN INDEX #7874

Representing this company? Click here to claim and customize this page!

Neverinstall WIKI

Apply to get your Tech Company News Page live on HackerNoon.com today!

NEVERINSTALL

neverinstall.com

-- employees

Since n.d.

COMPANY RANKING

NEVERINSTALL

EVERGREEN INDEX #7874

RELATED COMPANIESRANK

STORIES ABOUT NEVERINSTALL

Representing this company? Click here to claim and customize this page!

Neverinstall WIKI

Apply to get your Tech Company News Page live on HackerNoon.com today!