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Data-driven decision-making is a culture that should be adopted from day one. In this article, I'll explain in simple terms how to measure five key metrics for B2B SaaS startups — CAC, CLV, MRR, CCR, and NPS — and how to use the insights for making well-informed decisions. CAC: Track It to Allocate Your Budget Wisely or CAC, shows how much money a business spends to get a new customer. It is calculated by dividing all the costs spent on acquiring customers by the number of new customers. Customer Acquisition Cost, Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC) = Total Acquisition Costs / Number of New Customers If a company spends $12,000 per month on customer acquisition and brings in 40 new customers, its average CAC is $12,000 / 40 = $300. Tracking this metric helps a company pick effective marketing and sales channels, set the right product prices, and grow the business seamlessly. Also, the CAC helps to identify areas where money is not effectively used. The average CAC for a B2B SaaS startup is about $ . In some industries, like insurance and medtech, the number can range from $400 to $500. If the CAC is high, acquiring customers is more costly than the revenue they generate. The business may need to: 250 test other marketing and sales channels; adjust pricing plans; target other audience segments. In this regard, I like the Dropbox story. In its early days, the startup relied on search engine ads to get new users, but it was too expensive. Later on, the company’s user data showed that their best customers were coming from referrals, so the team created an easy-to-use and beneficial referral program. This was a pivotal decision: Within 15 months, the startup user base grew from 100,000 to 4 million people. CLV: Track It to Remain Profitable and Be №1 For Your Customers or CLV/CLTV (alternatively termed Lifetime Value, or LTV), represents the total revenue a customer is supposed to bring to the business. It is calculated by multiplying the average amount a customer spends in each transaction by the number of times they make a transaction and then multiplying that by the average customer lifespan. Customer Lifetime Value, Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) = Average Purchase Value × Average Purchase Frequency × Average Customer Lifespan If a customer typically spends $20 per purchase, makes three purchases a year, and stays with the company for two years, their CLV is 20 × 3 × 2 = $120. CLV will show how much your customers are worth overall. Like a litmus test, this metric reveals if they are loyal to your brand and happy with your product. If not, it will get harder to retain them. CLV also reveals which customers bring in the most revenue and which offerings they enjoy. To achieve a healthy business, B2B SaaS companies aim for a CLV to CAC ratio of or higher. This means that for every $1 spent on customer acquisition, the company generates at least $3 in revenue. A lower ratio, like 2:1, indicates that the business may need to reduce customer acquisition spending while increasing customer retention and the average revenue per user. 3:1 Sometimes, businesses may find that their cost of acquiring customers (CAC) exceeds the revenue generated from those customers over time (CLV). In this case, or if you just want to increase CLV, consider these options: look for cost-efficient marketing channels (test SMM, e-mail marketing, or partnerships); find ways to retain existing customers (through loyalty programs, better service, product improvements, and other tactics); review the pricing strategy to avoid underpricing and ensure generated revenue aligns with acquisition cost; ensure effective targeting to reach the right audience for your product; explore ways to upsell additional products or services to your existing customers. MRR: Track It to Know When It’s Time to Approach Investors or MRR, reflects the predictable and regular income a business expects to receive each month from its subscription-based customers. It is calculated by summing up the subscription fees generated from all active customers within a specific month. Monthly Recurring Revenue, Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR) = ∑ (Subscription Fees from Active Customers) For example, if a business has 100 customers paying $50 per month, its MRR is 100 × 50 = $5,000. Then, if case you need, you can calculate Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR) by multiplying MRR by 12. MRR is a steady income stream that helps cover essential operational costs at a startup. By tracking this metric, founders can manage ongoing expenses effectively and assess the overall financial performance of their company. A decrease in MRR may indicate customer churn, downgrades (when users switch to a lower-priced plan), or loss of subscriptions. Investors and potential acquirers often review this metric when evaluating SaaS startups. A strong MRR can make the company more attractive for VCs and potentially increase its valuation. MRR benchmarks vary based on product and pricing, so each startup should set its own targets. When it comes to MRR growth rates for B2B SaaS startups, some industry experts, including SaaStr community's founder , suggest aiming for an MRR growth of 10-20% month over month. Jason M. Lemkin An important milestone for an early-stage startup is $1 million in ARR. A recent shows that the main growth driver for most B2B SaaS startups, reaching $1M to $10M in ARR, is the expansion of their customer base — not just increasing their current average revenue per user. achieving study CCR: Track It to Prevent Revenue and Reputation Losses or CCR, shows the percentage of customers who cancel their subscriptions or stop using a service within a given time. It is calculated by dividing the number of customers lost during a specific period by the initial number. Customer Churn Rate, Customer Churn Rate (CCR) = (Number of customers lost for the period / Total number of customers at the beginning of the period) × 100 For example, if a startup starts the month with 500 customers and loses 50 customers by the end of it, its CCR is 50 / 500 × 100 = 10%. According to the (KBCM) 2022 SaaS Survey, the median annual churn for SaaS companies is 13%. KeyBanc Capital Markets If the CCR is higher or growing, it could damage a business. In this case, a company should aim to reduce it fast and increase customer retention by: improving the product based on customer feedback, surveys, focus groups, and market trends; launching loyalty programs or offering personalized customer support; offering incentives for upsells, such as discounts or personalized benefits; providing users with educational materials to ensure they know how to use the product; conducting promo campaigns to re-engage customers; ensuring competitive pricing and adding new pricing plans if needed. NPS: Track It to Improve Your Product and Customer Service or NPS, shows customer satisfaction and loyalty based on their likelihood to recommend a company's product. It is calculated by subtracting the percentage of detractors (customers who would not recommend) from the percentage of promoters (customers who would recommend). The result ranges from -100 to +100. Net Promoter Score, Net Promoter Score (NPS) = Percentage of Promoters - Percentage of Detractors NPS data is collected through customer surveys, usually with a single question: "On a scale of 0 to 10, how likely are you to recommend our product/service to a friend or colleague?" The responses categorize customers into three groups: Promoters (score 9-10), Passives (score 7-8), and Detractors (score 0-6). For example, if a company surveys 1,000 customers and 700 give a score of 9 or 10 (Promoters), while 300 give a score of 0 to 6 (Detractors), the NPS calculation is 70 − 30 = 40. Correct me if I’m wrong. According to the latest , the average NPS in the computer software industry is 36 or higher. As noted by Bain & Company, the of the NPS system, an NPS above 20 is good, 50 is outstanding, and 80 is considered world-class. CustomerGauge’s B2B NPS & CX Benchmarks Report creator However, when a startup launches NPS surveys, it's not just about the numbers. To know what customers like or don't like, the team should also ask which improvements the customers would like to see in the product and customer experience.

Attention B2B SaaS Founders: Start Tracking These Metrics From Day One

Forty-four percent of startups in 2022 because they ran out of cash. Extremely high burn rates, insufficient funding, poor financial planning, and overhead expenses — these things can cripple even the most brilliant companies. shut down Before joining DeckRobot, I had spent more than 5 years working in fast-growing startups, overseeing their finances and operations. This experience has led me to a conclusion: All startups tend to undermine themselves in a similar way. So I've developed basic rules to help reduce recurring expenses and fine-tune their operations. Know and track your key metrics Analyzing financial data from the very beginning provides a clear picture of a startup's financial health; it helps identify areas of high and unnecessary costs. The three key metrics to analyze from the beginning to pinpoint areas of improvement are CAC, CLV, and Gross Margin. It is the cost a business incurs to acquire a new customer. The formula for calculating it: CAC = Total Sales and Marketing Costs / Number of New Customers Acquired. Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC). If you spend $200,000 per month on advertisements that bring in 1,000 clients, your CAC amounts to $20. The definition of a "good" CAC can vary depending on industry standards, business objectives, and the competitive environment. For reference, the benchmark CAC for e-commerce is , for B2B SaaS it is $239, and for real estate, it stands at $791. $86 To determine whether this is an acceptable or unfavorable CAC, you'd need to consider other factors, including the expected CLV for a typical customer. This metric represents an estimated amount of revenue a business can generate from a single customer. Customer Lifetime Value (CLV or LTV). Its formula: CLV = (Average Purchase Value x Average Purchase Frequency) x Average Customer Lifespan. It’s considered healthy when CLV exceeds CAC. If it doesn’t, consider re-evaluating your marketing strategy. It's the percentage of revenue remaining after subtracting the cost of goods or services sold. Its formula: Gross Margin = (Total Revenue - Cost of Sales) / Total Revenue. Gross Margin. Imagine you are running a SaaS company and you want to calculate your Gross Margin. Let’s say, your total subscription revenue is $300,000. Your expenses: Hosting and maintenance costs ($60,000), customer support costs ($30,000), other expenses ($10,000). In this example, Gross Margin for the SaaS business is 66.67%. This means that, after accounting for the direct costs and other relevant operating expenses, you retain approximately 66.67% of your total SaaS subscription revenue as a gross profit at this stage. A healthy gross margin is 50-70%. Boost efficiency at your workplace Start by outlining your critical business processes and identifying bottlenecks — points where the workflow is slowed down. For instance, a developer might be overloaded with tasks, leading to missed deadlines and a decline in work quality. In such instances, introducing a part-time developer could prove beneficial. Another bottleneck example: Your employees are manually doing work that could be automated. Collecting sales and marketing data, creating email campaigns, and customer support –– these are time-consuming tasks that often can be automated. A recent suggests that automation can reduce business costs by 50-60%. study How to automate startup processes: Organize and track issues. Use JIRA, Asana, Trello, or similar services to monitor your team's performance and prevent chaos. Set up continuous integration (CI). Use Jenkins, AWS CodePipeline, CircleCI, or other CI systems that can detect issues early in the code development process, preventing costly bug fixes later on. Keep track of your finances. Monitor your income and expenses and gain insights with QuickBooks, FreshBooks, Wave, Xero, Zoho Books, or similar tools. Optimize marketing and sales. Consider using Salesforce, HubSpot, GrowBots, and Zapier to improve your marketing and sales efforts. Eliminate unnecessary expenses Every penny counts for a startup. You should regularly review your expenses and cut excessive spending. Here's what you can do to reduce costs. Labor costs consume up to of a startup's expenses. At the initial stage, most of the tasks can be managed by three employees: CEO, CTO, and CMO. Rethink your hiring strategy. 70% Early-stage startups spend of the planned annual revenue on marketing. That’s a lot, so be careful to allocate these resources wisely. Monitor the performance of your ad campaigns and confirm they yield results. Review your marketing expenses. 10% You can save a significant portion of your budget if you don’t rent a space and pay utility bills. If you need to meet in person, consider booking a meeting room at a coworking space for a few days a week, as it's a more cost-effective option. Or simply decide which team should work in person and arrange a space for the specific group. Give up your office or make it hybrid. . Maybe you don’t need a Zoom subscription if you are already paying for Slack (or just use Google Meet, which is free). See if there’s a way to use free versions of services or a single tool for various purposes. You don’t need that many subscriptions . In 95% of instances , your negotiations won't be significantly more successful just because you spend thousands of dollars on a flight, accommodations, and a fancy restaurant dinner. Choose calls over business trips (made it up, but you get the point) Start using cloud computing, analytics tools Instead of investing in expensive hardware to store your data, use cloud computing. Since these services operate on a pay-as-you-go or subscription model, you won't be charged for resources you don’t use. This could save you around of your startup’s budget. 20% Investing in data analytics tools is also beneficial for your business's finances. Poor-quality data causes of marketers to waste budget funds, while a lack of supply chain visibility poses the biggest challenge for of chief supply chain officers. Use analytics to interpret your metrics effectively, make data-driven decisions, and reduce costs. 37% 84% Initially, a simple Excel table can suffice for calculating and visualizing data. But when your startup grows and there’s more data, move to more sophisticated tools. It can be Microsoft Power BI, SAS, Apache Spark, Tableau, or Knime. A $9.99/month subscription to these services is never a waste of money.

Simple Steps to Improve Your Startup's Unit Economics and Reduce Costs

আপনার স্টার্টআপের ইউনিট অর্থনীতির উন্নতি এবং খরচ কমানোর সহজ পদক্ষেপ

Einfache Schritte zur Verbesserung der Stückökonomie Ihres Startups und zur Kostensenkung

Pasos sencillos para mejorar la economía unitaria de su startup y reducir los costos

Étapes simples pour améliorer l'économie de l'unité de votre startup et réduire les coûts

आपके स्टार्टअप की इकाई अर्थव्यवस्था में सुधार और लागत कम करने के लिए सरल कदम

スタートアップのユニットエコノミクスを改善し、コストを削減するための簡単な手順

스타트업의 단위 경제성을 개선하고 비용을 절감하는 간단한 단계

Passos simples para melhorar a economia da unidade da sua startup e reduzir custos

Простые шаги для улучшения юнит-экономики вашего стартапа и сокращения затрат

Girişiminizin Birim Ekonomisini İyileştirmek ve Maliyetleri Azaltmak için Basit Adımlar

Các bước đơn giản để cải thiện tính kinh tế của đơn vị khởi nghiệp của bạn và giảm chi phí

提高初创公司单位经济效益并降低成本的简单步骤

Role-based access control (RBAC) in general is an approach to restricting system access to authorized users. Kubernetes role-based access control system is considered to be complex and hard to digest by many technology professionals. In the following article, we are going to explore Kubernetes ecosystem tools like Kubiscan and Kubescape that helps  Cybersecurity professional and Kubernetes administrators to scan and evaluate RBAC. In the following scenarios, we will deploy the Google Kubernetes Engine GKE cluster and analyze its role-based access control by KubiScan and Kubescape. Prerequisites In the following scenario we will use Google Cloud and its managed Kubernetes cluster. However, you can scan RBAC model of any Kubernetes cluster using Linux machine with kubectl access to the cluster. GCP account Enable API for Google Kubernetes Engine APIs Create a GKE cluster For deployment of the cluster, we will use cloud shell and gcloud cli. Set up project ID for gcloud cli: gcloud config set project PROJECT_ID Following command will create cluster in the us-west1 region: gcloud container clusters create-auto my-test-cluster \
    --region=us-west1 It should take a few minutes to spin up the cluster Configure kubectl access with the following command: gcloud container clusters get-credentials my-test-cluster  \
    --region us-west1 KubiScan is the open-source tool for scanning Kubernetes clusters for risky permissions in K8s RBAC (role-based access control) authorization model. KubiScan was created and maintained by CyberArk. KubiScan Installation It can be run using a docker container or as a python script. For this tutorial, we will use Python3. On your Linux machine, run the following commands to install KubiScan prerequisites: apt-get update  
apt-get install -y python3 python3-pip 
pip3 install -r requirements.txt For convenience, you can set up an alias to run the kubiscan python script: alias kubiscan='python3 /<KubiScan_folder>/KubiScan.py' If you want the alias to persist, add it to the .bashrc or .profile file in your user's home directory. Scan With KubiScan we can search for pods with privileged accounts: kubiscan -rp In the output we can see pod in the namespace is marked with CRITICAL priority. gmp-operator gke-gmp-system The following command will list risky subjects in your cluster: kubiscan -rs To get information about all privileged Pods\Containers running in your Kubernetes cluster, run the following command: kubiscan --privleged-pods To get as much information as possible, you can run the command. It will output “Risky Containers”, “Risky Users”, “Risky Roles and ClusterRoles”, “Risky RoleBindings and ClusterRoleBindings” tables. kubiscan --all kubiscan --all KubiScan also allows you to list all pods with access to secret data through a Volume or environment variables: kubiscan --pods-secrets-env
kubiscan -psv You can find many more useful KubiScan commands in the “help” menu: kubiscan -h How KubiScan works In the KubiScan repository, you can find the file that contains opinionated templates for risky roles with priorities. KubiScan checks if the cluster roles match the rules from the risky role and mark it accordingly in the output spreadsheet. risky_roles.yaml You can modify the file to add\remove role templates that would be more appropriate in your environment. Kubescape Kubescape is an open-source swiss tool that provides RBAC visualizer, image vulnerability scanning risk analysis, and security compliance.
Kubescape can detect RBAC violations, software vulnerabilities, and misconfigurations at the early stages of the CI/CD pipeline calculates risk score instantly and shows risk trends over time.
It has native integrations with DevOps tools like CircleCi, Jenkins, GitLab CI\CD, GitHub Actions, etc. Kubescape was built and maintained by ARMO. Kubescape has comprehensive docs available here Installation There are a few ways you can install Kubescape on Linux: install script binary from GitHub release page as a cluster component using helm It is also available on Mac and Windows. To quickly setup KubeScape on Linux with the install script, run the following command: curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubescape/kubescape/master/install.sh | /bin/bash Scan With the Kubescape ready, we can go ahead and scan the cluster: kubescape scan Kubescape assess your cluster by different parameters, not only role based access control. You can see which control passed and failed. It will also demonstrate which resource failed in each test In terms of RBAC, Kubescape helps simplifying Kubernetes role base access control complexity by providing a visual graph that shows the RBAC configuration in your K8s cluster. There are lots of built-in queries of useful things you need to be aware of in your RBAC configuration available out of the box. To use the Kubescape RBAC visualizer, you need to set up a free account. All scan results can be submitted to the platform. Kubescape Cloud Platform Once you create the account, you can navigate to the “RBAC visualizer” in the left menu and copy the account ID.
By running a scan with the account ID parameter, it will send all scan results to the Cloud Platform. kubescape scan --submit --account=[account-id] If you want to use just RBAC visualizer capabilities, and send only RBAC-related data, you can use the command below: kubescape submit rbac --account [account-id] In the Kubescape Cloud, navigate to the “RBAC Visualizer“ on the left menu. In the pop-up menu select your k8s cluster. After that, you should be able to see your cluster RBAC visualized. You can change the view using built-in queries and select “layout by type”: Group by verbs: The following built-in query can show “who-can exec into pods”: If you don’t want your scan results to be submitted to ARMO, you should add --keep-local flag if you used the command before. This way you can get output printed in the console. Scan results can also be outputted in JSON, PDF, HTML, and many other formats, which is really convenient for CI\CD pipelines and automation. --submit Kubescape custom framework Kubescape allows you to scan your cluster against popular frameworks like NSA, MITRE, CIS, and others. It also allows you to create your custom framework. There are tens of controls available to be used in any framework. Each control tests a certain aspect of the cluster. We can set up a custom framework that will check only RBAC-related things. To do that, navigate to the Configuration scanning in the left menu, select “Frameworks”, and click on “Customize your own Framework”. Specify “Framework Name”.  Then, search and select RBAC-related controls using the “Search” section. Once ready, click “Apply”. Once the custom RBAC framework is set up in the cloud platform, we can run a scan using kubescape cli: kubescape scan framework rbac Each line in the spreadsheet represents control. In the “Failed resources” column, you can see the amount of failed resources. Remediation and link to the documentation could be found in the console output if you add the flag. --verbose kubescape scan framework rbac -v In the output, you can see the URL which will redirect you to the scan result in the Kubescape Cloud. You can see the suggested remediation action in the “Remediation” column. In the “Resources” section, you will see a list of all your cluster resources. If you click on the small “tool” icon at the right of the “EndpointSlice” line, it will redirect to the YAML definition of the resource with highlighted lines that failed the control. In this example, CIS-5.7.4 control complaining about the default namespace. As you can see, Kubescape provides really detailed suggested remediation action along with additional documentation to make a weighted decision about the risk it found. Summary We explored 2 instruments that could be used by Kubernetes Administrators or Cyber security professionals to analyze and assess the role-based access control (RBAC) of the Kubernetes cluster. KubiScan is a dedicated tool for RBAC analysis that could be easily customizable using file. On the other hand, we have Kubescape which provides a much more comprehensive analysis of the K8s cluster beside RBAC with a fancy Kubescape cloud platform and RBAC visualizer. Kubescape got a bigger community and  is better maintained, it has integration with different platforms and popular DevOps tools. risky_roles.yaml From my perspective, Kubescape is the go-to tool for assessing the Kubernetes cluster and understanding its role-based access control. However, if you only need to scan the K8s RBAC model against a particular template or rule without anything else, you should try KubiScan.

Scan Kubernetes RBAC with Kubescape and Kubiscan

Authors:
(1) Youn Kil Jung, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, University of Science and Technology, and The KMTNet Collaboration;
(2) Cheongho Han, Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University and The KMTNet Collaboration;
(3) Andrzej Udalski, Warsaw University Observatory and The OGLE Collaboration;
(4) Andrew Gould, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy and The KMTNet Collaboration;
(5) Jennifer C. Yee, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and The KMTNet Collaboration;
(6) Michael D. Albrow, University of Canterbury, Department of Physics and Astronomy;
(7) Sun-Ju Chung, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology;
(8) Kyu-Ha Hwang, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute;
(9) Yoon-Hyun Ryu, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute;
(10) In-Gu Shin, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute;
(11) Yossi Shvartzvald, Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science;
(12) Wei Zhu, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto;
(13) Weicheng Zang, Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University;
(14) Sang-Mok Cha, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and 2School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University;
(15) Dong-Jin Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute;
(16) Hyoun-Woo Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute;
(17) Seung-Lee Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology;
(18) Chung-Uk Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology;
(19) Dong-Joo Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute;
(20) Yongseok Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University;
(21) Byeong-Gon Park, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology;
(22) Richard W. Pogge, Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University;
(23) Przemek Mroz, Warsaw University Observatory and Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology;
(24) Michal K. Szymanski, Warsaw University Observatory;
(25) Jan Skowron, Warsaw University Observatory;
(26) Radek Poleski, Warsaw University Observatory and Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University;
(27) Igor Soszynski, Warsaw University Observatory;
(28) Pawel Pietrukowicz, Warsaw University Observatory;
(29) Szymon Kozlowski, Warsaw University Observatory;
(30) Krzystof Ulaczyk, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet;
(31) Krzysztof A. Rybicki, Warsaw University Observatory;
(32) Patryk Iwanek, Warsaw University Observatory;
(33) Marcin Wrona, Warsaw University Observatory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Observation
Light Curve Analysis
Physical Parameters
Microlensing Planets in the (log s, log q) plane
Summary and Conclusions
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J., & Mamajek, E. E. 2013, ApJS, 208, 9 Poleski, R., Skowron, J., Udalski, A., et al. 2014, ApJ, 795, 42 Poleski, R., Suzuki, D., Udalski, A., et al. 2020, AJ, 159, 261 Poleski, R., Udalski, A., Bond, I. A., et al. 2017, A&A, 604A, 103 Rattenbury, N. J., Bennett, D. P., Sumi, T., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 454, 946 Rhie, S. H., Bennett, D. P., Becker, A. C., et al. 2000, ApJ, 533, 378 Robin, A. C., Reyl´e, C., Derri´ere, S., & Picaud, S. 2003, A&A, 409, 523 Schneider, P., & Weiss, A. 1986, A&A, 164, 237 Schneider, P., & Weiss, A. 1987, A&A, 171, 49 Skowron, J., Udalski, A., Poleski, R., et al. 2016, ApJ, 820, 4 Skowron, J., Ryu, Y.-H., Hwang, K.-H., et al. 2018, AcA, 68, 43 Sumi, T., Bennett, D. P., Bond, I. A., et al. 2013, ApJ, 778, 150 Sumi, T., Udalski, A., Bennett, D. P., et al. 2016, ApJ, 825, 112 Suzuki, D., Bennett, D. P., Udalski, A., et al. 2018, AJ, 155, 263 Szyma´nski, M. K., Udalski, A., Soszy´nski, I., et al. 2011, AcA, 61, 83 Tomaney, A.B. & Crotts, A.P.S. 1996, AJ, 112, 2872 Udalski, A. 2003, Acta Astron., 53, 291 Udalski, A., Szyma´nski, M., Ka lu˙zny, J., Kubiak, M., & Mateo, M. 1992, AcA, 42, 253 Udalski, A., Szyma´nski, M. K., & Szyma´nski, G. 2015, AcA, 65, 1 Udalski, A., Jaroszy´nski, M., Paczy´nski, B., et al. 2005, ApJ, 628, L109 Wo´zniak, P. R. 2000, AcA, 50, 42 Yee, J. C., Shvartzvald, Y., Gal-Yam, A., et al. 2012, ApJ, 755, 102 Yee, J. C., Zang, W., Udalski, A., et al. 2021, arXiv:2101.04696 Yoo, J., DePoy, D. L., Gal-Yam, A., et al. 2004, ApJ, 603, 139 This paper is available on arxiv under CC0 1.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Youn Kil Jung, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, University of Science and Technology, and The KMTNet Collaboration; (2) Cheongho Han, Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University and The KMTNet Collaboration; (3) Andrzej Udalski, Warsaw University Observatory and The OGLE Collaboration; (4) Andrew Gould, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy and The KMTNet Collaboration; (5) Jennifer C. Yee, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and The KMTNet Collaboration; (6) Michael D. Albrow, University of Canterbury, Department of Physics and Astronomy; (7) Sun-Ju Chung, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology; (8) Kyu-Ha Hwang, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (9) Yoon-Hyun Ryu, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (10) In-Gu Shin, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (11) Yossi Shvartzvald, Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science; (12) Wei Zhu, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto; (13) Weicheng Zang, Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University; (14) Sang-Mok Cha, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and 2School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University; (15) Dong-Jin Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (16) Hyoun-Woo Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (17) Seung-Lee Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology; (18) Chung-Uk Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology; (19) Dong-Joo Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (20) Yongseok Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University; (21) Byeong-Gon Park, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology; (22) Richard W. Pogge, Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University; (23) Przemek Mroz, Warsaw University Observatory and Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology; (24) Michal K. Szymanski, Warsaw University Observatory; (25) Jan Skowron, Warsaw University Observatory; (26) Radek Poleski, Warsaw University Observatory and Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University; (27) Igor Soszynski, Warsaw University Observatory; (28) Pawel Pietrukowicz, Warsaw University Observatory; (29) Szymon Kozlowski, Warsaw University Observatory; (30) Krzystof Ulaczyk, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet; (31) Krzysztof A. Rybicki, Warsaw University Observatory; (32) Patryk Iwanek, Warsaw University Observatory; (33) Marcin Wrona, Warsaw University Observatory. Authors: Authors: (1) Youn Kil Jung, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, University of Science and Technology, and The KMTNet Collaboration; (2) Cheongho Han, Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University and The KMTNet Collaboration; (3) Andrzej Udalski, Warsaw University Observatory and The OGLE Collaboration; (4) Andrew Gould, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy and The KMTNet Collaboration; (5) Jennifer C. Yee, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and The KMTNet Collaboration; (6) Michael D. Albrow, University of Canterbury, Department of Physics and Astronomy; (7) Sun-Ju Chung, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology; (8) Kyu-Ha Hwang, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (9) Yoon-Hyun Ryu, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (10) In-Gu Shin, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (11) Yossi Shvartzvald, Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science; (12) Wei Zhu, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto; (13) Weicheng Zang, Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University; (14) Sang-Mok Cha, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and 2School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University; (15) Dong-Jin Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (16) Hyoun-Woo Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (17) Seung-Lee Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology; (18) Chung-Uk Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology; (19) Dong-Joo Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; (20) Yongseok Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University; (21) Byeong-Gon Park, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and University of Science and Technology; (22) Richard W. Pogge, Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University; (23) Przemek Mroz, Warsaw University Observatory and Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology; (24) Michal K. Szymanski, Warsaw University Observatory; (25) Jan Skowron, Warsaw University Observatory; (26) Radek Poleski, Warsaw University Observatory and Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University; (27) Igor Soszynski, Warsaw University Observatory; (28) Pawel Pietrukowicz, Warsaw University Observatory; (29) Szymon Kozlowski, Warsaw University Observatory; (30) Krzystof Ulaczyk, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet; (31) Krzysztof A. Rybicki, Warsaw University Observatory; (32) Patryk Iwanek, Warsaw University Observatory; (33) Marcin Wrona, Warsaw University Observatory. 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Two Microlensing Planets through Planetary-Caustic Channel: References

প্ল্যানেটারি-কস্টিক চ্যানেলের মাধ্যমে দুটি মাইক্রোলেনসিং গ্রহ: তথ্যসূত্র

Zwei Mikrolinsenplaneten durch den planetar-kaustischen Kanal: Referenzen

Dos planetas con microlentes a través del canal cáustico planetario: referencias

Deux planètes à microlentille via un canal planétaire-caustique : références

ग्रहीय-कास्टिक चैनल के माध्यम से दो माइक्रोलेंसिंग ग्रह: संदर्भ

惑星-コースティックチャネルを通した2つのマイクロレンズ効果を持つ惑星: 参考文献

행성 가성 채널을 통한 두 개의 미세 렌즈 행성: 참고 자료

Dois planetas microlentes através do canal cáustico-planetário: referências

Две микролинзирующие планеты через планетарно-каустический канал: ссылки

Gezegensel-Kostik Kanal Üzerinden İki Mikro Mercekleme Gezegeni: Referanslar

Hai hành tinh vi thấu kính thông qua Kênh ăn da hành tinh: Tài liệu tham khảo

通过行星焦散通道观察两颗微透镜行星：参考文献

**KYOTO, Japan, May 13th, 2024/Chainwire/--**The IVS KYOTO Executive Committee is delighted to announce it will host one of the largest and most celebrated annual crypto conferences in Japan in the coming weeks. The three-day IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO event will be held at the Kyoto Pulse Plaza alongside this year’s Japan Blockchain Week Summit, from Thursday, July 4 to Saturday until July 6, 2024. The previous edition of IVS Kyoto stood out as the largest crypto event on Japan’s 2023 calendar, acclaimed for delivering a multifaceted and exhilarating experience that drew more than 10,500 attendees, 300 speakers and over 150 side events under the theme of “What’s your new adventures”. In the wake of last year’s success, the theme for IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO is centered on the concept of “Cross the Boundaries”. Attendees, exhibitors and speakers alike, from both Japan and around the world, are asked to focus on the evolution and application of blockchain technology and explore the future of Web 3.0 through games, entertainment, AI, and more. The event will run simultaneously alongside the highly anticipated Japan Blockchain Week Summit, and this year’s program promises to be even more comprehensive than before, with a record-breaking number of blockchain and Web 3.0 pioneers present. Japan Blockchain Week 2024 will play host to events staged all over Japan, and is expected to attract more than 50,000 attendees in all. Transcending The Barrier Between Web 3.0 & Reality At Kyoto Pulse Plaza IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO will span four entire floors at the Kyoto Pulse Plaza, with the 1st Floor given over to exhibits designed to promote the practical application of blockchain technology, with visitors able to explore how Web 3.0 is already being integrated into our daily lives. Visitors will be able to experience sessions dissecting themes such as “Blockchain Data & AI”, “SocialFi & Entertainment”, “Game-Specific Chains & Gaming Industry”, and “DeFi and Financial Efficiency”, among many others. Headline speakers gracing the stage on the first floor include Mo Shaikh (CEO and Co-Founder of Aptos Labs), Sebastien Borget (Co-founder of the  Sandbox), Joichi Ito (President of Chiba Institute of Technology), Mai Fujimoto (Co-founder of  INTMAX ), Genki Oda (Representative Director of JVCEA), Hidekazu Kondo (CEO of Japan  Open Chain), Waka Itagaki (Deputy Director of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry), Ken  Kanetomo (web3 Division Manager of Konami Digital Entertainment), and Hideto Kawasaki  (Director-General of web3PT of Liberal Democratic Party. The floor will be populated by the booths of dozens of cutting-edge blockchain companies, intersected by seven exclusive experience zones, with each one designed to introduce visitors to Web 3.0 from a totally different perspective. These include The Web3 Entertainment Zone, organized by SHAKE Entertainment and YGG Japan, which will showcase how the gaming industry is embracing Web 3.0. Another highlight will be the Crypto Village powered by MURA and run by Shinsekai Technologies, which is set to host a range of side events based on various themes held at different times of the day, providing a dynamic environment for meetups and communication. Inamori Hall on the 3rd Floor at Kyoto Pulse Plaza will be given over to a series of projects that bring together innovative ideas and projects in an effort to match creators and developers who aim to drive the future of Web 3.0. The projects include the eagerly-awaited AI & Web 3.0 Animation Contest, which will see young creators compete against one another to create short animations managed by blockchain, using AI and the Unreal Engine, plus tools supplied by Animechain.ai. WaveHack Global Demo Day is another highlight, with the winning hackathon teams set to win prizes totaling $500,000 and the opportunity to present their Web 3.0 projects at future events such as EDCON and WebX. Finally, the 2nd and 5th Floors are exclusive zones that will provide an opportunity for entrepreneurs and innovators to meet and share their vision with some of the most renowned venture capital investors in the crypto industry. Japan Blockchain Week 2024: A Spectacular Series Of Web 3.0 Events Japan Blockchain Week Summit is the new name for the annual Non Fungible Tokyo event that was first held back in 2018, and it is expanding to become one of the top crypto events on the planet, with more than 50,000 attendees due to show up at this year’s revamped edition. The event will run for two days within IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO, co-hosted by JapanBlockchainWeek and N.Avenue, the operator of CoinDesk JAPAN. As the showcase event at IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO, Japan Blockchain Week Summit will kick off this year’s Japan Blockchain Week 2024, which is set to run from July 4 to July 31 and will see multiple experiences popping up at locations all over the country. Some of the most eagerly anticipated events include "Web3 Future 2024”, which will take place on July 16, hosted by GInco Inc., and “DCENTRAL Tokyo 2024”, a three-day event that’s set to run from July 17 to July 19. Moreover, De University of Ethereum will host the "EDCON TOKYO 2024" event from July 26 to 30, with IVS Crypto/JBW Summit attendees receiving a ticket that includes a number of special perks. Last year’s IVS Crypto was a spectacular success, with more than 150 side events taking place at Kyoto’s famed Nijo Castle, Yasaka Shrine and Heian Shrine. This year’s edition is sure to be even more exciting, with over 300 events planned to take place across Japan, and the IVS KYOTO Executive Committee is delighted to reveal that it’s now looking for additional event organizers to expand what will surely be one of the most monumental shindigs in the history of Web 3.0. Those interested in participating can visit this link to find out more: https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/IVS2024-SIDE-EVENT-Guide-5903e36440cf474f8e13373d81d4211d. IVS Crypto 2024 is made possible by numerous partnerships and sponsorships with some of the biggest names in Japan’s Web 3.0 industry. Platinum partners Aptos and Animechain.ai, will be joined by a host of Gold partners, including Oasys, double jump.tokyo, Avalanche, Alibaba Cloud,  Japan Open Chain, SBI Holdings, LINE NEXT/DOSI/kaia, and Vyvo Smart Chain, as they work together to build the next generation of the (decentralized) internet. Companies and organizations interested in sponsoring can check details and make inquiries through a dedicated form on the official website. For other partners, please use our dedicated partner application form. Sponsorship inquiry form: https://www.ivs.events/about-sponsorship. Media partner, community partner, and VC partner guidebook: https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/English-Guidance-for-Partners-of-IVS2024-26c7790de96045ba9645f68672601561. For discounted tickets visit: https://www.ivs.events/crypto. Coupon code: MarketAcross About the IVS KYOTO Executive Committee Headline Japan, Inc. was established with Kyoto Prefecture and Kyoto City for the purpose of  further developing the startup ecosystem and promoting the local industry through IVS in Kyoto.  We will promote the fusion of startups with Kyoto's corporate, university, research, and cultural  resources, leading to the creation of new industries and the emergence of startups that can  compete on a global scale. Contact Fukaya, Kurita, Togawa & Yoshida ivs-pr@vectorinc.co.jp +81 3-5572-6063 This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. **KYOTO, Japan, May 13th, 2024/Chainwire/--**The IVS KYOTO Executive Committee is delighted to announce it will host one of the largest and most celebrated annual crypto conferences in Japan in the coming weeks. The three-day IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO event will be held at the Kyoto Pulse Plaza alongside this year’s Japan Blockchain Week Summit, from Thursday, July 4 to Saturday until July 6, 2024. IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO The previous edition of IVS Kyoto stood out as the largest crypto event on Japan’s 2023 calendar, acclaimed for delivering a multifaceted and exhilarating experience that drew more than 10,500 attendees, 300 speakers and over 150 side events under the theme of “What’s your new adventures”. In the wake of last year’s success, the theme for IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO is centered on the concept of “Cross the Boundaries”. Attendees, exhibitors and speakers alike, from both Japan and around the world, are asked to focus on the evolution and application of blockchain technology and explore the future of Web 3.0 through games, entertainment, AI, and more. The event will run simultaneously alongside the highly anticipated Japan Blockchain Week Summit, and this year’s program promises to be even more comprehensive than before, with a record-breaking number of blockchain and Web 3.0 pioneers present. Japan Blockchain Week 2024 will play host to events staged all over Japan, and is expected to attract more than 50,000 attendees in all. Transcending The Barrier Between Web 3.0 & Reality At Kyoto Pulse Plaza IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO will span four entire floors at the Kyoto Pulse Plaza, with the 1st Floor given over to exhibits designed to promote the practical application of blockchain technology, with visitors able to explore how Web 3.0 is already being integrated into our daily lives. Visitors will be able to experience sessions dissecting themes such as “Blockchain Data & AI”, “SocialFi & Entertainment”, “Game-Specific Chains & Gaming Industry”, and “DeFi and Financial Efficiency”, among many others. Headline speakers gracing the stage on the first floor include Mo Shaikh (CEO and Co-Founder of Aptos Labs), Sebastien Borget (Co-founder of the  Sandbox), Joichi Ito (President of Chiba Institute of Technology), Mai Fujimoto (Co-founder of  INTMAX ), Genki Oda (Representative Director of JVCEA), Hidekazu Kondo (CEO of Japan  Open Chain), Waka Itagaki (Deputy Director of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry), Ken  Kanetomo (web3 Division Manager of Konami Digital Entertainment), and Hideto Kawasaki  (Director-General of web3PT of Liberal Democratic Party. The floor will be populated by the booths of dozens of cutting-edge blockchain companies, intersected by seven exclusive experience zones, with each one designed to introduce visitors to Web 3.0 from a totally different perspective. These include The Web3 Entertainment Zone, organized by SHAKE Entertainment and YGG Japan, which will showcase how the gaming industry is embracing Web 3.0. Another highlight will be the Crypto Village powered by MURA and run by Shinsekai Technologies, which is set to host a range of side events based on various themes held at different times of the day, providing a dynamic environment for meetups and communication. Inamori Hall on the 3rd Floor at Kyoto Pulse Plaza will be given over to a series of projects that bring together innovative ideas and projects in an effort to match creators and developers who aim to drive the future of Web 3.0. The projects include the eagerly-awaited AI & Web 3.0 Animation Contest, which will see young creators compete against one another to create short animations managed by blockchain, using AI and the Unreal Engine, plus tools supplied by Animechain.ai. WaveHack Global Demo Day is another highlight, with the winning hackathon teams set to win prizes totaling $500,000 and the opportunity to present their Web 3.0 projects at future events such as EDCON and WebX. Finally, the 2nd and 5th Floors are exclusive zones that will provide an opportunity for entrepreneurs and innovators to meet and share their vision with some of the most renowned venture capital investors in the crypto industry. Japan Blockchain Week 2024: A Spectacular Series Of Web 3.0 Events Japan Blockchain Week Summit is the new name for the annual Non Fungible Tokyo event that was first held back in 2018, and it is expanding to become one of the top crypto events on the planet, with more than 50,000 attendees due to show up at this year’s revamped edition. The event will run for two days within IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO, co-hosted by JapanBlockchainWeek and N.Avenue, the operator of CoinDesk JAPAN. As the showcase event at IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO, Japan Blockchain Week Summit will kick off this year’s Japan Blockchain Week 2024, which is set to run from July 4 to July 31 and will see multiple experiences popping up at locations all over the country. Some of the most eagerly anticipated events include "Web3 Future 2024”, which will take place on July 16, hosted by GInco Inc., and “DCENTRAL Tokyo 2024”, a three-day event that’s set to run from July 17 to July 19. Moreover, De University of Ethereum will host the "EDCON TOKYO 2024" event from July 26 to 30, with IVS Crypto/JBW Summit attendees receiving a ticket that includes a number of special perks. Last year’s IVS Crypto was a spectacular success, with more than 150 side events taking place at Kyoto’s famed Nijo Castle, Yasaka Shrine and Heian Shrine. This year’s edition is sure to be even more exciting, with over 300 events planned to take place across Japan, and the IVS KYOTO Executive Committee is delighted to reveal that it’s now looking for additional event organizers to expand what will surely be one of the most monumental shindigs in the history of Web 3.0. Those interested in participating can visit this link to find out more: https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/IVS2024-SIDE-EVENT-Guide-5903e36440cf474f8e13373d81d4211d . https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/IVS2024-SIDE-EVENT-Guide-5903e36440cf474f8e13373d81d4211d https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/IVS2024-SIDE-EVENT-Guide-5903e36440cf474f8e13373d81d4211d IVS Crypto 2024 is made possible by numerous partnerships and sponsorships with some of the biggest names in Japan’s Web 3.0 industry. Platinum partners Aptos and Animechain.ai, will be joined by a host of Gold partners, including Oasys, double jump.tokyo, Avalanche, Alibaba Cloud,  Japan Open Chain, SBI Holdings, LINE NEXT/DOSI/kaia, and Vyvo Smart Chain, as they work together to build the next generation of the (decentralized) internet. Companies and organizations interested in sponsoring can check details and make inquiries through a dedicated form on the official website. For other partners, please use our dedicated partner application form. Sponsorship inquiry form: https://www.ivs.events/about-sponsorship . https://www.ivs.events/about-sponsorship https://www.ivs.events/about-sponsorship Media partner, community partner, and VC partner guidebook: https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/English-Guidance-for-Partners-of-IVS2024-26c7790de96045ba9645f68672601561 . https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/English-Guidance-for-Partners-of-IVS2024-26c7790de96045ba9645f68672601561 https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/English-Guidance-for-Partners-of-IVS2024-26c7790de96045ba9645f68672601561 For discounted tickets visit: https://www.ivs.events/crypto . https://www.ivs.events/crypto https://www.ivs.events/crypto Coupon code: MarketAcross About the IVS KYOTO Executive Committee Headline Japan, Inc. was established with Kyoto Prefecture and Kyoto City for the purpose of  further developing the startup ecosystem and promoting the local industry through IVS in Kyoto.  We will promote the fusion of startups with Kyoto's corporate, university, research, and cultural  resources, leading to the creation of new industries and the emergence of startups that can  compete on a global scale. Contact Fukaya, Kurita, Togawa & Yoshida ivs-pr@vectorinc.co.jp +81 3-5572-6063 This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

Announcing IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO And Japan Blockchain Week Summit

IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO এবং জাপান ব্লকচেইন উইক সামিট ঘোষণা করা হচ্ছে

Ankündigung von IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO und Japan Blockchain Week Summit

Anuncio de IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO y la Cumbre de la Semana Blockchain de Japón

Annonce du sommet IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO et Japan Blockchain Week

IVS क्रिप्टो 2024 क्योटो और जापान ब्लॉकचेन सप्ताह शिखर सम्मेलन की घोषणा

IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTOとJapan Blockchain Week Summitのお知らせ

IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO 및 Japan Blockchain Week Summit 발표

Anunciando IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO e Japan Blockchain Week Summit

Анонсируем саммит IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO и Japan Blockchain Week

IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO ve Japonya Blockchain Haftası Zirvesi Duyurusu

Công bố Hội nghị thượng đỉnh Tuần lễ Blockchain của KYOTO và Nhật Bản IVS Crypto 2024

宣布 IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO 和日本区块链周峰会

Loss of Amazon Rainforest Resilience: Author Contributions

This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Kota Chin, University of Tsukuba, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Japan; (2) Keita Emura, Kanazawa University, Japan National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Japan; (3) Kazumasa Omote, University of Tsukuba National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Japan. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Preliminaries Proposed Anonymous Yet Accountable Contract Wallet System Implementation Conclusion & References V. CONCLUSION In this paper, we proposed an anonymous yet accountable contract wallet system based on account abstraction and accountable ring signatures. The proposed system is implemented using Solidity for zkSync. Moreover, we discussed potential of the proposed system, e.g., medical information sharing and asset management. Since the current implementation results using Solidity show the required costs are expensive, our result here might be regarded as somewhat conceptual. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous implementation result is known that confirms the cost to run an accountable ring signature scheme in Solidity to date, and we believe that our result can be seen as an important stepping stone to provide anonymity and accountability simultaneously in blockchain systems. Investigating other applications of the proposed system will be left to future work. The underlying account ring signature scheme does not provide post-quantum security due to the discrete logarithm-based construction. Thus, it is difficult to accept the current construction as a platform to manage large amounts of assets due to the progress of quantum computing. Because a post-quantum accountable ring signature scheme has been proposed in [7], it would be interesting to employ the scheme, precisely, how to implement it using Solidity is left to future work. The authors would like to thank Dr. Miyako Ohkubo (NICT) for her invaluable comments and suggestions. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21K11897 and JP22H03588. Acknowledgment: REFERENCES [1] Arrest of suspected developer of Tornado Cash. https://www.fiod.nl/arrest-of-suspected-developer-of-tornado-cash/. August 12, 2022. [2] StarkNet. https://starkware.co/starknet/. [3] zkSync. https://zksync.io/. [4] Jean-Philippe Aumasson, Daniel J. Bernstein, Ward Beullens, Christoph Dobraunig, Maria Eichlseder, Scott Fluhrer, Stefan-Lukas Gazdag, Andreas H ¨ulsing, Panos Kampanakis, Stefan K ¨olbl, Tanja Lange, Martin M. Lauridsen, Florian Mendel, Ruben Niederhagen, Christian Rechberger, Joost Rijneveld, Peter Schwabe, and Bas Westerbaan. SPHINCS+: Submission to the NIST post-quantum project, v.3.1. https://sphincs.org/data/sphincs+-r3.1-specification.pdf. [5] Asaph Azaria, Ariel Ekblaw, Thiago Vieira, and Andrew Lippman. MedRec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management. In 2016 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD), pages 25–30, 2016. [6] Eli Ben-Sasson, Iddo Bentov, Yinon Horesh, and Michael Riabzev. Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., page 46, 2018. [7] Ward Beullens, Samuel Dobson, Shuichi Katsumata, Yi-Fu Lai, and Federico Pintore. Group signatures and more from isogenies and lattices: Generic, simple, and efficient. In EUROCRYPT, pages 95–126, 2022. [8] Ward Beullens, Shuichi Katsumata, and Federico Pintore. Calamari and Falafl: Logarithmic (linkable) ring signatures from isogenies and lattices. In ASIACRYPT, pages 464–492, 2020. [9] Dmytro Bogatov, Angelo De Caro, Kaoutar Elkhiyaoui, and Bj ¨orn Tackmann. Anonymous transactions with revocation and auditing in hyperledger fabric. In CANS, pages 435–459, 2021. [10] Jonathan Bootle, Andrea Cerulli, Pyrros Chaidos, Essam Ghadafi, Jens Groth, and Christophe Petit. Short accountable ring signatures based on DDH. In ESORICS, pages 243–265, 2015. [11] Vitalik Buterin, Ansgar Dietrichs, Matt Garnett, Will Villanueva, and Sam Wilson. EIP-2938: Account Abstraction. https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2938, 2020. [12] Jan Camenisch, Manu Drijvers, and Maria Dubovitskaya. Practical ucsecure delegatable credentials with attributes and their application to blockchain. In ACM CCS, pages 683–699, 2017. [13] David Chaum and Eug`ene van Heyst. Group signatures. In EUROCRYPT, pages 257–265, 1991. [14] Aisling Connolly, J´er ˆome Deschamps, Pascal Lafourcade, and Octavio Perez-Kempner. Protego: Efficient, revocable and auditable anonymous credentials with applications to hyperledger fabric. In INDOCRYPT, pages 249–271, 2022. [15] L´eo Ducas, Eike Kiltz, Tancr`ede Lepoint, Vadim Lyubashevsky, Peter Schwabe, Gregor Seiler, and Damien Stehl´e. CRYSTALS-Dilithium: A lattice-based digital signature scheme. IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2018(1):238–268, 2018. [16] Kai Fan, Shangyang Wang, Yanhui Ren, Hui Li, and Yintang Yang. MedBlock: Efficient and secure medical data sharing via blockchain. Journal of Medical Systems, 42(8):136:1–136:11, 2018. [17] Tomilayo Fatokun, Avishek Nag, and Sachin Sharma. Towards a blockchain assisted patient owned system for electronic health records. Electronics, 10(5), 2021. [18] Pierre-Alain Fouque, Jeffrey Hoffstein, Paul Kirchner, Vadim Lyubashevsky, Thomas Pornin, Thomas Prest, Thomas Ricosset, Gregor Seiler, William Whyte, and Zhenfei Zhang. FALCON: Fast-fourier lattice-based compact signatures over NTRU. https://falcon-sign.info/falcon.pdf. [19] Tomoki Fujitani, Keita Emura, and Kazumasa Omote. A privacypreserving enforced bill collection system using smart contracts. In AsiaJCIS, pages 51–60. IEEE, 2021. [20] Merlin George and Anu Mary Chacko. MediTrans - patient-centric interoperability through blockchain. International Journal of Network Management, 32(3), 2022. [21] Jens Groth. Short non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs. In ASIACRYPT, pages 341–358, 2010. [22] Yiheng Liang. Identity verification and management of electronic health records with blockchain technology. In ICHI, pages 1–3. IEEE, 2019. [23] Joseph K. Liu, Victor K. Wei, and Duncan S. Wong. Linkable spontaneous anonymous group signature for ad hoc groups (extended abstract). In ACISP, pages 325–335, 2004. [24] Xingye Lu, Man Ho Au, and Zhenfei Zhang. Raptor: A practical latticebased (linkable) ring signature. In ACNS, pages 110–130, 2019. [25] Mohammad Moussa Madine, Ammar Ayman Battah, Ibrar Yaqoob, Khaled Salah, Raja Jayaraman, Yousof Al-Hammadi, Sasa Pesic, and Samer Ellahham. Blockchain for giving patients control over their medical records. IEEE Access, 8:193102–193115, 2020. [26] Abdullah Al Omar, Md. Zakirul Alam Bhuiyan, Anirban Basu, Shinsaku Kiyomoto, and Mohammad Shahriar Rahman. Privacy-friendly platform for healthcare data in cloud based on blockchain environment. Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 95:511–521, 2019. [27] Bryan Parno, Jon Howell, Craig Gentry, and Mariana Raykova. Pinocchio: nearly practical verifiable computation. Communications of the ACM, 59(2):103–112, 2016. [28] Sen Qiao, Varun Madathil, and Kemafor Anyanwu. Integrating group signatures in complex decentralized marketplace transactions for improved buyer privacy. In Blockchain, pages 139–148. IEEE, 2022. [29] Ronald L. Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Yael Tauman. How to leak a secret. In ASIACRYPT, pages 552–565, 2001. [30] Alex Roehrs, Cristiano Andre da Costa, and Rodrigo da Rosa Righi. OmniPHR: A distributed architecture model to integrate personal health records. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 71:70–81, 2017. [31] Teppei Sato, Keita Emura, Tomoki Fujitani, and Kazumasa Omote. An anonymous trust-marking scheme on blockchain systems. IEEE Access, 9:108772–108781, 2021. [32] Kazuo Takaragi, Takashi Kubota, Sven Wohlgemuth, Katsuyuki Umezawa, and Hiroki Koyanagi. Secure revocation features in eKYC - privacy protection in central bank digital currency. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, 106-A(3), 2023. [33] Qi Xia, Emmanuel Boateng Sifah, Kwame Omono Asamoah, Jianbin Gao, Xiaojiang Du, and Mohsen Guizani. MeDShare: Trust-less medical data sharing among cloud service providers via blockchain. IEEE Access, 5:14757–14767, 2017. [34] Shouhuai Xu and Moti Yung. Accountable ring signatures: A smart card approach. In CARDIS, pages 271–286, 2004.

Anonymous, Accountable Contract Wallet System With Account Abstraction: Conclusion & References

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