https://www.jetzyapp.com/ Jetzy is a global social network of people who enjoy travel and unique lifestyle experiences. Whether it's culture, food, nightlife or outdoors, on our interest and location based Jetzy app you can contact like-minded people to find activity partners, make new friends or exchange authentic recommendations.

Jetzy

One of the key features of the Spring Boot framework is the built-in support for embedded servers. It includes support for embedded Tomcat, Jetty, and Undertow servers. This means you don’t need any external web servers and no need to deploy WAR files anymore. The embedded Tomcat server is available through the dependency. spring-boot-starter-web However, if you want Jetty or Undertow servers then you can include or dependencies. spring-boot-starter-jetty spring-boot-starter-undertow This article explains how to replace the default embedded Tomcat with Jetty or Undertow servers. https://youtu.be/1gEoiMVULt4?si=RVOx-P3o65KPN2-p&embedable=true Replace Tomcat With the Jetty in Spring Boot To use the embedded Jetty server instead of Tomcat, you need to exclude the from and include the dependency. Also, you will need to exclude the default added spring-boot-starter-tomcat dependency. spring-boot-starter-tomcat spring-boot-starter-web spring-boot-starter-jetty For Spring Boot Version 2.x.x For , make the following changes to your file. Gradle build.gradle dependencies {
    implementation('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web') {
        exclude group:'org.springframework.boot', module:'spring-boot-starter-tomcat'
    }
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty'
} If you’re using build tools, you need to add this to your file. Maven pom.xml <dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    <exclusions>
        <exclusion>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
        </exclusion>
    </exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jetty</artifactId>
</dependency> For Spring Boot Version 3.x.x The above configuration works for Spring Boot version 2.x, but it will throw the following error if you’re using the latest Spring Boot version 3.x. java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: jakarta.servlet.http.HttpSessionContext 
with Spring Boot 3 and Jetty server This is because Jetty does not yet support Servlet 6.0. To use Jetty with Spring Boot 3.0, you will have to downgrade the Servlet API to 5.0. You can use the property to do so. jakarta-servlet.version Ref: Spring-Boot-3.0-Migration-Guide ext['jakarta-servlet.version'] = '5.0.0'
dependencies {
    implementation('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web')
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty'
    modules {
        module("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-tomcat") {
            replacedBy("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty")
        }
    }
} If you’re using build tools, you need to add this to your file. Maven pom.xml <properties>
    <java.version>17</java.version>
    <jakarta-servlet.version>5.0.0</jakarta-servlet.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        <exclusions>
            <exclusion>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            </exclusion>
        </exclusions>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jetty</artifactId>
    </dependency>
</dependencies> Replace Tomcat With Undertow in Spring Boot To use Undertow instead of Tomcat, first, you need to exclude the spring-boot-starter-tomcat from spring-boot-starter-web. Then you should add the undertow starter as shown here. For , make the following changes to your file. Gradle build.gradle dependencies {
    implementation('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web') {
        exclude group:'org.springframework.boot', module:'spring-boot-starter-tomcat'
    }
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-undertow'
} If you’re using build tools, you need to add this to your file. Maven pom.xml <dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    <exclusions>
        <exclusion>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
        </exclusion>
    </exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-undertow</artifactId>
</dependency> Also published here

Replacing Default Tomcat Server With Jetty or Undertow in Spring Boot 3: A Guide

Table of Contents Introduction Twelve factors: Codebase Dependencies Concept Config Backing Services Build, Release, Run Processes Port Binding Concurrency Disposability Dev/Prod Parity Logs Admin Processes References The 12factor.net website discusses the best technique to develop web apps or software as a service. So, I'm going over these 12 factors and using this list as the foundation, but I am going to cover items they don't mention. Myth : 12 Factor is a silver bullet for all cloud deployments. While 12 Factor provides excellent guidelines, it's not a one-size-fits-all solution. Consider adapting its principles to your specific project needs and infrastructure constraints. Reality: Introduction A group of people within Heroku developed the 12 Factors manifesto describing the rules and guidelines that needed to be followed to build a cloud-native application in 2011. Currently Azure, AWS, GCP, and Oracle are the leaders in the cloud, not Heroku. However, most of it is still relevant today. How do you create a cloud-based app so that it is robust, scalable, efficient, and cost-effective? First of all, let's understand what are an app and a cloud: App: In any environment, a single instance can be run or deployed. Cloud: The cloud is a distributed collection of servers, where users can manipulate, configure, and access the application or software over the internet. Enter, the Twelve Factors: Objective guidelines and regulations A visual checklist and guidelines for evaluating designs during design sessions. The 12 Factor App's main concepts are briefly explained in the section below. Codebase 1. One codebase tracked in revision control, many deploys There must be a relationship between the repository and the application. Whereas , and many big company uses mono repo i.e., relationship. 1-1 Google, Meta, Twitter, Microsoft 1-many cloud-native apps must always consist of a single codebase that is tracked in a version control system like GitHub, GitLab or Bitbucket. The main goal of a single codebase is to produce any number of immutable releases(build artifacts that remain unchanged). If you found a bug then go to the previous version fix it and then build the code again. These can be deployed to various environments, such as testing, staging, and live production servers. It helps you to do easily CI/CD process for your applications. 2. Dependencies Explicitly declare and isolate dependencies Every Application needs dependencies to be built and deployed, such as external libraries(also known as ) from third parties that are not native code to the respective language. ex: Java given as a JAR, Apache Logging library as a log4j.jar, node.js. packages, .NET DLLs, etc or internal libraries (also known as ) are the ones that the particular platform provides. linked libraries embedded libraries War ( ) vs Jar( ) web application archive java archive a file called a "war" that is packaged and deployed to any servelet or Jsp container address. It includes web-related Jsp, HTML, Js, servlets, and other files required for the development of the web application. It is for a browser-based web application. Jar contains java related libraries, resources, & accessories files like property files. it is for desktop applications and works on machines. Concept declaring dependency & bundling (also called ) vendoring Specify the dependencies your program requires. dependency manifestation: npm ( ) for JS - package.json file( ), node package manager javascript object notation maven for java - dependencies in an XML file, known as Project Object Model ( ), POM gradle for java- build.gradle file, NUGET for .net bundler for ruby, godeps for go, sbt for scala, pip for python 2. dependency isolation App only uses the dependencies it explicitly mentions. You cannot presume that certain dependencies are using it without your knowledge because there are no implicit dependencies that leak in. Main Goal It is simple to deploy, i.e. no pre-setup is required via container, with consistent builds across environments that can be repeated and easy for debugging and troubleshooting. 3. Config store config in the environment Configuration varies depending on the deployment type (such as ) and the time of application run. “config” here doesn’t mean the app’s internal information. If the value remains the same across all deployments then it is part of immutable builds. production, QA, or staging Some examples of configuration are: URLs, hostname, port number, credentials secret keys, API tokens service config( ) Memcached, threat pool For the non-containerized environment: configuration management tools like Ansible, Chef, Puppet, etc to install system-level dependencies. For the containerized environment: docker-compose.yml file, a Kubernetes manifest file, etc Configuration manifest Environment variables, zookeeper, spring cloud config, etc 4. Backing Services Treat backing services as attached resources what is a backing service? Any service on which the functioning of your application depends is a backing service. Services such as databases, caches, messaging systems, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( ) services, etc SMTP loosely couples the application - your source code does not couple with other services so, it never relies on any backing services and allows for scaling/flexibility. Locally maintained or provided by some third parties, these services have both options then it is possible to attach and detach backing services without redeploying the application. 5. Build, Release, Run Strictly separate build & run stages Build stage Input: source code Output: executable Bundle Release stage Input: build & configuration (immutable build) Output: release in an executable environment Run stage Input: release Output: a running process Use CI/CD tools to automate the builds and deployment process There is a 1:many relationship between builds & deployments. The entire process is ephemeral, which is the key to Build, Release, and Run. All artifacts and environments can be completely rebuilt from scratch if something in the pipeline is destroyed, utilising resources kept in the source code repository. Main goal a one-directional flow from code to release Note: Never work on production or staging. let it be a one-directional flow. 6. Processes Executes the app as one or more stateless processes Stateless vs. stateful processes Stateless: Without storing any data, a stateless system sends a request to the server and receives the response ( ) back. or the state Stateful: monitor data, anticipate a response, and, in the absence of one, resend the request. Note: all long-lasting states must be external to the application, provided by backing services. Avoid using web servers ( ) sticky sessions Pre-caching in memory, the data must be saved to a store and used from there rather than being kept in memory 7. Port Binding Export services via port binding The twelve-factor app is entirely independent and does not depend on the runtime injection of a webserver into the execution environment to create a web-facing service. An app created to enable externalised, runtime port binding may serve as a backing service for another app. The flexibility is powerful. Using port forwarding, any problems resulting from a conflict/clash between a port number assigned privately to the network and one used publicly by another operation can be avoided. Containers like Tomcat, JBoss, Liberty, jetty, undertow and Web Sphere are common in the Java world. Other web applications might run inside other containers, like Microsoft Internet Information Server . (IIS) In a non-cloud environment, These containers receive web application deployments and are responsible for allocating ports to the applications when they launch. 8. Concurrency Scale out via the process model Processes should be separated after being organised according to their purposes so that they can be scaled up and down as required. The utilisation of resources might fluctuate. Old model: Vertical scaling is the process of adding additional and other resources ( ) to a single monolithic application. CPUs, RAM, physical or virtual New model: Scaling out, or horizontally, is the process of adding more nodes( ) and is a much more contemporary strategy that is suitable for the type of elastic scalability that the cloud allows. workers Building disposable, stateless, share-nothing processes then use horizontal scaling not vertical, and run multiple, concurrent instances of your application. 9. Disposability Maximize robustness with fast startup and graceful shutdown The processes of a cloud-native application are disposable, allowing for quick startup and shutdown. If an application cannot start quickly and shut down gracefully, it cannot scale, deploy, release, or recover quickly. High traffic scale out - When the load is high, new instances are created, and the time consumed by these instances affects user performance. Watch for lengthy startup efforts, and initialization work and externalize them to . backing services Fast shutdown is acceptable, but graceful shutdown is preferred and make sure that the entire state is unharmed and robust against sudden failure. 10. Dev/Prod Parity Keep development, staging & production as similar as possible Reduce, minimize, and eliminate differences between an app’s development, staging, production environment, and so on as identical as possible. Although there are countless chances to create a gap between environments, the most common gap areas are: - Time gap Developers take a long time to move across environments. There must be processes, automated pipelines, possibly one-click production deployment, and takes hours rather than months or days to deploy. Ci/CD - Personnel gap The developers team write the code, operation team deploy it. Don't have manual procedures and there must be automated deployments, predictable deployments that can be and deployment to production. repeated, one-click - Tools gap The tech tools/stack/libraries used should be as similar as possible across environments. To support this principle: the use of containers – a very powerful tool here, as they enable you to run the same execution environment from local development through production. and most of the tools are and ideally all cloud environments (except development) then reduce it works in this environment issues, can easily catch issues and can fix/patch issues. Docker containerization open-source 11. Logs Treat logs as event streams Logging is essential for monitoring how your application behaves and here, it treats log entries as routed to a separate service for analysis and archival. Every developer needs to read logs (to access it) ex: log4J config, etc. event streams The App should not worry about how logs are written; instead, just write to and . The application is unable to predict factors like disc position, log size, rollover time, and others. stderr stdout Logs need to be non-functional requirements i.e., , , , . log aggregation log storage log processing log access To track and analyse your log emissions, you can use tools like the ELK stack (ElasticSearch, Logstash, and Kibana), Splunk, Sumologic, or other 3rd party applications. Logs become a separate service that helps in elastic scalability. 12. Admin Processes Run admin tasks as one-off processes This rule states that management or administrative tasks should be carried out by applications in an environment that is the same as that of the app's normal and ongoing operations. It also recommends running such scripts on the production server using a tool included in the execution environment. Some examples of tasks that might require reevaluation include database migrations, interactive programming consoles (REPLs), running timed scripts like nightly batch jobs, and one-off jobs executing custom code. Moreover, it's crucial to align administrative processes with the cloud provider's features and avoid relying on traditional methods in cloud-native environments. Instead Use cloud-enabled processes like to run instead of traditional administrative processes. cloud functions/lambdas All should be implemented as separate cloud-native processes. data migrations Don't use as an admin. REPL Conclusion In , building applications demands agility, scalability, and resilience. The 12 Factor App guides developers towards creating applications that seamlessly produce in cloud environments. If you are just starting your cloud journey, the 12-Factor App methodology is worth exploring. Its principles offer a solid foundation for building modern, cloud-native applications that can adapt and flourish in the face of continuous change. cloud computing References: https://www.redhat.com/architect/12-factor-app https://12factor.net/ https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/beyond-the-twelve-factor/9781492042631/ Send me a direct message on If you're curious or have any questions on the subject; I'd be pleased to chat with you! X , Also published here.

The 12 Factor App: Principles Every Cloud Developer Should Know

Interceptors in Spring are used to intercept client requests or responses before they are handled by the controller or before the response is sent back to the client. Interceptors are part of the Spring Web MVC framework and provide a way to add pre/post- processing logic to your application's request-response lifecycle. Realtime Use Cases of Interceptors Some of the the common use cases for interceptors include tasks, such as: Interceptors can be used to log HTTP requests and responses. This can be useful for debugging or tracking the performance of an application. Logging: Interceptors can be used to enforce security policies. For example, an interceptor could be used to check that a user is authenticated before allowing them to access a resource. Security: Interceptors can be used to cache HTTP requests and responses. This can improve the performance of an application by reducing the number of times that requests need to be made to the underlying resources. Caching: Interceptors can be used to transform HTTP requests and responses. For example, an interceptor could be used to convert requests to XML responses. Transformation: JSON Spring Request Life-Cycle In a typical application flow, when the client sends an HTTP request to a specific endpoint(URL), the request is first received by the web server (e.g., Apache Tomcat or Jetty) and then forwarded to the Spring Boot application. Spring Boot The Dispatcher Servlet is the entry point for incoming requests in the Spring Boot application. Once the DispatcherServlet receives the request, it consults the HandlerMapping. The HandlerMapping is responsible for determining which controller should process the incoming request based on the URL mapping defined within your controller. Creating Interceptor in Spring Boot To create an interceptor in Spring Boot, you typically create a class that implements the interface. HandlerInterceptor The interface has three methods: HandlerInterceptor : The preHandle() method is the most important method in the HandlerInterceptor. This method is executed before the actual controller method is called. It returns a boolean value indicating whether the request should continue to the controller or be stopped. preHandle() : This method is executed after the controller method is called but before the response is sent to the client. It allows you to modify the model and view before rendering the response. You can use this method to perform any tasks that you need to do after the request has been handled. For example, you could use the method to add additional information to the response, or to log the response. postHandle() postHandle() : This method is executed after the response has been sent to the client. This method is called even if an exception was thrown during the processing of the request. It's useful for cleanup or resource release tasks. afterCompletion() Interceptor to Check Basic Authentication Let us now create an interceptor to perform the basic authentication check. This interceptor will be invoked only for a specific endpoint. It will do the basic authentication check before allowing access to the controller. /products/new For this example, we will hardcode a username and password to verify the credentials passed by the user. import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerInterceptor;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Base64;

@Slf4j
public class BasicAuthInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
    private static final String USERNAME = "admin";
    private static final String PASSWORD = "admin";

    @Override
    public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {
        log.info("BasicAuthInterceptor::preHandle()");

        String authHeader = request.getHeader("Authorization");
        if (authHeader != null && authHeader.startsWith("Basic ")) {

            String base64Credentials = authHeader.substring("Basic ".length());
            byte[] decodedCredentials = Base64.getDecoder().decode(base64Credentials);
            String credentials = new String(decodedCredentials, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);

            String[] parts = credentials.split(":");
            String username = parts[0];
            String password = parts[1];

            if (USERNAME.equals(username) && PASSWORD.equals(password)) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED, "Unauthorized");
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception {
        log.info("BasicAuthInterceptor::postHandle()");
    }

    @Override
    public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception {
        log.info("BasicAuthInterceptor::afterCompletion()");
    }
} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Registering Interceptor in Spring Boot Once you have created your custom interceptor, you need to register it with the Spring Boot application using configuration: WebMvcConfigurer import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.InterceptorRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;

@Configuration
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {

    @Override
    public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) {
        registry.addInterceptor(new BasicAuthInterceptor())
                .addPathPatterns("/products/new");
    }
} Learn more about using interceptors with this video: https://youtu.be/DuMf8Nwb-9w?embedable=true This tutorial is first published on . stacktips.com The lead image for this article was generated by HackerNoon's AI Image Generator via the prompt "a screen displaying a website’s backend”. If you like this article, follow me on Twitter or check out my Youtube channel for more such content. @ask_nilan @TheTechMojo Happy learning!

How to Intercept HTTP Request Response in Spring Boot

Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . IN WHICH FIX, THE DETECTIVE, BETRAYS A VERY NATURAL IMPATIENCE here CHAPTER VI. IN WHICH FIX, THE DETECTIVE, BETRAYS A VERY NATURAL IMPATIENCE The circumstances under which this telegraphic dispatch about Phileas Fogg was sent were as follows: The steamer “Mongolia,” belonging to the Peninsular and Oriental Company, built of iron, of two thousand eight hundred tons burden, and five hundred horse-power, was due at eleven o’clock a.m. on Wednesday, the 9th of October, at Suez. The “Mongolia” plied regularly between Brindisi and Bombay the Suez Canal, and was one of the fastest steamers belonging to the company, always making more than ten knots an hour between Brindisi and Suez, and nine and a half between Suez and Bombay. viâ Two men were promenading up and down the wharves, among the crowd of natives and strangers who were sojourning at this once straggling village—now, thanks to the enterprise of M. Lesseps, a fast-growing town. One was the British consul at Suez, who, despite the prophecies of the English Government, and the unfavourable predictions of Stephenson, was in the habit of seeing, from his office window, English ships daily passing to and fro on the great canal, by which the old roundabout route from England to India by the Cape of Good Hope was abridged by at least a half. The other was a small, slight-built personage, with a nervous, intelligent face, and bright eyes peering out from under eyebrows which he was incessantly twitching. He was just now manifesting unmistakable signs of impatience, nervously pacing up and down, and unable to stand still for a moment. This was Fix, one of the detectives who had been dispatched from England in search of the bank robber; it was his task to narrowly watch every passenger who arrived at Suez, and to follow up all who seemed to be suspicious characters, or bore a resemblance to the description of the criminal, which he had received two days before from the police headquarters at London. The detective was evidently inspired by the hope of obtaining the splendid reward which would be the prize of success, and awaited with a feverish impatience, easy to understand, the arrival of the steamer “Mongolia.” “So you say, consul,” asked he for the twentieth time, “that this steamer is never behind time?” “No, Mr. Fix,” replied the consul. “She was bespoken yesterday at Port Said, and the rest of the way is of no account to such a craft. I repeat that the ‘Mongolia’ has been in advance of the time required by the company’s regulations, and gained the prize awarded for excess of speed.” “Does she come directly from Brindisi?” “Directly from Brindisi; she takes on the Indian mails there, and she left there Saturday at five p.m. Have patience, Mr. Fix; she will not be late. But really, I don’t see how, from the description you have, you will be able to recognise your man, even if he is on board the ‘Mongolia.’” “A man rather feels the presence of these fellows, consul, than recognises them. You must have a scent for them, and a scent is like a sixth sense which combines hearing, seeing, and smelling. I’ve arrested more than one of these gentlemen in my time, and, if my thief is on board, I’ll answer for it; he’ll not slip through my fingers.” “I hope so, Mr. Fix, for it was a heavy robbery.” “A magnificent robbery, consul; fifty-five thousand pounds! We don’t often have such windfalls. Burglars are getting to be so contemptible nowadays! A fellow gets hung for a handful of shillings!” “Mr. Fix,” said the consul, “I like your way of talking, and hope you’ll succeed; but I fear you will find it far from easy. Don’t you see, the description which you have there has a singular resemblance to an honest man?” “Consul,” remarked the detective, dogmatically, “great robbers always resemble honest folks. Fellows who have rascally faces have only one course to take, and that is to remain honest; otherwise they would be arrested off-hand. The artistic thing is, to unmask honest countenances; it’s no light task, I admit, but a real art.” Mr. Fix evidently was not wanting in a tinge of self-conceit. Little by little the scene on the quay became more animated; sailors of various nations, merchants, ship-brokers, porters, fellahs, bustled to and fro as if the steamer were immediately expected. The weather was clear, and slightly chilly. The minarets of the town loomed above the houses in the pale rays of the sun. A jetty pier, some two thousand yards along, extended into the roadstead. A number of fishing-smacks and coasting boats, some retaining the fantastic fashion of ancient galleys, were discernible on the Red Sea. As he passed among the busy crowd, Fix, according to habit, scrutinised the passers-by with a keen, rapid glance. It was now half-past ten. “The steamer doesn’t come!” he exclaimed, as the port clock struck. “She can’t be far off now,” returned his companion. “How long will she stop at Suez?” “Four hours; long enough to get in her coal. It is thirteen hundred and ten miles from Suez to Aden, at the other end of the Red Sea, and she has to take in a fresh coal supply.” “And does she go from Suez directly to Bombay?” “Without putting in anywhere.” “Good!” said Fix. “If the robber is on board he will no doubt get off at Suez, so as to reach the Dutch or French colonies in Asia by some other route. He ought to know that he would not be safe an hour in India, which is English soil.” “Unless,” objected the consul, “he is exceptionally shrewd. An English criminal, you know, is always better concealed in London than anywhere else.” This observation furnished the detective food for thought, and meanwhile the consul went away to his office. Fix, left alone, was more impatient than ever, having a presentiment that the robber was on board the “Mongolia.” If he had indeed left London intending to reach the New World, he would naturally take the route India, which was less watched and more difficult to watch than that of the Atlantic. But Fix’s reflections were soon interrupted by a succession of sharp whistles, which announced the arrival of the “Mongolia.” The porters and fellahs rushed down the quay, and a dozen boats pushed off from the shore to go and meet the steamer. Soon her gigantic hull appeared passing along between the banks, and eleven o’clock struck as she anchored in the road. She brought an unusual number of passengers, some of whom remained on deck to scan the picturesque panorama of the town, while the greater part disembarked in the boats, and landed on the quay. viâ Fix took up a position, and carefully examined each face and figure which made its appearance. Presently one of the passengers, after vigorously pushing his way through the importunate crowd of porters, came up to him and politely asked if he could point out the English consulate, at the same time showing a passport which he wished to have . Fix instinctively took the passport, and with a rapid glance read the description of its bearer. An involuntary motion of surprise nearly escaped him, for the description in the passport was identical with that of the bank robber which he had received from Scotland Yard. visaed “Is this your passport?” asked he. “No, it’s my master’s.” “And your master is—” “He stayed on board.” “But he must go to the consul’s in person, so as to establish his identity.” “Oh, is that necessary?” “Quite indispensable.” “And where is the consulate?” “There, on the corner of the square,” said Fix, pointing to a house two hundred steps off. “I’ll go and fetch my master, who won’t be much pleased, however, to be disturbed.” The passenger bowed to Fix, and returned to the steamer. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1994). Around the World in Eighty Days. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/103/103-h/103-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

IN WHICH FIX, THE DETECTIVE, BETRAYS A VERY NATURAL IMPATIENCE

Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE GRECIAN ARCHIPELAGO here CHAPTER VI: THE GRECIAN ARCHIPELAGO The next day, the 12th of February, at the dawn of day, the rose to the surface. I hastened on to the platform. Three miles to the south the dim outline of Pelusium was to be seen. A torrent had carried us from one sea to another. About seven o’clock Ned and Conseil joined me. Nautilus “Well, Sir Naturalist,” said the Canadian, in a slightly jovial tone, “and the Mediterranean?” “We are floating on its surface, friend Ned.” “What!” said Conseil, “this very night.” “Yes, this very night; in a few minutes we have passed this impassable isthmus.” “I do not believe it,” replied the Canadian. “Then you are wrong, Master Land,” I continued; “this low coast which rounds off to the south is the Egyptian coast. And you who have such good eyes, Ned, you can see the jetty of Port Said stretching into the sea.” The Canadian looked attentively. “Certainly you are right, sir, and your Captain is a first-rate man. We are in the Mediterranean. Good! Now, if you please, let us talk of our own little affair, but so that no one hears us.” I saw what the Canadian wanted, and, in any case, I thought it better to let him talk, as he wished it; so we all three went and sat down near the lantern, where we were less exposed to the spray of the blades. “Now, Ned, we listen; what have you to tell us?” “What I have to tell you is very simple. We are in Europe; and before Captain Nemo’s caprices drag us once more to the bottom of the Polar Seas, or lead us into Oceania, I ask to leave the .” Nautilus I wished in no way to shackle the liberty of my companions, but I certainly felt no desire to leave Captain Nemo. Thanks to him, and thanks to his apparatus, I was each day nearer the completion of my submarine studies; and I was rewriting my book of submarine depths in its very element. Should I ever again have such an opportunity of observing the wonders of the ocean? No, certainly not! And I could not bring myself to the idea of abandoning the before the cycle of investigation was accomplished. Nautilus “Friend Ned, answer me frankly, are you tired of being on board? Are you sorry that destiny has thrown us into Captain Nemo’s hands?” The Canadian remained some moments without answering. Then, crossing his arms, he said: “Frankly, I do not regret this journey under the seas. I shall be glad to have made it; but, now that it is made, let us have done with it. That is my idea.” “It will come to an end, Ned.” “Where and when?” “Where I do not know—when I cannot say; or, rather, I suppose it will end when these seas have nothing more to teach us.” “Then what do you hope for?” demanded the Canadian. “That circumstances may occur as well six months hence as now by which we may and ought to profit.” “Oh!” said Ned Land, “and where shall we be in six months, if you please, Sir Naturalist?” “Perhaps in China; you know the is a rapid traveller. It goes through water as swallows through the air, or as an express on the land. It does not fear frequented seas; who can say that it may not beat the coasts of France, England, or America, on which flight may be attempted as advantageously as here.” Nautilus “M. Aronnax,” replied the Canadian, “your arguments are rotten at the foundation. You speak in the future, ‘We shall be there! we shall be here!’ I speak in the present, ‘We are here, and we must profit by it.’” Ned Land’s logic pressed me hard, and I felt myself beaten on that ground. I knew not what argument would now tell in my favour. “Sir,” continued Ned, “let us suppose an impossibility: if Captain Nemo should this day offer you your liberty; would you accept it?” “I do not know,” I answered. “And if,” he added, “the offer made you this day was never to be renewed, would you accept it?” “Friend Ned, this is my answer. Your reasoning is against me. We must not rely on Captain Nemo’s good-will. Common prudence forbids him to set us at liberty. On the other side, prudence bids us profit by the first opportunity to leave the .” Nautilus “Well, M. Aronnax, that is wisely said.” “Only one observation—just one. The occasion must be serious, and our first attempt must succeed; if it fails, we shall never find another, and Captain Nemo will never forgive us.” “All that is true,” replied the Canadian. “But your observation applies equally to all attempts at flight, whether in two years’ time, or in two days’. But the question is still this: If a favourable opportunity presents itself, it must be seized.” “Agreed! And now, Ned, will you tell me what you mean by a favourable opportunity?” “It will be that which, on a dark night, will bring the a short distance from some European coast.” Nautilus “And you will try and save yourself by swimming?” “Yes, if we were near enough to the bank, and if the vessel was floating at the time. Not if the bank was far away, and the boat was under the water.” “And in that case?” “In that case, I should seek to make myself master of the pinnace. I know how it is worked. We must get inside, and the bolts once drawn, we shall come to the surface of the water, without even the pilot, who is in the bows, perceiving our flight.” “Well, Ned, watch for the opportunity; but do not forget that a hitch will ruin us.” “I will not forget, sir.” “And now, Ned, would you like to know what I think of your project?” “Certainly, M. Aronnax.” “Well, I think—I do not say I hope—I think that this favourable opportunity will never present itself.” “Why not?” “Because Captain Nemo cannot hide from himself that we have not given up all hope of regaining our liberty, and he will be on his guard, above all, in the seas and in the sight of European coasts.” “We shall see,” replied Ned Land, shaking his head determinedly. “And now, Ned Land,” I added, “let us stop here. Not another word on the subject. The day that you are ready, come and let us know, and we will follow you. I rely entirely upon you.” Thus ended a conversation which, at no very distant time, led to such grave results. I must say here that facts seemed to confirm my foresight, to the Canadian’s great despair. Did Captain Nemo distrust us in these frequented seas? or did he only wish to hide himself from the numerous vessels, of all nations, which ploughed the Mediterranean? I could not tell; but we were oftener between waters and far from the coast. Or, if the did emerge, nothing was to be seen but the pilot’s cage; and sometimes it went to great depths, for, between the Grecian Archipelago and Asia Minor we could not touch the bottom by more than a thousand fathoms. Nautilus Thus I only knew we were near the Island of Carpathos, one of the Sporades, by Captain Nemo reciting these lines from Virgil: “Est Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates, Caeruleus Proteus,” as he pointed to a spot on the planisphere. It was indeed the ancient abode of Proteus, the old shepherd of Neptune’s flocks, now the Island of Scarpanto, situated between Rhodes and Crete. I saw nothing but the granite base through the glass panels of the saloon. The next day, the 14th of February, I resolved to employ some hours in studying the fishes of the Archipelago; but for some reason or other the panels remained hermetically sealed. Upon taking the course of the , I found that we were going towards Candia, the ancient Isle of Crete. At the time I embarked on the , the whole of this island had risen in insurrection against the despotism of the Turks. But how the insurgents had fared since that time I was absolutely ignorant, and it was not Captain Nemo, deprived of all land communications, who could tell me. Nautilus Abraham Lincoln I made no allusion to this event when that night I found myself alone with him in the saloon. Besides, he seemed to be taciturn and preoccupied. Then, contrary to his custom, he ordered both panels to be opened, and, going from one to the other, observed the mass of waters attentively. To what end I could not guess; so, on my side, I employed my time in studying the fish passing before my eyes. In the midst of the waters a man appeared, a diver, carrying at his belt a leathern purse. It was not a body abandoned to the waves; it was a living man, swimming with a strong hand, disappearing occasionally to take breath at the surface. I turned towards Captain Nemo, and in an agitated voice exclaimed: “A man shipwrecked! He must be saved at any price!” The Captain did not answer me, but came and leaned against the panel. The man had approached, and, with his face flattened against the glass, was looking at us. To my great amazement, Captain Nemo signed to him. The diver answered with his hand, mounted immediately to the surface of the water, and did not appear again. “Do not be uncomfortable,” said Captain Nemo. “It is Nicholas of Cape Matapan, surnamed Pesca. He is well known in all the Cyclades. A bold diver! water is his element, and he lives more in it than on land, going continually from one island to another, even as far as Crete.” “You know him, Captain?” “Why not, M. Aronnax?” Saying which, Captain Nemo went towards a piece of furniture standing near the left panel of the saloon. Near this piece of furniture, I saw a chest bound with iron, on the cover of which was a copper plate, bearing the cypher of the with its device. Nautilus At that moment, the Captain, without noticing my presence, opened the piece of furniture, a sort of strong box, which held a great many ingots. They were ingots of gold. From whence came this precious metal, which represented an enormous sum? Where did the Captain gather this gold from? and what was he going to do with it? I did not say one word. I looked. Captain Nemo took the ingots one by one, and arranged them methodically in the chest, which he filled entirely. I estimated the contents at more than 4,000 lbs. weight of gold, that is to say, nearly £200,000. The chest was securely fastened, and the Captain wrote an address on the lid, in characters which must have belonged to Modern Greece. This done, Captain Nemo pressed a knob, the wire of which communicated with the quarters of the crew. Four men appeared, and, not without some trouble, pushed the chest out of the saloon. Then I heard them hoisting it up the iron staircase by means of pulleys. At that moment, Captain Nemo turned to me. “And you were saying, sir?” said he. “I was saying nothing, Captain.” “Then, sir, if you will allow me, I will wish you good night.” Whereupon he turned and left the saloon. I returned to my room much troubled, as one may believe. I vainly tried to sleep—I sought the connecting link between the apparition of the diver and the chest filled with gold. Soon, I felt by certain movements of pitching and tossing that the was leaving the depths and returning to the surface. Nautilus Then I heard steps upon the platform; and I knew they were unfastening the pinnace and launching it upon the waves. For one instant it struck the side of the , then all noise ceased. Nautilus Two hours after, the same noise, the same going and coming was renewed; the boat was hoisted on board, replaced in its socket, and the again plunged under the waves. Nautilus So these millions had been transported to their address. To what point of the continent? Who was Captain Nemo’s correspondent? The next day I related to Conseil and the Canadian the events of the night, which had excited my curiosity to the highest degree. My companions were not less surprised than myself. “But where does he take his millions to?” asked Ned Land. To that there was no possible answer. I returned to the saloon after having breakfast and set to work. Till five o’clock in the evening I employed myself in arranging my notes. At that moment—(ought I to attribute it to some peculiar idiosyncrasy)—I felt so great a heat that I was obliged to take off my coat. It was strange, for we were under low latitudes; and even then the , submerged as it was, ought to experience no change of temperature. I looked at the manometer; it showed a depth of sixty feet, to which atmospheric heat could never attain. Nautilus I continued my work, but the temperature rose to such a pitch as to be intolerable. “Could there be fire on board?” I asked myself. I was leaving the saloon, when Captain Nemo entered; he approached the thermometer, consulted it, and, turning to me, said: “Forty-two degrees.” “I have noticed it, Captain,” I replied; “and if it gets much hotter we cannot bear it.” “Oh, sir, it will not get better if we do not wish it.” “You can reduce it as you please, then?” “No; but I can go farther from the stove which produces it.” “It is outward, then!” “Certainly; we are floating in a current of boiling water.” “Is it possible!” I exclaimed. “Look.” The panels opened, and I saw the sea entirely white all round. A sulphurous smoke was curling amid the waves, which boiled like water in a copper. I placed my hand on one of the panes of glass, but the heat was so great that I quickly took it off again. “Where are we?” I asked. “Near the Island of Santorin, sir,” replied the Captain. “I wished to give you a sight of the curious spectacle of a submarine eruption.” “I thought,” said I, “that the formation of these new islands was ended.” “Nothing is ever ended in the volcanic parts of the sea,” replied Captain Nemo; “and the globe is always being worked by subterranean fires. Already, in the nineteenth year of our era, according to Cassiodorus and Pliny, a new island, Theia (the divine), appeared in the very place where these islets have recently been formed. Then they sank under the waves, to rise again in the year 69, when they again subsided. Since that time to our days the Plutonian work has been suspended. But on the 3rd of February, 1866, a new island, which they named George Island, emerged from the midst of the sulphurous vapour near Nea Kamenni, and settled again the 6th of the same month. Seven days after, the 13th of February, the Island of Aphroessa appeared, leaving between Nea Kamenni and itself a canal ten yards broad. I was in these seas when the phenomenon occurred, and I was able therefore to observe all the different phases. The Island of Aphroessa, of round form, measured 300 feet in diameter, and 30 feet in height. It was composed of black and vitreous lava, mixed with fragments of felspar. And lastly, on the 10th of March, a smaller island, called Reka, showed itself near Nea Kamenni, and since then these three have joined together, forming but one and the same island.” “And the canal in which we are at this moment?” I asked. “Here it is,” replied Captain Nemo, showing me a map of the Archipelago. “You see, I have marked the new islands.” I returned to the glass. The was no longer moving, the heat was becoming unbearable. The sea, which till now had been white, was red, owing to the presence of salts of iron. In spite of the ship’s being hermetically sealed, an insupportable smell of sulphur filled the saloon, and the brilliancy of the electricity was entirely extinguished by bright scarlet flames. I was in a bath, I was choking, I was broiled. Nautilus “We can remain no longer in this boiling water,” said I to the Captain. “It would not be prudent,” replied the impassive Captain Nemo. An order was given; the tacked about and left the furnace it could not brave with impunity. A quarter of an hour after we were breathing fresh air on the surface. The thought then struck me that, if Ned Land had chosen this part of the sea for our flight, we should never have come alive out of this sea of fire. Nautilus The next day, the 16th of February, we left the basin which, between Rhodes and Alexandria, is reckoned about 1,500 fathoms in depth, and the , passing some distance from Cerigo, quitted the Grecian Archipelago after having doubled Cape Matapan. Nautilus About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1994). Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/164/164-h/164-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE GRECIAN ARCHIPELAGO

Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE RED SEA here CHAPTER IV: THE RED SEA In the course of the day of the 29th of January, the island of Ceylon disappeared under the horizon, and the , at a speed of twenty miles an hour, slid into the labyrinth of canals which separate the Maldives from the Laccadives. It coasted even the Island of Kiltan, a land originally coraline, discovered by Vasco da Gama in 1499, and one of the nineteen principal islands of the Laccadive Archipelago, situated between 10° and 14° 30′ N. lat., and 69° 50′ 72″ E. long. Nautilus We had made 16,220 miles, or 7,500 (French) leagues from our starting-point in the Japanese Seas. The next day (30th January), when the went to the surface of the ocean there was no land in sight. Its course was N.N.E., in the direction of the Sea of Oman, between Arabia and the Indian Peninsula, which serves as an outlet to the Persian Gulf. It was evidently a block without any possible egress. Where was Captain Nemo taking us to? I could not say. This, however, did not satisfy the Canadian, who that day came to me asking where we were going. Nautilus “We are going where our Captain’s fancy takes us, Master Ned.” “His fancy cannot take us far, then,” said the Canadian. “The Persian Gulf has no outlet: and, if we do go in, it will not be long before we are out again.” “Very well, then, we will come out again, Master Land; and if, after the Persian Gulf, the would like to visit the Red Sea, the Straits of Bab-el-mandeb are there to give us entrance.” Nautilus “I need not tell you, sir,” said Ned Land, “that the Red Sea is as much closed as the Gulf, as the Isthmus of Suez is not yet cut; and, if it was, a boat as mysterious as ours would not risk itself in a canal cut with sluices. And again, the Red Sea is not the road to take us back to Europe.” “But I never said we were going back to Europe.” “What do you suppose, then?” “I suppose that, after visiting the curious coasts of Arabia and Egypt, the will go down the Indian Ocean again, perhaps cross the Channel of Mozambique, perhaps off the Mascarenhas, so as to gain the Cape of Good Hope.” Nautilus “And once at the Cape of Good Hope?” asked the Canadian, with peculiar emphasis. “Well, we shall penetrate into that Atlantic which we do not yet know. Ah! friend Ned, you are getting tired of this journey under the sea; you are surfeited with the incessantly varying spectacle of submarine wonders. For my part, I shall be sorry to see the end of a voyage which it is given to so few men to make.” For four days, till the 3rd of February, the scoured the Sea of Oman, at various speeds and at various depths. It seemed to go at random, as if hesitating as to which road it should follow, but we never passed the Tropic of Cancer. Nautilus In quitting this sea we sighted Muscat for an instant, one of the most important towns of the country of Oman. I admired its strange aspect, surrounded by black rocks upon which its white houses and forts stood in relief. I saw the rounded domes of its mosques, the elegant points of its minarets, its fresh and verdant terraces. But it was only a vision! The soon sank under the waves of that part of the sea. Nautilus We passed along the Arabian coast of Mahrah and Hadramaut, for a distance of six miles, its undulating line of mountains being occasionally relieved by some ancient ruin. The 5th of February we at last entered the Gulf of Aden, a perfect funnel introduced into the neck of Bab-el-mandeb, through which the Indian waters entered the Red Sea. The 6th of February, the floated in sight of Aden, perched upon a promontory which a narrow isthmus joins to the mainland, a kind of inaccessible Gibraltar, the fortifications of which were rebuilt by the English after taking possession in 1839. I caught a glimpse of the octagon minarets of this town, which was at one time the richest commercial magazine on the coast. Nautilus I certainly thought that Captain Nemo, arrived at this point, would back out again; but I was mistaken, for he did no such thing, much to my surprise. The next day, the 7th of February, we entered the Straits of Bab-el-mandeb, the name of which, in the Arab tongue, means The Gate of Tears. To twenty miles in breadth, it is only thirty-two in length. And for the , starting at full speed, the crossing was scarcely the work of an hour. But I saw nothing, not even the Island of Perim, with which the British Government has fortified the position of Aden. There were too many English or French steamers of the line of Suez to Bombay, Calcutta to Melbourne, and from Bourbon to the Mauritius, furrowing this narrow passage, for the to venture to show itself. So it remained prudently below. At last about noon, we were in the waters of the Red Sea. Nautilus Nautilus I would not even seek to understand the caprice which had decided Captain Nemo upon entering the gulf. But I quite approved of the entering it. Its speed was lessened: sometimes it kept on the surface, sometimes it dived to avoid a vessel, and thus I was able to observe the upper and lower parts of this curious sea. Nautilus The 8th of February, from the first dawn of day, Mocha came in sight, now a ruined town, whose walls would fall at a gunshot, yet which shelters here and there some verdant date-trees; once an important city, containing six public markets, and twenty-six mosques, and whose walls, defended by fourteen forts, formed a girdle of two miles in circumference. The then approached the African shore, where the depth of the sea was greater. There, between two waters clear as crystal, through the open panels we were allowed to contemplate the beautiful bushes of brilliant coral and large blocks of rock clothed with a splendid fur of green variety of sites and landscapes along these sandbanks and algæ and fuci. What an indescribable spectacle, and what variety of sites and landscapes along these sandbanks and volcanic islands which bound the Libyan coast! But where these shrubs appeared in all their beauty was on the eastern coast, which the soon gained. It was on the coast of Tehama, for there not only did this display of zoophytes flourish beneath the level of the sea, but they also formed picturesque interlacings which unfolded themselves about sixty feet above the surface, more capricious but less highly coloured than those whose freshness was kept up by the vital power of the waters. Nautilus Nautilus What charming hours I passed thus at the window of the saloon! What new specimens of submarine flora and fauna did I admire under the brightness of our electric lantern! The 9th of February the floated in the broadest part of the Red Sea, which is comprised between Souakin, on the west coast, and Komfidah, on the east coast, with a diameter of ninety miles. Nautilus That day at noon, after the bearings were taken, Captain Nemo mounted the platform, where I happened to be, and I was determined not to let him go down again without at least pressing him regarding his ulterior projects. As soon as he saw me he approached and graciously offered me a cigar. “Well, sir, does this Red Sea please you? Have you sufficiently observed the wonders it covers, its fishes, its zoophytes, its parterres of sponges, and its forests of coral? Did you catch a glimpse of the towns on its borders?” “Yes, Captain Nemo,” I replied; “and the is wonderfully fitted for such a study. Ah! it is an intelligent boat!” Nautilus “Yes, sir, intelligent and invulnerable. It fears neither the terrible tempests of the Red Sea, nor its currents, nor its sandbanks.” “Certainly,” said I, “this sea is quoted as one of the worst, and in the time of the ancients, if I am not mistaken, its reputation was detestable.” “Detestable, M. Aronnax. The Greek and Latin historians do not speak favourably of it, and Strabo says it is very dangerous during the Etesian winds and in the rainy season. The Arabian Edrisi portrays it under the name of the Gulf of Colzoum, and relates that vessels perished there in great numbers on the sandbanks and that no one would risk sailing in the night. It is, he pretends, a sea subject to fearful hurricanes, strewn with inhospitable islands, and ‘which offers nothing good either on its surface or in its depths.’” “One may see,” I replied, “that these historians never sailed on board the .” Nautilus “Just so,” replied the Captain, smiling; “and in that respect moderns are not more advanced than the ancients. It required many ages to find out the mechanical power of steam. Who knows if, in another hundred years, we may not see a second Progress is slow, M. Aronnax.” Nautilus? “It is true,” I answered; “your boat is at least a century before its time, perhaps an era. What a misfortune that the secret of such an invention should die with its inventor!” Captain Nemo did not reply. After some minutes’ silence he continued: “You were speaking of the opinions of ancient historians upon the dangerous navigation of the Red Sea.” “It is true,” said I; “but were not their fears exaggerated?” “Yes and no, M. Aronnax,” replied Captain Nemo, who seemed to know the Red Sea by heart. “That which is no longer dangerous for a modern vessel, well rigged, strongly built, and master of its own course, thanks to obedient steam, offered all sorts of perils to the ships of the ancients. Picture to yourself those first navigators venturing in ships made of planks sewn with the cords of the palmtree, saturated with the grease of the seadog, and covered with powdered resin! They had not even instruments wherewith to take their bearings, and they went by guess amongst currents of which they scarcely knew anything. Under such conditions shipwrecks were, and must have been, numerous. But in our time, steamers running between Suez and the South Seas have nothing more to fear from the fury of this gulf, in spite of contrary trade-winds. The captain and passengers do not prepare for their departure by offering propitiatory sacrifices; and, on their return, they no longer go ornamented with wreaths and gilt fillets to thank the gods in the neighbouring temple.” “I agree with you,” said I; “and steam seems to have killed all gratitude in the hearts of sailors. But, Captain, since you seem to have especially studied this sea, can you tell me the origin of its name?” “There exist several explanations on the subject, M. Aronnax. Would you like to know the opinion of a chronicler of the fourteenth century?” “Willingly.” “This fanciful writer pretends that its name was given to it after the passage of the Israelites, when Pharaoh perished in the waves which closed at the voice of Moses.” “A poet’s explanation, Captain Nemo,” I replied; “but I cannot content myself with that. I ask you for your personal opinion.” “Here it is, M. Aronnax. According to my idea, we must see in this appellation of the Red Sea a translation of the Hebrew word ‘Edom’; and if the ancients gave it that name, it was on account of the particular colour of its waters.” “But up to this time I have seen nothing but transparent waves and without any particular colour.” “Very likely; but as we advance to the bottom of the gulf, you will see this singular appearance. I remember seeing the Bay of Tor entirely red, like a sea of blood.” “And you attribute this colour to the presence of a microscopic seaweed?” “Yes.” “So, Captain Nemo, it is not the first time you have overrun the Red Sea on board the ” Nautilus? “No, sir.” “As you spoke a while ago of the passage of the Israelites and of the catastrophe to the Egyptians, I will ask whether you have met with the traces under the water of this great historical fact?” “No, sir; and for a good reason.” “What is it?” “It is that the spot where Moses and his people passed is now so blocked up with sand that the camels can barely bathe their legs there. You can well understand that there would not be water enough for my .” Nautilus “And the spot?” I asked. “The spot is situated a little above the Isthmus of Suez, in the arm which formerly made a deep estuary, when the Red Sea extended to the Salt Lakes. Now, whether this passage were miraculous or not, the Israelites, nevertheless, crossed there to reach the Promised Land, and Pharaoh’s army perished precisely on that spot; and I think that excavations made in the middle of the sand would bring to light a large number of arms and instruments of Egyptian origin.” “That is evident,” I replied; “and for the sake of archaeologists let us hope that these excavations will be made sooner or later, when new towns are established on the isthmus, after the construction of the Suez Canal; a canal, however, very useless to a vessel like the .” Nautilus “Very likely; but useful to the whole world,” said Captain Nemo. “The ancients well understood the utility of a communication between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean for their commercial affairs: but they did not think of digging a canal direct, and took the Nile as an intermediate. Very probably the canal which united the Nile to the Red Sea was begun by Sesostris, if we may believe tradition. One thing is certain, that in the year 615 before Jesus Christ, Necos undertook the works of an alimentary canal to the waters of the Nile across the plain of Egypt, looking towards Arabia. It took four days to go up this canal, and it was so wide that two triremes could go abreast. It was carried on by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, and probably finished by Ptolemy II. Strabo saw it navigated: but its decline from the point of departure, near Bubastes, to the Red Sea was so slight that it was only navigable for a few months in the year. This canal answered all commercial purposes to the age of Antonius, when it was abandoned and blocked up with sand. Restored by order of the Caliph Omar, it was definitely destroyed in 761 or 762 by Caliph Al-Mansor, who wished to prevent the arrival of provisions to Mohammed-ben-Abdallah, who had revolted against him. During the expedition into Egypt, your General Bonaparte discovered traces of the works in the Desert of Suez; and, surprised by the tide, he nearly perished before regaining Hadjaroth, at the very place where Moses had encamped three thousand years before him.” “Well, Captain, what the ancients dared not undertake, this junction between the two seas, which will shorten the road from Cadiz to India, M. Lesseps has succeeded in doing; and before long he will have changed Africa into an immense island.” “Yes, M. Aronnax; you have the right to be proud of your countryman. Such a man brings more honour to a nation than great captains. He began, like so many others, with disgust and rebuffs; but he has triumphed, for he has the genius of will. And it is sad to think that a work like that, which ought to have been an international work and which would have sufficed to make a reign illustrious, should have succeeded by the energy of one man. All honour to M. Lesseps!” “Yes! honour to the great citizen,” I replied, surprised by the manner in which Captain Nemo had just spoken. “Unfortunately,” he continued, “I cannot take you through the Suez Canal; but you will be able to see the long jetty of Port Said after to-morrow, when we shall be in the Mediterranean.” “The Mediterranean!” I exclaimed. “Yes, sir; does that astonish you?” “What astonishes me is to think that we shall be there the day after to-morrow.” “Indeed?” “Yes, Captain, although by this time I ought to have accustomed myself to be surprised at nothing since I have been on board your boat.” “But the cause of this surprise?” “Well! it is the fearful speed you will have to put on the , if the day after to-morrow she is to be in the Mediterranean, having made the round of Africa, and doubled the Cape of Good Hope!” Nautilus “Who told you that she would make the round of Africa and double the Cape of Good Hope, sir?” “Well, unless the sails on dry land, and passes above the isthmus——” Nautilus “Or beneath it, M. Aronnax.” “Beneath it?” “Certainly,” replied Captain Nemo quietly. “A long time ago Nature made under this tongue of land what man has this day made on its surface.” “What! such a passage exists?” “Yes; a subterranean passage, which I have named the Arabian Tunnel. It takes us beneath Suez and opens into the Gulf of Pelusium.” “But this isthmus is composed of nothing but quick sands?” “To a certain depth. But at fifty-five yards only there is a solid layer of rock.” “Did you discover this passage by chance?” I asked more and more surprised. “Chance and reasoning, sir; and by reasoning even more than by chance. Not only does this passage exist, but I have profited by it several times. Without that I should not have ventured this day into the impassable Red Sea. I noticed that in the Red Sea and in the Mediterranean there existed a certain number of fishes of a kind perfectly identical. Certain of the fact, I asked myself was it possible that there was no communication between the two seas? If there was, the subterranean current must necessarily run from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, from the sole cause of difference of level. I caught a large number of fishes in the neighbourhood of Suez. I passed a copper ring through their tails, and threw them back into the sea. Some months later, on the coast of Syria, I caught some of my fish ornamented with the ring. Thus the communication between the two was proved. I then sought for it with my I discovered it, ventured into it, and before long, sir, you too will have passed through my Arabian tunnel!” Nautilus; About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1994). Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/164/164-h/164-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE RED SEA

ADVANCED THEORIES

A while ago, I wanted to learn how to create REST APIs with , a popular Java framework used by companies such as Netflix, Walmart, PayPal, Udemy, and many others. I had some experience building REST APIs with libraries like Jersey, Jetty, and Jackson, but I wanted to try Spring Boot. Spring Boot You can use a tool called Spring Initializr to generate the initial Spring Boot boilerplate code by accessing it through an online form. The form creates a zip file that contains the basic project structure and configuration. To use Spring Initializr: Go to , where you can find the Spring Initializr web tool. start.spring.io Fill out the form, specifying your desired build tool, programming language, Spring Boot version, project metadata, and dependencies. Click the button at the bottom of the screen to download the autogenerated code as a zip file. GENERATE Extract the contents of this zip file. The Spring Initializr Form Options At first, the many options available on the Spring Initializr form can be overwhelming. The following sections offer explanations for each form option and suggestions on which choices to make for your project. The Project Option The project option allows you to choose a build tool for your project. The purpose of build tools is to automate and manage the process of building software projects, which includes tasks like handling external dependencies, compiling source code, running tests, and packaging everything into distributable formats, like . There are three options: JARs Gradle – Groovy Gradle – Kotlin Maven has two options because it can use a (DSL) based on Groovy or Kotlin. If you have used Gradle before but are still confused about the difference, you may have been using Groovy as the DSL without knowing it since it is Gradle’s original DSL. Gradle domain-specific language If you do not know which option to pick, I would suggest Gradle because working with a DSL is more pleasant than XML, in my opinion. To better understand the differences between Gradle and , consider reading for more information. Maven this summary The Language Option The language option lets you choose a -compatible programming language for your Spring Boot project. There are three options: JVM Java Kotlin Groovy If you are not familiar with Kotlin or Groovy, Java is what you want. The Spring Boot Option The Spring Boot option enables you to select the version of Spring Boot to use in your project. It’s important to note that Spring Boot 2.x.x and 3.x.x are distinct . If you are starting a new Spring Boot project, I recommend choosing a stable 3.x.x version. major versions Also, note that some versions may be labeled M1, M2, RC1, or SNAPSHOT, indicating they are pre-release versions and not considered stable or production-ready. Be careful when using these versions, as they may contain bugs or incomplete features due to being in active development. The Project Metadata Options The project metadata options enable you to choose configuration details and settings for your project. There are seven metadata fields: – The unique identifier of your organization or project, typically written in . It helps to ensure that your package names do not conflict with packages from other organizations or projects. If you are creating a personal project, feel free to leave it as . Group reversed domain name notation com.example – The name of the archive generated by your build tool. The artifact usually has the same value as the name field below. Artifact – The name used for the project’s root directory, as well as the default name of the main application class. Name – A field that provides a short description of the project. Description – The name of the package generated Java classes will be placed in. The package name should be a combination of the group and name fields above (e.g., ). Package name com.example.myproject – Packaging refers to the type of archive your build tool will generate. Two common packaging types are JAR (Java Archive) and (Web Archive). JAR files are usually used for standalone applications, libraries, and command-line tools, while WAR files are used for web applications intended for deployment to a web server. I do not have a general recommendation here because it depends on your use case. Packaging WAR – The Java version for this project. If using Spring Boot version 3.x.x, the Java version must be 17+. Java The Dependency Option The dependency option allows you to select common dependencies used in Spring Boot projects that will be added to your project’s if you are using Gradle, or if you are using Maven. Some popular dependencies include: build.gradle pom.xml – provides annotations to reduce boilerplate code in Java classes. Lombok Lombok – provides functionality to build web applications, including support for RESTful web services and MVC architecture. Spring Web Spring Web – is a server-side template engine that allows for the creation of dynamic web pages by defining templates using HTML. Thymeleaf Thymeleaf – is a security framework that provides authentication, authorization, and other security features. Spring Security Spring Security – provides a simple way to interact with relational databases through the Java Persistence API (JPA) by generating boilerplate code for database operations. Spring Data JPA Spring Data JPA You can start by adding Spring Web if you want to keep things simple. As you build your application, you can add anything else you need. The Spring Boot Folder Structure When you extract the zip file created by Spring Initializr, you should end up with a folder structure that looks something like this (if you chose Maven as your build tool, it will look slightly different): .
└── demo/
    └── demo/
        ├── .gradle/
        │   └── ...
        ├── gradle/
        │   └── ...
        ├── src/
        │   ├── main/
        │   │   ├── java/com/example/demo/
        │   │   │   └── DemoApplication.java
        │   │   └── resources/
        │   │       └── ...
        │   └── test/
        │       └── java/com/example/demo/
        │           └── DemoApplicationTests.java
        ├── .gitignore
        ├── build.gradle
        ├── gradlew
        ├── gradlew.bat
        ├── HELP.md
        └── settings.gradle If you look carefully, you may notice the outer folder contains another folder, also called . You can remove the outer folder to simplify the folder structure to: demo demo .
└── demo/
    ├── .gradle/
    │   └── ...
    ├── gradle/
    │   └── ...
    ├── src/
    │   ├── main/
    │   │   ├── java/com/example/demo/
    │   │   │   └── DemoApplication.java
    │   │   └── resources/
    │   │       └── ...
    │   └── test/
    │       └── java/com/example/demo/
    │           └── DemoApplicationTests.java
    ├── .gitignore
    ├── build.gradle
    ├── gradlew
    ├── gradlew.bat
    ├── HELP.md
    └── settings.gradle Let’s take a moment to understand what these generated files and folders are: – This is where Gradle stores its project-specific cache. .gradle/ – This contains the JAR file and configuration of the . gradle/ Gradle Wrapper – This contains the main source code for your application. Initially, it contains one source code file, , the entry point for your Spring Boot project, and the directory, where configuration files, static assets, and HTML templates would be. src/main/ DemoApplication.java resources/ – This contains the test code for your application. Initially, it contains one test file, , which contains a trivial test. src/test/ DemoApplicationTests.java – This specifies which files and folders should be ignored by . .gitignore Git – This is the Gradle build script for your project, which defines your project’s dependencies, plugins, and other build settings. build.gradle – This is a wrapper that allows you to build your Spring Boot project without already having Gradle on your system. gradlew shell script – This is a that does the same thing as but in the Windows command prompt. gradlew.bat batch script gradlew – This is just a with some references, guides, and additional links. Feel free to delete this file. HELP.md markdown file – This is mostly used for . For your Spring Boot project, it will likely just contain the name of your project. settings.gradle multi-project builds As you can see, most of the files and folders above are from Gradle. If you want to learn more about what these are for, I encourage you to go to the . Gradle documentation Conclusion Congratulations! You now have a better understanding of Spring Initializr and how to use it to create Spring Boot applications. You also have an idea of what the various files and folders autogenerated by Spring Initializr do. Now it is time to open up your favorite text editor or IDE and start coding! Also published . here

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JETZY

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Since 2014

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