If you are hoping <strong>hummingbirds</strong> will move into the cute birdhouse you hung for them, here&#x27;s why it&#x27;s not happening. But identifying their nests is just as fun.

Why Hummingbirds Aren't Using Your Birdhouse (And How To Identify A Nest) - House Digest

HummingBird

A decision was made—somewhere, but not by someone. Tsering shook me awake. There was urgency and concern in his young face I had not seen before, and this was someone whose brother had self-immolated less than a week prior. The black window whispered to me it was still the middle of the night, but I would have been groggy even if not for the late hour (or early, depending on your point of view); my Buddhist hosts may have rarely imbibed, but I was still beholden to life-long vices. I was technically only there in a journalist’s capacity, after all. “You must come look,” he said, ushering me out the door. We strode by a portrait of the Dalai Lama—a dangerous thing to have in Lhasa, especially in March. This month in 1959 he fled this Tibetan city under imminent threat from the Chinese, never to return. He led me quickly up the stairs and out onto the roof of the Potala Palace. Hundreds of monks, many of whom had returned from effective exile in India, had been occupying this museum and World Heritage Site in protest for almost a month now. Before its current designation it was the primary residence of the Dalai Lama for 300 years. There were already a dozen or so people on the roof when we arrived. 13 floors below in the courtyard I could dimly make out a level of activity unusual for this time of night. 1,000 feet below, at the bottom of the Red Hill on which the palace was built, I could also see lights from the camp of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. “Do you see, over there?” asked Tsering, gesturing to the west. This was the highest elevation ancient place in the world—it was frigid outside, and snowing lightly. At a distance the weather obstructed the view somewhat, but you could make out what looked to be a golden haze, rapidly descending from the mountains towering above the city. I wished I had my camera to record the ethereal, ghostly site, but one of the conditions of letting me document and report on the occupation was that I couldn’t take pictures or videos; photographs are strictly forbidden inside the palace. It was curious to me as an outsider which rules were not to be broken. “Yes, I see,” I replied softly, though I wasn’t quite sure I believed. “Have you ever beheld such a thing?” asked another, older monk I was yet to be introduced to during the two weeks I’d been their guest. “No, I’m afraid I have not.” And I was afraid. We stood in awed silence as the golden cloud reached the bottom of the mountains and continued over the city. Once it became clear it was heading directly for the palace, nervous murmurs rustled through the crowd and some headed inside, though there were now about 50 on the roof as word spread through the immense, thousand-room structure. 100 yards out I discerned it was not a cloud of any sort, but rather a swarm of what initially gave me the impression of large fireflies. There must have been thousands of them, and the glow emitted from each lit up the tiny snowflakes in its vicinity. The horde enveloped us, and my ears filled with the buzzing sound emitted by these strange creatures as they dashed around the roof’s stunned occupants. The way they now moved changed my impression from fireflies to hummingbirds, as they would fly—almost imperceptibly quickly, leaving behind a fading streak of light—from one place to another before pausing to hover in place. It was as if they were inspecting something, and they were. One stopped a few feet in front of my face and I instinctively held out my hand as if to provide a perch, but it retreated slightly so it was out of reach. My stomach suddenly dropped as I realized these were not nature’s creations, but Man’s. More likely, a product of a product of Man. My perception of mechanical hummingbirds was solidified, along with the sinking feeling inside of me, as I noticed that each one of them now had a several inch needle extending from it, like a razor sharp beak. I began to hear strange noises all around me—coughing and gurgling, and the terrible sound one makes when trying to scream with partially severed vocal cords. These needles were now being driven into the exposed necks of all those on the roof. All those except for myself, apparently. I came out of the daze into which I’d been lulled by the incredible arrival, and heard several shouts from the courtyard below. I could also hear heavy footsteps from within the palace, as I saw the entire hilltop was engulfed by these messengers of death. I could see them zipping in and out of the open palace windows, some of which were now illuminated by lights within. Most were dark except for the bright streaks—disappearing as fast as they materialized—like thousands of tiny shooting stars in the darkness. There was nowhere to run. Because of the nature of the wounds inflicted, many of the autonomous assassins were sprayed with blood, and now shone closer to a scarlet color. All around me was a dazzling red and gold light show of flying machines, dancing in the snow. It would have been beautiful to an uninformed observer. There was a cane on the ground near me which had been dropped by an elderly monk who no longer needed it. I picked it up and attempted to fight some of the attackers, but the few swings I got off struck nothing but the cold air. Within seconds both my hands were impaled several times each by tiny spikes, rendering them useless; I dictated this account to a machine of my own. Almost as soon as they began the terrible noises stopped, and the buzzing started to dim. The swarm once again became a cloud over the city—no longer entirely golden—and ascended the mountains, fading out of sight. I saw Tsering laying face up on the ground, a look of wonder in his eyes and disbelief on his face. The blood blended in with the maroon robe he wore, and the holes in his neck and chest were almost too small to notice in the pale moonlight. If not for the open eyes he may have been sleeping. I sat on the roof for a long time trying to make sense of what had just occurred, my heavy breath a fog in front of me. I didn’t even notice the pain in my hands, which were becoming numb, along with my mind. The snow got heavier and began to cover up the stained layer beneath it, until a pure white blanket covered everything in view. I’d never felt so alone—now the sole living thing in this massive complex. Why use lights at all, especially on the approach and exit? Why spare a witness, even if he is American? The protestors’ voices were soft, and sound doesn’t travel as fast or far at high altitude. Snow dampens echoes. But there I was, left to tell the tale. Did they think—assuming they were in fact thinking—that no one would believe me? Surely others in the city must have seen them. My brother was a drone pilot in the U.S. Air Force. He would be thousands of miles away from targets, with “99 Red Balloons” on loop in the background, manually carrying out the will of his superiors. Now judge, jury, and executioner are one and the same. The algorithms are too complex for any human to understand what goes into a kill decision, but the p-value was .01, and that was that. Inspired by this letter , and what begins at the 8:35 mark in this video .

Fireflies and Hummingbirds

Today, the online search is being flipped on its head. Thanks to the magic of (LLMs), we have a better alternative for finding information: large language models Instead of drowning in a sea of blue links that often lead to a maze of irrelevant content, now we have a one-stop . chat box It can tackle all our hefty queries with highly relevant and comprehensive AI-generated answers. That's the face of AI Search today. And it’s becoming our new normal. If you're hustling online, you might wonder: how will this shift mess with your organic traffic? Better yet, how can you take advantage of it without being disrupted? That’s the core we're diving into here. The full scope of AI Search is still a big mystery. Though, we already have something solid to bounce off. First, let’s look at how AI Search stands now (in Q4 of 2023). The Synergy of Large Language Models and Search Engines Until not long ago, the limitations of LLM datasets were a topic of concern. Take ChatGPT as an example - its utility was hampered by a specific cut-off date, making it less reliable for real-time data needs. However, its recent with the Bing search engine has completely turned the tables. Since then, ChatGPT's capacity has been augmented with access to the entire internet. integration Another duo worth mentioning is Google and Bard, Google’s native Conversational AI. And soon, Google is about to launch its (SGE), melding its search engine prowess with its . Search Generative Experience multimodal LLM, Gemini So, in each of these AI Search scenarios, we got the killer convenience of LLM conversational power paired with real-time data backup from indexes. As HubSpot recently , the goal is to furnish users with holistic AI-generated answers to their queries, eliminating the need to sift through multiple links or type in a new query to find what you’re looking for. highlighted Quite the game-changer, right? But, what does this search evolution signify for online businesses? User Convenience at the Cost of Organic Traffic - Here’s What Studies Predict . For a myriad of online businesses, marketers, and creators reliant on organic traffic, the emerging AI Search could cause a major drop Recently, I came across an interesting by Search Engine Land that provides insights into how Google's SGE could potentially impact websites. study Specifically, the study examined 23 websites in the tech industry, assessing traffic for informational keywords. It estimated an aggregate organic traffic drop of 18-64% as a result of SGE. Quite the range, but not surprising. If we look at the SGE beta model today, it's clear where organic links are placed. They sit , right below Ads and an AI-generated answer with the AI snapshot at the right corner. at the very bottom of the SERP Given the well-known fact of the short attention span of modern users, how many would even scroll that far to click the organic links? 🤔 So in this new setup, winners will likely be those who land a spot in the AI snapshot - that carousel linking to 3 websites backing up the generated answer. The study assumes: If you don’t rank in the SGE snapshot carousel but you do rank in the traditional 10 blue links, you won’t get any traffic. It seems like a race for the AI snapshot, and Ads is on the horizon, favoring companies with larger budgets and resources. Meanwhile, here are a few more assumptions from the study: If your page ranks in the snapshot carousel, you will receive (some) organic traffic. Traffic from the snapshot carousel will be than the same rank on Google today. equal to or less It’s unlikely that the traffic plunge we’re talking about here will happen overnight. As people are inclined to stick to their habitual browsing patterns, they will likely continue to scroll through organic links for a while. However, as users get accustomed to AI-generated answers over time, their engagement with organic links will unavoidably dwindle. Thus, figuring out ways to adapt to this new AI Search paradigm now, rather than getting disrupted later, is the way to go. And that’s what we’re gonna do next. But before, let's first examine how AI Search might change the dynamics of query-text matching compared to traditional search engines. AI Search Goes Beyond Just Mechanical Keyword-Text Matching That’s what Fabrice Canel, Bing's Principal Product Manager, pointed out in a recent (slightly rephrased): interview " ." We do care about keywords, but it’s less about matching a query keyword with data containing the same keyword. Now, it's about aligning responses with user intent and context So, based on this comment, Bing is now integrating a more nuanced, semantic approach where understanding user intent and context is the focus. I'm not sure about Bing's past algorithms, but Google introduced its - a semantic search algorithm back in 2013. Hummingbird And that marked the search evolution far beyond a simple keyword-text matching engine. Since the release of Hummingbird (and later with , , and ), Google has been all about semantic search - aiming to match user intent with query context leveraging its semantic database . BERT MUM RankBrain Knowledge Graph So, the point here is that we got with the rise of AI Search. It's been evolving in the search engine landscape for nearly a decade. semantic search isn’t something new This is why the online chatter claiming the revolutionary aspect of AI Search is its focus on semantics and user intent can be confusing. But undoubtedly, by now the algorithms have evolved and become more sophisticated. They can better decode user intent in a more nuanced way by analyzing past behavior and broader web patterns, local and seasonal context (if there’s any), improved understanding of language nuances, and correction of typos, among other things. Overall, journey we are on. AI Search represents not a beginning, but a progression of the semantic search But the question remains: how do we excel in it? What's the New Game Plan for Excelling in AI Search? It's no revelation to say that, as of now, the inner workings of AI search systems—how they select and favor content for generating responses—remain somewhat of a black box. And, frankly, it might always stay that way. Nonetheless, we can still attempt to crack the AI Search code by examining it through two lenses: Digital PR and SEO. In the upcoming issues of my newsletter , I will go more granular on each in the context of AI Search - so make sure to . AImplifier sign up For now, let’s skim the surface of both strategies briefly. How Does Digital PR Score in AI Search Ranking? For clarity, Digital PR roughly means a marketing strategy leveraging external high-authority channels to boost brand awareness and online presence. Such channels can be media outlets, industry publications, reference websites,  influencer domains, etc. For brands, being mentioned by such channels and getting backlinks from them has always been one of the most effective ways to organically top-rank on search engines. Now, let’s assess Digital PR from the AI Search angle. The Index Side of AI Search As indexes integrate with AI Search, Digital PR's role in boosting brand online visibility stays crucially important. For ChatGPT to feature your brand, for instance, you've got to be on good terms with Bing. Like with any search engine, to get ranked on Bing, your brand needs to secure positive media coverage, reputable backlinks, and mentions from authoritative sources. What’s more, such links and mentions will be advantageous for ranking in both brand and non-brand queries, which can be highly pertinent to your brand. From the LLM Angle of AI Search As we know, another part of AI Search involves large language models (LLMs) that generate responses based on their static datasets. These are periodically updated. According to AI developers I had a chance to talk with, during these updates, they curate data for quality based on the trustworthiness of the source, among other factors. Roughly, sources are typically categorized into high, medium, or low trust levels. Highly trusted sources may include media outlets, reputable reference sites, academic journals, and industry reports—essentially, classical top-tier Digital PR channels. The takeaway here? To increase your brand's chances of getting included in the next LLM update, you need to be present external authoritative resources. across And this is where Digital PR again comes in. Further to this, let me share an experiment I’ve done with ChatGPT to explore how it selects sources to shape its recommendations in response to queries. How ChatGPT Comes Up with Recommendations - My Experiment I harnessed ChatGPT to scout the best crypto cold wallet for me. To avoid a screenshot galore here, in short: I prompted: " ." I'm looking for the best crypto cold wallet. Help me pick one After consulting with its dataset and Bing, it presented a list of wallets, backing each with a rationale based on security, price, fees, and so on. Next, I requested a list of sources that corroborated these recommendations. Here are a few interesting observations: First, none of the sources in the list was a crypto wallet website. They were all Digital PR channels. In particular, reference websites with high domain authority, a lot of user reviews, ratings, product comparisons, etc. Second, not all these resources were top-ranked on Bing for my query. The last one got me wondering: Why did ChatGPT choose resources that weren't at the top of Bing's rankings? So, I dug deeper. Turns out, rank isn't the only thing ChatGPT considers when deciding where to pull its answers from. If ranking isn't the decisive factor, then which one is? 🤔 As you see from the screenshot, ChatGPT evaluated in selecting sources to back up its recommendations. a mix of criteria Among the key ones were relevance, recency, authority, comprehensiveness, and uniqueness. And, guess what? It chose Digital PR channels that fit these criteria to suggest a crypto wallet to me. There was no brand website among them. Now it doesn’t mean that brand websites are excluded from ChatGPT's selections. If they fit all the necessary criteria, they have a shot. But that requires going all-in on the website's authority growth and ranking, which is always a tough and costly marathon. If limited resources and time are the case, it's more pragmatic to prioritize being present ACROSS multiple already established external channels rather than putting all eggs in one website basket. Wrapping it up: In the context of AI Search looks like Digital PR is the primary direction brands need to go to fit both index and LLM parts of chatbots. Now, onto the SEO aspect of AI Search - is it dead, or do we need to do it differently? AI Search and SEO Again, since we have that index part in AI search systems, we still need SEO to optimize for it. That’s why all those . cries of ‘SEO is dead with AI’ seem out of place There's also chatter about a “new” SEO wave—AI SEO—that’s deemed to be new due to its focus on user intent, context, and conversational language in content. However, as we covered above, this isn't fresh off the boat. It's been a decade-old standard. In the AI era, it just remains valid and evolving. So if SEO is part of your marketing mix, sticking to the fundamentals still makes sense, regardless of the AI aspect of search: Thoroughly follow search engine guidelines. Get your website properly structured. Cultivate a healthy backlink profile for your site. Optimize your content for conversational language, and constantly keep it updated. That already accounts for 50% of your SEO success. In the above-mentioned , Bing's Fabrice Cannel confirmed this. interview Now, what will need to be done differently in SEO? 1. Double down on voice search optimization (VSEO) While voice search has been around well before the AI surge, its accuracy and adoption have profoundly increased. With Statista the global voice recognition market to rise from $10 billion in 2020 to $50 billion by 2029, VSEO is becoming more crucial than ever. projecting I’ll be exploring VSEO strategies in the upcoming issues of my newsletter . Sign up so you don’t miss out. AImplifier 2. Learn from Chatbots Pay special attention to how chatbots address potential user queries. Interrogate them on why and how they’ve generated particular responses, what criteria they use when coming up with recommendations, etc. So far, chatbots serve as the most vivid examples of how AI processes and responds to user queries. 3. Leverage Chat-Specific Webmaster Tools Optimizing for ChatGPT? Use Bing Master Tools. Their latest includes chat-specific metrics like CTRs for Bing bot answers. Performance Report With ChatGPT integrated into Bing, this data could be invaluable in boosting your brand's visibility there. To sum up, the mantra for SEO in the context of AI Search doesn’t seem to be radically different: delivering relevant, comprehensive, in-depth, and updated content remains at the core of optimization, AI-infused or not. So What’s the Best Way to Adapt to AI Search: Digital PR or SEO? The combo of both. Together, Digital PR and SEO have always been the best strategy for brands to score organic traffic. However, in the AI era, Digital PR needs to take center stage. Why? It's more effective at resonating with LLMs by signaling them trust, authority, and credibility through reputable external channels. In other words, PR alone without SEO would have a higher potential to get your brand to AI Search ranking than SEO without PR. That’s why I believe Digital PR needs to be the priority. On a Last Note, a Case That Puts All This AI Search Talk Into Hard Numbers As we wrap this up, let's pivot to a real-world example: a brand that tapped into ChatGPT as a new revenue channel. The company Logikcull has a to tell here. story They revealed that since March 2023, the company started seeing an uptick in new clients who discovered Logikcull through ChatGPT-generated answers. Their CEO, Andy Wilson, commented that now they’re projecting that ChatGPT would bring them $100,000 in monthly subscription revenue. Note: this started in March 2023, i.e., before ChatGPT had even integrated with Bing. While now it's uncertain if such ROI stories will become the new norm anytime soon, it's still a good idea to start thinking about how to become their heroes. Conclusion AI Search is still in its infancy, and we're far from having its full picture. Figuring out how to adapt, we can only piece together traditional marketing wisdom and emerging insights we can gather. That’s what this article has been doing. So here are : the key takeaways The transition to AI Search is likely to disrupt businesses that depend heavily on organic traffic, especially with the upcoming launch of Google's SGE. Digital PR should take center stage in your marketing mix. By leveraging high-ranking and authoritative platforms, your brand stands a better chance of getting picked up by both the Index and LLM components of AI Search. SEO isn't going anywhere and should work in tandem with your Digital PR efforts. While AI SEO is buzzing, the fundamentals of semantic optimization remain largely the same—though with an added focus on voice search and a more conversational style. In sum, by ramping up your Digital PR and complementing it with strategic SEO, you'll increase your brand’s chances of succeeding in the impending AI Search transformation. The rest is experimentation. More on this topic in the next issues of my newsletter, . If you enjoyed it, make sure to sign up. AImplifier Feel free to share your thoughts or correct me. And if you're interested in collaborating on the next piece, I'm open. I'd also love to connect on and LinkedIn . Twitter Thanks for reading! Your time and attention are priceless. ❤️

AI Search: Exploring the Threat of Traffic Drops and How to Rank on Large Language Models

এআই অনুসন্ধান: ট্র্যাফিক ড্রপের হুমকির অন্বেষণ এবং কীভাবে বড় ভাষার মডেলগুলিতে র‌্যাঙ্ক করা যায়

KI-Suche: Untersuchung der Gefahr von Traffic-Rückgängen und Ranking bei großen Sprachmodellen

Búsqueda con IA: exploración de la amenaza de las caídas de tráfico y cómo clasificar en modelos de lenguaje grandes

Recherche AI : Explorer la menace de baisse de trafic et comment se classer sur de grands modèles linguistiques

एआई खोज: ट्रैफ़िक में गिरावट के खतरे का पता लगाना और बड़े भाषा मॉडल पर रैंक कैसे करें

AI 検索: トラフィック ドロップの脅威と大規模な言語モデルでランク付けする方法を探る

AI 검색: 트래픽 감소 위협 탐색 및 대규모 언어 모델에서 순위를 매기는 방법

Pesquisa de IA: explorando a ameaça de quedas de tráfego e como classificar em grandes modelos de linguagem

Поиск с помощью ИИ: изучение угрозы падения трафика и способы ранжирования на больших языковых моделях

Yapay Zeka Arama: Trafik Düşüşü Tehditini ve Büyük Dil Modellerinde Nasıl Sıralanacağını Keşfetmek

Tìm kiếm AI: Khám phá mối đe dọa giảm lưu lượng truy cập và cách xếp hạng trên các mô hình ngôn ngữ lớn

人工智能搜索：探索流量下降的威胁以及如何在大型语言模型上排名

Hey there, speedster! Is your heavy-duty web app chugging like a tortoise on a coffee break or you’d love to make the faster web app? Well, you're in the right place because we're about to turn that digital sloth into a digital cheetah on an espresso binge! Welcome to the ultimate guide on making your web app faster than a caffeinated hummingbird on rollerblades. We've got tricks up our sleeves that'll make your code say 'I feel the need... the need for speed!' Due to a slower response from your app and a frustrated user has mistakenly sent his CV to WWE, what would happen 😁? Terrible? Awh, yeah! Buckle up, my friend, because we're about to hit the accelerator on your web app's cloud computation. It's time to leave the digital snail club and join the rocket ship league🚀! This article attempts to offer guidelines in simple language so that even readers with a non-technical background can get what’s going on while scrolling down the page. First, it is still safe to mention that fast cloud computation for a heavy-duty web application consists of optimizing various aspects of your application's infrastructure and architecture to ensure it can handle a large number of users and data processing efficiently. If your business needs web apps that should handle a massive influx of users’ requests then these tricks are for you too because no one loves to lose their valuable time. What Is Cloud Computing? Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services over the Internet by providing access to a wide range of resources and capabilities without the need for local infrastructure. In essence, it allows users to utilize and manage computing resources as a utility which is similar to electricity or water supply. Key characteristics and components of cloud computing include: ✅On-Demand Service ✅Broad Network Access ✅Resource Pooling ✅Rapid Elasticity ✅Measured Service Cloud computing services are typically categorized into three primary service models: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users can rent virtual machines, storage, and networking infrastructure, allowing them to build and manage their own virtualized environments. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): PaaS offers a higher level of abstraction than IaaS. It provides a platform that includes not only infrastructure but also development tools and services. Users can focus on developing and deploying applications without managing the underlying infrastructure. Platform as a Service (PaaS): SaaS delivers fully functional software applications over the Internet on a subscription basis. Users can access and use software applications hosted by the service provider without needing to install or maintain them locally. Software as a Service (SaaS): Cloud computing can be deployed in various deployment models: Resources are owned and operated by a cloud service provider and made available to the general public. Examples include . Public Cloud: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Resources are dedicated to a single organization and can be hosted on-premises or by a third-party provider. Private clouds offer more control and security but may involve higher costs. Private Cloud: Combines public and private cloud resources by allowing data and applications to be shared between them. Hybrid clouds offer flexibility and can help organizations balance cost, control, and scalability. Hybrid Cloud: Involves the use of multiple cloud providers to avoid vendor lock-in, enhance resilience, and optimize cost and performance. Multi-Cloud: Cloud Computing alone doesn’t work efficiently if the following speed-boosting techniques are not properly adopted for your web app. Here are some key steps to achieve fast cloud computation for your web app by avoiding recurring mistakes: 1. Lazy Loading: Users don’t love to use web apps that need more internet resources as well as time to load web content so you can implement lazy loading for images and other non-essential resources. Load them only when they come into the user's view so it can effectively reduce initial page load times. ✅Benefits: Faster initial page load. It conserves bandwidth because it avoids unnecessary downloads of assets that users may never see if they don't scroll down the page. Servers experience reduced load because they don't need to process and deliver all assets at once. Users can start interacting with the visible content of the page sooner. The amount of data that needs to be transferred over the network during the initial page load. It can benefit search engine optimization (SEO) by prioritizing the loading of important content first. Even if the overall page load time remains the same, lazy loading can make the perceived latency lower. Essentially, a heavy-duty web app requires loading mandatory features to meet users’ demands and it should be carefully considered otherwise users might get distracted. Here is a well-working example that the component. uses React Lazy Load This technique has been already deployed into some of the popular platforms like , etc. You can just scroll down the pages of the search result to see loaded and unloaded images on the page. Google Image Bing Image Search, Also, it's time to avoid those old tags and embrace the future with tags. Picture tags are like having a conversation with your browser. Let it know about the types of images you have and allow it to choose the best one to download based on the device's screen size and supported formats. You can do it as follows: img picture <picture>
   <source srcset="/media/examples/alternate-image-240-200.jpg"
      media="(min-width: 800px)">
   <img src="/media/examples/alternate-image-298-332.jpg" />
</picture> 2. Right Cloud Provider: There are so many online cloud providers to offer cloud computing for your service but sometimes, it is challenging to pick the best-suited providers for you. You should select a cloud provider that offers the necessary computing power and scalability for your application. Popular options include AWS, , , , and others. Assess your specific requirements, budget, and the provider's services before making a decision. Azure IONOS Cloud Compute Engine Google Cloud 3. Prefetching: You can use browser prefetching to load critical resources in the background while the user interacts with your site and it is also a proven fact that faster load times assist higher conversion rates to enhance the user experience. This anticipates their needs and makes your app appear faster. For your reference, you can use the attribute which is used in HTML to instruct the browser to prefetch a resource (such as a script, stylesheet, image, or other asset) in the background. It helps to improve the perceived performance of your web application by loading resources before they are actually needed. Here's how to use guide from . rel="prefetch" rel="prefetch" a well-organized resource 4. HTTP/2 and HTTP/3: If your server supports it, enable HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 for faster and more efficient data transmission. These protocols reduce latency and improve page load times. The dynamic duo of faster web surfing! Is your server feeling a bit old-fashioned and trudging along at a snail's pace? It's time to switch to the superheroes of data transmission: ! HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 Imagine HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 as the Flash and Quicksilver of the internet, whizzing around at lightning speed to fetch your web content. When your server supports these protocols, it's like giving your website a rocket-powered surfboard. HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 have a secret power: they reduce latency which is a fancy word for " " Nobody likes waiting. These protocols make your website load faster than a squirrel on caffeine😁. waiting around. So, if you want your users to have a web experience smoother, enable HTTP/2 or HTTP/3. It's like upgrading your old bicycle to a turbocharged sports car but for your website. Fasten your seatbelts, folks, because your web pages are about to take off like a rocket to the moon! 5. Content Delivery Network (CDN) Fine-Tuning: Optimize your CDN settings for your specific use case.  Experiment with cache settings and edge locations to maximize content delivery speed like playing with LEGO blocks, but for faster websites! In simple words, imagine your website as a giant LEGO castle. Now, the CDN is your secret stash of LEGO pieces that you use to build that castle even faster! Here's the deal: CDNs are like magical teleporters for your web content. But to make them work like a wizard's spell, you've got to fine-tune those CDN settings. It's like adjusting the turbo boosters on your spaceship😉! It's about ensuring that your CDN works harmoniously with your web app to deliver content efficiently. Here's what you need to do: ✅ Adjust the cache settings to strike the right balance between serving fresh content and reducing server load. Proper caching ensures that frequently accessed content is readily available to users and it enhances page load times. Cache Settings: ✅ Consider the geographical distribution of your users and strategically place edge locations. The goal is to minimize the physical distance between users and content delivery servers to reduce latency and improve the overall speed of content delivery. Edge Locations: In the world of web development, CDN fine-tuning is your superpower—like having the ability to build LEGO castles in seconds and make them teleport wherever you want. 6. Resource Minification and Bundling: You can minify and bundle CSS and JavaScript files to reduce the number of HTTP requests and decrease load times. Think of it as tidying up your digital closet. Just like you bundle and compress clothes to make your wardrobe more efficient, minifying and bundling CSS and JavaScript files assists your web app’s performance. Here's the drill: This is like getting rid of all the extra fluff in your code. Unnecessary spaces, comments, and line breaks are trimmed away to keep only the essential instructions. ✅Minify: Imagine you have a bunch of small packages to send. Instead of mailing them one by one, you gather them into a single, more substantial parcel. Bundling does just that for your CSS and JavaScript files to reduce the number of HTTP requests your website needs to make. ✅Bundling: So, while it might not be as exciting as organizing your closet, resource minification and bundling are the digital techniques that assist your web app to perform faster and more efficiently. Less waiting, more speed! 7. Progressive Web Apps (PWAs): Turn your web app into a PWA to provide an app-like experience, including faster load times, offline capabilities, and smoother performance. Transform your standard web app into a PWA using the mighty library like . Workbox library Why settle for ordinary when you can offer your users an extraordinary experience? Here's what Workbox brings to the table: Say goodbye to slow-loading pages. PWAs with Workbox ensure swift and efficient loading, so your users can dive right into your app without frustrating delays. ✅Faster Load Times: With Workbox, your PWA isn't afraid of going offline. It caches essential resources by allowing your app to function even when there's no internet connection. It's like having a trusty backup generator for your digital world. ✅Offline Capabilities: Workbox optimizes your PWA's performance by making interactions buttery smooth. Users won't even notice the transitions between online and offline modes – it's that seamless. ✅Smoother Performance: 8. Service Workers: Utilize service workers to cache assets and enable offline access. It improves the perceived speed of your web app. You can do it by using a library like Workbox and here is an example for service workers in a JavaScript application. import { registerRoute } from 'workbox-routing';
import { CacheFirst } from 'workbox-strategies';
import { CacheableResponsePlugin } from 'workbox-cacheable-response';

const pageStrategy = new CacheFirst({
  // Put all cached files in a cache named 'pages'
  cacheName: 'pages',
  plugins: [
    // Only requests that return with a 200 status are cached
    new CacheableResponsePlugin({
      statuses: [200],
    }),
  ],
}); Prefer this for more hints and strategies. guide This code configures a caching strategy for pages using the strategy and the . CacheFirst CacheableResponsePlugin 9. Browser Caching: You can use browser caching by setting appropriate cache headers for static assets. The best way is to use browser HTTP caching to improve the performance of your web app by reducing the need for redundant downloads of resources like images, stylesheets, and scripts. Browser caching allows the client's browser to store and reuse these resources so that it assists in achieving faster load times and reduced server load. Here's how to utilize browser HTTP caching: ✅Setting Cache-Control Headers: Cache-Control: public, max-age=3600 ✅Cache-Busting Techniques: <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css?v=2023-09-06"> 10. Content Delivery Strategy: Implement intelligent content delivery strategies to serve content from the nearest server location to the user. This approach aims to minimize latency which is the delay between a user's request for a web resource and its delivery. The key elements of content delivery strategy involve: 11. Adaptive Images: To deliver a seamless user experience across a variety of devices, it's crucial to employ adaptive image techniques. These strategies involve using responsive design principles to serve images of the right size and format based on the user's device capabilities. Here are some techniques: Create multiple versions of an image in various resolutions and sizes. Use CSS media queries to determine the user's viewport size and load the appropriate image version. So, it prevents users from downloading unnecessarily large images on smaller screens. ✅Image Scaling: HTML's srcset attribute allows you to specify multiple image sources with different resolutions. Browsers can then choose the most suitable image based on the user's device characteristics. For example: ✅Srcset Attribute: <img src="small.jpg" 
     srcset="small.jpg 300w,
             medium.jpg 600w,
             large.jpg 1200w"
     sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 50vw"> The element provides more control over adaptive images. It allows you to define multiple sources and media conditions to choose the best image source for different scenarios, including varying screen sizes and resolutions. ✅Picture Element: <picture> <picture>
  <source srcset="small.jpg" media="(max-width: 600px)">
  <source srcset="medium.jpg" media="(max-width: 1200px)">
  <img src="large.jpg" alt="An adaptive image">
</picture> 13. Database Sharding: If your web app involves heavy database usage, then it is better to consider sharding your database to distribute the load across multiple servers for faster query performance and cloud computing as well. Essentially, database sharding is a database architecture technique used to partition data across multiple database servers or shards. It is primarily employed to improve the scalability and performance of web applications. 14. Edge Computing: It is a distributed computing approach where certain processing tasks are executed closer to the data source or user rather than relying solely on centralized servers in a remote data center. This concept brings computation to the of the network which is closer to where it's needed most—your users. Imagine your web app as a grand performance, and your servers as backstage crew members. Edge computing allows some of those crew members to move closer to the stage by allowing the show to run smoothly and without delays. "edge" Here's how it benefits your web app: Reduced Latency Bandwidth Savings Enhanced Reliability Scalability 15. Connection Pooling: Let's have a look into caching. It’s a web optimization technique that's like a secret stash of your web files stored in a lightning-fast vault. Here's the lowdown: 📥What is Caching? Caching is the art of preserving a snapshot of your web files in a special storage haven known as a cache. It's a bit like having a quick-access drawer for your favorite snacks – everything's ready for munching without the hassle of fetching it from the pantry. 📥Why Cache? Enabling browser caching offers various of benefits: Caching reduces the need for repetitive resource downloads, saving precious bandwidth. Bandwidth Bliss: With cached files, your web pages load faster than a ninja on roller skates, delivering a seamless user experience. Speedster's Paradise: Users experience reduced waiting times, thanks to cached content being served swiftly from their local device. Latency Lightened: Less frequent server requests mean a lighter workload for your server, leaving it cool, calm, and collected. Server Stress Relief: 📥A Word of Caution But wait, there's a trade-off: caching means you'll essentially have two versions of your website at any given time. While this isn't usually an issue for static content, it can pose challenges for real-time services reliant on up-to-the-minute data accuracy. ✅The Solution? Fear not! Even for real-time services, cache strategies can be fine-tuned to clear specific cache subsections when new data arrives, keeping your information fresh and accurate. In the world of web optimization, caching is your trusty sidekick, boosting performance and user satisfaction. It's all about delivering the goods faster and smarter!" 16. Data Caching: Implement data caching at the application level to store frequently accessed data in memory by reducing the need for repeated database queries. 17. Content Compression: Compress text-based responses using compression to reduce the amount of data transferred over the network. Also, you might prefer to check this . gzip or Brotli well-instructed guide 18. Distributed Content Delivery: You can use cloud regions for to ensure global users experience low-latency access. multiple distributed content delivery Wrapping Up: Alright, friends, we believe that your web app is now transferred from a digital sloth to a caffeinated cheetah on rollerblades! Users won't be sending CVs to WWE anymore. With lazy loading, rocket-powered servers, prefetching magic, and even squirrels on caffeine (thanks to ), your web app is faster than ever. It's like having a superhero makeover for your code. So, keep sipping that espresso, because your web app should be on a rocket to the moon now! HTTP/2 and HTTP/3

Turbocharge Your Heavy-Duty Web App: Speed Hacks for Lightning-Fast Cloud Computation

Deep within the heart of the Jungle, where vines tangled and leaves whispered secrets, lived a curious creature named Bobtail. Bobtail wasn't your ordinary jungle dweller – he was a tech-savvy monkey, known for his unruly fur that stood on end in every direction. One fine morning, as Bobtail swung through the trees, a mysterious message fluttered down to him. It was an invitation from a secretive society of animals called "The Jungle Enigmas." The message promised a glorious feast of bananas to anyone who could unravel the jungle's greatest mystery. Well, Bobtail's stomach rumbled in agreement, and off he went to embark on his quest. Chapter 1: The Roaring Riddle Bobtail delved into his research, reading scrolls of knowledge and consulting wise old parrots. He soon discovered that the mystery at hand revolved around something called "Zero-Knowledge Proofs." It was like magic, but for animals! Zero-Knowledge Proofs allowed one animal to prove they knew a secret without revealing the secret itself. Bobtail's brain swirled with thoughts. He imagined himself and his jungle pals, like Larry the Lion and Ava the Antelope, trying to unlock a treasure hidden in the heart of the Lion Kingdom. The catch was, Bobtail had to prove he knew the secret path to the treasure without actually telling Larry and Ava. It was like saying you knew where the juiciest mango tree was, without revealing its location. Chapter 2: The Jungle Jamboree Bobtail decided to gather his animal friends for a grand Jungle Jamboree, a gathering of the wildest minds in the forest. The jungle came alive with the sounds of chattering monkeys, hummingbirds, and even a breakdancing beetle. At the jamboree, Bobtail met a wily fox named Felix who was well-versed in Zero-Knowledge Proofs. Felix explained the concept with a dance-off challenge – proving you had a signature move without revealing the move itself. In their dance-off duel, Bobtail demonstrated his secret salsa move without revealing the steps, leaving Felix amazed at the magic of Zero-Knowledge Proofs. Chapter 3: The Mysterious Mountain As Bobtail continued his journey, he stumbled upon a mysterious mountain. The mountain was like a puzzle, with hidden caves of uncertainty and peaks of confusion. But Bobtail was not one to shy away from a challenge. With determination in his heart and bananas in his belly, he set forth to conquer the mountain. At the peak of the mountain, Bobtail uncovered the jungle's biggest secret – Zero-Knowledge Proofs were like invisible bridges that allowed animals to cross treacherous ravines without revealing their path. It was like saying you could climb a mountain without showing the footsteps you took. Chapter 4: The Banana Bonanza Armed with his newfound knowledge, Bobtail devised a plan to crack the Lion Kingdom's mystery wide open. He envisioned a colossal banana bonanza, a celebration of fruity proportions, to unveil the power of Zero-Knowledge Proofs. Bobtail recruited his friends Larry the Lion and Ava the Antelope. Together, they set up a massive jungle banquet, with bananas hanging from every tree. The challenge was simple – Larry had to prove he could reach the bananas without revealing the secret roar that would open the gates to the feast. It was like proving you could open a secret door without revealing the magic word. Chapter 5: The Unforgettable Finale As Larry approached the bananas, Bobtail and Ava watched in anticipation. Larry, using the principles of Zero-Knowledge Proofs, roared a sequence of hidden cues that only he understood. The jungle trembled, leaves rustled, and suddenly, the gates swung open to the magnificent banana bonanza. The animals of the jungle cheered and celebrated, feasting on bananas of all shapes and sizes. Bobtail's unruly fur seemed to glow with a sense of accomplishment. He had unlocked the Lion Kingdom's roaring secret, proving that knowledge could be shared without revealing the heart of the mystery. And so, our tale ends with Bobtail, the tech-savvy monkey, as a legend in the jungle. As he swung through the trees, his fur now stood on end with pride, knowing that he had not only filled his belly with bananas but had also unlocked the magic of Zero-Knowledge Proofs for the entire animal kingdom.

The ZKP Jungle Adventure: Unlocking the Lion Kingdom's Roaring Secret

INSECT GEOMETRY

When searching an app or a website, do you know what you want? really When you’re typing a word or phrase in the search bar, can you picture exactly what you need? Or do you hope the search software is going to sort out those lexical details based on the target keywords and related terms in your plain-English query? Perhaps one of the related searches suggested will help? Semantic similarity — words that are related in meaning — is one way to facilitate your finding just the right item. In terms of linguistics, we’re talking here about the semantic relationships between English words rather than words in isolation. With the added context and depth provided by semantics, a search engine can more clearly grasp what you’re seeking — what you really want, your true — and then start parsing the semantic relations to accurately suggest your search results. intent People Also Ask: What Are Semantic Keywords Examples? According to SEO expert , an example of a semantically related keyword for something like “search volume” would be “keyword research” or “online marketing.” These pairs of words are conceptually related but they’re not synonyms. Semrush Here’s a baseline e-commerce example: You want new high-quality shoes for the gym. You enter “gym shoes” in the search bar. In an online retail scenario, semantic keywords for this might include similar words like “sport shoes”, “sneakers”, “[brand name] shoes”, “trainers”, and “running shoes.” Your search results would be aimed at the perceived bull’s eye, and you might also be shown a content-marketing banner promoting top athletic shoes. You might click the banner, and, after reading happy-customer reviews, put a recommended pair of shoes in your cart but continue to browse. People are used to the convenience of seamless experiences online. Regardless of how a user’s search query is phrased, they expect the search functionality to understand their intentions from the get-go. First, There Were Keywords Everyone knows specific keywords are a crucial way online businesses help people find items. That’s been the case for years, as “traditional” search engines have faithfully matched words and phrases to pages containing those specific words and phrases. The whole field of search engine optimization (SEO) grew out of the need to help businesses include the right keywords in content so their content would rank and appear higher on Google’s search engine results pages (SERPs). As part of setting up an SEO strategy, companies have become accustomed to optimizing SEO keywords. And consumers have become accustomed to simply entering keywords and selecting the best search results to locate a desired piece of content. Google and Semantically Related Keywords When it comes to keywords, the role of Google is, of course, always the first data point. Ten years ago, Google changed its algorithm — the update was called — to better reflect search intent. Hummingbird Before Hummingbird, it was possible for content providers to overload their text with a single keyword to reliably impress Google’s search spiders (the bots combing the Web and determining SERP ranking). This “keyword stuffing” succeeded in driving people to sites, which were unfortunately populated with painful-to-read, low-quality content. Semantic keyword facilitation was desperately needed. By providing a handful of secondary, semantically related words ( the same as — LSI keywords), you could give Google a more richly defined context for your web pages, which for consumers, improved both searching and reading experiences. not latent semantic indexing Are You Two Related? Semantic keywords fill a pressing need. By in your search functionality, you can give your search algorithm additional context on what words mean and how they’re related. incorporating semantically related keywords By utilizing semantic relatedness to make meaningful connections between words and phrases, an algorithm can interpret content in a more holistic way. That means you can help site visitors or app users quickly navigate to the content and product pages they want without ruminating too much on what they want and perhaps retrying their search terms. really There’s another benefit to using semantic keywords as well. Do you know the words your target audience is typically entering in your site or app search box? You can add those words — the words that are connected semantically to them — to your product pages and perhaps to the promotional content you’re running. plus What Does It Mean? So semantic keywords should play a crucial part in your strategy to ensure that all your content — from product pages to blog posts — is optimized to align with your users’ behavior, trends, and intent. With semantic search factored in, you can provide better search results and better , giving your visitors experiences that impress them and make them want to come back. recommendations personalized So how does this semantic-search work? And more importantly, as an online retailer, how can you optimize keywords — including the semantic ones — for your site or app search? To grasp why semantic keywords are so vital, it’s good to know what makes for a quality search. magic Let’s look at what happens when a search goes well and what happens when it doesn’t. When the Search Is a Success Both on Google and on individual companies’ sites, you may not realize just how much work search engines must do. Whether it’s autocomplete suggesting terms in real-time as a query is entered or the search algorithm processing a vague query like “quality headphones” and coming up with a selection of industry-leading, five-star headphones, with a competent search, shoppers become successful buyers and repeat customers, conversions go up, and sales can skyrocket. In a recent survey of businesses that invested in search, more than half pointed to search as a strong revenue driver. When the Search Falls Short What if it doesn’t work this way? For instance, imagine a shopper entering “top quality headphones” in the search field on a large e-commerce site. What the consumer doesn’t know, because they aren’t doing keyword research or understanding the full search parameter picture, is that in addition to some higher-end brands, the store stocks a cheap brand called Quality Headphones. The search functionality on this company’s site or app is fairly dismal. It hasn’t been optimized with semantic keywords to help distinguish between the query words entered and the meaning behind them. Interpreted literally, the search results are limited to headphones made by Quality Headphones, including low-price ones but also “related topics” — other electronics made by Quality Headphones, including speakers, car radios, and even laptop monitor screens. Oops. In the real world, where a positively perfect user experience is essential to business success, this level of missing the mark won’t fly. If a shopper in a physical store were shown low-quality headphones after asking for high-end ones, they would probably march off of the premises in exasperation. Abandon Site! The same holds true for a website or app: we’re used to the search functionality accurately predicting what we mean when we enter search queries. Presented with “dumb” search results, a shopper may quickly “abandon shop” and go someplace where searching isn’t a trip down a rabbit hole. damage can an unsatisfactory search experience inflict? A lot. Google says of people will avoid a company’s website after a bad search experience. How much 82% While poor search is an annoyance on the individual level, it’s a red flag on the enterprise level. Google adds that search abandonment costs retailers globally more than $2 trillion a year; in the United States, this amounts to more than $234 billion. So getting the search wrong can be monumental. Of course, the flip side is that getting the search right for your users or shoppers can substantially . impact your site or app metrics Reasons to Smile About Semantic Keywords Semantic keyword considerations are crucial to providing quality search experiences, but wait, there’s more. Here are three pluses of incorporating semantically related keywords: They’re needed for Google search success. They help you reach a wider audience. They deliver personalized experiences. Imagine there’s a reemerging trend for rock guitar music that’s popular on social media. And, as in the past, every kid from Brooklyn to Portland is potentially wanting some Converse sneakers. As an e-commerce business, you could use “Converse sneakers” as a literal keyword. However, you might want to give this main keyword phrase the status of a primary keyword but also supplement it with a list of words and phrases like “rock band shoes” and “hip trendy sneakers.” In Their Shoes Let’s say you’re a kid searching Google for “Converse sneakers”. You might not know what you really want; you might be browsing. You might even be a clueless parent trying to surprise your teen music fan with a beloved birthday gift. You might start with a vague list of keywords, searching for “cool sneakers”, “hipster shoes”, or “what sneakers are teens wearing today?”. If the company has incorporated semantic keywords to the full effect, you might find yourself on a landing page that’s promoting those very all-the-rage sneakers. Making Your Site a Shoo-In Now imagine you’re an e-commerce merchant. A returning customer’s search and purchase history indicates interest in Converse. They’ve read your blog post on cool shoes for the rock scene. As they browse the shoes, they see prompts such as “People who bought this item also buy” and “Similar items”. They select a model and size and check out. Quick, seamless, personalized shopping is at the heart of today’s consumer experience. Whether you’re using with (NLP) to recommend relevant products to potential customers or using intelligent search algorithms that provide uncannily personalized results — consumers expect contextually accurate experiences on the fly and that you know their brand preferences. AI natural language processing The good news? You can meet (or beat) these expectations. And with semantic keywords, you can reach a larger audience — a wider pool of people who may be searching by entering different target words. How to Get Started With Semantic Keywords Here are three ways to provide the right semantically related keywords for your users’ needs: to know which core keywords people are searching for; this will provide insights about your user intent. Use an SEO tool in your app and site search, filling blog posts and product-page content with terms popular in the consumer world. Implement semantic keywords your semantic keywords, as consumer trends are dynamic. Knowing what people are seeking will improve your search functionality as it’s boosting your content relevance. Regularly review Go Semantic With Your Search Congrats — you’re now in the know about semantically related keywords impacting quality search results. Incorporating semantic keyword considerations in your search and content can help you win over users or shoppers by showing them the most relevant results, ultimately boosting your ROI. Here at Algolia, as our , we can help you with that. We provide scalable, secure . At the forefront of technology, we harness proven, machine learning–driven semantic search to generate rewarding user experiences. clients can attest enterprise-level semantic search vector search We’re ready to help you: for your website visitors or app users. Create exceptional experiences it takes people to find what they really want. Reduce the time cool new things Let your searchers discover Ready to investigate how a search that incorporates semantic keywords can lead to a meaningful change in bottom line? today. your Contact us

Semantic Keywords: What Are They and Why Are They So Useful?

Palabras clave semánticas: ¿qué son y por qué son tan útiles?

Mots-clés sémantiques : que sont-ils et pourquoi sont-ils si utiles ?

सिमेंटिक कीवर्ड: वे क्या हैं और वे इतने उपयोगी क्यों हैं?

セマンティック キーワード: それらは何であり、なぜそれほど有用なのか?

Palavras-chave semânticas: o que são e por que são tão úteis?

Từ khoá ngữ nghĩa: Chúng là gì và tại sao chúng lại hữu ích?

语义关键词：它们是什么以及它们为何如此有用？

In this article 🔍 We'll learn what semantic search is. 🎉 We'll discuss how semantic search impacts the user experience 🦀 We'll see the use case of a new npm library called Voy, a WASM vector similarity search engine written in Rust. Let's go. What Is Semantic Search? Semantic search is a type of search that focuses on meanings. You can search with human language or vague concepts, and the search result will give you similar data points in the database based on the semantics of your search query. It almost feels like semantic search engines "understand" the meaning of your questions. You can ask any question in your natural language like "Which Marvel movie to watch after Shang-Chi?". The engines understand the meaning and why you ask that question and it returns the most relevant results back to you. In fact, semantic search engines commonly use pre-trained models to understand the , and generate a computational representation of the search queries and database. We often refer to the representation as "vector embeddings" or "embeddings". The engine will then classify the embeddings and find the nearest neighbors of the search query embeddings. The nearest neighbors are the data points that are the most relevant to what you're looking for. Neural Networks search intent and contextual meanings To illustrate how semantic search works: The image originated from Google Research's blog " ". Announcing ScaNN: Efficient Vector Similarity Search Who Uses Semantic Search? Semantic search is everywhere. It's so valuable because it has a big impact on user experience: Users are able to search and access digital content in a more human way. Search engines are able to provide more relevant and helpful content to the users and make around keywords irrelevant. SEO strategy Search can be for big data. blazingly fast Search isn't limited to text anymore. We can create embeddings from different types of digital content, like images and videos. Some examples of the major companies that integrated semantic search: Google: Hummingbird Amazon: Semantic product search Spotify: Natural Language Search Meta: Facebook AI Similarity Search Redis: Redis Vector Similarity Search Introducing Voy is an open source semantic search engine in (WASM). I created it to empower more projects to build semantic features and create better user experience for people around the world. Voy follows several design principles: Voy WebAssembly 🤏 : Reduce overhead for limited devices, such as mobile browsers with slow network or IoT. Tiny ⚡️ : Create the best search experience for the users. Fast 🌳 : Optimize bundle size and enable asynchronous capabilities for modern Web API, such as . Tree Shackable Web Workers 🔋 : Generate portable embeddings index anywhere, anytime. Resumable ☁️ : Run semantic search on CDN edge servers. Edgy It's available on npm. You can simply install it with your favorite package manager and start using it. npm i voy-search yarn add voy-search pnpm add voy-search # with npm # with Yarn # with pnpm To demonstrate what it looks like: You can find the ! Feel free to try it out. Voy's repository on GitHub The repository includes an where you can see how to load the WASM module with . example Webpack 5 Let's break it down a bit to see what it did. First, the demo was loading the WASM module asynchronously. After loading, it started indexing the following phrases: "This is a very happy Person" "That is a Happy Dog" "Today is a sunny day" Indexing is where we transforms the phrases into embeddings and organize them in a embedding space. Once the index was ready, the demo performed a similarity search with the phrase "That is a happy Person". Finally we saw the search result returns "This is a very happy Person" as the top result. We can reason about the credibility of the result because "This is a happy Person" does have the highest semantic similarity to "This is a very happy Person". How does Voy Work? Voy takes care of two things: Indexing resources. Retrieving nearest neighbors from the index. Index Resources To demonstrate, we'll use "text" as our resource. The embeddings are organized and stored in a under the hood. k-d tree is a data structure for organizing data in a k-dimensional space. It is very useful for our vector embeddings index because the embeddings are fixed floating arrays. k-d tree As of now, packaging an embeddings transformers into WASM is still under development. So Voy relies on other libraries like to generate embeddings. Web AI ] })) // Dynamically import Voy const voy = await import ( 'voy' ) const phrases = [ 'That is a very happy Person' , 'That is a Happy Dog' , 'Today is a sunny day' , // Use web-ai to create text embeddings const model = await ( await TextModel.create( 'gtr-t5-quant' )).model const processed = await Promise .all(phrases.map( ( q ) => model.process(q))) // Index embeddings with Voy const data = processed.map( ( { result }, i ) => ({ id : String (i), title : phrases[i], url : `/path/ ${i} ` , // link to your resource for the search result embeddings : result, const index = voy.index({ embeddings : data }) // index is a serialized k-d tree As you can see, after executing , it returns a serialized index. It allows Voy to deserialize the index when executing searches without being in the same environment. For example, the index can be created in build time and ship the serialized index to the client to perform searches. It is referred as the . voy.index() resumability Retrieve Nearest Neighbors nearests.forEach( ) // Create query embeddings const query = await model.process( 'That is a happy Person' ) // Search with Voy and return the 1 result const nearests = voy.search(index, query.result, 1 ) // Display vector similarity search result ( result ) => log( `🕸️ voy similarity search result 👉 " ${result.title} "` ) // That is a very happy Person Internally, Voy uses Squared to calculate the nearest neighbors. There're a few ways to calculate the distance between points. Here the points are the nodes of the embeddings object in the k-d tree. The common formulas are: Euclidean distance Euclidean distance Manhattan distance Cosine similarity Final Thoughts Voy is created to make semantic accessible for developers to build, ship, and create user value. It still has a few more steps to be a self-sufficient semantic search engine. If you're interested, you can follow Voy's . public roadmap If you believe in Voy's mission and would like to support the project, please check out the on the GitHub repository. sponsor section If you are interested in some of the open source embeddings transformers, here are some of the projects I experimented with: spotify/annoy facebookresearch/faiss google-research/bert with the model UKPLab/sentence-transformers all-MiniLM-L12-v2 References - Google Research Announcing ScaNN: Efficient Vector Similarity Search - Redis Build Intelligent Apps with New Redis Vector Similarity Search - Wikipedia Cosine similarity - Wikipedia Euclidean distance - GitHub facebookresearch/faiss - Engineering at Meta Faiss: A library for efficient similarity search - Google Cloud Find anything blazingly fast with Google's vector search technology - Wikipedia Google Hummingbird - GitHub google-research/bert - Daw-Chih Liou I Built A Snappy Static Full-text Search with WebAssembly, Rust, Next.js, and Xor Filters - Spotify Introducing Natural Language Search for Podcast Episodes - Wikipedia - Wikipedia k-d tree Manhattan distance - Wikipedia Nearest neighbor search - Wikipedia Neural network - Amazon Science Semantic product search - Wikipedia Semantic search - Hugging Face sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L12-v2 - Wikipedia Similarity search - GitHub spotify/annoy - GitHub tantaraio/voy - GitHub UKPLab/sentence-transformers - GitHub visheratin/web-ai - GitHub Projects Voy Roadmap - Search Engine Land What is semantic search: A deep dive into entity-based search - W3C Community Group WebAssembly - mdn web docs Web Workers API - OpenJS Foundation Webpack This article was originally posted on . Daw-Chih's website

How to Go About Using WASM Semantic Search in Rust

Darwinism, Stated by Darwin himself, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND OTHER ANIMALS THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND OTHER ANIMALS. The subject is treated under three Principles: the Principle of Associated Habit; the Principle of Antithesis; and the Principle of the direct action of the nervous system independent of Will and Habit. THE PRINCIPLE OF ASSOCIATED HABIT. It is notorious how powerful is the force of habit. The most complex and difficult movements can in time be performed without the least effort or consciousness. It is not positively known how it comes that habit is so efficient in facilitating complex movements; but physiologists admit that “the conducting power of the nervous fibers increases with the frequency of their excitement.” This applies to the nerves of motion and sensation, as well as to those connected with the act of thinking. That some physical change is produced in the nerve-cells or nerves which are habitually used can hardly be doubted, for otherwise it is impossible to understand how the tendency to certain acquired movements is inherited. * * * * * It is known to every one how difficult or even impossible it is, without repeated trials, to move the limbs in certain opposed directions which have never been practiced. Analogous cases occur with sensations, as in the common experiment of rolling a marble beneath the tips of two crossed fingers, when it feels exactly like two marbles. Every one protects himself when falling to the ground by extending his arms, and as Professor Alison has remarked, few can resist acting thus when voluntarily falling on a soft bed. A man when going out-of-doors puts on his gloves quite unconsciously; and this may seem an extremely simple operation, but he who has taught a child to put on gloves knows that this is by no means the case. When our minds are much affected, so are the movements of our bodies. * * * * *Page 30. To those who admit the gradual evolution of species, a most striking instance of the perfection with which the most difficult consensual movements can be transmitted, is afforded by the hummingbird Sphinx-moth (Macroglossa); for this moth, shortly after its emergence from the cocoon, as shown by the bloom on its unruffled scales, may be seen poised stationary in the air, with its long, hair-like proboscis uncurled and inserted into the minute orifices of flowers; and no one, I believe, has ever seen this moth learning to perform its difficult task, which requires such unerring aim. * * * * * A vulgar man often scratches his head when perplexed in mind; and I believe that he acts thus from habit, as if he experienced a slightly uncomfortable bodily sensation, namely, the itching of his head, to which he is particularly liable, and which he thus relieves. Another man rubs his eyes when perplexed, or gives a little cough when embarrassed, acting in either case as if he felt a slightly uncomfortable sensation in his eyes or windpipe. From the continued use of the eyes, these organs are especially liable to be acted on through association under various states of the mind, although there is manifestly nothing to be seen. A man, as Gratiolet remarks, who vehemently rejects a proposition, will almost certainly shut his eyes or turn away his face; but, if he accepts the proposition, he will nod his head in affirmation and open his eyes widely. The man acts in this latter case as if he clearly saw the thing, and in the former case as if he did not, or would not, see it. I have noticed that persons in describing a horrid sight often shut their eyes momentarily and firmly, or shake their heads, as if not to see or to drive away something disagreeable; and I have caught myself, when thinking in the dark of a horrid spectacle, closing my eyes firmly. * * * * * There are other actions which are commonly performed under certain circumstances, independently of habit, and which seem to be due to imitation or some sort of sympathy. Thus persons cutting anything with a pair of scissors may be seen to move their jaws simultaneously with the blades of the scissors. Children learning to write often twist about their tongues as their fingers move, in a ridiculous fashion. When a public singer suddenly becomes a little hoarse, many of those present may be heard, as I have been assured by a gentleman on whom I can rely, to clear their throats; but here habit probably comes into play, as we clear our own throats under similar circumstances. * * * * * Reflex actions, in the strict sense of the term, are due to the excitement of a peripheral nerve, which transmits its influence to certain nerve-cells, and these, in their turn, excite certain muscles or glands261 into action; and all this may take place without any sensation or consciousness on our part, though often thus accompanied. As many reflex actions are highly expressive, the subject must here be noticed at some little length. We shall also see that some of them graduate into, and can hardly be distinguished from, actions which have arisen through habit. Coughing and sneezing are familiar instances of reflex actions. * * * * *Page 37. The conscious wish to perform a reflex action sometimes stops or interrupts its performance, though the proper sensory nerves may be stimulated. For instance, many years ago I laid a small wager with a dozen young men that they would not sneeze if they took snuff, although they all declared that they invariably did so; accordingly, they all took a pinch, but, from wishing much to succeed, not one sneezed, though their eyes watered, and all, without exception, had to pay me the wager. * * * * * Dogs, when they wish to go to sleep on a carpet or other hard surface, generally turn round and round and scratch the ground with their fore-paws in a senseless manner, as if they intended to trample down the grass and scoop out a hollow, as, no doubt, their wild parents did, when they lived on open, grassy plains or in the woods. THE PRINCIPLE OF ANTITHESIS. Certain states of the mind lead, as we have seen in the last chapter, to certain habitual movements which were primarily, or may still be, of service; and we shall find that, when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of movements of a directly opposite nature, though these have never been of any service. * * * * * When a dog approaches a strange dog or man in a savage or hostile frame of mind, he walks upright and very stiffly; his head is slightly raised, or not much lowered; the tail is held erect and quite rigid; the hairs bristle, especially along the neck and back; the pricked ears are directed forward, and the eyes have a fixed stare. These actions follow from the dog’s intention to attack his enemy, and are thus to a large extent intelligible. As he prepares to spring with a savage growl on his enemy, the canine teeth are uncovered, and the ears are pressed close backward on the head; but with these latter actions we are not here concerned. Let us now suppose that the dog suddenly discovers that the man whom he is approaching is not a stranger, but his master; and let it be observed how completely and instantaneously his whole bearing is reversed. Instead of walking upright, the body sinks downward or even crouches, and is thrown into flexuous movements; his tail, instead of being held stiff and upright, is lowered and wagged from side to side; his hair instantly becomes smooth; his ears are depressed and drawn backward, but not closely to the head; and his lips hang loosely. From the drawing back of the ears, the eyelids become elongated, and the eyes no longer appear round and staring. It should be added that the animal is at such times in an excited condition from joy; and nerve-force will be generated in excess, which naturally leads to action of some kind. Not one of the above movements, so clearly expressive of affection, are of the least direct service to the animal. They are explicable, as far as I can see, solely from being in complete opposition or antithesis to the attitude and movements which, from intelligible causes, are assumed when a dog intends to fight, and which consequently are expressive of anger. ORIGIN OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ANTITHESIS. We will now consider how the principle of antithesis in expression has arisen. With social animals, the power of intercommunication between the members of the same community—and, with other species, between the opposite sexes, as well as between the young and the old—is of the highest importance to them. This is generally effected by means of the voice, but it is certain that gestures and expressions are to a certain extent mutually intelligible. Man not only uses inarticulate cries, gestures, and expressions, but has invented articulate language; if, indeed, the word can be applied to a process completed by innumerable steps, half-consciously made. Any one who has watched monkeys will not doubt that they perfectly understand each other’s gestures and expression, and to a large extent, as Rengger asserts, those of man. An animal when going to attack another, or when afraid of another, often makes itself appear terrible, by erecting its hair, thus increasing the apparent bulk of its body, by showing its teeth, or brandishing its horns, or by uttering fierce sounds. invented As the power of intercommunication is certainly of high service to many animals, there is no a priori improbability in the supposition that gestures manifestly of an opposite nature to those by which certain feelings are already expressed should at first have been voluntarily employed under the influence of an opposite state of feeling. The fact of the gestures being now innate would be no valid objection to the belief that they were at first intentional; for, if practiced during many generations, they would probably at last be inherited. Nevertheless, it is more than doubtful, as we shall immediately see, whether any of the cases which come under our present head of antithesis have thus originated. With conventional signs which are not innate, such as those used by the deaf and dumb and by savages, the principle of opposition or antithesis has been partially brought into play. The Cistercian monks thought it sinful to speak, and, as they could not avoid holding some communication, they invented a gesture language, in which the principle of opposition seems to have been employed. Dr. Scott, of the Exeter Deaf and Dumb Institution, writes to me that “opposites are greatly used in teaching the deaf and dumb, who have a lively sense of them.” Nevertheless I have been surprised how few unequivocal instances can be adduced. This depends partly on all the signs having commonly had some natural origin; and partly on the practice of the deaf and dumb and of savages to contract their signs as much as possible for the sake of rapidity. Hence their natural source or origin often becomes doubtful, or is completely lost; as is likewise the case with articulate language. * * * * * When a cat, or rather when some early progenitor of the species, from feeling affectionate, first slightly arched its back, held its tail perpendicularly upward and pricked its ears, can it be believed that the animal consciously wished thus to show that its frame of mind was directly the reverse of that when, from being ready to fight or to spring on its prey, it assumed a crouching attitude, curled its tail from side to side, and depressed its ears? Even still less can I believe that my dog voluntarily put on his dejected attitude and “ ,” which formed so complete a contrast to his previous cheerful attitude and whole bearing. It can not be supposed that he knew that I should understand his expression, and that he could thus soften my heart and make me give up visiting the hot-house. hot-house face Hence, for the development of the movements which come under the present head, some other principle, distinct from the will and consciousness, must have intervened. This principle appears to be that every movement which we have voluntarily performed throughout our lives has required the action of certain muscles; and, when we have performed a directly opposite movement, an opposite set of muscles has been habitually brought into play—as in turning to the right or to the left, in pushing away or pulling an object toward us, and in lifting or lowering a weight. THE PRINCIPLE OF THE ACTION OF THE EXCITED NERVOUS SYSTEM ON THE BODY. The most striking case, though a rare and abnormal one, which can be adduced of the direct influence of the nervous system, when strongly affected, on the body, is the loss of color in the hair, which has occasionally been observed after extreme terror or grief. One authentic instance has been recorded, in the case of a man brought out for execution in India, in which the change of color was so rapid that it was perceptible to the eye. Another good case is that of the trembling of the muscles, which is common to man and to many, or most, of the lower animals. Trembling is of no service, often of much disservice, and can not have been at first acquired through the will, and then rendered habitual in association with any emotion. I am assured by an eminent authority that young children do not tremble, but go into convulsions, under the circumstances which would induce excessive trembling in adults. Trembling is excited in different individuals in very different degrees, and by the most diversified causes—by cold to the surface, before fever-fits, although the temperature of the body is then above the normal standard; in blood-poisoning, delirium tremens, and other diseases; by general failure of power in old age; by exhaustion after excessive fatigue; locally from severe injuries, such as burns; and, in an especial manner, by the passage of a catheter. Of all emotions, fear notoriously is the most apt to induce trembling; but so do occasionally great anger and joy. I remember once seeing a boy who had just shot his first snipe on the wing, and his hands trembled to such a degree from delight that he could not for some time reload his gun; and I have heard of an exactly similar case with an Australian savage, to whom a gun had been lent. Fine music, from the vague emotions thus excited, causes a shiver to run down the backs of some persons. * * * * * When animals suffer from an agony of pain, they generally writhe about with frightful contortions; and those which habitually use their voices utter piercing cries or groans. Almost every muscle of the body is brought into strong action. With man the mouth may be closely compressed, or, more commonly, the lips are retracted, with the teeth clinched or ground together. * * * * * The heart will be all the more readily affected through habitual associations, as it is not under the control of the will. A man when moderately angry, or even when enraged, may command the movements of his body, but he can not prevent his heart from beating rapidly. His chest will, perhaps, give a few heaves, and his nostrils just quiver, for the movements of respiration are only in part voluntary. In like manner, those muscles of the face which are least obedient to the will will sometimes alone betray a slight and passing emotion. The glands, again, are wholly independent of the will, and a man suffering from grief may command his features, but can not always prevent the tears from coming into his eyes. A hungry man, if tempting food is placed before him, may not show his hunger by any outward gesture, but he can not check the secretion of saliva. * * * * * With all, or almost all, animals, even with birds, terror causes the body to tremble. The skin becomes pale, sweat breaks out, and the hair bristles. * * * * * A physician once remarked to me, as a proof of the exciting nature of anger, that a man when excessively jaded will sometimes invent imaginary offenses, and put himself into a passion, unconsciously, for the sake of reinvigorating himself; and, since hearing this remark, I have occasionally recognized its full truth. * * * * * Exertion stimulates the heart, and this reacts on the brain, and aids the mind to bear its heavy load. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Darwin (2022). Darwinism Stated by Darwin himself. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/69147/pg69147-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

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