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The famous cypherpunk mailing list from which Bitcoin (and other privacy tools) came was founded in late 1992 by the activists Eric Hughes, Tim May, and John Gilmore. However, this is far from being the only merit attributed to Gilmore. Indeed, while that specific mailing list isn’t active anymore, other important projects launched or supported by Gilmore are still around, always helping to keep our privacy and digital rights. Born in 1955 in Pennsylvania (US), . Gilmore's journey as a programmer began in 1982 at Sun Microsystems (now Oracle), where he was the fifth employee. John Gilmore is a pioneer in software development and cryptography, who made significant contributions that continue to shape the digital landscape He focused there on further developing Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), an open-source operating system. In 1985, he also co-authored the Bootstrap Protocol, which evolved into DHCP, a fundamental mechanism for assigning IP addresses on networks. This essentially ensures that devices connected to a network can communicate with each other, forming the backbone of modern Internet connectivity. his efforts Likewise, Gilmore is a frequent collaborator in free software and has been involved in various GNU projects. They include maintaining the GNU Debugger and initiating GNU Radio, demonstrating his commitment to fostering open-source solutions. Besides, his entrepreneurial spirit led him to found Cygnus Solutions in 1989. This was a company dedicated to supporting free software and was sold to Red Hat in 1999. Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) In 1990, Gilmore took another step to fight for privacy and freedom online. Along with John Perry Barlow (author of the ), and Mitch Kapor (creator of Firefox), they founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation ( ). Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace EFF This is an NGO with a mission to safeguard online rights, whether it entails combatting mass surveillance or defending freedom of expression worldwide. Not only do they advocate for these causes, but they also equip people with the requisite tools and insights to fortify their online defenses. Through legal advocacy, the EFF takes on cases involving privacy violations, government surveillance, and free speech issues. They also work to shape policies and legislation that protect digital rights, promote Internet freedom, and develop technologies to enhance online privacy and security. One notable example is HTTPS Everywhere, a browser extension created in collaboration with the Tor Project. HTTPS Everywhere automatically switches websites from insecure HTTP to secure HTTPS, enhancing users' security and privacy while browsing the web. Other significant EFF software projects are Privacy Badger, a browser extension designed to block online trackers and advertisements; and Let's Encrypt, a free, automated, and open certificate authority that enables website owners to obtain and install SSL/TLS certificates for secure HTTPS connections. Cypherpunks and Activism Gilmore didn’t create any form of digital money himself, but he supported as a movement from the very beginning. The first physical meetings were held between Eric Hughes’s house and Cygnus Solutions headquarters in California, whereas the mailing list was originally hosted on toad.com, a domain owned and maintained by Gilmore. The mission of cypherpunks is protecting privacy and freedom by using cryptographic tools, something fully shared by : the cypherpunks Gilmore too “I want a guarantee—with physics and mathematics, not with laws—that we can give ourselves things like real privacy of personal communications. Encryption strong enough that even the NSA can’t break it.” Additionally, Gilmore has been a vocal advocate for digital rights and civil liberties. such as the creation of the FreeS/WAN project for IPsec encryption and sponsorship of the EFF's Deep Crack DES cracker. Both projects worked towards making digital communication more secure by either enhancing encryption standards or demonstrating weaknesses in existing ones. He’s also been involved in the development of numerous software projects aimed at enhancing digital security and privacy, Gilmore's commitment to promoting Internet freedom has also led him to support initiatives aimed at increasing transparency and accountability in government surveillance practices. He has been involved in legal battles challenging unconstitutional surveillance and censorship, demonstrating his dedication to defending civil liberties in the digital age. A remarkable case was , where he challenged the requirement to show identification for domestic air travel, arguing it violated his constitutional rights to travel. He also objected to the lack of transparency regarding the directive mandating ID checks, which is fair: although the courts reviewed the Security Directive privately, its contents remain undisclosed to the public. This is deemed an unconstitutional “ .” Sadly, despite Gilmore's claims, the court ruled against him for now. Gilmore v. Gonzales secret law Against Censorship Gilmore, as much as other cypherpunks, has a firm position against censorship. He’s still active in the fight for privacy by like Freedom Box, a small device that works as an independent server to avoid surveillance; and Freedom of Movement, the legal battle against secret laws. , censorship is a social weakness, and it doesn’t offer any advantages. supporting projects For him “Censorship is a counterproductive social policy and weakens the national security, by suppressing the flow of useful information among the honest citizenry. Widespread use of encryption also enhances the national security, by making private information more truly private, and by making systems and networks harder for dishonest people to penetrate.” In these days of censorship and surveillance, we need decentralized and privacy tools more than ever. Luckily, developers and activists like Gilmore keep working to deliver them free to use. One of them is the . Obyte crypto network is structured as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to achieve consensus and record transactions. This decentralized approach ensures greater transparency, security, and resilience against censorship and surveillance. Its architecture enables peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries. Moreover, its open and permissionless nature fosters innovation, allowing developers to build decentralized applications (Dapps) and smart contracts on the platform. Obyte Besides, relying on the , users have the option to verify their personal information, such as their real name, while ensuring it remains securely stored in their wallet and nowhere else. This verified information can then be shared selectively with trusted parties, allowing others to check its authenticity using the Obyte DAG. Self-Sovereign ID features Importantly, users retain full control over what information they share. By decentralizing control and empowering users with sovereignty over their data and assets, Obyte paves the way for a more inclusive and equitable digital economy. Just like John Gilmore and other cypherpunks have dreamed of. Read more from series: Cypherpunks Write Code Tim May & Crypto-anarchism Wei Dai & B-money Nick Szabo & Smart Contracts Adam Back & Hashcash Eric Hughes & Remailer St Jude & Community Memory Hal Finney & RPOW Featured Vector Image by Garry Killian / Freepik John Gilmore Photograph by Joi Ito / Flickr

Cypherpunks Write Code: John Gilmore and the Electronic Frontier Foundation

সাইফারপাঙ্কস কোড লিখুন: জন গিলমোর এবং ইলেকট্রনিক ফ্রন্টিয়ার ফাউন্ডেশন

Cypherpunks schreiben Code: John Gilmore und die Electronic Frontier Foundation

Los Cypherpunks escriben código: John Gilmore y la Electronic Frontier Foundation

Cypherpunks écrivent du code : John Gilmore et l'Electronic Frontier Foundation

साइफरपंक्स राइट कोड: जॉन गिलमोर और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक फ्रंटियर फाउंडेशन

サイファーパンクはコードを書く: ジョン・ギルモアと電子フロンティア財団

사이퍼펑크의 코드 작성: 존 길모어(John Gilmore)와 전자 프론티어 재단(Electronic Frontier Foundation)

Cypherpunks escrevem código: John Gilmore e a Electronic Frontier Foundation

Шифропанки пишут код: Джон Гилмор и Electronic Frontier Foundation

Şifrepunklar Kod Yazıyor: John Gilmore ve Electronic Frontier Foundation

Cypherpunks viết mã: John Gilmore và Electronic Frontier Foundation

密码朋克编写代码：约翰·吉尔摩和电子前沿基金会

TOPTAL, LLC v. DENIS GROSZ Court Filing, retrieved on February 26, 2024, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This part is 7 of 7. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here CERTIFICATE OF ELECTRONIC SERVICE I certify that I am an employee of the Second Judicial District Court of the State of Nevada, in and for the County of Washoe that on the October 2023, I electronically filed the foregoing with the Second Judicial District Court's electronic filing system which will send a notice of electronic filing to the following: JOHN DESMOND, ESQ. KENT ROBISON, ESQ PHILIP MANNELLY, ESQ. ADAM HOSMER-HENNER, ESQ. HANNAH WINSTON, ESQ. BRIAN IRVINE, ESQ. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on October 11, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. media.licdn.com

Certificate of Electronic Service for Upload of Toptal v. Denis Grosz Court Filing 

I wrote this series of posts primarily for myself, or at least someone who is trying to make something electronic to sell. If that’s you, then I hope this helps you on your journey! If you just want to see the end product then you can find it at . https://hortus.dev/products/social-battery This is a long post, so I have broken it up into chunks to make it a bit easier to digest. These are: (this article) Designing and Prototyping the Board Selling the Prototypes Online Going from Prototype to Production Introduction I wanted to experiment with JLC PCB’s assembly service - whilst I’ve designed and manufactured bare PCBs before placing and soldering components manually, I’ve got some future projects in mind that will be impractical to solder up by hand due to both the quantity and size of components. It’s kind of amazing how cheap this service is when you think about what’s involved, but it’s still expensive enough that it can be a bit daunting handing over your money, and then waiting to find out whether you’ve made some mistake that will ruin the end result. I figured I’d get started with something simple, something I could test the waters of not just PCB assembly but also e-commerce. My plan was to come up with a small item that I could realistically design and submit for manufacture in less than a day, then hopefully sell reasonably easily on a marketplace like Etsy. I was expecting the design and manufacturing side of things to be the hard part and listing the product on Etsy to be easy, but it was very much the other way around as you will see if you keep reading! The Product I had a quick scan of Etsy to look at the kinds of things people were successfully selling that I could make. I found a couple of examples of people making electronic pin badges - the perfect project! These mostly consisted of LEDs with either a random or pre-set flashing pattern on a novelty-shaped board. These looked alright to me, but I wanted to try something a bit more interactive and meaningful that I could sell for enough money to make a sensible margin on a small number of initial units. Looking at the regular pin badges being sold on Etsy, I saw a bunch of enamel ‘Social Battery’ pins with a sliding indicator. These immediately jumped out at me as something that a) I could identify with personally (people make endless jokes about my social battery…), b) would be really fun as an electronic version, and c) would be easy to design - just a few LEDs, a switch, and a microcontroller to tie it all together! Designing and Prototyping the Board Confident in my skills, I threw together a quick circuit diagram in Kicad. I decided to use an ATtiny13A - mainly because I had a few on hand from a previous project, and because I have a decent amount of experience with similar chips. If you’re not familiar with it, the ATtiny13A is a small 8-bit microprocessor with 6 IO pins and is part of the AVR family of MCUs. It’s similar to the ATmega chips that have historically been at the core of most Arduinos, except its capabilities are much more limited. The benefit is that the ATtiny range of chips are smaller and cheaper, so if you don’t need a lot of memory or peripherals, then they are great! (although possibly a bit dated now with the endless variety of ARM chips that are available). I laid out the PCB for my circuit in KiCad, then got it to spit out the gerbers and drill files (which are used to manufacture the PCB), and the bill of materials and placement files (which are used to assemble components onto PCBs). I submitted them to JLC PCB to see if they were able to process them correctly. The BoM and placement files needed a bit of tweaking from the default to get them in the right format (turns out I did this the hard way, and there’s a much easier plugin for KiCad that does everything perfectly in a single click). JLC PCB maintains a pretty large library of components that they keep in stock for assembly orders. However, in my case, the ATtiny13a was not available, so I had to order them in. This was pretty straightforward using their global sourcing service. I was able to find the supplier with the best price for the quantity I needed and then let JLC PCB order them to their warehouse on my behalf. Whilst I waited, I figured I might as well breadboard my design and start working on the code, and I’m glad I did because I immediately discovered an issue! My design used five of the IO pins available on the ATtiny13a to drive the LEDs directly (with the sixth being used to monitor the button). What I didn’t realize/remember from the last time I made this mistake (yes, It’s happened before), was that one of those IOs is also the reset pin. You can use it, but it’s not able to supply much current, and by tying it to the ground through an LED, I was keeping the chip in a permanent reset state. One way to get around this is to burn a fuse on the chip that permanently disables the reset functionality of the pin transforming it into a regular IO. The issue with this though is that you can only program the chip once (unless you own a high-voltage programmer, which I don’t), and given my propensity for learning things the hard way, that seemed potentially quite wasteful! The other option is to find a way to do more with fewer pins so that the reset pin can be left alone. This can be achieved using a technique called which allows you to address many more LEDs than the number of available pins. charlieplexing You can then scan through these LEDs, turning them on and off individually at a high rate to make it appear as if multiple are on at once through . persistence of vision In my case, I’m driving the four green LEDs from 3 pins, and the red LED with a dedicated pin. This isn’t the most efficient example of charlieplexing, as I could drive all the LEDs from the three pins, but keeping red on a dedicated pin allows for simpler code when it comes to programming. I revised my circuit diagram and PCB design, then re-exported the necessary files and sent them off to JLC PCB to manufacture and assemble an initial set of five prototypes. A little over a week later, I received my prototypes, and I was really pleased with them! There were a few things that I could see I needed to change: I hadn’t really planned how I was going to program the boards. I had just broken out the AVR programming pins and hoped for the best. This was fine for five prototypes as I could tack the programming wires on with the tiniest bit of solder, but this would get very tedious very quickly at scale. The spike for the fastener on the back was soldered onto a ground pad. This would have been fine except the thermal mass of the spike and the ground plane on the board made it difficult to make a good join. It also sticks out very close to the positive metal cage of the battery holder which meant that there was a good chance of accidental shorts occurring if people placed/attached the badge on/to conductive surfaces. The negative contact for the battery wasn’t prominent enough, so I had to add a dab of solder to it to make a good connection. Again - not the end of the world for a small number of prototypes, but a pain if I had to do this for loads. These were all simple fixes to implement. I added a proper programming header that could be used with a pogo pin jig for quick and repeatable programming. I disconnected the spike from the ground plane so that it was its own small disconnected island of copper that would heat up more easily and not cause shorts. And I expanded the negative contact for the battery so that it would have more surface area to make a solid connection. The code is pretty simple. I keep track of the mode the badge is in which is represented by an integer that gets decremented every time the button is pressed. I then loop and blink each LED on my way around as dictated by the mode. When mode 0 is reached, I reset it back to the original number and then put the ATtiny into sleep mode. Pressing the button again triggers the interrupt which wakes the chip and starts the whole process again. Overall, I was really pleased with the results, which meant it was time to see if I could sell them! You can read about my experience doing this in . the next post in this series

How I Manufactured and Sold Electronic Badges - Part 1: Designing and Prototyping the Board

আমি কীভাবে ইলেকট্রনিক ব্যাজ তৈরি ও বিক্রি করেছি - পার্ট 1: বোর্ডের ডিজাইনিং এবং প্রোটোটাইপিং

Wie ich elektronische Abzeichen herstellte und verkaufte – Teil 1: Design und Prototyping der Platine

Cómo fabriqué y vendí insignias electrónicas - Parte 1: Diseño y creación de prototipos de la placa

Comment j'ai fabriqué et vendu des badges électroniques - Partie 1 : Conception et prototypage de la carte

मैंने इलेक्ट्रॉनिक बैज कैसे बनाए और बेचे - भाग 1: बोर्ड को डिज़ाइन करना और प्रोटोटाइप करना

電子バッジをどのように製造および販売したか - パート 1: 基板の設計とプロトタイピング

전자 배지를 제조하고 판매하는 방법 - 1부: 보드 디자인 및 프로토타이핑

Como fabricei e vendi crachás eletrônicos - Parte 1: Projetando e prototipando o quadro

Как я производил и продавал электронные бейджи. Часть 1. Проектирование и прототипирование платы

Elektronik Rozetleri Nasıl Ürettim ve Sattım - Bölüm 1: Panoyu Tasarlama ve Prototipleme

Cách tôi sản xuất và bán huy hiệu điện tử - Phần 1: Thiết kế và tạo mẫu bảng

我如何制造和销售电子徽章 - 第 1 部分：电路板设计和原型制作

The financial landscape is currently undergoing a remarkable transformation, and at the heart of this revolution are Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs). EMIs are entities that issue and manage e-money, an electronic equivalent of physical cash that can be stored and transferred digitally. EMIs offer various products and services that facilitate e-money transactions, such as virtual IBAN accounts, merchant accounts, , e-wallets, cryptocurrency services, money transfers, foreign currency exchange services, and more. payment cards This article aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the key distinctions between EMIs and traditional banks. In doing so, it sheds light on the transformative potential that EMIs bring to the rapidly evolving financial sector. The Surge in E-Money Transactions The growth in e-money transactions is nothing short of staggering. , the number of e-money users worldwide is expected to reach 4.4 billion by 2025, . The global e-money market size was valued at $653.8 billion in 2019 registering a CAGR of 10.89% from 2020 to 2027. In 2021, Europe witnessed an astounding 7.5 billion electronic money transactions, a significant increase from just over 4 billion in 2018. According to a report by Juniper Research up from 2.5 billion in 2020, representing a growth of 80% and is projected to reach $1332.02 billion by 2027, This astonishing growth reflects the well-established trend of e-money transactions replacing traditional cash, a trend that has been accelerated by the global COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic pushed consumers towards contactless payments, e-money transactions saw unprecedented growth. Simultaneously, the retail e-commerce sector in Western Europe experienced remarkable growth, more than doubling from £152.2 billion in 2015 to £328.91 billion in 2022. This seismic shift has transformed the payments sector, ushering in an era of innovative competition, including challenger banks, fintech firms, and retailers, all seeking to harness the advantages of an EMI License. Defining E-Money In its essence, e-money is an electronic equivalent of physical cash. Its convenience and versatility make it a preferred mode for financial transactions. E-money can be stored as digital records with banks, loaded onto prepaid cards, and securely housed in e-wallets. E-money can be used for numerous purposes, such as: Telecommunication Services: E-Money can facilitate the purchase or transfer of mobile credits and data plans. Fund Transfers: With E-Money, users can easily send or receive funds locally or across borders. Shopping and Services: Whether online or offline, E-Money can be exchanged for goods and services or redeemed for discount vouchers. Grocery Shopping: E-Money is accepted at a multitude of grocery outlets, making purchasing everyday items simple. Convenience and Department Stores: It is possible to use E-Money to cover costs at a variety of convenience or department stores. Specialty Stores: For specific purchases like books, music, or clothing, E-Money can be used at specialty stores. Discount Stores: E-Money is also applicable for purchasing household goods, electronics, or toys at discount stores. EMIs and the EMI License Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs) play a pivotal role in issuing and managing e-money. Authorized by regulatory bodies, there are currently over 550 EMIs in Europe, with the number of EMI licenses continually increasing. The EMI license empowers institutions to issue, distribute, and redeem e-money, facilitating various e-money transactions. The European Union has been at the forefront of regulating and promoting e-money, with the E-Money Directive (EMD) being the first legal framework for e-money in the world. The EMD was adopted in 2000 and revised in 2009 to harmonize the rules and conditions for issuing e-money across the EU. The EMD defines e-money as: a digital alternative to cash, which is stored on an electronic device or remotely at a server. It allows users to make cashless payments with money stored on a card or a phone, or over the internet. The EMD also sets out the requirements for obtaining an EMI license, such as: Having an initial capital of at least €350,000. Having adequate governance arrangements, risk management processes, and internal control mechanisms. Having sound and prudent business conduct, safeguarding customer funds, and ensuring adequate IT systems. Having a clear and transparent contractual relationship with customers, providing them with adequate information and protection. Traditional Banking License Unlike the more limited EMI licenses, traditional banks are governed by a comprehensive banking license. This enables them to offer an extensive array of banking services. By virtue of this license, these institutions can manage client deposits, extend credit, provide payment-related services, issue a variety of financial products, and are obliged to comply with rigorous regulatory mandates. There are several key distinctions between a traditional banking license and an EMI license: Capital Requirement: Traditional banking licenses necessitate a significantly higher initial capital, typically no less than €5 million. Lending Products: Such licenses permit banks to offer a range of lending products, including but not limited to loans, mortgages, overdrafts, and credit cards. Regulatory Oversight: Banks with a traditional license are subject to more stringent supervision by central banks and other regulatory authorities. Deposit Guarantee Schemes: A traditional banking license also allows banks to partake in deposit guarantee schemes, providing a safety net for customers' deposits up to a specified limit. Discerning EMIs from Banks The primary divergence between Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs) and traditional banks revolves around the ability to offer lending facilities. EMIs, by mandate, are prohibited from extending any form of lending and are required to separate client funds. In contrast, traditional banks generate income chiefly through the issuance of lending products, a critical element of their business model. Such a discrepancy carries significant implications for both the financial institutions and their clientele: For EMIs: The absence of lending services necessitates them to lean on alternative revenue streams, such as transaction fees, commissions, interest margins, or cross-selling strategies. For Traditional Banks: The provision of lending services entails handling more risks and costs associated with lending activities. For Customers: This distinction necessitates a careful evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of both options, basing their choice on individual needs and preferences. Advantages of EMIs Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs) present several unique benefits, primarily attributed to their digital-first methodology and efficient operations: By operating primarily online, EMIs can maintain lower overhead costs. These savings can then be transferred to their customers through reduced fees or favorable exchange rates. Cost Efficiency: EMIs have the capability to rapidly adapt to evolving customer needs and market changes, launching new products or features at a pace often faster than traditional banks. Agility: Leveraging advanced technology and eliminating intermediaries, EMIs can process transactions faster than their traditional counterparts. Transaction Speed: As EMIs are prohibited from lending activities and abide by the rule of segregating customer funds, they can offer a higher level of security and trust compared to traditional banks. Safety Assurance: With offerings such as multi-currency accounts, e-wallets, and cryptocurrency services, EMIs provide a greater level of choice and convenience than traditional banks. Flexibility: The Role of EMI Licensing Acquiring an EMI license is a rigorous and time-consuming process, which may not align with the timeline and needs of all organizations. Many non-regulated businesses and fintechs choose to partner with EMI-licensed entities, utilizing BIN sponsorship and program management services. BIN Sponsorship and Program Management BIN sponsorship is a service that allows non-regulated entities to access payment networks (such as Visa or Mastercard) and offer payment services without holding their own EMI license. BIN sponsors, usually EMIs or banks, provide their BINs (bank identification numbers) to other institutions and support their connections to the payment networks. By doing so, BIN sponsors take responsibility for risk management, compliance, settlement, and reporting on behalf of their partners. Program management is a service that helps non-regulated entities launch and manage their payment products, such as cards or e-wallets, by providing them with technical, operational, and regulatory support. Program managers, usually issuer processors or fintechs, enable their partners to access and use payment accounts through payment card transactions. They also handle various aspects of the payment program, such as card design, production, distribution, activation, customer service, fraud prevention, and more. Many non-regulated businesses and fintechs choose to partner with EMI-licensed entities, utilizing BIN sponsorship and program management services. This offers them several benefits, such as: Faster time-to-market: By leveraging the existing infrastructure and expertise of their partners, they can launch their payment products in a matter of weeks or months, instead of years. Lower costs: By avoiding the high initial capital and ongoing operational expenses of obtaining and maintaining an EMI license, they can reduce their costs and increase their profitability. Greater flexibility: By having more control over their product features and pricing, they can tailor their offerings to their target market and customer segments. Reduced risk: By transferring the regulatory and financial risks to their partners, they can focus on their core competencies and business growth. Some examples of successful partnerships between non-regulated entities and EMI-licensed entities are: Zilch is a London-based fintech company that offers a buy now pay later (BNPL) digital card that allows customers to shop anywhere online and split their payments into four interest-free installments over six weeks. Zilch has partnered with Mastercard since its beta launch in 2019 and has recently expanded its partnership to launch its BNPL card across Europe. Zilch: Hyperjar is a fintech company that provides a smart spending app and a prepaid debit card that help customers budget and save money. Customers can create multiple jars for different spending categories and earn rewards from partner brands such as eBay, Shell, and Skyscanner. Hyperjar uses bank-grade encryption and Mastercard network to ensure security and convenience. Hyperjar: Kasssh is a digital cash platform that allows customers to pay for online purchases with cash at physical PayPoint stores across the UK. Kasssh aims to bridge the gap between cash and e-commerce and promote financial inclusion for unbanked and underserved consumers. Kasssh is free to use and download and has exited stealth mode after testing its service with selected merchants. Kasssh: Conclusion The financial industry's evolution is profoundly represented by the emergence of Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs), marking the onset of a new era characterized by innovation and customer-focused finance. Grasping the nuanced differences between EMIs and traditional banks is crucial for businesses, policymakers, and consumers as they steer through the continually transforming financial terrain. This in-depth analysis provides a thorough examination of each aspect, establishing a solid foundation for enlightened decisions that will sculpt the future of finance. We eagerly present this analysis to the leading fintech journal, confident that it paves the way to unlock the immense potential of EMIs in shaping our financial future. References EUR-Lex - 32009L0110 - EN - EUR-Lex (europa.eu) Online share of retail trade in EU countries 2022 | Statista Zilch and Mastercard Announce Expanded Partnership HyperJar review - is it the best prepaid debit card? - Money To The Masses Kasssh launches in the UK to enable consumers to pay for online purchases in cash - FinTech Futures: Global fintech news & intelligence

Navigating the Financial Frontier: A Comprehensive Analysis of Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs) 

Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier by Suelette Dreyfus, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Preface to the electronic edition. here Preface to the electronic edition. Why would an author give away an unlimited number of copies of her book for free? That's a good question. When `Underground''s researcher, Julian Assange, first suggested releasing an electronic version of the book on the Net for free, I had to stop and think about just that question. I'd spent nearly three years researching, writing and editing the nearly 500 pages of `Underground'. Julian had worked thousands of hours doing painstaking research; discovering and cultivating sources, digging with great resourcefulness into obscure databases and legal papers, not to mention providing valuable editorial advice. So why would I give away this carefully ripened fruit for free? Because part of the joy of creating a piece of art is in knowing that many people can - and are - enjoying it. Particularly people who can't otherwise afford to pay $11 USD for a book. People such as cash strapped hackers. This book is about them, their lives and obsessions. It rubs clear a small circle in the frosted glass so the reader can peer into that hazy world. `Underground' belongs on the Net, in their ephemeral landscape. The critics have been good to `Underground', for which I am very grateful. But the best praise came from two of the hackers detailed in the book. Surprising praise, because while the text is free of the narrative moralising that plague other works, the selection of material is often very personal and evokes mixed sympathies. One of the hackers, Anthrax dropped by my office to say `Hi'. Out of the blue, he said with a note of amazement, `When I read those chapters, it was so real, as if you had been right there inside my head'. Not long after Par, half a world away, and with a real tone of bewildered incredulity in his voice made exactly the same observation. For a writer, it just doesn't get any better than that. By releasing this book for free on the Net, I'm hoping more people will not only enjoy the story of how the international computer underground rose to power, but also make the journey into the minds of hackers involved. When I first began sketching out the book's structure, I decided to go with depth. I wanted the reader to think, 'NOW I understand, because I too was there.' I hope those words will enter your thoughts as you read this electronic book. Michael Hall, a supersmart lawyer on the book's legal team, told me in July last year he saw a young man in Sydney reading a copy of `Underground' beside him on the #380 bus to North Bondi. Michael said he wanted to lean over and proclaim proudly, `I legalled that book!'. Instead, he chose to watch the young man's reactions. The young man was completely absorbed, reading hungrily through his well-worn copy, which he had completely personalised. The pages were covered in highlighter, scrawled margin writing and post-it notes. He had underlined sections and dog-eared pages. If the bus had detoured to Brisbane, he probably wouldn't have noticed. I like that. Call me subversive, but I'm chuffed `Underground' is engaging enough to make people miss bus stops. It makes me happy, and happy people usually want to share. There are other reasons for releasing `Underground' in this format. The electronic version is being donated to the visionary Project Gutenburg, a collection of free electronic books run with missionary zeal by Michael Hart. Project Gutenburg promises to keep old out-of-print books in free ``electronic'' print forever, to bring literature to those who can't afford books, and to brighten the world of the visually impaired. `Underground' isn't out of print — and long may it remain that way — but those are laudable goals. I wrote in the `Introduction' to the printed edition about my great aunt, a diver and artist who pioneered underwater painting in the 1940s. She provided me with a kind of inspiration for this book. What I didn't mention is that as a result of macular degeneration in both eyes, she is now blind. She can no longer paint or dive. But she does read - avidly - through `talking books'. She is another reason I decided to release `Underground' in this format. So, now you can download and read the electronic version of `Underground' for free. You can also send the work to your friends for free. Or your enemies. At over a megabyte of plain text each, a few dozen copies of underground make an extremely effective mail bomb. That's a joke, folks, not a suggestion. ;-) Like many of the people in this book, I'm not big on rules. Fortunately, there aren't many that come with this electronic version. Don't print the work on paper, CD or any other format, except for your own personal reading pleasure. This includes using the work as teaching material in institutions. You must not alter or truncate the work in any way. You must not redistribute the work for any sort of payment, including selling it on its own or as part of a package. Random House is a friendly place, but as one of the world's largest publishers it has a collection of equally large lawyers. Messing with them will leave you with scars in places that could be hard to explain to any future partner. If you want to do any of these things, please contact me or my literary agents Curtis Brown & Co first. I retain the copyright on the work. Julian Assange designed the elegant layout of this electronic edition, and he retains ownership of this design and layout. If you like the electronic version of the book, do buy the paper version. Why? For starters, it's not only much easier to read on the bus, its much easier to read full stop. It's also easier to thumb through, highlight, scribble on, dribble on, and show off. It never needs batteries. It can run on solar power and candles. It looks sexy on your bookshelf, by your bed and in your bed. If you are a male geek, the book comes with a girl-magnet guarantee. The paper version is much easier to lend to a prospective girlfriend. When she's finished reading the book, ask her which hacker thrilled her to pieces. Then nod knowingly, and say coyly `Well, I've never admitted this to anyone except the author and the Feds, but ..' And the most important reason to purchase a paper copy? Because buying the printed edition of the book lets the author continue to write more fine books like this one. Enjoy! Suelette Dreyfus January 2001 About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Suelette Dreyfus (2003). Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4686/pg4686.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Preface to the electronic edition.

Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier by Suelette Dreyfus is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! : Underground: Hacking, madness and obsession on the electronic frontier Title : Suelette Dreyfus Author : Julian Assange Researcher : November 1, 2003 [eBook #4686] Most recently updated: August 23, 2012 Release date : English Language TABLE OF LINKS Preface to the electronic edition Researcher's Introduction Acknowledgements Introduction CHAPTER 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 1 The Corner Pub The American Connection The Fugitive The Holy Grail Page One, the New York Times Judgment Day The International Subversives Operation Weather Anthrax—the Outsider The Prisoner's Dilemma About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Suelette Dreyfus (2003). Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4686/pg4686.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier - Table of Links

Electronic Afterword to The Hacker Crackdown, Halloween 1993

The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier by Bruce Sterling, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book .  Preface to the Electronic Release of The Hacker Crackdown here Preface to the Electronic Release of The Hacker Crackdown January 1, 1994—Austin, Texas Hi, I'm Bruce Sterling, the author of this electronic book. Out in the traditional world of print, The Hacker Crackdown is ISBN 0-553-08058-X, and is formally catalogued by the Library of Congress as "1. Computer crimes—United States. 2. Telephone—United States—Corrupt practices. 3. Programming (Electronic computers)—United States—Corrupt practices." 'Corrupt practices,' I always get a kick out of that description. Librarians are very ingenious people. The paperback is ISBN 0-553-56370-X. If you go and buy a print version of The Hacker Crackdown, an action I encourage heartily, you may notice that in the front of the book, beneath the copyright notice—"Copyright (C) 1992 by Bruce Sterling"—it has this little block of printed legal boilerplate from the publisher. It says, and I quote: "No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address: Bantam Books." This is a pretty good disclaimer, as such disclaimers go. I collect intellectual-property disclaimers, and I've seen dozens of them, and this one is at least pretty straightforward. In this narrow and particular case, however, it isn't quite accurate. Bantam Books puts that disclaimer on every book they publish, but Bantam Books does not, in fact, own the electronic rights to this book. I do, because of certain extensive contract maneuverings my agent and I went through before this book was written. I want to give those electronic publishing rights away through certain not-for-profit channels, and I've convinced Bantam that this is a good idea. Since Bantam has seen fit to peacably agree to this scheme of mine, Bantam Books is not going to fuss about this. Provided you don't try to sell the book, they are not going to bother you for what you do with the electronic copy of this book. If you want to check this out personally, you can ask them; they're at 1540 Broadway NY NY 10036. However, if you were so foolish as to print this book and start retailing it for money in violation of my copyright and the commercial interests of Bantam Books, then Bantam, a part of the gigantic Bertelsmann multinational publishing combine, would roust some of their heavy-duty attorneys out of hibernation and crush you like a bug. This is only to be expected. I didn't write this book so that you could make money out of it. If anybody is gonna make money out of this book, it's gonna be me and my publisher. My publisher deserves to make money out of this book. Not only did the folks at Bantam Books commission me to write the book, and pay me a hefty sum to do so, but they bravely printed, in text, an electronic document the reproduction of which was once alleged to be a federal felony. Bantam Books and their numerous attorneys were very brave and forthright about this book. Furthermore, my former editor at Bantam Books, Betsy Mitchell, genuinely cared about this project, and worked hard on it, and had a lot of wise things to say about the manuscript. Betsy deserves genuine credit for this book, credit that editors too rarely get. The critics were very kind to The Hacker Crackdown, and commercially the book has done well. On the other hand, I didn't write this book in order to squeeze every last nickel and dime out of the mitts of impoverished sixteen-year-old cyberpunk high-school-students. Teenagers don't have any money—(no, not even enough for the six-dollar Hacker Crackdown paperback, with its attractive bright-red cover and useful index). That's a major reason why teenagers sometimes succumb to the temptation to do things they shouldn't, such as swiping my books out of libraries. Kids: this one is all yours, all right? Go give the print version back. *8-) Well-meaning, public-spirited civil libertarians don't have much money, either. And it seems almost criminal to snatch cash out of the hands of America's direly underpaid electronic law enforcement community. If you're a computer cop, a hacker, or an electronic civil liberties activist, you are the target audience for this book. I wrote this book because I wanted to help you, and help other people understand you and your unique, uhm, problems. I wrote this book to aid your activities, and to contribute to the public discussion of important political issues. In giving the text away in this fashion, I am directly contributing to the book's ultimate aim: to help civilize cyberspace. Information WANTS to be free. And the information inside this book longs for freedom with a peculiar intensity. I genuinely believe that the natural habitat of this book is inside an electronic network. That may not be the easiest direct method to generate revenue for the book's author, but that doesn't matter; this is where this book belongs by its nature. I've written other books—plenty of other books—and I'll write more and I am writing more, but this one is special. I am making The Hacker Crackdown available electronically as widely as I can conveniently manage, and if you like the book, and think it is useful, then I urge you to do the same with it. You can copy this electronic book. Copy the heck out of it, be my guest, and give those copies to anybody who wants them. The nascent world of cyberspace is full of sysadmins, teachers, trainers, cybrarians, netgurus, and various species of cybernetic activist. If you're one of those people, I know about you, and I know the hassle you go through to try to help people learn about the electronic frontier. I hope that possessing this book in electronic form will lessen your troubles. Granted, this treatment of our electronic social spectrum is not the ultimate in academic rigor. And politically, it has something to offend and trouble almost everyone. But hey, I'm told it's readable, and at least the price is right. You can upload the book onto bulletin board systems, or Internet nodes, or electronic discussion groups. Go right ahead and do that, I am giving you express permission right now. Enjoy yourself. You can put the book on disks and give the disks away, as long as you don't take any money for it. But this book is not public domain. You can't copyright it in your own name. I own the copyright. Attempts to pirate this book and make money from selling it may involve you in a serious litigative snarl. Believe me, for the pittance you might wring out of such an action, it's really not worth it. This book don't "belong" to you. In an odd but very genuine way, I feel it doesn't "belong" to me, either. It's a book about the people of cyberspace, and distributing it in this way is the best way I know to actually make this information available, freely and easily, to all the people of cyberspace—including people far outside the borders of the United States, who otherwise may never have a chance to see any edition of the book, and who may perhaps learn something useful from this strange story of distant, obscure, but portentous events in so-called "American cyberspace." This electronic book is now literary freeware. It now belongs to the emergent realm of alternative information economics. You have no right to make this electronic book part of the conventional flow of commerce. Let it be part of the flow of knowledge: there's a difference. I've divided the book into four sections, so that it is less ungainly for upload and download; if there's a section of particular relevance to you and your colleagues, feel free to reproduce that one and skip the rest. [Project Gutenberg has reassembled the file, with Sterling's permission.] Just make more when you need them, and give them to whoever might want them. Now have fun. Bruce Sterling—bruces@well.sf.ca.us About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Bruce Sterling (1994). The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/101/pg101-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Hi, I'm Bruce Sterling, the author of this electronic book.

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