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The famous cypherpunk mailing list from which Bitcoin (and other privacy tools) came was founded in late 1992 by the activists Eric Hughes, Tim May, and John Gilmore. However, this is far from being the only merit attributed to Gilmore. Indeed, while that specific mailing list isn’t active anymore, other important projects launched or supported by Gilmore are still around, always helping to keep our privacy and digital rights. Born in 1955 in Pennsylvania (US), . Gilmore's journey as a programmer began in 1982 at Sun Microsystems (now Oracle), where he was the fifth employee. John Gilmore is a pioneer in software development and cryptography, who made significant contributions that continue to shape the digital landscape He focused there on further developing Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), an open-source operating system. In 1985, he also co-authored the Bootstrap Protocol, which evolved into DHCP, a fundamental mechanism for assigning IP addresses on networks. This essentially ensures that devices connected to a network can communicate with each other, forming the backbone of modern Internet connectivity. his efforts Likewise, Gilmore is a frequent collaborator in free software and has been involved in various GNU projects. They include maintaining the GNU Debugger and initiating GNU Radio, demonstrating his commitment to fostering open-source solutions. Besides, his entrepreneurial spirit led him to found Cygnus Solutions in 1989. This was a company dedicated to supporting free software and was sold to Red Hat in 1999. Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) In 1990, Gilmore took another step to fight for privacy and freedom online. Along with John Perry Barlow (author of the ), and Mitch Kapor (creator of Firefox), they founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation ( ). Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace EFF This is an NGO with a mission to safeguard online rights, whether it entails combatting mass surveillance or defending freedom of expression worldwide. Not only do they advocate for these causes, but they also equip people with the requisite tools and insights to fortify their online defenses. Through legal advocacy, the EFF takes on cases involving privacy violations, government surveillance, and free speech issues. They also work to shape policies and legislation that protect digital rights, promote Internet freedom, and develop technologies to enhance online privacy and security. One notable example is HTTPS Everywhere, a browser extension created in collaboration with the Tor Project. HTTPS Everywhere automatically switches websites from insecure HTTP to secure HTTPS, enhancing users' security and privacy while browsing the web. Other significant EFF software projects are Privacy Badger, a browser extension designed to block online trackers and advertisements; and Let's Encrypt, a free, automated, and open certificate authority that enables website owners to obtain and install SSL/TLS certificates for secure HTTPS connections. Cypherpunks and Activism Gilmore didn’t create any form of digital money himself, but he supported as a movement from the very beginning. The first physical meetings were held between Eric Hughes’s house and Cygnus Solutions headquarters in California, whereas the mailing list was originally hosted on toad.com, a domain owned and maintained by Gilmore. The mission of cypherpunks is protecting privacy and freedom by using cryptographic tools, something fully shared by : the cypherpunks Gilmore too “I want a guarantee—with physics and mathematics, not with laws—that we can give ourselves things like real privacy of personal communications. Encryption strong enough that even the NSA can’t break it.” Additionally, Gilmore has been a vocal advocate for digital rights and civil liberties. such as the creation of the FreeS/WAN project for IPsec encryption and sponsorship of the EFF's Deep Crack DES cracker. Both projects worked towards making digital communication more secure by either enhancing encryption standards or demonstrating weaknesses in existing ones. He’s also been involved in the development of numerous software projects aimed at enhancing digital security and privacy, Gilmore's commitment to promoting Internet freedom has also led him to support initiatives aimed at increasing transparency and accountability in government surveillance practices. He has been involved in legal battles challenging unconstitutional surveillance and censorship, demonstrating his dedication to defending civil liberties in the digital age. A remarkable case was , where he challenged the requirement to show identification for domestic air travel, arguing it violated his constitutional rights to travel. He also objected to the lack of transparency regarding the directive mandating ID checks, which is fair: although the courts reviewed the Security Directive privately, its contents remain undisclosed to the public. This is deemed an unconstitutional “ .” Sadly, despite Gilmore's claims, the court ruled against him for now. Gilmore v. Gonzales secret law Against Censorship Gilmore, as much as other cypherpunks, has a firm position against censorship. He’s still active in the fight for privacy by like Freedom Box, a small device that works as an independent server to avoid surveillance; and Freedom of Movement, the legal battle against secret laws. , censorship is a social weakness, and it doesn’t offer any advantages. supporting projects For him “Censorship is a counterproductive social policy and weakens the national security, by suppressing the flow of useful information among the honest citizenry. Widespread use of encryption also enhances the national security, by making private information more truly private, and by making systems and networks harder for dishonest people to penetrate.” In these days of censorship and surveillance, we need decentralized and privacy tools more than ever. Luckily, developers and activists like Gilmore keep working to deliver them free to use. One of them is the . Obyte crypto network is structured as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to achieve consensus and record transactions. This decentralized approach ensures greater transparency, security, and resilience against censorship and surveillance. Its architecture enables peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries. Moreover, its open and permissionless nature fosters innovation, allowing developers to build decentralized applications (Dapps) and smart contracts on the platform. Obyte Besides, relying on the , users have the option to verify their personal information, such as their real name, while ensuring it remains securely stored in their wallet and nowhere else. This verified information can then be shared selectively with trusted parties, allowing others to check its authenticity using the Obyte DAG. Self-Sovereign ID features Importantly, users retain full control over what information they share. By decentralizing control and empowering users with sovereignty over their data and assets, Obyte paves the way for a more inclusive and equitable digital economy. Just like John Gilmore and other cypherpunks have dreamed of. Read more from series: Cypherpunks Write Code Tim May & Crypto-anarchism Wei Dai & B-money Nick Szabo & Smart Contracts Adam Back & Hashcash Eric Hughes & Remailer St Jude & Community Memory Hal Finney & RPOW Featured Vector Image by Garry Killian / Freepik John Gilmore Photograph by Joi Ito / Flickr

Cypherpunks Write Code: John Gilmore and the Electronic Frontier Foundation

সাইফারপাঙ্কস কোড লিখুন: জন গিলমোর এবং ইলেকট্রনিক ফ্রন্টিয়ার ফাউন্ডেশন

Cypherpunks schreiben Code: John Gilmore und die Electronic Frontier Foundation

Los Cypherpunks escriben código: John Gilmore y la Electronic Frontier Foundation

Cypherpunks écrivent du code : John Gilmore et l'Electronic Frontier Foundation

साइफरपंक्स राइट कोड: जॉन गिलमोर और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक फ्रंटियर फाउंडेशन

サイファーパンクはコードを書く: ジョン・ギルモアと電子フロンティア財団

사이퍼펑크의 코드 작성: 존 길모어(John Gilmore)와 전자 프론티어 재단(Electronic Frontier Foundation)

Cypherpunks escrevem código: John Gilmore e a Electronic Frontier Foundation

Шифропанки пишут код: Джон Гилмор и Electronic Frontier Foundation

Şifrepunklar Kod Yazıyor: John Gilmore ve Electronic Frontier Foundation

Cypherpunks viết mã: John Gilmore và Electronic Frontier Foundation

密码朋克编写代码：约翰·吉尔摩和电子前沿基金会

TOPTAL, LLC v. DENIS GROSZ Court Filing, retrieved on February 26, 2024, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This part is 7 of 7. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here CERTIFICATE OF ELECTRONIC SERVICE I certify that I am an employee of the Second Judicial District Court of the State of Nevada, in and for the County of Washoe that on the October 2023, I electronically filed the foregoing with the Second Judicial District Court's electronic filing system which will send a notice of electronic filing to the following: JOHN DESMOND, ESQ. KENT ROBISON, ESQ PHILIP MANNELLY, ESQ. ADAM HOSMER-HENNER, ESQ. HANNAH WINSTON, ESQ. BRIAN IRVINE, ESQ. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on October 11, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. media.licdn.com

Certificate of Electronic Service for Upload of Toptal v. Denis Grosz Court Filing 

I wrote this series of posts primarily for myself, or at least someone who is trying to make something electronic to sell. If that’s you, then I hope this helps you on your journey! If you just want to see the end product then you can find it at . https://hortus.dev/products/social-battery This is a long post, so I have broken it up into chunks to make it a bit easier to digest. These are: (this article) Designing and Prototyping the Board Selling the Prototypes Online Going from Prototype to Production Introduction I wanted to experiment with JLC PCB’s assembly service - whilst I’ve designed and manufactured bare PCBs before placing and soldering components manually, I’ve got some future projects in mind that will be impractical to solder up by hand due to both the quantity and size of components. It’s kind of amazing how cheap this service is when you think about what’s involved, but it’s still expensive enough that it can be a bit daunting handing over your money, and then waiting to find out whether you’ve made some mistake that will ruin the end result. I figured I’d get started with something simple, something I could test the waters of not just PCB assembly but also e-commerce. My plan was to come up with a small item that I could realistically design and submit for manufacture in less than a day, then hopefully sell reasonably easily on a marketplace like Etsy. I was expecting the design and manufacturing side of things to be the hard part and listing the product on Etsy to be easy, but it was very much the other way around as you will see if you keep reading! The Product I had a quick scan of Etsy to look at the kinds of things people were successfully selling that I could make. I found a couple of examples of people making electronic pin badges - the perfect project! These mostly consisted of LEDs with either a random or pre-set flashing pattern on a novelty-shaped board. These looked alright to me, but I wanted to try something a bit more interactive and meaningful that I could sell for enough money to make a sensible margin on a small number of initial units. Looking at the regular pin badges being sold on Etsy, I saw a bunch of enamel ‘Social Battery’ pins with a sliding indicator. These immediately jumped out at me as something that a) I could identify with personally (people make endless jokes about my social battery…), b) would be really fun as an electronic version, and c) would be easy to design - just a few LEDs, a switch, and a microcontroller to tie it all together! Designing and Prototyping the Board Confident in my skills, I threw together a quick circuit diagram in Kicad. I decided to use an ATtiny13A - mainly because I had a few on hand from a previous project, and because I have a decent amount of experience with similar chips. If you’re not familiar with it, the ATtiny13A is a small 8-bit microprocessor with 6 IO pins and is part of the AVR family of MCUs. It’s similar to the ATmega chips that have historically been at the core of most Arduinos, except its capabilities are much more limited. The benefit is that the ATtiny range of chips are smaller and cheaper, so if you don’t need a lot of memory or peripherals, then they are great! (although possibly a bit dated now with the endless variety of ARM chips that are available). I laid out the PCB for my circuit in KiCad, then got it to spit out the gerbers and drill files (which are used to manufacture the PCB), and the bill of materials and placement files (which are used to assemble components onto PCBs). I submitted them to JLC PCB to see if they were able to process them correctly. The BoM and placement files needed a bit of tweaking from the default to get them in the right format (turns out I did this the hard way, and there’s a much easier plugin for KiCad that does everything perfectly in a single click). JLC PCB maintains a pretty large library of components that they keep in stock for assembly orders. However, in my case, the ATtiny13a was not available, so I had to order them in. This was pretty straightforward using their global sourcing service. I was able to find the supplier with the best price for the quantity I needed and then let JLC PCB order them to their warehouse on my behalf. Whilst I waited, I figured I might as well breadboard my design and start working on the code, and I’m glad I did because I immediately discovered an issue! My design used five of the IO pins available on the ATtiny13a to drive the LEDs directly (with the sixth being used to monitor the button). What I didn’t realize/remember from the last time I made this mistake (yes, It’s happened before), was that one of those IOs is also the reset pin. You can use it, but it’s not able to supply much current, and by tying it to the ground through an LED, I was keeping the chip in a permanent reset state. One way to get around this is to burn a fuse on the chip that permanently disables the reset functionality of the pin transforming it into a regular IO. The issue with this though is that you can only program the chip once (unless you own a high-voltage programmer, which I don’t), and given my propensity for learning things the hard way, that seemed potentially quite wasteful! The other option is to find a way to do more with fewer pins so that the reset pin can be left alone. This can be achieved using a technique called which allows you to address many more LEDs than the number of available pins. charlieplexing You can then scan through these LEDs, turning them on and off individually at a high rate to make it appear as if multiple are on at once through . persistence of vision In my case, I’m driving the four green LEDs from 3 pins, and the red LED with a dedicated pin. This isn’t the most efficient example of charlieplexing, as I could drive all the LEDs from the three pins, but keeping red on a dedicated pin allows for simpler code when it comes to programming. I revised my circuit diagram and PCB design, then re-exported the necessary files and sent them off to JLC PCB to manufacture and assemble an initial set of five prototypes. A little over a week later, I received my prototypes, and I was really pleased with them! There were a few things that I could see I needed to change: I hadn’t really planned how I was going to program the boards. I had just broken out the AVR programming pins and hoped for the best. This was fine for five prototypes as I could tack the programming wires on with the tiniest bit of solder, but this would get very tedious very quickly at scale. The spike for the fastener on the back was soldered onto a ground pad. This would have been fine except the thermal mass of the spike and the ground plane on the board made it difficult to make a good join. It also sticks out very close to the positive metal cage of the battery holder which meant that there was a good chance of accidental shorts occurring if people placed/attached the badge on/to conductive surfaces. The negative contact for the battery wasn’t prominent enough, so I had to add a dab of solder to it to make a good connection. Again - not the end of the world for a small number of prototypes, but a pain if I had to do this for loads. These were all simple fixes to implement. I added a proper programming header that could be used with a pogo pin jig for quick and repeatable programming. I disconnected the spike from the ground plane so that it was its own small disconnected island of copper that would heat up more easily and not cause shorts. And I expanded the negative contact for the battery so that it would have more surface area to make a solid connection. The code is pretty simple. I keep track of the mode the badge is in which is represented by an integer that gets decremented every time the button is pressed. I then loop and blink each LED on my way around as dictated by the mode. When mode 0 is reached, I reset it back to the original number and then put the ATtiny into sleep mode. Pressing the button again triggers the interrupt which wakes the chip and starts the whole process again. Overall, I was really pleased with the results, which meant it was time to see if I could sell them! You can read about my experience doing this in . the next post in this series

How I Manufactured and Sold Electronic Badges - Part 1: Designing and Prototyping the Board

আমি কীভাবে ইলেকট্রনিক ব্যাজ তৈরি ও বিক্রি করেছি - পার্ট 1: বোর্ডের ডিজাইনিং এবং প্রোটোটাইপিং

Wie ich elektronische Abzeichen herstellte und verkaufte – Teil 1: Design und Prototyping der Platine

Cómo fabriqué y vendí insignias electrónicas - Parte 1: Diseño y creación de prototipos de la placa

Comment j'ai fabriqué et vendu des badges électroniques - Partie 1 : Conception et prototypage de la carte

मैंने इलेक्ट्रॉनिक बैज कैसे बनाए और बेचे - भाग 1: बोर्ड को डिज़ाइन करना और प्रोटोटाइप करना

電子バッジをどのように製造および販売したか - パート 1: 基板の設計とプロトタイピング

전자 배지를 제조하고 판매하는 방법 - 1부: 보드 디자인 및 프로토타이핑

Como fabricei e vendi crachás eletrônicos - Parte 1: Projetando e prototipando o quadro

Как я производил и продавал электронные бейджи. Часть 1. Проектирование и прототипирование платы

Elektronik Rozetleri Nasıl Ürettim ve Sattım - Bölüm 1: Panoyu Tasarlama ve Prototipleme

Cách tôi sản xuất và bán huy hiệu điện tử - Phần 1: Thiết kế và tạo mẫu bảng

我如何制造和销售电子徽章 - 第 1 部分：电路板设计和原型制作

The financial landscape is currently undergoing a remarkable transformation, and at the heart of this revolution are Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs). EMIs are entities that issue and manage e-money, an electronic equivalent of physical cash that can be stored and transferred digitally. EMIs offer various products and services that facilitate e-money transactions, such as virtual IBAN accounts, merchant accounts, , e-wallets, cryptocurrency services, money transfers, foreign currency exchange services, and more. payment cards This article aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the key distinctions between EMIs and traditional banks. In doing so, it sheds light on the transformative potential that EMIs bring to the rapidly evolving financial sector. The Surge in E-Money Transactions The growth in e-money transactions is nothing short of staggering. , the number of e-money users worldwide is expected to reach 4.4 billion by 2025, . The global e-money market size was valued at $653.8 billion in 2019 registering a CAGR of 10.89% from 2020 to 2027. In 2021, Europe witnessed an astounding 7.5 billion electronic money transactions, a significant increase from just over 4 billion in 2018. According to a report by Juniper Research up from 2.5 billion in 2020, representing a growth of 80% and is projected to reach $1332.02 billion by 2027, This astonishing growth reflects the well-established trend of e-money transactions replacing traditional cash, a trend that has been accelerated by the global COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic pushed consumers towards contactless payments, e-money transactions saw unprecedented growth. Simultaneously, the retail e-commerce sector in Western Europe experienced remarkable growth, more than doubling from £152.2 billion in 2015 to £328.91 billion in 2022. This seismic shift has transformed the payments sector, ushering in an era of innovative competition, including challenger banks, fintech firms, and retailers, all seeking to harness the advantages of an EMI License. Defining E-Money In its essence, e-money is an electronic equivalent of physical cash. Its convenience and versatility make it a preferred mode for financial transactions. E-money can be stored as digital records with banks, loaded onto prepaid cards, and securely housed in e-wallets. E-money can be used for numerous purposes, such as: Telecommunication Services: E-Money can facilitate the purchase or transfer of mobile credits and data plans. Fund Transfers: With E-Money, users can easily send or receive funds locally or across borders. Shopping and Services: Whether online or offline, E-Money can be exchanged for goods and services or redeemed for discount vouchers. Grocery Shopping: E-Money is accepted at a multitude of grocery outlets, making purchasing everyday items simple. Convenience and Department Stores: It is possible to use E-Money to cover costs at a variety of convenience or department stores. Specialty Stores: For specific purchases like books, music, or clothing, E-Money can be used at specialty stores. Discount Stores: E-Money is also applicable for purchasing household goods, electronics, or toys at discount stores. EMIs and the EMI License Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs) play a pivotal role in issuing and managing e-money. Authorized by regulatory bodies, there are currently over 550 EMIs in Europe, with the number of EMI licenses continually increasing. The EMI license empowers institutions to issue, distribute, and redeem e-money, facilitating various e-money transactions. The European Union has been at the forefront of regulating and promoting e-money, with the E-Money Directive (EMD) being the first legal framework for e-money in the world. The EMD was adopted in 2000 and revised in 2009 to harmonize the rules and conditions for issuing e-money across the EU. The EMD defines e-money as: a digital alternative to cash, which is stored on an electronic device or remotely at a server. It allows users to make cashless payments with money stored on a card or a phone, or over the internet. The EMD also sets out the requirements for obtaining an EMI license, such as: Having an initial capital of at least €350,000. Having adequate governance arrangements, risk management processes, and internal control mechanisms. Having sound and prudent business conduct, safeguarding customer funds, and ensuring adequate IT systems. Having a clear and transparent contractual relationship with customers, providing them with adequate information and protection. Traditional Banking License Unlike the more limited EMI licenses, traditional banks are governed by a comprehensive banking license. This enables them to offer an extensive array of banking services. By virtue of this license, these institutions can manage client deposits, extend credit, provide payment-related services, issue a variety of financial products, and are obliged to comply with rigorous regulatory mandates. There are several key distinctions between a traditional banking license and an EMI license: Capital Requirement: Traditional banking licenses necessitate a significantly higher initial capital, typically no less than €5 million. Lending Products: Such licenses permit banks to offer a range of lending products, including but not limited to loans, mortgages, overdrafts, and credit cards. Regulatory Oversight: Banks with a traditional license are subject to more stringent supervision by central banks and other regulatory authorities. Deposit Guarantee Schemes: A traditional banking license also allows banks to partake in deposit guarantee schemes, providing a safety net for customers' deposits up to a specified limit. Discerning EMIs from Banks The primary divergence between Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs) and traditional banks revolves around the ability to offer lending facilities. EMIs, by mandate, are prohibited from extending any form of lending and are required to separate client funds. In contrast, traditional banks generate income chiefly through the issuance of lending products, a critical element of their business model. Such a discrepancy carries significant implications for both the financial institutions and their clientele: For EMIs: The absence of lending services necessitates them to lean on alternative revenue streams, such as transaction fees, commissions, interest margins, or cross-selling strategies. For Traditional Banks: The provision of lending services entails handling more risks and costs associated with lending activities. For Customers: This distinction necessitates a careful evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of both options, basing their choice on individual needs and preferences. Advantages of EMIs Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs) present several unique benefits, primarily attributed to their digital-first methodology and efficient operations: By operating primarily online, EMIs can maintain lower overhead costs. These savings can then be transferred to their customers through reduced fees or favorable exchange rates. Cost Efficiency: EMIs have the capability to rapidly adapt to evolving customer needs and market changes, launching new products or features at a pace often faster than traditional banks. Agility: Leveraging advanced technology and eliminating intermediaries, EMIs can process transactions faster than their traditional counterparts. Transaction Speed: As EMIs are prohibited from lending activities and abide by the rule of segregating customer funds, they can offer a higher level of security and trust compared to traditional banks. Safety Assurance: With offerings such as multi-currency accounts, e-wallets, and cryptocurrency services, EMIs provide a greater level of choice and convenience than traditional banks. Flexibility: The Role of EMI Licensing Acquiring an EMI license is a rigorous and time-consuming process, which may not align with the timeline and needs of all organizations. Many non-regulated businesses and fintechs choose to partner with EMI-licensed entities, utilizing BIN sponsorship and program management services. BIN Sponsorship and Program Management BIN sponsorship is a service that allows non-regulated entities to access payment networks (such as Visa or Mastercard) and offer payment services without holding their own EMI license. BIN sponsors, usually EMIs or banks, provide their BINs (bank identification numbers) to other institutions and support their connections to the payment networks. By doing so, BIN sponsors take responsibility for risk management, compliance, settlement, and reporting on behalf of their partners. Program management is a service that helps non-regulated entities launch and manage their payment products, such as cards or e-wallets, by providing them with technical, operational, and regulatory support. Program managers, usually issuer processors or fintechs, enable their partners to access and use payment accounts through payment card transactions. They also handle various aspects of the payment program, such as card design, production, distribution, activation, customer service, fraud prevention, and more. Many non-regulated businesses and fintechs choose to partner with EMI-licensed entities, utilizing BIN sponsorship and program management services. This offers them several benefits, such as: Faster time-to-market: By leveraging the existing infrastructure and expertise of their partners, they can launch their payment products in a matter of weeks or months, instead of years. Lower costs: By avoiding the high initial capital and ongoing operational expenses of obtaining and maintaining an EMI license, they can reduce their costs and increase their profitability. Greater flexibility: By having more control over their product features and pricing, they can tailor their offerings to their target market and customer segments. Reduced risk: By transferring the regulatory and financial risks to their partners, they can focus on their core competencies and business growth. Some examples of successful partnerships between non-regulated entities and EMI-licensed entities are: Zilch is a London-based fintech company that offers a buy now pay later (BNPL) digital card that allows customers to shop anywhere online and split their payments into four interest-free installments over six weeks. Zilch has partnered with Mastercard since its beta launch in 2019 and has recently expanded its partnership to launch its BNPL card across Europe. Zilch: Hyperjar is a fintech company that provides a smart spending app and a prepaid debit card that help customers budget and save money. Customers can create multiple jars for different spending categories and earn rewards from partner brands such as eBay, Shell, and Skyscanner. Hyperjar uses bank-grade encryption and Mastercard network to ensure security and convenience. Hyperjar: Kasssh is a digital cash platform that allows customers to pay for online purchases with cash at physical PayPoint stores across the UK. Kasssh aims to bridge the gap between cash and e-commerce and promote financial inclusion for unbanked and underserved consumers. Kasssh is free to use and download and has exited stealth mode after testing its service with selected merchants. Kasssh: Conclusion The financial industry's evolution is profoundly represented by the emergence of Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs), marking the onset of a new era characterized by innovation and customer-focused finance. Grasping the nuanced differences between EMIs and traditional banks is crucial for businesses, policymakers, and consumers as they steer through the continually transforming financial terrain. This in-depth analysis provides a thorough examination of each aspect, establishing a solid foundation for enlightened decisions that will sculpt the future of finance. We eagerly present this analysis to the leading fintech journal, confident that it paves the way to unlock the immense potential of EMIs in shaping our financial future. References EUR-Lex - 32009L0110 - EN - EUR-Lex (europa.eu) Online share of retail trade in EU countries 2022 | Statista Zilch and Mastercard Announce Expanded Partnership HyperJar review - is it the best prepaid debit card? - Money To The Masses Kasssh launches in the UK to enable consumers to pay for online purchases in cash - FinTech Futures: Global fintech news & intelligence

Navigating the Financial Frontier: A Comprehensive Analysis of Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs) 

Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier by Suelette Dreyfus, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Preface to the electronic edition. here Preface to the electronic edition. Why would an author give away an unlimited number of copies of her book for free? That's a good question. When `Underground''s researcher, Julian Assange, first suggested releasing an electronic version of the book on the Net for free, I had to stop and think about just that question. I'd spent nearly three years researching, writing and editing the nearly 500 pages of `Underground'. Julian had worked thousands of hours doing painstaking research; discovering and cultivating sources, digging with great resourcefulness into obscure databases and legal papers, not to mention providing valuable editorial advice. So why would I give away this carefully ripened fruit for free? Because part of the joy of creating a piece of art is in knowing that many people can - and are - enjoying it. Particularly people who can't otherwise afford to pay $11 USD for a book. People such as cash strapped hackers. This book is about them, their lives and obsessions. It rubs clear a small circle in the frosted glass so the reader can peer into that hazy world. `Underground' belongs on the Net, in their ephemeral landscape. The critics have been good to `Underground', for which I am very grateful. But the best praise came from two of the hackers detailed in the book. Surprising praise, because while the text is free of the narrative moralising that plague other works, the selection of material is often very personal and evokes mixed sympathies. One of the hackers, Anthrax dropped by my office to say `Hi'. Out of the blue, he said with a note of amazement, `When I read those chapters, it was so real, as if you had been right there inside my head'. Not long after Par, half a world away, and with a real tone of bewildered incredulity in his voice made exactly the same observation. For a writer, it just doesn't get any better than that. By releasing this book for free on the Net, I'm hoping more people will not only enjoy the story of how the international computer underground rose to power, but also make the journey into the minds of hackers involved. When I first began sketching out the book's structure, I decided to go with depth. I wanted the reader to think, 'NOW I understand, because I too was there.' I hope those words will enter your thoughts as you read this electronic book. Michael Hall, a supersmart lawyer on the book's legal team, told me in July last year he saw a young man in Sydney reading a copy of `Underground' beside him on the #380 bus to North Bondi. Michael said he wanted to lean over and proclaim proudly, `I legalled that book!'. Instead, he chose to watch the young man's reactions. The young man was completely absorbed, reading hungrily through his well-worn copy, which he had completely personalised. The pages were covered in highlighter, scrawled margin writing and post-it notes. He had underlined sections and dog-eared pages. If the bus had detoured to Brisbane, he probably wouldn't have noticed. I like that. Call me subversive, but I'm chuffed `Underground' is engaging enough to make people miss bus stops. It makes me happy, and happy people usually want to share. There are other reasons for releasing `Underground' in this format. The electronic version is being donated to the visionary Project Gutenburg, a collection of free electronic books run with missionary zeal by Michael Hart. Project Gutenburg promises to keep old out-of-print books in free ``electronic'' print forever, to bring literature to those who can't afford books, and to brighten the world of the visually impaired. `Underground' isn't out of print — and long may it remain that way — but those are laudable goals. I wrote in the `Introduction' to the printed edition about my great aunt, a diver and artist who pioneered underwater painting in the 1940s. She provided me with a kind of inspiration for this book. What I didn't mention is that as a result of macular degeneration in both eyes, she is now blind. She can no longer paint or dive. But she does read - avidly - through `talking books'. She is another reason I decided to release `Underground' in this format. So, now you can download and read the electronic version of `Underground' for free. You can also send the work to your friends for free. Or your enemies. At over a megabyte of plain text each, a few dozen copies of underground make an extremely effective mail bomb. That's a joke, folks, not a suggestion. ;-) Like many of the people in this book, I'm not big on rules. Fortunately, there aren't many that come with this electronic version. Don't print the work on paper, CD or any other format, except for your own personal reading pleasure. This includes using the work as teaching material in institutions. You must not alter or truncate the work in any way. You must not redistribute the work for any sort of payment, including selling it on its own or as part of a package. Random House is a friendly place, but as one of the world's largest publishers it has a collection of equally large lawyers. Messing with them will leave you with scars in places that could be hard to explain to any future partner. If you want to do any of these things, please contact me or my literary agents Curtis Brown & Co first. I retain the copyright on the work. Julian Assange designed the elegant layout of this electronic edition, and he retains ownership of this design and layout. If you like the electronic version of the book, do buy the paper version. Why? For starters, it's not only much easier to read on the bus, its much easier to read full stop. It's also easier to thumb through, highlight, scribble on, dribble on, and show off. It never needs batteries. It can run on solar power and candles. It looks sexy on your bookshelf, by your bed and in your bed. If you are a male geek, the book comes with a girl-magnet guarantee. The paper version is much easier to lend to a prospective girlfriend. When she's finished reading the book, ask her which hacker thrilled her to pieces. Then nod knowingly, and say coyly `Well, I've never admitted this to anyone except the author and the Feds, but ..' And the most important reason to purchase a paper copy? Because buying the printed edition of the book lets the author continue to write more fine books like this one. Enjoy! Suelette Dreyfus January 2001 About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Suelette Dreyfus (2003). Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4686/pg4686.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Preface to the electronic edition.

Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier by Suelette Dreyfus is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! : Underground: Hacking, madness and obsession on the electronic frontier Title : Suelette Dreyfus Author : Julian Assange Researcher : November 1, 2003 [eBook #4686] Most recently updated: August 23, 2012 Release date : English Language TABLE OF LINKS Preface to the electronic edition Researcher's Introduction Acknowledgements Introduction CHAPTER 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 1 The Corner Pub The American Connection The Fugitive The Holy Grail Page One, the New York Times Judgment Day The International Subversives Operation Weather Anthrax—the Outsider The Prisoner's Dilemma About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Suelette Dreyfus (2003). Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4686/pg4686.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Underground: Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier - Table of Links

Electronic Afterword to The Hacker Crackdown, Halloween 1993

The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier by Bruce Sterling, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book .  Preface to the Electronic Release of The Hacker Crackdown here Preface to the Electronic Release of The Hacker Crackdown January 1, 1994—Austin, Texas Hi, I'm Bruce Sterling, the author of this electronic book. Out in the traditional world of print, The Hacker Crackdown is ISBN 0-553-08058-X, and is formally catalogued by the Library of Congress as "1. Computer crimes—United States. 2. Telephone—United States—Corrupt practices. 3. Programming (Electronic computers)—United States—Corrupt practices." 'Corrupt practices,' I always get a kick out of that description. Librarians are very ingenious people. The paperback is ISBN 0-553-56370-X. If you go and buy a print version of The Hacker Crackdown, an action I encourage heartily, you may notice that in the front of the book, beneath the copyright notice—"Copyright (C) 1992 by Bruce Sterling"—it has this little block of printed legal boilerplate from the publisher. It says, and I quote: "No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address: Bantam Books." This is a pretty good disclaimer, as such disclaimers go. I collect intellectual-property disclaimers, and I've seen dozens of them, and this one is at least pretty straightforward. In this narrow and particular case, however, it isn't quite accurate. Bantam Books puts that disclaimer on every book they publish, but Bantam Books does not, in fact, own the electronic rights to this book. I do, because of certain extensive contract maneuverings my agent and I went through before this book was written. I want to give those electronic publishing rights away through certain not-for-profit channels, and I've convinced Bantam that this is a good idea. Since Bantam has seen fit to peacably agree to this scheme of mine, Bantam Books is not going to fuss about this. Provided you don't try to sell the book, they are not going to bother you for what you do with the electronic copy of this book. If you want to check this out personally, you can ask them; they're at 1540 Broadway NY NY 10036. However, if you were so foolish as to print this book and start retailing it for money in violation of my copyright and the commercial interests of Bantam Books, then Bantam, a part of the gigantic Bertelsmann multinational publishing combine, would roust some of their heavy-duty attorneys out of hibernation and crush you like a bug. This is only to be expected. I didn't write this book so that you could make money out of it. If anybody is gonna make money out of this book, it's gonna be me and my publisher. My publisher deserves to make money out of this book. Not only did the folks at Bantam Books commission me to write the book, and pay me a hefty sum to do so, but they bravely printed, in text, an electronic document the reproduction of which was once alleged to be a federal felony. Bantam Books and their numerous attorneys were very brave and forthright about this book. Furthermore, my former editor at Bantam Books, Betsy Mitchell, genuinely cared about this project, and worked hard on it, and had a lot of wise things to say about the manuscript. Betsy deserves genuine credit for this book, credit that editors too rarely get. The critics were very kind to The Hacker Crackdown, and commercially the book has done well. On the other hand, I didn't write this book in order to squeeze every last nickel and dime out of the mitts of impoverished sixteen-year-old cyberpunk high-school-students. Teenagers don't have any money—(no, not even enough for the six-dollar Hacker Crackdown paperback, with its attractive bright-red cover and useful index). That's a major reason why teenagers sometimes succumb to the temptation to do things they shouldn't, such as swiping my books out of libraries. Kids: this one is all yours, all right? Go give the print version back. *8-) Well-meaning, public-spirited civil libertarians don't have much money, either. And it seems almost criminal to snatch cash out of the hands of America's direly underpaid electronic law enforcement community. If you're a computer cop, a hacker, or an electronic civil liberties activist, you are the target audience for this book. I wrote this book because I wanted to help you, and help other people understand you and your unique, uhm, problems. I wrote this book to aid your activities, and to contribute to the public discussion of important political issues. In giving the text away in this fashion, I am directly contributing to the book's ultimate aim: to help civilize cyberspace. Information WANTS to be free. And the information inside this book longs for freedom with a peculiar intensity. I genuinely believe that the natural habitat of this book is inside an electronic network. That may not be the easiest direct method to generate revenue for the book's author, but that doesn't matter; this is where this book belongs by its nature. I've written other books—plenty of other books—and I'll write more and I am writing more, but this one is special. I am making The Hacker Crackdown available electronically as widely as I can conveniently manage, and if you like the book, and think it is useful, then I urge you to do the same with it. You can copy this electronic book. Copy the heck out of it, be my guest, and give those copies to anybody who wants them. The nascent world of cyberspace is full of sysadmins, teachers, trainers, cybrarians, netgurus, and various species of cybernetic activist. If you're one of those people, I know about you, and I know the hassle you go through to try to help people learn about the electronic frontier. I hope that possessing this book in electronic form will lessen your troubles. Granted, this treatment of our electronic social spectrum is not the ultimate in academic rigor. And politically, it has something to offend and trouble almost everyone. But hey, I'm told it's readable, and at least the price is right. You can upload the book onto bulletin board systems, or Internet nodes, or electronic discussion groups. Go right ahead and do that, I am giving you express permission right now. Enjoy yourself. You can put the book on disks and give the disks away, as long as you don't take any money for it. But this book is not public domain. You can't copyright it in your own name. I own the copyright. Attempts to pirate this book and make money from selling it may involve you in a serious litigative snarl. Believe me, for the pittance you might wring out of such an action, it's really not worth it. This book don't "belong" to you. In an odd but very genuine way, I feel it doesn't "belong" to me, either. It's a book about the people of cyberspace, and distributing it in this way is the best way I know to actually make this information available, freely and easily, to all the people of cyberspace—including people far outside the borders of the United States, who otherwise may never have a chance to see any edition of the book, and who may perhaps learn something useful from this strange story of distant, obscure, but portentous events in so-called "American cyberspace." This electronic book is now literary freeware. It now belongs to the emergent realm of alternative information economics. You have no right to make this electronic book part of the conventional flow of commerce. Let it be part of the flow of knowledge: there's a difference. I've divided the book into four sections, so that it is less ungainly for upload and download; if there's a section of particular relevance to you and your colleagues, feel free to reproduce that one and skip the rest. [Project Gutenberg has reassembled the file, with Sterling's permission.] Just make more when you need them, and give them to whoever might want them. Now have fun. Bruce Sterling—bruces@well.sf.ca.us About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Bruce Sterling (1994). The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/101/pg101-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Hi, I'm Bruce Sterling, the author of this electronic book.

The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier by Bruce Sterling is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! : The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier Title : Bruce Sterling Author : January 1, 1994 [eBook #101] Most recently updated: February 10, 2012 Release date : English Language TABLE OF LINKS Preface to the Electronic Release of The Hacker Crackdown Chronology of the Hacker Crackdown Introduction Part 1: CRASHING THE SYSTEM Part 2: THE DIGITAL UNDERGROUND [LAW AND ORDER](https://hackernoon.com/preview/u4VKDEzs0WF4VqbmXa8N	 https://hackernoon.com/preview/VxKvn1Roc0mqska9tSis	 https://hackernoon.com/preview/WOjJ2Me5qmKGFzy8r9sg) [Part 3:](https://hackernoon.com/preview/u4VKDEzs0WF4VqbmXa8N	 https://hackernoon.com/preview/VxKvn1Roc0mqska9tSis	 https://hackernoon.com/preview/WOjJ2Me5qmKGFzy8r9sg) Part 4: THE CIVIL LIBERTARIANS Electronic Afterword to The Hacker Crackdown, Halloween 1993 About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Bruce Sterling (1994). The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/101/pg101-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier by Bruce Sterling - Table of Links

Lasers by Hal Hellman, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . INTRODUCTION here INTRODUCTION The transistor burst upon the electronic scene in the 1950s. Almost overnight the size of new models of radios, television sets, and a host of other electronic devices shrank like deflating balloons. Suddenly the hard-of-hearing could carry their sound amplifiers in their ears. Teenagers could listen to favorite music wherever they went. Everywhere we turned the transistor was making its mark. There was even a proposal before Congress to require that every home have a transistor radio in case of emergency. The next development to fire the imagination of scientists and engineers was the laser—an instrument that produces an enormously intense pencil-thin beam of light. Most of us have heard so much about this invention it seems hard to believe that the first one was built only a few years ago. We were told that the laser was going to have an even greater effect on our lives than the transistor. It was going to replace everything from dentists’ drills to electric wires. The whole world, it seemed, eventually would be nothing but a gigantic collection of lasers that would do everything anyone wanted. Roads would be blazed through jungles at one sweep; our country would be safe once and for all from intercontinental ballistic missiles; cancer would be licked; computers would be small enough to carry in a purse; and so on and on. Yet for the first couple of years the laser seemed able to do nothing but blaze holes in razor blades for TV commercials. Somehow the device never seemed to emerge from the laboratory, prompting one cynic to call it “an invention in search of an application”. Many of the wild claims came from misunderstandings on the part of the press, others from exaggerations by a few manufacturers who wanted free publicity. But with even less exotic devices than lasers, the road from the laboratory to the marketplace may often be long and hard. Price, efficiency, reliability, convenience—these are all factors that must be considered. It soon became clear that with something as new as the laser, much improvement was necessary before it could be used in science and medicine, and even more before it could be used in industry. It now seems, however, that the turning point has been reached. We have seen laser equipment put on the market for performing delicate surgery on the eye, spot-welding tiny electronic circuits ( ), and controlling machine tools with amazing accuracy ( ). Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 1 A commercial laser microwelder. A microscope is needed for accurate placement of beam energy. The pace is quickening. At least a dozen manufacturers have announced that they are designing laser technology into their products. These are not laboratory experiments but practical products for measurement and testing, and for industrial, military, medical, and space uses. The Army, for example, has announced that it will purchase its first equipment for use in the field: a portable, highly accurate range finder for artillery observation. Still, this hardly accounts for the $100,000,000 spent in one recent year on laser research and development by some 500 laboratories in the United States. The U. S. Government alone has spent about $25,000,000 on laser research in a single year. Dozens, and perhaps hundreds, of other applications are on the fire—simmering or boiling as the case may be. Some require particular technical innovations such as greater power or higher efficiency. Others are entirely new applications. One of the most exciting of these is holography (pronounced ho LOG ra phy). Holography involves a completely different approach to photography. In addition to more immediate applications in microscopy, information storage and retrieval, and interferometry, it promises such bonuses as 3-dimensional color movies and TV someday. You have to see the holographic process in operation to believe it. One moment you are looking at what appears to be an underexposed or lightly smudged photographic plate. Then suddenly a true-to-life image of the original object springs into being behind the negative—apparently suspended in midair! Not only is the full effect of “roundness” and depth there, but you can also see anything lying behind the object’s image by moving your head, exactly as if the original scene containing the object were really there. Still another important field of application is that of communications. Perhaps because it is less spectacular than burning holes in razor blades, we haven’t heard as much about it. Yet there are probably more physicists and engineers working on adapting the laser for use in communications than on any other single laser project. The reason for this is the fact that existing communications facilities are becoming overloaded. Space on transoceanic telephone lines is already at a premium, with waiting periods sometimes running into hours. Radio “ham” operators have been threatened with loss of some of their best operating frequencies to meet the demand of emerging nations of Africa for new channels. Television programs must compete for space on cross-country networks with telephone, telegraph, and transmission of data. The increasing use of computers in science, business, and industry will strain our facilities still further. Communication satellites will help, but they will not give us the whole answer; and much development work remains to be done on satellites. Why the interest in the laser for communications? In a recent experiment all seven of the New York TV channels were transmitted over a single laser beam. In terms of telephone conversations, one laser system could theoretically carry 800,000,000 conversations—four for each person in the United States. In this booklet we shall learn what there is about the laser that gives it so much promise. We shall investigate what it is, how it works, and the different kinds of lasers there are. We begin by discussing some of the more familiar kinds of radiation, such as radio and microwaves, light and X rays. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Hal Hellman (2021). Laser. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/65512/pg65512-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The transistor burst upon the electronic scene in the 1950s

Let's learn about via these 44 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Electronics /Learn Repo 1. 5 Best Power Strips for Gaming in 2022 We’ve lined up the best power strips for gaming in 2021 to help you build an epic gaming setup and ensure an uninterrupted gaming experience 2. Intro to Amplifier Comparator Circuits: LM311, LM393, LM2903 and LM2901 The comparator is a circuit that makes use of operational amplifiers with power functions, here gives some typical examples that you can use to analyse them 3. What's the difference between 74HC595 and 74HC164? Hey guys, if you are an electronic DIY lover, you will always find a lot of similar or interchangeable components, which have subtle differences in the specs or features, therefore lead to the wrong application, 74HC595 and its similar components is an example I'm going to mention today. 4. The Cyber Risks of Electric Vehicles With the increase in the popularity of electric vehicles, it is essential to be aware of the potential cyber security risks associated with using them. 5. Difference Between ECC and Non-ECC RAM Error-Correcting Code (ecc), protects your system from potential crashes and inadvertent changes. So how about it be a ram server? Worth or not? 6. How to Choose the Best Mechanical Keyboard Mechanical keyboards come in various sizes and layouts, each with benefits and drawbacks. 7. Meet the Writer: Danielle Gruber, Lover of Brains & Student of Engineering My name's Danielle and I'm an electrical engineering major with a passion for neuroscience. 8. How to Connect Your Soundbar to External Components It only takes a few minutes to connect your soundbar to your TV and get it running. But what if you want to set it up for another device, such as a gaming console or a Blu-ray player? Here, we go through the details such as the cables you need and settings you may have to change in your TV’s menu. 9. How to Build a Circuit: Breadboards for Beginners When learning how to build a circuit, the breadboard is one of the most basic components. A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with many small jacks. 10. How Computer Recycling is Going to Save Your City E-waste makes up more than half of our toxic waste and it’s going to take all of us working together to make sure that the environmental impact is diminished. 11. My Path to Becoming a Software Developer My story begins way back in the 2004–2005 school year at Rio Linda High School. I was taking two advanced placement (AP) classes: calculus and physics. I had phenomenal teachers: Mr. Bautista and Mr. Gavrilov. I’m pretty sure they could teach calculus and physics to a cat, Schrodinger's cat, that is. 12. A Guide to Making a BLE-Enabled Smart Bulb with STM32 The aim of this project is to control different home appliances using a web browser or smartphone. 13. 2n3904 Circuit: Multisim's BJT Circuit Simulation and Analysis 2n3904 Circuit: Multisim's BJT Circuit Simulation and Analysis 14. Parameters of Carbon Film Resistors Carbon film resistors are a type of film resistor. It uses high-temperature vacuum coating technology to closely attach carbon to the surface of the ceramic rod to form a carbon film. Then appropriate joints are added for cutting, and the surface is coated with epoxy resin for sealing protection. The surface is often painted with green protective paint. 15. How to Use a BLE Module — A RN4020 Guide When it comes to connecting any electronic project, choices you have will depends on how far you want your gadgets to connect and the source of your energy. 16. How To Test Safety Capacitor Test of Fixed Safety Capacitors 17. Comparing the Top 5 CAD Software for Electronics Design Development Every electronics design starts with Schematics and PCB design development. This is a core aspect in a building a new electronics product. There are a lot of special CAD software that help engineers automate this process and perform it faster. However, all these CAD programs are not the same since they have various tools, interfaces, and give developers different capabilities. 18. How I Created  A Digital Guitar And Turned It Into a Business-Part 2 This is a story about building a digital musical instrument from scratch that has gone too far, developing it far beyond what it was originally intended to be. 19. Samsung to Continue Expansion Plans, R&D Investments Despite Decline in Demand Samsung is planning to expand its business overseas despite losses in operations. It also aims at introducing AI-tech-supported smart devices in the future. 20. Arduino UNO Board: Under The Hood This article gives you a complete description of the very famous Arduino UNO board. The article discusses the hardware technicalities and programming of the board. If you are a beginner then, you may find this article very useful. 21. Trends Shaping the Future of Electronics Manufacturing We discuss the seven most popular trends you need to remember over the past year. 22. 8 Best Wireless Earbuds Under $50 In the world of audio devices, wireless earbuds are a relatively recent invention. Thankfully, they’re not so recent that you can’t find them for a low price today. There are some great wireless options out there for a price no greater than $50 USD. Unfortunately, this cheap price point comes with caveats. Poorly-made earbuds and off-brand trash are all sadly common when trying to find the cheapest buds out there. There’s still a good number of buds that are actually pretty good, meaning it isn’t impossible for enthusiasts to easily check out 8 of the best wireless earbuds under $50. 23. Print Media is NOT Dead A look at the best options for your small business printer needs. 24. Top 10 Electronic Design Companies You Should Know in 2022 Not all companies that sell great products can or wish to design devices on their own. Fortunately, businesses can choose from plenty of electronics design companies located in different countries. Many of them work internationally, offering hardware and software development, as well as other services. 25. Turn your old useless laptop screen into an external monitor For far too long I possessed an old Dell Studio laptop. It served me well for a good 5 years with a number of service centre visits, battery and hard disk replacements, formats and OS upgrades. From the past few years I have ditched the old laptop for a Macbook. Yet still, I never bothered to dispose of it. After all it still works (slow af but works!). <em>What if there is an ‘emergency’ situation where I need to use this ancient piece of technology?</em> I tried selling it, but the act itself and the price I get for it is honestly not worth it. Giving it to someone for free feels like a punishment to the person (most smartphones have better specs). Disposing it off just doesn’t feel right (yeah right! That’s the middle class in me speaking. Also not very good for the environment). 26. What Is GaN Technology and Its Place in Power Electronics Power electronics is a basis for systems, devices, and gadgets applicable for a wide range of industries. 27. 8 Best Wireless Earbuds Under $100 Treblab WX8, Sony WF-C500, and Samsung Galaxy Buds 2 are some of the best wireless earbuds under $100 available on the market. [28. Is Your Product Ready for Certification: Highlights of Electronics Certification in the US and EU](https://hackernoon.com/is-your-product-ready-for-certification-highlights-of-electronics-certification-in-the-us-and-eu) A company must prove that its products comply with the local government regulations by going through a certification procedure. 29. The Key Differences Between Consumer and Industrial Hardware Development The term “industrial electronics” refers to any electrical equipment or system used for manufacturing goods or participating in this process indirectly. 30. 9 Best Gaming Earbuds in 2022 Asus, Angry Miao, and Turtle Beach produce some of the best gaming earbuds available on the market today. 31. Custom RFID and NFC Device Development: Theory and Practice RFID and NFC technologies are incredibly commonplace in the modern world but what goes into making them? This is the theory and practice behind the technology. 32. The Basics of The Firmware Development Process Firmware development is a necessary process in creating a new device and an embedded system. All the features and functionality of a device depend on its firmware. In simple words, firmware lies between software and hardware parts. So, it helps run software on a device and makes hardware perform required functions without involving users. 33. Top Electronic Design Service Companies You Should Consider in 2020 As I can see, electronic design companies are far more undervalued by the media than the software ones. But the fact remains that the market is fairly large and continues to snowball in growth. According to the Grand View Research comprehensive report, the size of the electronic design services, combined with contract manufacturing, has reached almost $400 bln in 2018 and will grow by up to more than $650 bln by 2025. 34. Elimo Impetus: a tiny S3 OSHW, FOSS System-on-Module In case you missed our latest update, Elimo Engineering designed a small, powerful Linux System-on-Module, designed for low cost and fast system integration. It’s FOSS and OSHW and sports all of the following: 35. How I Defeated the Cobo Vault Pro’s Self-Destruct Mechanism This article provides an analysis and detailed teardown of the Cobo Vault Pro hardware cryptocurrency wallet. 36. How I Created a Digital Guitar and Turned It Into a Business This is a story about building a digital musical instrument from scratch that has gone too far. 37. IoT Home Irrigation System Using Losant and Particle Photon Water your plants, get alarms, and analyze the data 38. What Makes Electronics Prototyping so Important for Successful Product Development Electronic product design and development begins with prototyping. Certain prototypes can be very similar to your final product, but they are always experimental in nature because electronics prototyping involves testing new concepts, ideas, and solutions. Although there’s a mishap risk, skipping this phase of electronic product development may lead to undesired expenditures. Businesses that don’t specialize in electronic hardware design often hire electronic prototype companies, such as Integra Sources. In this article, we will talk about the importance of prototyping and common prototyping phases. 39. An Introduction to BLDC Motor Controllers A brushless DC (BLDC) motor is one of the most popular electrical motors with a broad scope of applications. 40. Designing Electronics To Avoid Electrostatic Discharge Electronics can be easily damaged by electrostatic discharge from things as small as a light touch in the right conditions though designs can avoid it. 41. Because Science Turns Electronic Waste Into Art Amanda Preske, the founder of Because Science turns electronic waste into art. 42. DC-to-DC Converters: What are They and How do They Work? DC-DC converters can be found in almost any modern electronics. The applications of DC-DC converters range from smartphones and laptops to industrial and military systems. From this article, you can learn about their common types, their advantages and drawbacks, how they work, where and why they are used, and what issues one can face when designing electronics with DC-DC power converters. 43. An Introduction to High Speed Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) A high speed printed circuit board design provides the transmission of signals at high speeds. It's a device that transfers data at very high speeds. 44. How to Interface the 8051 MCU with an LCD Display Learn how to interface the 8051 microcontroller with a 16x2 LCD using Assembly! 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44 Stories To Learn About Electronics

Electronic waste is toxic and not biodegradable, so it poses a huge threat to the environment when not recycled properly. Amanda Preske, the founder of turns electronic waste into art. Because Science When asked about her favourite thing when new customers see her products, Amanda explained, "It's so cool because you can watch their whole facial expression change as they realize 'oh, it's a circuit board." In this Slogging thread, our community discussed How Because-Science turns E-waste into art. This Slogging thread is by Valentine Enedah, Robert Kuloba, Mónica Freitas, Marco Sullivan and Sara Pinto occurred in slogging's official #technology channel, and has been edited for readability. Valentine Enedah Dec 11, 2022, 4:36 PM Turning e-waste into art: Because Science https://www.wusa9.com/article/tech/science/science-e-waste-into-art-meet-the-founder-of-because-science-electronic-waste-environment-computer/65-f1c24716-a1b3-4ec6-8c01-35235b104323 Valentine Enedah Dec 11, 2022, 4:40 PM A naturally crafty person, Amanda discovered a passion for turning e-waste into jewellery and art. Shortly after, her company Because Science was born and she started selling her work at craft shows in 2007. "People loved it because they'd never seen anything like it. I was onto something." Valentine Enedah Dec 11, 2022, 4:45 PM So, she took Circuit Breaker Labs and expanded upon it, rebranding a recreated concept she now calls: Because Science. "The whole goal there is to celebrate art through science, or science through art, combining it all together." And her background in chemistry has really bonded with her business. Valentine Enedah Dec 11, 2022, 4:47 PM Amanda has an e-waste collection site at the store and anything not used for art will still be properly recycled by their partner based in Falls Church, Virginia. eAsset Solutions Valentine Enedah Dec 11, 2022, 4:48 PM Mónica Freitas I think this is an interesting way of recycling and using E-waste. Valentine Enedah Dec 11, 2022, 4:57 PM What do you think? Do you resonate with this idea of recycling E-waste? Robert Kuloba Dec 13, 2022, 3:07 PM Insightful 💡 content here. I am happy to learn and help where possible 👏 Valentine Enedah Dec 14, 2022, 12:08 PM Welcome to slogging once again. How's the regulation of E-waste in your area? Mónica Freitas Dec 14, 2022, 2:01 PM Valentine Enedah this is new! I love this idea! I checked their website and I'm particularly obsessed over their art. It's so original and you can tell the amount of time spent creating these 💚 1 Mónica Freitas Dec 14, 2022, 2:03 PM I just read about an initiative to prevent e-waste: - these are meeting points where people bring broken items from home and a team of volunteers help them repair them. "In this way, they can while creating a community of repairers. There are over ." https://repair.eu/news/repair-cafe-foundation-discuss-the-need-for-a-right-to-repair/ avoid the rapid purchase cycle of buying, using, discarding and buying again https://www.repaircafe.org/en/about/ 💚 1 🔥 1 Mónica Freitas Dec 14, 2022, 2:06 PM I also noticed something here, in Portugal, that even though i, even though  a difference. As I was searching a tech store in my hometown for a tablet I've been wanting for a while, I checked their mobile phone section. And noticed they have a part of that section dedicated to phones that were returned by costumers, repaired and resold cheaper than you'd buy a new one Valentine Enedah Dec 14, 2022, 3:59 PM Mónica Freitas Wow, this is actually interesting! I love this initiative and it helps users reuse some products they claim might be good to use. Valentine Enedah Dec 14, 2022, 4:06 PM Mónica Freitas This makes a lot of sense. We call these types of phones in Nigeria, . There's a place in Lagos, Nigeria called "Computer- Village". I sometimes call the place Africa's silicon valley. You can literally get anything computer related there. I also noticed due to high cost prices, most users buy second-hand Apple devices. We also tag them as " 😂 You can check out this video: "Second-hand phones" Uk-Used phones" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5YIbTVJ6GQ 😂 1 Marco Sullivan Dec 14, 2022, 7:05 PM Valentine Enedah Indeed,It's critical to keep electronic waste out of landfills. Materials such as chromium, cadmium, mercury and lead can leach into the soil contaminating the air and waterways. EPA estimates there are about 60 million tons of e-waste per year globally. Recycling this material will save landfill space. Valentine Enedah Dec 14, 2022, 9:37 PM Marco Sullivan Great perspective! Do you own old devices that you don't use anymore? Mónica Freitas Dec 15, 2022, 2:09 PM Valentine Enedah that's dope, thought. With apple you pay a lot just for the brand. Obviously spending $600-$1000 is not a possibility for a lot of people. So, having the option to buy a phone in really good condition for half the price is incredible 💚 1 Sara Pinto Dec 15, 2022, 2:13 PM Oh wow, this thread is awesome! Such innovative and fun ways to handle e-waste. Marco Sullivan Dec 15, 2022, 2:21 PM Valentine Enedah Not really! I usually prefer to swap my old devices and add extra money to get new ones. Sara Pinto Dec 15, 2022, 2:27 PM About second-hand phones, it's really becoming a big thing here in Portugal, as Mónica said. There already several big brands that sell reconditioned phones. This means they repair their issues, and I believe they even changed the battery, so it is like a completely new one. I believe they even give it a grade so you know what's the phone's current state in terms of use. There's also companies making it fully their value proposition 💚 1 Valentine Enedah Dec 15, 2022, 3:35 PM Mónica Freitas Yes, it is actually amazing. Valentine Enedah Dec 15, 2022, 3:37 PM Sara Pinto This is actually a fantastic approach. Although, I'm skeptical about Apples' interest in embarking on these activities. Sara Pinto Dec 15, 2022, 3:51 PM In the cases I'm aware of, Apple isn't directly working with these companies. In this specific company, I'm not sure if people sell their iPhones to them or how it really works, but you should check out their website, if you're interested! The company is called , Valentine Enedah. Another thing I know Apple does is that if I have an old iPhone and wish to buy a new one, I can give them my old one and they give a voucher with a certain value. You can check it out ! https://swappie.com/pt-en/about-us/ https://www.apple.com/shop/trade-in Valentine Enedah Dec 15, 2022, 4:01 PM Sara Pinto This is super cool. I will check this out. So excited to see these things actually existing.

Because Science Turns Electronic Waste Into Art

Worlds Within Worlds: The Story of Nuclear Energy, Volume 1 (of 3), by Isaac Asimov is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Volume I, ENERGY: Electrons and Energy The discovery of the structure of the atom sharpened the understanding of chemical energy. In 1904 the German chemist Richard Abegg (1869-1910) first suggested that atoms were held together through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. To see how this worked, one began by noting that electrons in an atom existed in a series of shells. The innermost shell could hold only 2 electrons, the next 8, the next 18 and so on. It turned out that some electron arrangements were more stable than others. If only the innermost shell contained electrons and it were filled with the 2 electrons that were all it could hold, then that was a stable arrangement. If an atom contained electrons in more than one shell and the outermost shell that held electrons held 8, that was a stable arrangement, too. Thus, the helium atom has 2 electrons only, filling the innermost shell, and that is so stable an arrangement that helium undergoes no chemical reactions at all. The neon atom has 10 electrons—2 in the innermost shell, and 8 in the next—and it does not react. The argon atom has 18 electrons—2, 8, and 8—and it too is very stable. But what if an atom did not have its electron shell so neatly filled. The sodium atom has 11 electrons—2, 8, and 1—while the fluorine atom has 9 electrons—2 and 7. If the sodium atom passed one of its electrons to a fluorine atom, both would have the stable configuration of neon—2 and 8. This, therefore, ought to have a great tendency to happen. If it did happen, though, the sodium atom, minus 1 electron, would have a unit positive charge and would be Na⁺, 55a positively charged ion. Fluorine with 1 electron in excess would become F⁻, a negatively charged ion. The 2 ions, with opposite charges, would cling together, since opposite charges attract, and thus the molecule of sodium fluoride (NaF) would be formed. In 1916 the American chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-1946) carried this notion farther. Atoms could cling together not only as a result of the outright transfer of 1 or more electrons, but through sharing pairs of electrons. This sharing could only take place if the atoms remained close neighbors, and it would take energy to pull them apart and break up the shared pool, just as it would take energy to pull 2 ions apart against the attraction of opposite charges. In this way the vague notions of atoms clinging together in molecules and being forced apart gave way to a much more precise picture of electrons being transferred or shared. The electron shifts could be dealt with mathematically by a system that came to be called “quantum mechanics” and chemistry was thus made a more exact science than it had ever been before. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Isaac Asimov. 2015. Worlds Within Worlds: The Story of Nuclear Energy, Volume 1 (of 3). Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved May 2022 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49819/49819-h/49819-h.htm#c13 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

The Story of Nuclear Energy, Volume 1 (of 3): Electrons and Energy

Worlds Within Worlds: The Story of Nuclear Energy, Volume 2 (of 3), by Isaac Asimov is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Volume II, THE STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS: The Proton-Electron Theory The Proton-Electron Theory What about the nuclei of elements other than hydrogen? All the other elements had nuclei more massive than that of hydrogen and the natural first guess was that these were made up of some appropriate number of protons closely packed together. The helium nucleus, which had a mass four times as great as that of hydrogen, might be made up of 4 protons; the oxygen nucleus with a mass number of 16 might be made up of 16 protons and so on. This guess, however, ran into immediate difficulties. A helium nucleus might have a mass number of 4 but it had an electric charge of +2. If it were made up of 4 protons, it ought to have an electric charge of +4. In the same way, an 77oxygen nucleus made up of 16 protons ought to have a charge of +16, but in actual fact it had one of +8. Could it be that something was cancelling part of the positive electric charge? The only thing that could do so would be a negative electric charge and these were to be found only on electrons as far as anyone knew in 1914. It seemed reasonable, then, to suppose that a nucleus would contain about half as many electrons in addition to the protons. The electrons were so light, they wouldn’t affect the mass much, and they would succeed in cancelling some of the positive charge. [1] Thus, according to this early theory, now known to be incorrect, the helium nucleus contained not only 4 protons, but 2 electrons in addition. The helium nucleus would then have a mass number of 4 and an electric charge (atomic number) of 4 - 2, or 2. This was in accordance with observation. This “proton-electron theory” of nuclear structure accounted for isotopes very nicely. While oxygen-16 had a nucleus made up of 16 protons and 8 electrons, oxygen-17 had one of 17 protons and 9 electrons, and oxygen-18 had one of 18 protons and 10 electrons. The mass numbers were 16, 17, and 18, respectively, but the atomic number was 16 - 8, 17 - 9, and 18 - 10, or 8 in each case. Again, uranium-238 has a nucleus built up, according to this theory, of 238 protons and 146 electrons, while uranium-235 has one built up of 235 protons and 143 electrons. In these cases the atomic number is, respectively, 238 - 146 and 235 - 143, or 92 in each case. The nucleus of the 2 isotopes is, however, of different structure and it is not surprising therefore that the radioactive properties of the 78two—properties that involve the nucleus—should be different and that the half-life of uranium-238 should be six times as long as that of uranium-235. The presence of electrons in the nucleus not only explained the existence of isotopes, but seemed justified by two further considerations. First, it is well known that similar charges repel each other and that the repulsion is stronger the closer together the similar charges are forced. Dozens of positively charged particles squeezed into the tiny volume of an atomic nucleus couldn’t possibly remain together for more than a tiny fraction of a second. Electrical repulsion would send them flying apart at once. On the other hand, opposite charges attract, and a proton and an electron would attract each other as strongly as 2 protons (or 2 electrons) would repel each other. It was thought possible that the presence of electrons in a collection of protons might somehow limit the repulsive force and stabilize the nucleus. Second, there are radioactive decays in which beta particles are sent flying out of the atom. From the energy involved they could come only out of the nucleus. Since beta particles are electrons and since they come from the nucleus, it seemed to follow that there must be electrons within the nucleus to begin with. The proton-electron theory of nuclear structure also seemed to account neatly for many of the facts of radioactivity. Why radioactivity at all, for instance? The more complex a nucleus is, the more protons must be squeezed together and the harder, it would seem, it must be to keep them together. More and more electrons seemed to be required. Finally, when the total number of protons was 84 or more, no amount of electrons seemed sufficient to stabilize the nucleus. 79 The manner of breakup fits the theory, too. Suppose a nucleus gives off an alpha particle. The alpha particle is a helium nucleus made up, by this theory, of 4 protons and 2 electrons. If a nucleus loses an alpha particle, its mass number should decline by 4 and its atomic number by 4 - 2, or 2. And, indeed, when uranium-238 (atomic number 92) gives off an alpha particle, it becomes thorium-234 (atomic number 90). Suppose a beta particle is emitted. A beta particle is an electron and if a nucleus loses an electron, its mass number is almost unchanged. (An electron is so light that in comparison with the nucleus, we can ignore its mass.) On the other hand, a unit negative charge is gone. One of the protons in the nucleus, which had previously been masked by an electron, is now unmasked. Its positive charge is added to the rest and the atomic number goes up by one. Thus, thorium-234 (atomic number 90) gives up a beta particle and becomes protactinium-234 (atomic number 91). If a gamma ray is given off, that gamma ray has no charge and the equivalent of very little mass. That means that neither the mass number nor the atomic number of the nucleus is changed, although its energy content is altered. Even more elaborate changes can be taken into account. In the long run, uranium-238, having gone through many changes, becomes lead-206. Those changes include the emission of 8 alpha particles and 6 beta particles. The 8 alpha particles involve a loss of 8 × 4, or 32 in mass number, while the 6 beta particles contribute nothing in this respect. And, indeed, the mass number of uranium-238 declines by 32 in reaching lead-206. On the other hand the 8 alpha particles involve a decrease in atomic number of 8 × 2, or 16, while the 6 beta particles involve an increase in atomic number of 6 × 1, or 6. The total change is a decrease of 16 - 6, or 10. And indeed, uranium (atomic number 92) changes to lead (atomic number 82). 80 It is useful to go into such detail concerning the proton-electron theory of nuclear structure and to describe how attractive it seemed. The theory appeared solid and unshakable and, indeed, physicists used it with considerable satisfaction for 15 years. —And yet, as we shall see, it was wrong; and that should point a moral. Even the best seeming of theories may be wrong in some details and require an overhaul. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Isaac Asimov. 2015. Worlds Within Worlds: The Story of Nuclear Energy, Volume 2 (of 3). Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved May 2022 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49820/49820-h/49820-h.htm#c19 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

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