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Author:
(1) Vibhoothi,Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: vibhoothi@tcd.ie);
(2) Angeliki Katsenou, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Email: angeliki.katsenou@bristol.ac.uk);
(3) John Squires, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: john.squires@tcd.ie);
(4) Franc¸ois Pitie, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: pitief@tcd.ie);
(5) Anil Kokaram, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: anil.kokaram@tcd.ie). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
HDR Standards
HDR Subjective Testing Workflow
Conclusion and References IV. CONCLUSION In this work, we proposed and verified various aspects of an HDR subjective testing workflow. This includes the evaluation of various factors such as brightness, colour, display, signal, viewing conditions, and HDR intermediate file conversions for encoding. We conducted experiments to investigate the behaviour of different display technologies in terms of sustained brightness and its variability across window sizes. We observed substantial differences in HDR performance among consumer-level TV models that can affect the presentation and perception of HDR content. However, accounting for all these factors in an experimental environment is accompanied by high costs and is a non-trivial process. REFERENCES [1] N. Nandhakumar, “Recent activities of the ultra hd forum,” SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, vol. 131, no. 8, 2022. [2] T. Kunkel and P. Griffis, “2021 High-Dynamic Range (HDR) Progress Report,” SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, vol. 130, no. 8, pp. 101–107, 2021. [3] International Telecommunication Union (ITU), “ITU-R BT.2390-10: High dynamic range television for production and international programme exchange,” BT Series Broadcasting service (television), 2021. [4] European Broadcasters Union (EBU), “Tech 3320: User Requirements for Video Monitors in Television Production,” TC, 2019. [5] European Broadcasters Union (EBU) , “TR 047: Testing HDR Picture Monitors,” TC, 2019. [6] European Broadcasters Union (EBU), , “Tech 3325 v2.0: Performance Measurement of Studio Monitors,” TC, 2022. [7] P. Hanhart, M. Reˇ ˇrabek, and T. Ebrahimi, “Subjective and objective eval- ´ uation of HDR video coding technologies,” in 2016 Eighth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX). [8] S. Athar, T. Costa, K. Zeng, and Z. Wang, “Perceptual Quality Assessment of UHD-HDR-WCG Videos,” in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). [9] Z. Shang, J. P. Ebenezer, A. C. Bovik, Y. Wu, H. Wei, and S. Sethuraman, “Subjective assessment of high dynamic range videos under different ambient conditions,” in 2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). [10] Z. Shang, Y. Chen, Y. Wu, H. Wei, and S. Sethuraman, “Subjective and objective video quality assessment of high dynamic range sports content,” in 2023 Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) Workshops, January. [11] Recommendation ITU-R, “BT2100-2: image parameter values for high dynamic range television for use in production and international programme exchange,” 2018. [12] Recommendation of ITU-R, “BT.500-14: Methodologies for the subjective assessment of the quality of television images,” BT Series Broadcasting service (television), 2019. [13] Recommendation, of ITU-R, “Subjective video quality assessment methods for multimedia applications,” ITU-T P.910, 2022. [14] Blackmagic Design, https://blackmagicdesign.com/products/decklink/ techspecs/W-DLK-34, Online, April 2023. [15] FFmpeg Developers, https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-devices.html#decklink, Online, April 2023. [16] Blackmagic Design, https://blackmagicdesign.com/products/ davinciresolve, Online, April 2023. [17] HDFury website, https://hdfury.com/, Online, April 2023. [18] Vibhoothi, Angeliki Katsenou, John Squires, Franc¸ois Pitie, Anil ´ Kokaram, https://gitlab.com/mindfreeze/qomex2023, Project Page, Online, May 2023. [19] 3GPP Technical Specification Group TSG SA, “5G Video Codec Characteristics,” TR 26.955, Release 17, 2022. [20] Netflix, “Netflix Open Content,” https://opencontent.netflix.com/, Online April 2023. [21] ITU-T and ISO/IEC, “HDRTools pacakge [Online],” 2015, available: https://gitlab.com/standards/HDRTools. [22] C. Clark, D. Reisner, J. Holben, W. Aylsworth, G. Ciaccio, T. Kang, J. Korosi, P. Renner, D. Hall, M. Goi et al., “American society of cinematographers motion imaging technology council progress report 2022,” SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, vol. 131, no. 8, pp. 34–49, 2022. [23] Sveriges Television AB, “SVT OpenContent Video Test Suite 2022 – Natural Complexity,” https://www.svt.se/open/en/content/. [24] A. G. Rempel, W. Heidrich, H. Li, and R. Mantiuk, “Video viewing preferences for hdr displays under varying ambient illumination,” in Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization, 2009, pp. 45–52. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Author: (1) Vibhoothi,Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: vibhoothi@tcd.ie); (2) Angeliki Katsenou, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Email: angeliki.katsenou@bristol.ac.uk); (3) John Squires, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: john.squires@tcd.ie); (4) Franc¸ois Pitie, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: pitief@tcd.ie); (5) Anil Kokaram, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: anil.kokaram@tcd.ie). Author: Author: (1) Vibhoothi,Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: vibhoothi@tcd.ie); (2) Angeliki Katsenou, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland & Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Email: angeliki.katsenou@bristol.ac.uk); (3) John Squires, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: john.squires@tcd.ie); (4) Franc¸ois Pitie, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: pitief@tcd.ie); (5) Anil Kokaram, Sigmedia Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (Email: anil.kokaram@tcd.ie). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction HDR Standards HDR Subjective Testing Workflow Conclusion and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction HDR Standards HDR Standards HDR Subjective Testing Workflow HDR Subjective Testing Workflow Conclusion and References Conclusion and References IV. CONCLUSION In this work, we proposed and verified various aspects of an HDR subjective testing workflow. This includes the evaluation of various factors such as brightness, colour, display, signal, viewing conditions, and HDR intermediate file conversions for encoding. We conducted experiments to investigate the behaviour of different display technologies in terms of sustained brightness and its variability across window sizes. We observed substantial differences in HDR performance among consumer-level TV models that can affect the presentation and perception of HDR content. However, accounting for all these factors in an experimental environment is accompanied by high costs and is a non-trivial process. REFERENCES [1] N. Nandhakumar, “Recent activities of the ultra hd forum,” SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, vol. 131, no. 8, 2022. [2] T. Kunkel and P. Griffis, “2021 High-Dynamic Range (HDR) Progress Report,” SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, vol. 130, no. 8, pp. 101–107, 2021. [3] International Telecommunication Union (ITU), “ITU-R BT.2390-10: High dynamic range television for production and international programme exchange,” BT Series Broadcasting service (television), 2021. [4] European Broadcasters Union (EBU), “Tech 3320: User Requirements for Video Monitors in Television Production,” TC, 2019. [5] European Broadcasters Union (EBU) , “TR 047: Testing HDR Picture Monitors,” TC, 2019. [6] European Broadcasters Union (EBU), , “Tech 3325 v2.0: Performance Measurement of Studio Monitors,” TC, 2022. [7] P. Hanhart, M. Reˇ ˇrabek, and T. Ebrahimi, “Subjective and objective eval- ´ uation of HDR video coding technologies,” in 2016 Eighth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX). [8] S. Athar, T. Costa, K. Zeng, and Z. Wang, “Perceptual Quality Assessment of UHD-HDR-WCG Videos,” in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). [9] Z. Shang, J. P. Ebenezer, A. C. Bovik, Y. Wu, H. Wei, and S. Sethuraman, “Subjective assessment of high dynamic range videos under different ambient conditions,” in 2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). [10] Z. Shang, Y. Chen, Y. Wu, H. Wei, and S. Sethuraman, “Subjective and objective video quality assessment of high dynamic range sports content,” in 2023 Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) Workshops, January. [11] Recommendation ITU-R, “BT2100-2: image parameter values for high dynamic range television for use in production and international programme exchange,” 2018. [12] Recommendation of ITU-R, “BT.500-14: Methodologies for the subjective assessment of the quality of television images,” BT Series Broadcasting service (television), 2019. [13] Recommendation, of ITU-R, “Subjective video quality assessment methods for multimedia applications,” ITU-T P.910, 2022. [14] Blackmagic Design, https://blackmagicdesign.com/products/decklink/ techspecs/W-DLK-34, Online, April 2023. [15] FFmpeg Developers, https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-devices.html#decklink, Online, April 2023. [16] Blackmagic Design, https://blackmagicdesign.com/products/ davinciresolve, Online, April 2023. [17] HDFury website, https://hdfury.com/, Online, April 2023. [18] Vibhoothi, Angeliki Katsenou, John Squires, Franc¸ois Pitie, Anil ´ Kokaram, https://gitlab.com/mindfreeze/qomex2023, Project Page, Online, May 2023. [19] 3GPP Technical Specification Group TSG SA, “5G Video Codec Characteristics,” TR 26.955, Release 17, 2022. [20] Netflix, “Netflix Open Content,” https://opencontent.netflix.com/, Online April 2023. [21] ITU-T and ISO/IEC, “HDRTools pacakge [Online],” 2015, available: https://gitlab.com/standards/HDRTools. [22] C. Clark, D. Reisner, J. Holben, W. Aylsworth, G. Ciaccio, T. Kang, J. Korosi, P. Renner, D. Hall, M. Goi et al., “American society of cinematographers motion imaging technology council progress report 2022,” SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, vol. 131, no. 8, pp. 34–49, 2022. [23] Sveriges Television AB, “SVT OpenContent Video Test Suite 2022 – Natural Complexity,” https://www.svt.se/open/en/content/. [24] A. G. Rempel, W. Heidrich, H. Li, and R. Mantiuk, “Video viewing preferences for hdr displays under varying ambient illumination,” in Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization, 2009, pp. 45–52. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Recommendations for Verifying HDR Subjective Testing Workflows: Conclusion

Recommendations for Verifying HDR Subjective Testing Workflows: HDR Subjective Testing Workflow

SEC v. Ripple Court Filing, retrieved on July 13, 2023 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This part is 9 of 18. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here DISCUSSION I. Legal Standard C. Defendants’ “Essential Ingredients” Test In their summary judgment briefing, Defendants advance a novel “essential ingredients” test, arguing that, in addition to the Howey test, all investment contracts must contain three “essential ingredients”: (1) “a contract between a promoter and an investor that establishe[s] the investor’s rights as to an investment,” which contract (2) “impose[s] post-sale obligations on the promoter to take specific actions for the investor’s benefit” and (3) “grant[s] the investor a right to share in profits from the promoter’s efforts to generate a return on the use of investor funds.” Defs. Mem. at 2; . at 13–28. see id The Court declines to adopt Defendants’ “essential ingredients” test, which would call for the Court to read beyond the plain words of and impose additional requirements not mandated by the Supreme Court. The Court sees no reason to do so. Neither , nor its progeny, hold that an investment contract requires the existence of Defendants’ “essential ingredients.” To the contrary, these cases make clear that the relevant test reflects a focus on an investor’s expectation of “profits . . . from the efforts of others,” rather than the formal imposition of post-sale obligations on the promoter or the grant to an investor of a right to share in profits. Howey, 328 U.S. at 301. The Supreme Court’s use of the word “profits” in was intended to refer to “income or return,” , 540 U.S. at 394, and financial returns on investments are not equivalent to post-sale obligations or profit sharing. Thus, the Court is not persuaded that precedent supports the consideration of these “ingredients” in determining whether a contract, transaction, or scheme constitutes an investment contract under . Howey Howey Howey Edwards Howey Defendants do not cite a single case that has applied their test. See generally Defs. Mem. at 13–28. Rather, Defendants contend that the Court should look to the pre-1933 state “blue sky” law cases on which the Howey Court relied. Id. at 16–17. According to Defendants, every pre-1933 blue sky investment contract case involved a contract, post-sale obligations on the promoter, and the investor’s right to receive a profit. Id. at 18–21. That may be so, but the Howey Court relied on the state courts’ definition of an investment contract as “a contract or scheme for the placing of capital or laying out of money in a way intended to secure income or profit from its employment” when fashioning the relevant test. 328 U.S. at 298 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Had the Supreme Court intended to incorporate these ingredients as essential requirements, it would have done so. In any event, even accepting Defendants’ survey and analysis of the caselaw as accurate, the fact that pre-1933 investment contract cases shared some common features does not convert those common features into requirements necessary for finding an investment contract under Howey. Rather, the Supreme Court was guided by the “fundamental purpose undergirding the Securities Acts,” in which Congress “painted with a broad brush” in recognition of the “virtually limitless scope of human ingenuity.” Reves v. Ernst & Young, 494 U.S. 56, 60–61 (1990). So, too, must this Court be guided. Indeed, in the more than seventy-five years of securities law jurisprudence after Howey, courts have found the existence of an investment contract even in the absence of Defendants’ “essential ingredients,” including in recent digital asset cases in this District. See, e.g., 492 F. Supp. 3d 169, 175–80 (S.D.N.Y. 2020); 380 F. Supp. 3d 340, 354 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) (“ATB Coins did not entitle purchasers to a pro rata share of the profits derived from any ATB-managed transaction . . . . However, such a formalized profit-sharing mechanism is not required.”). And this makes sense, given that the Howey test was intended to “embod[y] a flexible rather than a static principle, one that is capable of adaptation to meet the countless and variable schemes devised by those who seek the use of the money of others on the promise of profits.” 328 U.S. at 299. Put differently, the Howey test was intended to effectuate “[t]he statutory policy of affording broad protection to investors,” protection that is “not to be thwarted by unrealistic and irrelevant formulae.” Id. at 301. Accordingly, the Court rejects Defendants’ argument that all investment contracts must include post-sale obligations on the promoter and grant the investor a right to share in profits from the promoter’s efforts. SEC v. Kik Interactive Inc., Balestra v. ATBCOIN LLC, The Court does not reach Defendants’ first “essential ingredient”: that a contract must exist for an investment contract to exist.[11] As discussed in greater detail below, in each instance where Defendants offered or sold XRP as an investment contract, a contract existed. [11] The SEC’s opposition papers misconstrue Defendants’ “essential ingredients” test. The SEC dedicates several pages to refuting the argument that a written contract must exist, see SEC Opp. at 19–24, but Defendants’ proposed test does not turn on the need for a written contract as opposed to an oral or implied contract, see Defs. Mem. at 2, 18–19; Defs. Reply at 9, ECF No. 832. Therefore, the Court does not address the SEC’s arguments that Howey does not require the existence of a written contract. See SEC Opp. at 19–24. Continue Reading . here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 1:20-cv-10832-AT-SN retrieved on September 7, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. dropbox

SEC v. Ripple: Court Declines to Adopt Ripple’s “Essential Ingredients” Test

The blockchain ecosystem was in a euphoric state in 2021, as it met its highest market capitalization of $3 trillion and had the value of Bitcoin going off the roof, reaching its all-time high of at the later end of the year. Crypto assets like NFTs were the next big thing and were thought to be a revolution in how art is perceived. $67,567 Crypto enthusiasts expected a similar run of form in 2022, as . However, since then, it has been a very different tale entirely. The year 2022 marked the beginning of a new “crypto winter” as token values were driven to the ground. Currently, in 2023, still struggling to shake out the whole shenanigans that 2022 brought. experts predicted Bitcoin hitting new highs and a few lows Bitcoin is at $22,889 After one year, a few hacks, and a couple of failed projects, there is a different outlook for the blockchain ecosystem as it faces uncertainty and skepticism. Once touted as a way to reinvent the financial industry, i amid the atrocities that some key players brought. t is struggling to save face Former FTX CEO Sam Bankman-Fried and Terra Luna’s CEO Do Kwon both combined brought a contagion and a domino effect that saw a from the crypto market. In addition, they did not go down alone, as they — companies like BlockFi,  Genesis, and Voyager are going down the path of bankruptcy. sum of $1.4  trillion wiped out took some enterprises with them It looks bleak if you look from afar, but is quite a different story when you peek under the hood as the web3 gaming sector has attracted billions of dollars from investors. According to Metaverse Post’s year-end , the web3 space was able to raise $7.1 billion in funding throughout 2022. The gaming sector, by all odds, was above other categories as it attracted $4.49 billion, which accounts for 62.5% of the total amount invested in web3. report Despite token prices nose-diving, non-fungible token (NFT) trading volume going down by 94%, bad blood between consumers and crypto exchanges, and a drop in players' enthusiasm about web3 gaming, venture capitalists are still going all out and betting heavily on the future of blockchain gaming. Why Investors are Investing in Web3 Gaming Before blockchain-powered games, players lose ownership of in-game assets when the console is changed or switched. For example, you can carry your Midas character in Fortnite and switch it up with Lance in Grand Theft Auto (GTA). Web3 gaming allows for self-sovereignty, something gamers have always pined for, which means players can have more control over their in-game assets and can own them outright. This creates room for an equitable and fair gaming experience. Experts believe it’s the future of gaming, as it takes power from the traditional gaming company and bestows it on players. Web3-enabled games will have blockchain voting on game features and even on the story itself, says Garrett Dailey, the founder of Aion Enterprises, a design agency in the web3 gaming space. “Fanfiction, something that does not make anyone money, will start to become a capturable revenue stream as novel approaches to IP licensing on the blockchain allow studios to capture the energy and time investment of their players. Imagine entire games with player-driven narratives, user-created assets, and games modes” he iterated. According to Valerio Puggioini, content lead at Yeeha Games, investors know the potential blockchain gaming possesses, and it is just wise they invest now. “We're incredibly early, and the traditional gaming industry is massive, having reached $187 billion in revenue just last year, according to . Compare this with web3 gaming, which isn't even a fraction of that.  We're in a bear market,  the fundamentals behind the blockchain thesis haven't changed whatsoever, and builders are still building. Markets occur in cycles, and if that's anything to go by when we're at the bottom, that's the best time to place your bets.” Kearney Puggioini says his main way of looking at it is this: “After all, everything's on a firesale.” Surprisingly, gaming tokens have held up surprisingly well in the bear, and work is being done to continue identifying key areas of friction to improve upon. “I believe blockchain gaming will get adopted in a major way. It won't happen on a linear scale. Nothing like this ever does. That's why I don't mind that things appear bleak now. It takes only the right domino to fall into place to get the whole thing running.” What are investors Looking At The question has always been whether gamers will allow the paradigm shift. Web3 hasn’t had the unprecedented welcome it had hoped for in 2022, as cold hands of market turbulence have dealt with player fervor and complaints about how gaming studios have placed monetization over fun. No wonder why a recently conducted Blockchain Gaming Alliance (BGA) revealed that 56% of game developers working in blockchain have taken “improving gameplay” as their top priority. survey Web3 fell short of predictions as it has been unable to attract gamers, most gamers have complained that the essence of the game isn't found in web3 — fun. The games are becoming solely centered on rewards, not on improving the gaming environment, which is not the goal of gaming. “These can cause problems as they’re still subject to the current difficulties facing web3. The experience tends to be discontinuous, graphical interfaces aren’t great, and speculation/greed corrupts the good-natured intent of developers’ attempts to iterate over utility models” says Sebastien Davies, Principal of Aquanow. forms of entertainment-that-pays-you Davies said creating economies is complicated. Something like a grassroots project may fix this, but most gamers are drawn to the space because of smooth and realistic graphics. The largest studios have an edge because they employ teams of experienced professionals who know what it takes to build an interface so well that people pay to use it. You might be tempted to take the same position as many digital asset detractors and conclude that because of these early shortcomings, the entire GameFi concept is doomed to fail. I tend to be more optimistic, so my impression is that the combination of a dynamic developer ecosystem, open-source code, and continued investment have the potential to drive innovations and uncover models that do indeed work, he continued. In a report published by DappRaddar, it was found that 33.5% of the money for web3 gaming went toward web3 infrastructure. Web3 infrastructure is the foundation of web3 gaming because it enables developers to produce more dependable, transparent, and immutable games. The cost of creating web3 games can be decreased with the use of reliable web3 infrastructure, making them more accessible. In a , CEO of Mirai Labs Corey Wilton claimed that investors were taking a different approach this year and were betting on experience rather than speculation. He said, "One noteworthy element throughout the raises that have taken place in recent months is that the majority of studios that have received funding are not conducting seed or pre-seed rounds. They're clutching Series As. He thinks that investors are playing the long game. Cointelegraph article Axie Infinity is the web3 game with the most users, but it is currently not on mobile, which seems like a problem as mobile gaming accounted for 50% of the generated $184.4 billion year on year, outpacing both PC and consoles, according to . DappRadar reported that hyper-casual mobile blockchain games brought more than 1.7 million users from web3 into web3 gaming in a single week in September. Newzoo It is imperative to approach the widespread adoption of Web3 with a strong focus on mobile gaming, which is what investors and developers appear to be moving towards.

Investors Continue to Pour Money in Web3 Gaming Despite Steep Declines in NFT Trading Volumes

এনএফটি ট্রেডিং ভলিউমগুলিতে তীব্র হ্রাস সত্ত্বেও বিনিয়োগকারীরা ওয়েব3 গেমিংয়ে অর্থ ঢালা চালিয়ে যাচ্ছেন

Trotz des starken Rückgangs des NFT-Handelsvolumens investieren Investoren weiterhin Geld in Web3-Gaming

Los inversores continúan invirtiendo dinero en los juegos Web3 a pesar de las fuertes caídas en los volúmenes de negociación de NFT

Les investisseurs continuent de verser de l'argent dans les jeux Web3 malgré la forte baisse des volumes de négociation NFT

NFT ट्रेडिंग वॉल्यूम में भारी गिरावट के बावजूद निवेशकों ने Web3 गेमिंग में पैसा लगाना जारी रखा

NFT取引量の急激な減少にもかかわらず、投資家はWeb3ゲーミングに資金を注ぎ続けています

NFT 거래량의 급격한 감소에도 불구하고 투자자들은 계속해서 Web3 게임에 돈을 쏟아 붓고 있습니다.

Os investidores continuam a despejar dinheiro em jogos Web3, apesar das quedas acentuadas nos volumes de negociação NFT

Yatırımcılar, NFT İşlem Hacimlerindeki Sert Düşüşlere Rağmen Web3 Oyunlarına Para Akıtmaya Devam Ediyor

Các nhà đầu tư tiếp tục đổ tiền vào trò chơi Web3 mặc dù khối lượng giao dịch NFT giảm mạnh

尽管 NFT 交易量急剧下降，但投资者继续在 Web3 游戏中投入资金

I’m launching a new Twitter video series that will focus on teaching the concepts of debugging (and other concepts) in small video bites. This is the first video in the series. I hope to publish a new video every week. It starts with the very basics of debugging and builds up. I think debugging is a powerful tool that even experienced developers don't leverage enough: The source code used in the video is available here: github.com/shai-almog/PrimeMain Introduction I tried to do a a while back. I’m not a fan of the result. I think I got ahead of myself a bit for novices and skipped ahead too soon. This time I’d like to keep it short. Even if you know the subject well enough, you won’t waste much time. These videos will rise in complexity to advanced debugging as in the following weeks. debugging tutorial My goal is to create a series that’s accessible to novice developers and also has nuggets that more experienced developers might have forgotten or didn’t know. At the moment I am using IntelliJ/IDEA and Java. However, everything I show should work for VSCode, JavaScript and other programming languages. I plan to create similar videos for additional languages/IDEs to match. In the first video, I focused on simple Inline breakpoints, stack trace and variable values. The second video talks about control flow, forced return, etc. I will return to the venerable breakpoint in future videos since there's so much to discuss! I plan to cover increasingly complex concepts as we work our way through the basics. E.g. I will obviously discuss: Remote debugging Post-mortem debugging Print statements Conditional breakpoints and so much more... Debugging Process “Debugging is the scientific method applied to computer programming. We can observe a problem or a behavior directly within the running application.” When we pick a debugging tool, it isn't that different from typical experimental science. We define what we expect to observe in the code base and we see if our expectations match reality. This analysis leads us to the solution. The first challenge we deal with when pulling out a debugger is reproducing the issue. How do we repeat the experiment? I will go into more details in the next episode of 140 second ducklings… Debugging vs. Unit Tests "It isn’t a replacement for testing. You often need a debugger to debug the tests or understand the missing tests. In fact, debugging and testing go hand in hand." Testing and debugging go hand in hand. Debuggers are excellent tools to debug test failures. But the really significant part is that unit tests help us prevent regressions of bugs we understood in the debugger. Extracting a unit test following a debug session is a great subject for a future video focused on testing. Understand The Program Source Code "Debugging provides insight into our code that’s normally much harder to get otherwise. You can use it to learn new code" This process is more than just defect analysis... When I need to pick up a new code base, I often start with debugging. I look through the central areas in the software code with a debugger to verify my assumptions and understandings. It's like looking inside an engine while it's working and pausing it to understand details. Common debugging technique can reveal the hidden nuances of a software product. Debuggers Checklist "We start by making the simplest assumption we can about the project Then we need to validate that assumption using the debugger. If we get a different result than what we expected, then we have something to investigate. This is the debuggers checklist which we will discuss in the future" I wrote about in great detail a while back. I'll try to go over all of its approach as part of this series. The checklist is a generic theoretical framework or algorithm by which an application can be debugged. the debuggers checklist This might be unnecessary for smaller samples like the one in the video. But as lines of code grow and complexity rises, we need a methodology for locating bugs. Next Week and Down the Line I plan to post a video every week. I hope I can keep up. I have the next one ready but production is non-trivial. Hopefully, this will get easier with practice. I hope to introduce additional topics to the "140 second ducklings" series. There's so much I want to cover. An interesting subject would be DevOps for developers or tracking production issues. Also Published Here

An Introduction to 140 Second Ducklings: What is Debugging?

Lending retrospective Lending and credit have been an integral part of human society for thousands of years, with the first evidence of loans in human history taking place in Mesopotamia approximately 5000 years ago. Since then, lending markets have evolved to assume many different forms including consumer lending, student loans, mortgages, corporate debt and government bonds. Fundamentally, lending is intricately related to the concept of trust and the promise of repayment. The act of lending is to lend money, to earn interest, and to be paid back. The term itself comes from the mid 16th century France, meaning to believe and trust. Lending has now become one of the most important financial activities in society. It fuels economic growth and cultivates forward-looking commercial activities. The size of the world’s debt markets as of 2019 was to be more than $255 trillion or nearly $32,500 for each of the world’s 7.7 billion people, and more than three times the world’s annual output. credit estimated Despite their respective particularities, most DeFi lending protocols share two features: They deviate from existing subjective frameworks of centralized credit assessment to codified collateral evaluation. They employ smart contracts to manage crypto-assets. DeFi’s Borrowing and Lending Models Today’s decentralized borrowing and lending platforms use one of two variations: collateralized debt markets (CDMs) and collateralized debt positions (CDPs). Protocols that use the CDM model, such as AAVE and Compound, transfer existing crypto assets from lenders to borrowers and can therefore be thought of as two-sided markets. Protocols that use the CDP model, such as MakerDAO, allow users to mint new crypto assets backed by their collateral, effectively creating a single-sided market where the user does not need to rely upon other participants to source liquidity. Decentralized financial services have different purposes and functionality, but their token economic models are mostly weak and do not allow long-term value capture. The majority of their token value is based on speculation without sustainable organic drivers. During the time crypto assets holders were looking for the ability to keep the value of their crypto without touching fiat currencies and later simplify their ability to move the value back from stability to volatile coins. But with a full spectrum of DeFi lending enabled, will mean that borrowers and lenders can seamlessly find yield and maximise their economic returns with whatever tokens and assets they wish to hold, without needing to go through any centralised intermediaries. Centralized stablecoin platforms contain a risk of censorship, reducing their long-term viability. Some services also face problems related to questionable asset management practices and the possibility of off-chain assets being frozen or taken by governments. More “compliant” centralized services can blacklist addresses and freeze accounts, increasing transaction censorship risk. is a DeFi project that allows its users to create collateralized debt positions (CDPs) and mint the protocol’s native stablecoin, USDP from a wide variety of cryptoassets on both the Ethereum network and Binance Smart Chain. Unit Collateralized Debt Positions: CDP Users who need access to dollars, but do not want to part ways with their assets, offer up their assets as collateral in order to receive an on-demand loan. While in possession of the loan, the customer accumulates interest on their outstanding debt. Assuming all goes according to plan, the customer will repay their loan plus interest and retrieve their collateral. If the customer is unable to repay the loan, the pawnbroker takes possession of the customer’s assets and sells them to cover the defaulted loan payment. While functionally similar to MakerDAO, Unit targets a different market segment – the speculative holders of long-tail cryptoassets. The concept of the long-tail was originally used to describe a phenomena found in retail product sales distributions where a large number of products sold in small quantities. The long-tail is contrasted with the small number of best-selling products known as the head. Price feed In Unit, every USDP is fully backed by provided collateral. If the debt/collateral ratio exceeds a Liquidation Ratio(LR) for a CDP, it will be subject to liquidation. Anyone can trigger liquidation by sending a trigger transaction. There are liquidation bots that consistently monitor CDPs and trigger liquidations if the stated condition is met. After a CDP is triggered for liquidation, a Dutch auction starts for underlying collateral with a linear decrease in price. Every participant can buyout the part of the collateral for the current price by paying the USDP debt for a liquidated CDP. User can also mint $USDP at fixed annual stabilization rate of 2.9% by using more than 130 collateral types. Unit protocol also needs price data for system contracts to know the current price of provided collaterals and addresses this issue with using Chainlink oracle as the primary oracle to receive collaterals' price. Additionally to the solution, in reserve, Unit has another Keydonix-based oracle solution, based on Uniswap V2 embedded TWAP oracle. Risks Unit’s experimental nature exposes it to a few notable risks. Similar to MakerDAO, Unit is also exposed to the risk of system under collateralization in the case of a black swan event. While the project has performed as expected during recent market stress tests, there is always a chance that Unit is unable to liquidate assets fast enough and is left with collateral that is worth less than its USDP loans. To ensure functionality and resilience, Unit implemented different architectural features, as well as a flexible approach for each token setting, such as collateral rate requirements, liquidation fees and interest rates. Quack! Inspired by: - From banks to DeFi: the evolution of the lending market by Jiahua Xu and Nikhil Vadgama. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.00970.pdf - https://messari.io/article/unit-protocol-more-than-a-degen-s-new-favorite-toy Unit Protocol: More Than a Degen’s New Favorite Toy by By Chase Devens. - Unit Protocol Docs. https://docs.unit.xyz/how-to-use-unit-protocol - HN article. https://hackernoon.com/defi-and-stablecoins-is-it-a-match-hp1c34li HN article. https://hackernoon.com/what-is-unit-protocol-and-why-does-it-matter-vs2733f7 Redacted by 😎 Officer

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