C-Power harnesses the power of ocean waves to deliver renewable energy solutions anywhere, anytime, and for anything

C-Power

Meet C-Power, Winner of the Startup of the Year in Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

C-Power has been nominated in HackerNoon's annual Startup of the Year awards in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. Please vote for us here: https://hackernoon.com/startups/north-america/north-america-charlottesville-va-usa Read more about C-Power below, and thanks for considering voting for us for Charlottesville Startup of the Year. Are you also participating in SOTY 2023? If so, click here to fill out this interview. Columbia Power (C-Power) C-Power’s products convert ocean wave energy into usable and storable energy anytime, anywhere, and for anything. Our solutions for lower-power needs change the ocean from a power desert into a power- and data-enriched environment, reducing operational costs, carbon, and complexity for offshore, island, and coastal applications. The systems are easy to transport and deployable anywhere in the world, unlocking innovation in critical industries such as offshore energy, defense and security, aquaculture, science and research, and communications. Our solutions for higher-power needs will unleash the next wave of zero-carbon energy for electric grids on land and remote onshore or offshore mini-grids. Visit us at . https://cpower.co/ Reenst Lesemann, CEO I grew up on the water and knew I wanted to spend my life working with the ocean.​ ​ Midway through my career, I found myself on a conference panel with C-Power co-founder Sandy Reisky. After hearing Sandy talk about the potential of ocean wave technology, I couldn’t help but get involved. ​ ​ Driven by my passion for the ocean and by the idea of bringing new renewable energy to the world, I am leading C-Power in the charge to harness the ocean’s power to create a viable and powerful technology that will accelerate decarbonization. How We're Disrupting/Improving the Renewable Energy Industry Decarbonization is a massive global effort.​ Right now, there are two primary renewable energy sources: solar and wind. They are powerful resources, but they aren’t enough to decarbonize the global economy. We don’t have the right energy in the right places to complete the energy transition. The ocean is the biggest and best battery on Earth, and it covers 71% of the Earth’s surface. C-Power is adding ocean energy​ to the global renewable energy portfolio with high-value strategic innovation. First, we are helping unlock the digital, autonomous, decarbonized future of offshore operations with lower cost, lower complexity, and lower carbon solutions. Second, we will develop large-scale solutions to bring renewable ocean energy to electric grids on land. The right ocean energy solution will: 1) decarbonize, diversify, and secure the global energy mix; 2) unleash innovation and decarbonization in the ocean economy; and 3) improve offshore operations. Standing Out from The Crowd C-Power makes the right ocean energy solution. Our autonomous offshore power systems are available with 24/7 reliable power generation, for service in remote or populous areas, and for from data gathering to utility-scale power generation. anytime anywhere anything Our technology is unique and patented. C-Power is the only company in the industry providing ocean energy systems that are 1) simple and reliable, 2) scalable, 3) easy to transport and at low cost, 4) deployable anywhere, and 5) can be delivered to the market rapidly. Our Predictions/Thoughts on the Ocean Energy Industry in 2023 The ocean energy industry is still in its early stage seeking to drive down costs toward parity with solar and wind power as well as innovate to improve performance in the harsh ocean environment. As such, the industry in 2023 will continue to rely on government research, development, and demonstration funding as well as private investor support. However, leading ocean energy providers like C-Power have blazed a shorter trail across the industry’s “valley of death” to commercialization and a sustainable customer market. These leaders are targeting industries operating in the ocean economy — offshore energy, defense, scientific research — that need power and real-time communications at sea to unlock a future of autonomous and digital operations with lower cost, carbon emissions, and complexity. In 2023, expect to see ocean energy solutions in the water unlocking this bright future for the ocean economy. By unlocking this market, ocean energy leaders will develop a source of commercial energy to continue the journey toward utility-scale ocean energy on par with wind and solar. What word defines the state of ocean energy in 2023? : Our industry has researched, developed, and lab-tested viable products across a number of form factors to turn energy from ocean waves and tides into clean, renewable electricity. Demonstration Now, it is time to demonstrate those capabilities in real-world projects that deliver real-world value to companies looking to innovate in the ocean economy. In 2023, C-Power is launching the world’s most cutting-edge ocean energy demonstration in Hawaii at the U.S. Navy’s Wave Energy Test Site, where our SeaRAY autonomous offshore power system will provide power and real-time communications for data-gathering equipment and an autonomous underwater vehicle simultaneously. Why we decided to participate in HackerNoon's Startup of the Year awards C-Power is participating in these awards because we are honored to appear side-by-side with our innovative neighbors in Charlottesville, Virginia. We are proud to employ five people in Charlottesville (25 globally), contributing to the economic vitality of our city. While our community is small, it is an innovation hub with a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem. We’re proud to bring attention not only to our efforts to develop a new clean energy resource but also to our innovative community. Final Thoughts C-Power is the industry leader in delivering simple, reliable ocean wave energy to help decarbonize the global economy. Recognition for our company delivers support for our cause. Thank you for helping us bring a new renewable energy resource to the world that is critical for a sustainable future. C-Power is nominated as Startup of the Year in Charlottesville, USA. Vote for us today!

Harnessing the Power of the Ocean - Interview with Startups of the Year Nominee, C-Power

The Radio Amateur's Hand Book, by A. Frederick Collins is part of . You can jump to any chapter in this book here: . Chapter XVII - Continuous Wave Telegraph Transmitting Sets with Alternating Current HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK] XVII. CONTINUOUS WAVE TELEGRAPH TRANSMITTING SETS WITH ALTERNATING CURRENT Within the last few years alternating current has largely taken the place of direct current for light, heat and power purposes in and around towns and cities. Now, if you have alternating current service in your home you can install a long-distance continuous wave telegraph transmitter with very little trouble and at a comparatively small expense. A 100 Mile C. W. Telegraph Transmitting Set.--The principal pieces of apparatus for this transmitter are the same as those used for the 100 Mile Continuous Wave Telegraph Transmitting Set described and pictured in the preceding chapter which used direct current, except that an alternating current power transformer is employed instead of the more costly motor-generator. The Apparatus Required.--The various pieces of apparatus you will need for this transmitting set are: (1) one hot-wire ammeter for the aerial as shown at E in Fig. 75, but which reads to 5 amperes instead of to 2.5 amperes; (2) one tuning coil as shown at A in Fig. 77; (3) one aerial condenser as shown at B in Fig. 77; (4) one grid leak as shown at C in Fig. 77; (5) one telegraph key as shown at G in Fig. 75; (6) one grid condenser, made like the aerial condenser but having only two terminals; (7) one 5 watt oscillator tube as shown at E in Fig. 77; (8) one .002 mfd. 3,000 volt by-pass condenser, made like the aerial and grid condensers; (9) one pair of choke coils for the high voltage secondary circuit; (10) one milli-ammeter; (11) one A. C. power transformer; (12) one rheostat as shown at I in Fig. 75, and (13) one panel cut-out as shown at K in Fig. 75. The Choke Coils.--Each of these is made by winding about 100 turns of No. 28, Brown and Sharpe gauge, cotton covered magnet wire on a spool 2 inches in diameter and 2-1/2 inches long, when it will have an inductance of about 0.5 millihenry [Footnote: A millihenry is 1/1000th part of a henry.] at 1,000 cycles. The Milli-ammeter.--This is an alternating current ammeter and reads from 0 to 250 milliamperes; [Footnote: A milliampere is the 1/1000th part of an ampere.] and is used for measuring the secondary current that energizes the plate of the oscillator tube. It looks like the aerial ammeter and costs about $7.50. The A. C. Power Transformer.--Differing from the motor generator set the power transformer has no moving parts. For this transmitting set you need a transformer that has an input of 325 volts. It is made to work on a 50 to 60 cycle current at 102.5 to 115 volts, which is the range of voltage of the ordinary alternating lighting current. This adjustment for voltage is made by means of taps brought out from the primary coil to a rotary switch. The high voltage secondary coil which energizes the plate has an output of 175 watts and develops a potential of from 350 to 1,100 volts. The low voltage secondary coil which heats the filament has an output of 175 watts and develops 7.5 volts. This transformer, which is shown in Fig. 81, is large enough to take care of from one to four 5 watt oscillator tubes. It weighs about 15 pounds and sells for $25.00. Photograph unavailable--The Transformer and Tuner of the World's Largest Radio Station. Owned by the Radio Corporation of America at Rocky Point near Port Jefferson L.I. Connecting Up the Apparatus.--The wiring diagram Fig. 82 shows clearly how all of the connections are made. It will be observed that a storage battery is not needed as the secondary coil of the transformer supplies the current to heat the filament of the oscillator. The filament voltmeter is connected across the filament secondary coil terminals, while the plate milli-ammeter is connected to the mid-taps of the plate secondary coil and the filament secondary coil. A 200 to 500 Mile C. W. Telegraph Transmitting Set.--Distances of from 200 to 500 miles can be successfully covered with a telegraph transmitter using two, three or four 5 watt oscillator tubes in parallel. The apparatus needed is identical with that used for the 100 mile transmitter just described. The tubes are connected in parallel as shown in the wiring diagram in Fig. 83. A 500 to 1,000 Mile C. W. Telegraph Transmitting Set.--With the apparatus described for the above set and a single 50 watt oscillator tube a distance of upwards of 500 miles can be covered, while with two 50 watt oscillator tubes in parallel you can cover a distance of 1,000 miles without difficulty, and nearly 2,000 miles have been covered with this set. The Apparatus Required.--All of the apparatus for this C. W. telegraph transmitting set is the same as that described for the 100 and 200 mile sets but you will need: (1) one or two 50 watt oscillator tubes with sockets; (2) one key condenser that has a capacitance of 1 mfd., and a rated potential of 1,750 volts; (3) one 0 to 500 milli-ammeter; (4) one aerial ammeter reading to 5 amperes, and (5) an A. C. power transformer for one or two 50 watt tubes. Photograph unavailable--Broadcasting Government Reports by Wireless from Washington. This shows Mr. Gale at work with his set in the Post Office Department. The Alternating Current Power Transformer.--This power transformer is made exactly like the one described in connection with the preceding 100 mile transmitter and pictured in Fig. 81, but it is considerably larger. Like the smaller one, however, it is made to work with a 50 to 60 cycle current at 102.5 to 115 volts and, hence, can be used with any A. C. lighting current. It has an input of 750 volts and the high voltage secondary coil which energizes the plate has an output of 450 watts and develops 1,500 to 3,000 volts. The low voltage secondary coil which heats the filament develops 10.5 volts. This transformer will supply current for one or two 50-watt oscillator tubes and it costs about $40.00. Connecting Up the Apparatus.--Where a single oscillator tube is used the parts are connected as shown in Fig. 82, and where two tubes are connected in parallel the various pieces of apparatus are wired together as shown in Fig. 83. The only difference between the 5 watt tube transmitter and the 50 watt tube transmitter is in the size of the apparatus with one exception; where one or two 50 watt tubes are used a second condenser of large capacitance (1 mfd.) is placed in the grid circuit and the telegraph key is shunted around it as shown in the diagram Fig. 83. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Collins, A. Frederick. 2002. The Radio Amateur's Hand Book. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6934/6934-h/6934-h.htm#chap17 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Building a 100 Mile C.W. Telegraph Set  

Welcome to other chapters of . Let’s Understand Chrome V8 JavaScript is a dynamically typed language, so we don’t care about the data type, just use var to define the variable we want. But in C++, you have to figure out and read up a lot about integers and longs and chars and so on to just a very simple hello world program. It’s C++ which is a statically typed language. So, how does a static language like C++ power the dynamically typed JavaScript? That’s what I would like to talk about in this article. 1. Map layout In C++, a JavaScript object is just a piece of memory with no type. C++ doesn’t know how many and what values are in this memory. In JavaScript philosophy, these values can change dynamically, so how can C++ know the latest type in order to maintain a JavaScript object? Look at Figure 1, let’s talk about the map class used by V8, namely the hidden class. From a JavaScript developer’s perspective, you can only see blue memory, which is your JavaScript object; In V8, I can see all memory, green memory (map), and blue memory (JavaScript objects). The map size is 80bytes, and it is used to protect the type of a JavaScript object, which is the layout of the blue memory — what data is stored, strings, arrays, or other? How to read this data? Namely, the addressing method. Map only saves the addressing method, not the data in a JavaScript object. Note: Before maintaining a JavaScript object, V8 takes out the addressing method from the map first, then can read and write blue memory correctly. V8 updates the latest addressing method into the JavasCript object’s map in time once its type changes. In this way, JavaScript developers can alter the object type freely. To sum up, in C++, the data type is still static, and the most important thing is to update the map in time when the type changes. It is the truth that you’d like to know. The technology behind the dynamic features is powered by C++. The description of the map is below. 1.  Map layout:
2.  // +---------------+---------------------------------------------+
3.  // |   _ Type _    | _ Description _                             |
4.  // +---------------+---------------------------------------------+
5.  // | TaggedPointer | map - Always a pointer to the MetaMap root  |
6.  // +---------------+---------------------------------------------+
7.  // | Int           | The first int field                         |
8.  //  `---+----------+---------------------------------------------+
9.  //      | Byte     | [instance_size]                             |
10.  //      +----------+---------------------------------------------+
11.  //      | Byte     | If Map for a primitive type:                |
12.  //      |          |   native context index for constructor fn   |
13.  //      |          | If Map for an Object type:                  |
14.  //      |          |   inobject properties start offset in words |
15.  //      +----------+---------------------------------------------+
16.  //      | Byte     | [used_or_unused_instance_size_in_words]     |
17.  //      |          | For JSObject in fast mode this byte encodes |
18.  //      |          | the size of the object that includes only   |
19.  //      |          | the used property fields or the slack size  |
20.  //      |          | in properties backing store.                |
21.  //      +----------+---------------------------------------------+
22.  //      | Byte     | [visitor_id]                                |
23.  // +----+----------+---------------------------------------------+
24.  // | Int           | The second int field                        |
25.  //  `---+----------+---------------------------------------------+
26.  //      | Short    | [instance_type]                             |
27.  //      +----------+---------------------------------------------+
28.  //      | Byte     | [bit_field]                                 |
29.  //      |          |   - has_non_instance_prototype (bit 0)      |
30.  //      |          |   - is_callable (bit 1)                     |
31.  //      |          |   - has_named_interceptor (bit 2)           |
32.  //      |          |   - has_indexed_interceptor (bit 3)         |
33.  //      |          |   - is_undetectable (bit 4)                 |
34.  //      |          |   - is_access_check_needed (bit 5)          |
35.  //      |          |   - is_constructor (bit 6)                  |
36.  //      |          |   - has_prototype_slot (bit 7)              |
37.  //      +----------+---------------------------------------------+
38.  //      | Byte     | [bit_field2]                                |
39.  //      |          |   - new_target_is_base (bit 0)              |
40.  //      |          |   - is_immutable_proto (bit 1)              |
41.  //      |          |   - unused bit (bit 2)                      |
42.  //      |          |   - elements_kind (bits 3..7)               |
43.  // +----+----------+---------------------------------------------+
44.  // | Int           | [bit_field3]                                |
45.  // |               |   - enum_length (bit 0..9)                  |
46.  // |               |   - number_of_own_descriptors (bit 10..19)  |
47.  // |               |   - is_prototype_map (bit 20)               |
48.  // |               |   - is_dictionary_map (bit 21)              |
49.  // |               |   - owns_descriptors (bit 22)               |
50.  // |               |   - is_in_retained_map_list (bit 23)        |
51.  // |               |   - is_deprecated (bit 24)                  |
52.  // |               |   - is_unstable (bit 25)                    |
53.  // |               |   - is_migration_target (bit 26)            |
54.  // |               |   - is_extensible (bit 28)                  |
55.  // |               |   - may_have_interesting_symbols (bit 28)   |
56.  // |               |   - construction_counter (bit 29..31)       |
57.  // |               |                                             |
58.  // +*************************************************************+
59.  // | Int           | On systems with 64bit pointer types, there  |
60.  // |               | is an unused 32bits after bit_field3        |
61.  // +*************************************************************+
62.  // | TaggedPointer | [prototype]                                 |
63.  // +---------------+---------------------------------------------+
64.  // | TaggedPointer | [constructor_or_backpointer]                |
65.  // +---------------+---------------------------------------------+
66.  // | TaggedPointer | [instance_descriptors]                      |
67.  // +*************************************************************+
68.  // ! TaggedPointer ! [layout_descriptors]                        !
69.  // !               ! Field is only present if compile-time flag  !
70.  // !               ! FLAG_unbox_double_fields is enabled         !
71.  // !               ! (basically on 64 bit architectures)         !
72.  // +*************************************************************+
73.  // | TaggedPointer | [dependent_code]                            |
74.  // +---------------+---------------------------------------------+
75.  // | TaggedPointer | [prototype_validity_cell]                   |
76.  // +---------------+---------------------------------------------+
77.  // | TaggedPointer | If Map is a prototype map:                  |
78.  // |               |   [prototype_info]                          |
79.  // |               | Else:                                       |
80.  // |               |   [raw_transitions]                         |
81.  // +---------------+---------------------------------------------+ The size and layout of the map are predefined constants that do not change. Each heap-managed object has a map. The shape of both two objects is the same, in other words, the two objects have the same internal members and member positions which means that they have the same addressing method, so they share the same map. See the code below. function Point(x,y) {
	this.x = x;
	this.y = y;
}

var fun1 = new Point(1,2);
var fun2 = new Point(3,4);
fun2.z = 80; The fun1 and fun2 come from the same constructor, they have the same shape, so they share the same map. But after fun2.z=80, the shape of fun2 is changed, so V8 assigns a new map for it. The class map is below. 1.  class Map : public HeapObject {
2.   public:
3.  //.............omit..................
4.     DECL_PRIMITIVE_ACCESSORS(bit_field, byte)
5.     DECL_PRIMITIVE_ACCESSORS(relaxed_bit_field, byte)
6.   // Bit positions for |bit_field|.
7.   #define MAP_BIT_FIELD_FIELDS(V, _)          \
8.     V(HasNonInstancePrototypeBit, bool, 1, _) \
9.     V(IsCallableBit, bool, 1, _)              \
10.     V(HasNamedInterceptorBit, bool, 1, _)     \
11.     V(HasIndexedInterceptorBit, bool, 1, _)   \
12.     V(IsUndetectableBit, bool, 1, _)          \
13.     V(IsAccessCheckNeededBit, bool, 1, _)     \
14.     V(IsConstructorBit, bool, 1, _)           \
15.     V(HasPrototypeSlotBit, bool, 1, _)
16.     DEFINE_BIT_FIELDS(MAP_BIT_FIELD_FIELDS)
17.   #undef MAP_BIT_FIELD_FIELDS
18.     // Bit field 2.
19.     DECL_PRIMITIVE_ACCESSORS(bit_field2, byte)
20.   // Bit positions for |bit_field2|.
21.   #define MAP_BIT_FIELD2_FIELDS(V, _)      \
22.     V(NewTargetIsBaseBit, bool, 1, _)      \
23.     V(IsImmutablePrototypeBit, bool, 1, _) \
24.     V(UnusedBit, bool, 1, _)               \
25.     V(ElementsKindBits, ElementsKind, 5, _)
26.     DEFINE_BIT_FIELDS(MAP_BIT_FIELD2_FIELDS)
27.   #undef MAP_BIT_FIELD2_FIELDS
28.     DECL_PRIMITIVE_ACCESSORS(bit_field3, uint32_t)
29.     V8_INLINE void clear_padding();
30.      DEFINE_FIELD_OFFSET_CONSTANTS(HeapObject::kHeaderSize,
31.                                    TORQUE_GENERATED_MAP_FIELDS)
32.      //.............omit..................
33.      OBJECT_CONSTRUCTORS(Map, HeapObject);
34.  }; Below is the expansion of the DEFINE_FIELD_OFFSET_CONSTANTS macro. 1.    enum {
2.  TORQUE_GENERATED_MAP_FIELDS_StartOffset= 7,
3.  kInstanceSizeInWordsOffset=8, kInstanceSizeInWordsOffsetEnd = 8,
4.  kInObjectPropertiesStartOrConstructorFunctionIndexOffset=9, kInObjectPropertiesStartOrConstructorFunctionIndexOffsetEnd = 9,
5.  kUsedOrUnusedInstanceSizeInWordsOffset=10, kUsedOrUnusedInstanceSizeInWordsOffsetEnd = 10,
6.  kVisitorIdOffset=11, kVisitorIdOffsetEnd = 11,
7.  kInstanceTypeOffset=12, kInstanceTypeOffsetEnd = 13,
8.  kBitFieldOffset=14, kBitFieldOffsetEnd = 14,
9.  kBitField2Offset=15, kBitField2OffsetEnd = 15,
10.  kBitField3Offset=16, kBitField3OffsetEnd = 19,
11.  kOptionalPaddingOffset=20, kOptionalPaddingOffsetEnd = 23,
12.  kStartOfStrongFieldsOffset=24, kStartOfStrongFieldsOffsetEnd = 23,
13.  kPrototypeOffset=24, kPrototypeOffsetEnd = 31,
14.  kConstructorOrBackPointerOffset=32, kConstructorOrBackPointerOffsetEnd = 39,
15.  kInstanceDescriptorsOffset=40, kInstanceDescriptorsOffsetEnd = 47,
16.  kLayoutDescriptorOffset=48, kLayoutDescriptorOffsetEnd = 55,
17.  kDependentCodeOffset=56, kDependentCodeOffsetEnd = 63,
18.  kPrototypeValidityCellOffset=64, kPrototypeValidityCellOffsetEnd = 71,
19.  kEndOfStrongFieldsOffset=72, kEndOfStrongFieldsOffsetEnd = 71,
20.  kStartOfWeakFieldsOffset=72, kStartOfWeakFieldsOffsetEnd = 71,
21.  kTransitionsOrPrototypeInfoOffset=72, kTransitionsOrPrototypeInfoOffsetEnd = 79,
22.  kEndOfWeakFieldsOffset=80, kEndOfWeakFieldsOffsetEnd = 79,
23.  kSize=80, kSizeEnd = 79,
24.    } The enumeration here is consistent with the map description mentioned above. Note that, in the new version of V8 in the future, the map may change, and new member variables may appear in this enumeration. A map is a heap-managed object of V8. When new a map, V8 uses the following function to allocate memory from the V8 heap. 1.  AllocationResult Heap::AllocateRaw(int size_in_bytes, AllocationType type,
2.                                     AllocationOrigin origin,
3.                                     AllocationAlignment alignment) {
4.  //.....omit.......
5.    if (AllocationType::kYoung == type) {
6.  //.....omit.......
7.    } else if (AllocationType::kOld == type) {
8.  //.....omit.......
9.    } else if (AllocationType::kCode == type) {
10.      if (size_in_bytes <= code_space()->AreaSize() && !large_object) {
11.        allocation = code_space_->AllocateRawUnaligned(size_in_bytes);
12.      } else {
13.        allocation = code_lo_space_->AllocateRaw(size_in_bytes);
14.      }
15.    } else if (AllocationType::kMap == type) {
16.      allocation = map_space_->AllocateRawUnaligned(size_in_bytes);
17.    } else if (AllocationType::kReadOnly == type) {
18.  #ifdef V8_USE_SNAPSHOT
19.      DCHECK(isolate_->serializer_enabled());
20.  #endif
21.      DCHECK(!large_object);
22.      DCHECK(CanAllocateInReadOnlySpace());
23.      DCHECK_EQ(AllocationOrigin::kRuntime, origin);
24.      allocation =
25.          read_only_space_->AllocateRaw(size_in_bytes, alignment, origin);
26.    } else {
27.      UNREACHABLE();
28.    }
29.    return allocation;
30.  } When line 15 is true, the type is kMap and size_in_bytes is 80, which means that is allocating memory for a new map. Figure 2 is the call stack. 2. Map initialization During the V8 startup, the below CreateInitialMaps initialize empty maps for all JavaScript types. The empty map descript the minimum requirements for a JavaScript object. When you have new a JavaScript object, V8 fills some necessary information (object type, size …) into the corresponding empty map. 1.  bool Heap::CreateInitialMaps() {
2.    HeapObject obj;
3.    {
4.      AllocationResult allocation = AllocatePartialMap(MAP_TYPE, Map::kSize);
5.      if (!allocation.To(&obj)) return false;
6.    }
7.    Map new_meta_map = Map::unchecked_cast(obj);
8.    set_meta_map(new_meta_map);
9.    new_meta_map.set_map_after_allocation(new_meta_map);
10.  //...................omit...................
11.    ReadOnlyRoots roots(this);
12.    {  // Partial map allocation
13.  #define ALLOCATE_PARTIAL_MAP(instance_type, size, field_name)                \
14.    {                                                                          \
15.      Map map;                                                                 \
16.      if (!AllocatePartialMap((instance_type), (size)).To(&map)) return false; \
17.      set_##field_name##_map(map);                                             \
18.    }
19.      ALLOCATE_PARTIAL_MAP(FIXED_ARRAY_TYPE, kVariableSizeSentinel, fixed_array);
20.      ALLOCATE_PARTIAL_MAP(WEAK_FIXED_ARRAY_TYPE, kVariableSizeSentinel,
21.                           weak_fixed_array);
22.      ALLOCATE_PARTIAL_MAP(WEAK_ARRAY_LIST_TYPE, kVariableSizeSentinel,
23.  //..................omit...................
24.  #undef ALLOCATE_PARTIAL_MAP
25.    }
26.    // Allocate the empty array.
27.    {
28.      AllocationResult alloc =
29.          AllocateRaw(FixedArray::SizeFor(0), AllocationType::kReadOnly);
30.      if (!alloc.To(&obj)) return false;
31.      obj.set_map_after_allocation(roots.fixed_array_map(), SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
32.      FixedArray::cast(obj).set_length(0);
33.    }
34.    set_empty_fixed_array(FixedArray::cast(obj));
35.  //...................omit....................
36.    FinalizePartialMap(roots.meta_map());
37.    FinalizePartialMap(roots.fixed_array_map());
38.    FinalizePartialMap(roots.weak_fixed_array_map());
39.    {
40.      if (!AllocateRaw(FixedArray::SizeFor(0), AllocationType::kReadOnly)
41.               .To(&obj)) {
42.        return false;
43.      }
44.      obj.set_map_after_allocation(roots.closure_feedback_cell_array_map(),
45.                                   SKIP_WRITE_BARRIER);
46.      FixedArray::cast(obj).set_length(0);
47.      set_empty_closure_feedback_cell_array(ClosureFeedbackCellArray::cast(obj));
48.    }
49.    DCHECK(!InYoungGeneration(roots.empty_fixed_array()));
50.    roots.bigint_map().SetConstructorFunctionIndex(
51.        Context::BIGINT_FUNCTION_INDEX);
52.    return true;
53.  } Lines 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 create meta_data for all maps. From lines 13 to 22, use the macro ALLOCATE_PARTIAL_MAP to create empty maps for ARRAY_LIST and ARRAY. From lines 27 to 34, create empty maps for other types. The map creations are in batches because the subsequent creation needs to use the previous results. On line 36, all empty maps are saved to roots_table, as shown in Figure 3. Root_table is defined by the following macro. #define READ_ONLY_ROOT_LIST(V)     \
  STRONG_READ_ONLY_ROOT_LIST(V)    \
  INTERNALIZED_STRING_ROOT_LIST(V) \
  PRIVATE_SYMBOL_ROOT_LIST(V)      \
  PUBLIC_SYMBOL_ROOT_LIST(V)       \
  WELL_KNOWN_SYMBOL_ROOT_LIST(V)   \
  STRUCT_MAPS_LIST(V)              \
  ALLOCATION_SITE_MAPS_LIST(V)     \
  DATA_HANDLER_MAPS_LIST(V)

#define MUTABLE_ROOT_LIST(V)                \
  STRONG_MUTABLE_IMMOVABLE_ROOT_LIST(V)     \
  STRONG_MUTABLE_MOVABLE_ROOT_LIST(V)       \
  V(StringTable, string_table, StringTable) \
  SMI_ROOT_LIST(V)

#define ROOT_LIST(V)     \
  READ_ONLY_ROOT_LIST(V) \
  MUTABLE_ROOT_LIST(V) Root_table holds not only the map but also other heap objects. Through the parameters of the macro template, we can roughly guess the role of each element. If you want to dive deeper, please debug. Okay, that wraps it up for this share. I’ll see you guys next time, take care! Please reach out to me if you have any issues. : qq9123013 : v8blink@outlook.com WeChat Email Also published . here

Understanding Chrome V8 — Chapter 14: What is Dynamically Typed JS 

There is certain gratification when you get a little “naked” mini-computer board to run the software you install on it. Maybe even your own application. Most (if not all) of the real-world applications I have implemented connect in one way or another to a database. It’s not a secret that relational databases are the most popular option in mission-critical applications that require truly . So, installing a good performant SQL database in a Raspberry Pi is, to say the least, a fun exercise to do. Even though the Raspberry Pi can connect to the Internet and consume a Database as a Service (DBaaS) like SkySQL, smaller applications might benefit from having a local-only database running on the same device. ACID compliance In this article, I show you how to install and set up a MariaDB server on a with 8 GB of RAM that you can connect to your local network through WiFi or Ethernet. You can use models with much less RAM memory as well. Raspberry Pi 4 Model B By the way, I have placed plenty of photos and screenshots to make this article more enjoyable. Hope you like it! Before You Start Before you start, make sure you have: a computer (duh!) a (double-duh!) Raspberry Pi an Internet connection (don’t you say!) a microSD card (I recommend at least 32GB) and a USB power supply for the Raspberry Pi (I used a phone charger) Installing Raspberry Pi OS A Raspberry Pi is a mini-computer. So you need an operating system (OS) for it. There are different flavors of Linux that you can use, but we’ll use the optimized Raspberry Pi OS. The OS is installed on a microSD card that you later plug into your Raspberry Pi: You can use your working computer to download and install the Raspberry Pi OS on the microSD card. Most likely, you’ll need a microSD to USB adapter, or if your computer supports it, an SD adapter for microSD. Either way, connect the microSD card to your computer and you’ll be good to go: Download and install the on your computer. Start the tool and click on : Raspberry Pi Imager software CHOOSE OS Click on : Raspberry Pi OS (other) Select or the 32-bit version depending on your Raspberry Pi model. The Lite version of the OS doesn’t include any GUI which is a better option when installing a database server, or any server-software really. A GUI would use space in the storage device (the microSD card) and will probably run additional processes that are not truly needed and that would also consume RAM. So, go for the Lite ( ) version: Raspberry Pi OS Lite (64-bit) headless Click on the gear icon (settings), enter a hostname (I’m using ), and enable SSH with password authentication: raspi01 Scroll down and set a username (mine is ) and password of your preference. Also, enter the details of your WiFi connection: pi Click on and then on . Select the volume that corresponds to the plugged microSD card: SAVE CHOOSE STORAGE Double-check that you selected the correct media (you don’t want to format your hard drive, right?) and if everything looks okay, click on : YES You’ll be prompted to enter your password. Once the process is completed, click on : CONTINUE Extract the microSD card (now with the Debian-based Raspberry Pi OS fully-operational operating system in it) and plug it into your Raspberry Pi: Connecting Remotely Through SSH Time for the most fun part. Connect the USB-C power supply to the Raspberry Pi. This turns on the device and boots the OS. Enjoy the little red (power attached indicator) and green (a program is running) LEDs: So cool. I’m excited for you as I write this! Give the device some time to boot. Be patient. Depending on the Raspberry Pi model, this could take up to several minutes. In my case, when the green LED started to flash less or was completely off, I knew the mini-computer was ready and (hopefully) connected through WiFi to my local network. To start talking with this little machine, you can use , which attaches a terminal to the device. To do this, open a terminal or command prompt on your computer, and execute the following: SSH ssh pi@raspi01.local Use the username and hostname that you configured when you installed the OS. If everything is all right, you should be prompted to add the host to the list of known hosts. Type and enter your Raspberry Pi OS password. You are in now: yes Sweet! This is a good time to update your Raspberry Pi. Run the following: sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade Installing the MariaDB Database Server Let’s make your new server more usable by installing MariaDB on it: sudo apt install mariadb-server It cannot get easier than that! A is included with the server installation, so you can connect to the database and check that it is working: SQL client sudo mariadb Try running a “Hello, World” kind of query there: Nice. Before we leave the client, create a new database (more on this later) and a user for it. It’s a good practice to not use the user when consuming the database from your applications. Here’s what you need to execute: root CREATE DATABASE nation;

CREATE USER 'user'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Password123!';

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON nation.* TO 'user'@'%'; Now you can leave the SQL client: quit We’ll connect remotely to the database using the above user later. Securing the Database Server You can use the database in its current state, but it’s always a good idea to secure the server. MariaDB includes a tool that easies this process: sudo mariadb-secure-installation You’ll be prompted with the root password which by default is empty, so just press enter. The tool asks you questions as you go. Feel free to configure your database server as you wish. For reference, here’s how I answered the questions: NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB

      SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE!  PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!

 

In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current

password for the root user. If you've just installed MariaDB, and

haven't set the root password yet, you should just press enter here.

 

Enter current password for root (enter for none):

OK, successfully used password, moving on...

 

Setting the root password or using the unix_socket ensures that nobody

can log into the MariaDB root user without the proper authorisation.

 

You already have your root account protected, so you can safely answer 'n'.

 

Switch to unix_socket authentication [Y/n] n

 ... skipping.

 

You already have your root account protected, so you can safely answer 'n'.

 

Change the root password? [Y/n] Y

New password:

Re-enter new password:

Password updated successfully!

Reloading privilege tables..

 ... Success!

 

 

By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone

to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for

them.  This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation

go a bit smoother.  You should remove them before moving into a

production environment.

 

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] Y

 ... Success!

 

Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'.  This

ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.

 

Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] Y

 ... Success!

 

By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can

access.  This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed

before moving into a production environment.

 

Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] Y

 - Dropping test database...

 ... Success!

 - Removing privileges on test database...

 ... Success!

 

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far

will take effect immediately.

 

Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] Y

 ... Success!

 

Cleaning up...

 

All done!  If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB

installation should now be secure.

 

Thanks for using MariaDB! Enabling Remote Database Access Since you probably want to connect to this database remotely from your working computer or even another Raspberry Pi, you’ll have to enable remote access. Edit the following file using or : nano vi sudo nano /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf Comment out the following line by adding a hash ( ) character at the beginning as shown: # #bind-address = 127.0.0.1 That’s it. Save the changes, exit the text editor, and leave the little machine by ending the SSH session: exit Now you are back into your working computer. If you happen to have the MariaDB client installed on your computer, you can try the remote connection right away (skip this if you don’t have the tool, or ): install it mariadb -h raspi01.local -u user -p If you see , your database is ready! Welcome to the MariaDB monitor Connecting to the Database Using DBeaver Most likely, you want to use a . In my opinion, the best free option is . If you haven’t, go ahead and download it and install it. graphical SQL database client DBeaver Open DBeaver and click the button: New Database Connection Select and click on : MariaDB Next > Enter the server host (in my case it is ), the username ( ), and the password. Click on to make sure all the connection details are correct: raspi01.local user Test Connection … You should see a message like this: Click , and . You should see the new remote connection in the : OK Finish Database Navigator Creating a Demo Database The website (props to the authors) contains a pretty nice demo database that you can use for experimenting. and extract the ZIP file that contains the SQL script. Select > in DBeaver and open the file. MariaDB Tutorial Download File Open File... nation.sql Click the button: Active datasource Select the Raspberry Pi connection and click on : Select Click the button: Execute SQL Script Now you have a populated demo database that you can play with! In the , browse the tables and double-click on one of them. For example, explore the tab after opening the table: Database Navigator Data countries Isn’t it cool to see all that data coming from the little computer? Running SQL Queries The whole point of having a database is to be able to execute custom SQL queries. In the , right-click on and select > . Try for example querying the languages spoken in your country. Here’s my result: Database Navigator nation SQL Editor New SQL script There are many interesting queries you can run, but I’ll let you figure out those. For reference here’s an of the database that I took from the MariaDB Tutorial website: ER diagram What’s Next? You might want to try next (get it from ). Or Maybe use one of the and create your own applications using , , , or . ColumnStore here MariaDB connectors Java JavaScript/Node.js Python C++ Ah! One final thing. If you want to safely shut down your Raspberry Pi, SSH into it and execute the following: sudo shutdown now Happy database querying and coding! Also published . here

Setting Up a Dedicated Database Server on Raspberry Pi

C was developed and promoted by Dennis Ritchie in the years between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. C++ came into existence around 1979 by Bjarne Stroustrup. C++ was created as an enrichment to the C programming language, and initially, it was named "C with Classes." C and C++ rule the world, still with being the base languages for other modern languages. It is essential for any developer to learn C and C++ as their first programming language as they carry the legacy and a strong history that no other programming language has yet. To improve basic programming skills and interpretation of how basic programming works, the knowledge of C and C++ is proven to be very essential. In embedded systems, 3D software, IoT, databases, etc, still C and C++ rocks as solid languages. C and C++ are still the Go-to languages also for new projects in Smart and Autonomous Cars, Space exploration, robotics and even completely new projects and tech are being written in C++. The reason to write these in C and C++ is since applications need to be very efficient and fast as they handle a huge amount of data and do many calculations per second. The popularity of C C is a very mature language that has been around for years now. The C language is often called a middle-level computer language as it gives a good balance of both high level and low-level languages. C is flexible as it gives more control for programmers by allowing them to manipulate bits, bytes, and addresses, and this helps the program to behave exactly how the program would want it to behave, and it gives more direct access to the mechanics of the underlying hardware. C has a great history where it was created, influenced, and field-tested by working programmers in all areas. The objective of any programmer choosing C is because it gives the programmer what the programmer wants. The one important feature of C is the ability to implement various data types, unions, arrays, loops, macros, functions, structures, user-defined operations, binary trees, hash tables, linked lists, stacks, and queues, and pointers. C as a language serves as a prerequisite for learning other more modern programming languages. The C standard library provides programmers with a remarkable range of inbuilt functions that eases out things during programming. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established a board in 1983 named X3J11, to develop a standard specification of C language. In 1990, the ANSI C standard was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ISO/IEC 9899:1990, which is sometimes also termed C90. Therefore, the terms "C89" and "C90" refer to the same programming language. C18 is regarded as the unofficial name for ISO/IEC 9899:2018, the most up-to-date standard for the C language, issued in June 2018. It replaced the previous C11 (standard ISO/IEC 9899:2011). It has been informally named as C17 also. C2x will succeed C18. The popularity of C++ C++ is everywhere if we look around. From IoT to Database software, Embedded systems, operating systems, medical applications, and games are a few real-world cases that use C++. Recently, as processors have grown more powerful than ever with tech advancements and the application scene has taken on additional challenging requirements in the software and automotive industry, C++ has witnessed a sudden increase in its usage for IoT solutions. The reason is, C++ provides higher performance, flexibility, by consuming less energy, thereby making it ideal for small devices that can’t by themselves maintain high activity levels and energy potentials due to limited power capabilities. C++ allows and gives the programmer control over things in the hardware systems, like control over intimate hardware details without dropping to the level of assembly language. C++ is so reliable and popular that even SpaceX uses C++ for its rockets. C++ is standardized by ISO (The International Standards Organization) along with national standards organizations, such as BSI (The British Standards Institute), ANSI (The American National Standards Institute), DIN (The German national standards organization). The original C++ standard was announced in 1998, a minor revision in 2003, and a significant update, C++11, was issued in September 2011, and the C++14 C++14 was released on December 15, 2014. C++17 - as of 2019, this is the most recent revision. Currently, the standards committee has completed its work to produce a new standard, a major revision, in 2020: C++20, this standard got technically finalized by WG21 at the meeting in Prague in February 2020. The standard is anticipated to be officially published after the end of May 2020. According to , C and C++ are still the most demanding languages that developers want to learn. HackerRank’s 2019 Developer Skills Report According to and most used languages overall among developers. TIOBE’s survey, C and C++ are still the most popular C and C++ power the world When it comes to Java, the core of Java Virtual Machine , a Java virtual machine for desktop and server computers, is implemented in C++. hotspot In Python, the itself is implemented in C, and this shows the power of C language. Python interpreter The most successful Javascript engine is implemented in C++. V8 is Google's open-source high-performance JavaScript and WebAssembly engine. V8 One of the most famous scientific libraries in Python, Numpy, which is widely used in AI and ML, and its is implemented in C. Other popular AI things like TensorFlow are written in C++, though typically accessed by a python Layer. Computer Vision (OpenCV is C++) is also written in C++, then other languages like python wrap it. core module , Firefox, etc., which are regarded as modern and powerful browsers, are written in C/C++. Chrome Even the most operating system kernels for , , Windows, , iOS, and so on are written in C. Linux Android Mac noted that C/C++ are still the most popular languages for developers. TIOBE Index for March 2018 C/C++ power the modern high performing games like Unreal Engine, Unity3D, cocos2d-x, etc. and people love these games. Many other programming languages interpreters and compilers are also written and implemented based on C and C++. C and C++ tooling The language has evolved a lot, especially modern C++ is a wildly different language. C++ has added a lot of newer features in the latest versions of the language. Check out this fantastic repository on modern C++ which is named . Awesome Modern C++ Modern C++ is very performance oriented, that’s the reason why C++ is popular in the Video Game and Banking industries, both of which need breakneck speed and efficient resource usage. These days, gcc, clang, and visual c++ build tools are by far the most popular C compilers. Each one has its own benefits, for example, gcc is the default compiler for most Linux distributions, it is up to date as per C++ standards, it is portable to many platforms, it is free. Clang is an "LLVM native" C/C++/Objective-C compiler, state of the art in compiler technology, aims to achieve fast compiles, and it provides very useful and accurate information and highlights error messages, error line prompts, warning messages, error lines, and repair suggestions. It provides a platform for building great source level tools. is rising in popularity, it is a free and open-source software build system used to control the software compilation process with simple platform and compiler free configuration files, and generate native build system scripts (makefiles, ninja, MSBuild) and workspaces that can be used in the compiler environment of your choice. CMake is a great tool to keep your build environment flexible and cross-platform. It gives you full control over the build system of a C/C++ environment. CMake C and C++ might seem a bit old school, but they’re still hard to beat for their sheer speed and performance. With C and C++ communities, what’s often lacking was modern toolchain components like a package manager. Java (Maven), Ruby (Bundler), PhP (Composer), Python (PyPi), etc had their respective standard package managers but C and C++ languages had none. The C and C++ developers suffered a lot because of this and because of which they tried to create custom in-house solutions, that became costly to implement and to maintain, it was too complicated to reuse the libraries. That is where Conan started working to reduce the pain of C and C++ developers by providing them a solution they want, which was missing for many years. Conan integrates really well with all major build tools like CMake, Visual Studio, Makefile, XCode etc Short, reproducible build steps are a must-have for any continuous delivery pipeline in DevOps. In the C and C++ world, declarative dependency management is still a relatively new concept and acts as a big obstacle to reproducible, fast, and secure releases. This shows why package management is a good thing and how conan.io, as a package manager manages dependencies of C and C++ libraries. video C and C++ enter the world of DevOps Continuous integration for C and C++ projects for a long time has proven to be a hard task due to the specific characteristics of these languages and the compilation to native code process. C and C++ projects usually face obstacles with upgrading dependencies, and it affects the continuous integration and continuous deployment process and from that point to the whole DevOps process. There are ongoing efforts, and this is where Conan as a package manager stands out to help the community by making DevOps possible for C/C++ projects. The helps to manage dependencies and binaries, and now with ’s support and a fine integration with any CI/CD tools like Jenkins, Codefresh, etc., it is achievable to define an effective and automated DevOps workflow. Conan package manager Artifactory Continuous Integration and delivery with proper package management will accelerate DevOps, it also helps in automation, increases the developer productivity and the software delivery rate. It is not that the package manager is DevOps, but it is the gate to that world of DevOps. The package managers reduce the confusion of dependencies and make the promotion of artifacts from one stage to next stage easier, helping developers collaborate with ease and make the software delivery process as quick as possible. Conan joined JFrog in 2016, with this joint force, the aim is to help the C/C++ community release better software faster than before. You can secure private C/C++ Conan repositories through Artifactory installation and get unmatched stability and reliability, it supports any number of build servers, users, and interactions. Artifactory offers massively scalable storage along with HA through cloud-based providers. Artifactory offers many benefits to C/C++ developers using Conan: Secure and private repositories for C/C++ packages Fine-grained access management and control to development teams Automatic layout and storage of C/C++ packages for all platforms The capability to provision C/C++ dependencies from Artifactory to the Conan command-line tool from local repositories. Enterprise features such as high availability, massively scalable storage and much more No doubt, C and C++ have a very big community and both the languages still rule the programming world with their high-performing capabilities. Programmers initially used C for system development work, and C language is near to assembly. Whenever we are required to interact with hardware, we need a language which can efficiently deal with hardware specifications, requirement, and change, C language does it very well. That is the reason C is used in embedded systems, self-driving cars, IoT implementation, and things like IoT are ruling the world. Hence, C as a language is always useful and helps programmers communicate well with the hardware and operating systems. There is a large online community of C and C++ users and experts that is particularly helpful in case any support is required. There are a lot of resources available on the internet. Some of the other online resources for C++ include StackOverflow, cppreference.com, Standard C++, etc. is a central repository for C and C++ packages, it is an effort to encourage organizations that rely on C and C++ projects to embrace best DevOps practices. ConanCenter

Modern C and C++: Important Facts To Know

Many programmers are frustrated with and leaning away toward the C/C++ programming languages because of the following reasons: Many people joined the programming world by learning C or C++, but it’s rare for them to keep learning and mastering these two languages well because they get frustrated in handling the low-level programming elements such as pointers, the memory storage model, address alignment, templates expansion, multi-thread data races, and so on. If these elements are not handled properly, the app will have a high probability of crashing, which will frustrate the new programmer. (1) Very steep learning curve.. Nowadays we have many advanced programming languages like Java, C#, Python, Javascript, Go, etc for application development and it seems insane if someone wanted to develop a Web application or backend service in pure C/C++. The common application areas have been taken over by more advanced programming languages such as: (2) Rarely used in modern application development Javascript/Typescript rule everything and the three popular frameworks in frontend are Angular, React, and Vue. Web front-end development: Javascript (Node), Python (Flask, Django), Java, and PHP are the popular technologies used. Web back-end service development: QT (PyQT, C++), Electron (Javascript), WPF (C#). Desktop application development: iOS (Objective-C, Swift), Android (Java). Mobile application development: Java, Go, Groovy, Scala. Distributed systems, Big Data, Cloud Computing: Python. Data science, AI (Artificial Intelligence), ML (Machine Learning): It looks like C/C++ are rarely used in these modern application development areas. So why should we still learn C/C++? Here are 7 reasons why you should: Almost all other modern programming languages and popular libraries are built by C/C++. Here are some typical examples: 1. Master other advanced programming languages faster. – Java: The core of Java Virtual Machine hotspot is implemented in C++. – Python: The Python interpreter is implemented in C. – Javascript: The most popular Javascript engine V8 is implemented in C++. – Numpy: One of the most popular scientific libraries in Python and it is widely used in AI and ML, but its core module is implemented in C. If you just remember the syntax of a programming language or can use the common libraries well, it doesn’t mean you truly mastered the programming language. Knowing the theory behind the languages can help you develop applications in the language more efficiently, which then means you truly mastered the language. But the prerequisite for all of that is you have to know C/C++ well. When programming in the advanced programming languages, we mainly focus on the implementation of functionalities. We usually use guidelines of best practice to avoid silly mistakes but it is not nearly enough when you need to gain better performance. Better performance requires careful profiling and analysis to find out which code are the performance hot spot and how to rewrite them in a more efficient way. 2. Bring performance. If you know C/C++ enough, then it will aide you in gaining a better performance because you know how these advanced programming languages run at its lowest level. You will be able to discover the issue faster which may be performance decay, the expensive CPU instructions, the cache miss, the tradeoff of context switching, or something else. Computer networks, operating systems, computer architecture, and compiler theories are four of the most important fundamental computer theories and almost all of our new techniques are built based on these four. 3. Understand the fundamental computer theories well. If you are just programming in the advanced programming languages, these machine-level details are usually hidden from you. But these techniques are really important if you want to jump out of the existing frameworks and develop something more. For example, when the network status is unstable and you need a reliable connection you would not solve the issue with TCP because TCP brings a large latency due to its large retransmission timeout. So how should you do it? If you understand a computer network well, you can build your own reliable protocol with more aggressive and efficient retransmission schemes. You would then need to integrate it into the network’s SDK and you may need to know how the network protocols are implemented in the Operating System. Your implementation should be efficient so you have to know the computer architecture well too such as using the CPU cache, memory, and network adaptors effectively. Finally, if you want to provide API interfaces for other advanced languages, like Python, Javascript etc, you need to know how the language binding works and compiler theories helps with that. Most importantly, all these key techniques are based on C/C++. C/C++ is everywhere. In particular, they power more technologies than we give it credit for. 4. C/C++ powers the world Most operating system kernels are written in C, including but not limited to Windows, Linux, Mac, iOS, Android and so on. Modern browsers are also written in C/C++. like Chrome, Firefox etc. Modern game engines are written in C/C++, like Unity3D, Unreal Engine, cocos2d-x etc. As mentioned above, programming languages compilers and interpreters are implemented in C/C++ too. According to the TIOBE Index for March 2018, C/C++ are still the most popular languages. So don’t hesitate to keep learning these two languages that are still powering the world. 5. Interfacing languages The problem here is that the C++ interface and ABI (Application Binary Interface) isn’t standardized, and depends on the compiler you’ve used. If the library was compiled with a different compiler (or even a different version), you might not be able to call into it. Not so with C, where the interface is defined and standardized, and is used by many other languages as well. 6. Efficient machine code produced by C++ compilers Uh, no. C++ not only suffers from the same problem as C here (the language basically can’t make any guarantees whatsoever about the code), its hideously complex syntax prevents compilers from even compiling it correctly! There’s a reason why the OCaml compiler can produce faster code than C compilers, and why C++ programs are so huge when compiled. 7. You will hardly be seen as a hacker if you don’t know C++ This is an excellent point for generating flame wars, since it relies entirely on your definition of a hacker, and what you think of C++. Personally, I know C++, and I want my lifetime back that I spent working with that language. C++ is needlessly complex, the “OO” is a joke, and it has so many hidden traps I’m surprised no one has been eaten yet by a C++ compiler. And the fact that C++ is an almost complete superset of C might have been a good idea to win over the C programmers, but it also means you get all of Cs problems like the preprocessor, and casting, etc. Someone with a passion for programming languages might know C++, but I can’t imagine them really liking it. So get started with C/C++ and keep learning. Don’t be scared off by its difficulty and steep learning curve. Once you have mastered them, you will gain a lot more knowledge than you expected! Summary Computers are not about calculations, they are about information—organizing, retrieving, and manipulating it. You want to write efficient programs? Then you need to understand and learn to work with data structures. Data structures and algorithms tell you how you can put the programming languages you mastered to good use. Pick up C and C++ and implement and play around with data structures, and see how exciting it all is. In spite of young upstarts, dependable C and C++ continue to be the programming languages of choice for several applications.

7 Reasons Why You Should Keep Learning C/C++

Python is an open-source, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language. It follows Java and C in terms of functionality. It is manageable and easy to learn, a language with high-level programming capabilities—websites like Python feed Reddit, Pinterest, YouTube, and Instagram. Being one of the most popular programming languages, Python finds great use in modern development trends such as machine learning. Additionally, if you are new to programming, Python is where you should start your programming journey. Every day brings new advancements in technology, and now the times have changed so that only the most established are developing. With this, the capacity and quality of specialized languages ​​are also growing at a tremendous rate. It is one of the main reasons it is challenging to choose the most appropriate programming language for your next business project. It's hard to pick one out of all the innovations, and that's why this blog is designed by experts from the most trusted mobile app development company, discussing the two common programming languages ​​- .Net and Python. Python and .Net are both popular programming languages ​​of 2021. Both are based on OOP (object-oriented programming) concepts, are easy to learn and code, and offer rapid development and excellent performance. Each of these languages ​​is dominant. Now, let's discuss which one is best for your business application and why? - Before we dive into the differences, let's take a quick look at each one to understand the differences better. Let's get started. Python vs. .Net. .Net - Overview C # or C-Sharp is a modern and powerful high-level programming language that strictly follows traditional C ++ and C constructs; however, it has become more improved and easier to learn. It is used to develop a large number of complex and large-scale applications. C # code can be compiled on different platforms; this object-oriented programming language has structural similarities, more in common with Java. You'll find C # powering cutting edge technologies like Microsoft HoloLens and websites like Stack Overflow. Advantages of C #: C # is a multi-paradigm programming language; here, the classes are grouped into one or more namespaces allowing you to create a set of reusable libraries. 1) Cross-platform applications: Microsoft has released the new version of the C # .NET framework, which is compatible with Linux, Windows, and MAC operating systems. .NET Core provides forward-looking development, an enhanced version of .NET, which enables adaptability and scalability. Improvements are made with each subsequent version of this language. 2) Overload C # gives the flexibility to override functions, which means having the same name but different parameters to meet other requirements of an application. 3) Garbage collection Garbage Collector automatically maintains memory in .NET applications. It constantly removes and clears all garbage. Each time an object is called by a function, the CLR (Common Language Runtime) allocates memory with an updated graph. 4) .Net language C # is also known as a .Net language. It's because it promotes interoperability, i.e., it can access any code written in the .Net framework. In addition, you can also access COM components, which are easier to implement than any other language. 5) Abstraction The general purpose of abstraction is not to be tied to a particular member. In C #, this idea means that a class or method does not need to be associated with a specific instance. 6) Security ASP.NET Core allows developers to configure and manage the security of their applications quickly. It includes features to maintain authentication, authorization, HTTPS enforcement, data protection, application secrets, CSRF / XSRF prevention, and CORS management. These security features allow you to develop robust yet secure ASP.NET Core applications. ASP.NET also provides the following authentication and authorization: Windows authentication, forms-based authentication, passport authentication, and more. 7) LINQ Microsoft cooperation provided LINQ as a powerful component with C #. LINQ is a .NET element that enables native query processing directly in C #. Main characteristics: Simple, robust, and scalable. High-level structured programming language. Integration with the .NET framework. Modern syntax; Easy to learn. Rich standard library. Type-safe code, C # does not allow untrusted casts. Fast compilation and execution times. C # applications: Games using Unity Class libraries Web Applications, Client-Server Applications Windows apps that run on desktops Console applications Web services applications Python - Overview Python is an open-source, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language. It follows Java and C in terms of functionality. It is manageable and easy to learn, a language with high-level programming capabilities—websites like Python feed Reddit, Pinterest, YouTube, and Instagram. Being the most popular programming language, Python finds great use in modern development trends such as machine learning. Additionally, if you are new to programming, Python is where you should start your programming journey. Advantages of Python: Python handles the conversion of data types at runtime when the application starts. Thus, it provides dynamic execution of a program, which makes it easy to understand for programmers. 1) Data structures: Python has the potential for exceptional readability and results in properly written code. It includes the PEP 8 documentation available to format the programming language. 2) Readability: With the help of the Python Package Index (PyPI), Python can integrate a large number of third-party modules. 3) Integration of third parties: Python has an active support community that contributes significantly to the stabilization and deep exploration of a language. Furthermore, it is free to use under the GPL (a free software license). 4) Open Source: In the case of system-dependent functionality, this program can run on different platforms without modifying the code. 5) Portable: Python has an extensive library, and you can experience the majority of necessary functions there, such as string operations, web service tools, internet, etc. 6) Support for large libraries: Main characteristics: Python was developed under an open-source license. Supports both structured and functional programming and object-oriented programming. Easy to code, maintain, read and wear. A solid, compatible, and portable standard library on different platforms such as Windows, Unix, or Mac. It also supports automatic garbage collection. Python applications: Prototyping Software development and language development Desktop applications based on the GUI Graphic design and games Image processing applications Commercial and enterprise applications C # and Python - Comparison Now that we have a basic understanding of these two languages, let's compare them more deeply to understand some profound differences: 1) Ease of use VS# C # developers typically need a basic knowledge of language constructs as functions and classes. Thus, C # is a perfect choice for anyone with experience in Java. Python Python does not need to know the different constructions of the language. As Python developers can learn and understand more during the development process. 2) Speed ​​of programming and development VS# C # offers a predefined set of libraries that can be used in a specific syntax. You can also use some tips and tricks to speed up programming in C #. Python Python is an extremely readable programming language that places more emphasis on coding rather than learning syntax. It has a simple syntax and requires adding a semicolon in each line of code to split the line statement. 3) Dynamic vs Static VS# C # is a static programming language. Therefore, it should compile written code before running any program and identify compilation errors. For example, data types must be identified before execution. Otherwise, the program will throw an exception and fail to compile. Python Python is a dynamic programming language and has a dynamic cast. It does not require any variable declaration, which means that the data type of the calling variables will be determined at runtime. In Python, the process is simpler and faster - it runs immediately. 4) Performance VS# C # is a compiled programming language that extends the compilation time of a program. As a result, writing code takes more time and effort but produces more efficiency when executed. Python Python is an interpreted language; therefore, its speed depends on the performer. However, it runs quickly when the program starts. 5) Application VS# C # is an object-oriented programming language used to develop various applications, from desktop to game development. However, when it comes to implementing machine learning applications, C # has a limited number of libraries. Python Python is an open-source, multi-paradigm language and an extremely popular choice for machine learning. It is used to develop highly scalable applications with famous libraries like NumPy, Pandas, TensorFlow, and many more. 6) License VS# C # has an official IDE, i.e., Microsoft Visual Studio paid software for large businesses and organizations. It additionally has a free version for small communities and individual developers but with limited functionality. Python Python is a general-purpose programming language licensed under the GPL. It is open to anyone and can be added to the Python community. It is considerably cheaper than C #, which requires licensing costs to build .NET applications. Conclusion Now that we finish this article, we need to have a little more clarity on the same question: Python vs. .Net (#C)? It isn't easy to choose which is best. Moreover, it is also difficult to compare because these tools are incredibly different and serve different purposes. These two high-level programming languages ​​are easy to learn and code. They offer high performance and allow the implementation of object-oriented concepts. C # is widely used in business applications, while Python is more flexible and easier to learn. Python seems excellent for data analysis, machine learning, and data analysis, while .NET is ideal for developing scalable and robust business applications. In terms of community support and several exciting open source projects, Python is better. However, Microsoft provides much more exciting features in terms of productivity and optimization, especially with .Net Core, which is very popular. Python may be the optimal choice if your project depends on speed and high performance. It's easy to learn, provides options for smooth cross-platform development, and offers developers a stock of useful open source libraries that speed up the development process. But, if your project needs excellent peak performance, Microsoft integration, and dependency on a library and standard syntax, C # is a better choice. Research the needs of your business and make your choice accordingly. All my wishes!

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