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When the atmosphere was calm, the low temperature was easily borne

Welcome to HackerNoon’s interview series. This section is curated by our Editorial team to spotlight bold and disruptive startups across the globe. If you’ve been nominated, and answer these questions Startups-Of-The-Year create a brand profile here. Hey, HackerNoon community! has been nominated in HackerNoon's annual Startup of the Year awards in Tel-Aviv, Israel. Please vote for us here: . Atmosec https://hackernoon.com/startups/asia/asia-tel-aviv-israel Read more about us below to understand why we deserve your vote. Meet Atmosec, We Secure Hyperconnected SAAS Ecosystems as They Evolve. Our platform focuses on the connectivity between SaaS apps, alerting based on the behavior between apps and stopping potential malicious bilateral movement, enabling CISOs and CIOs to manage and secure all 3rd parties leveraged within the organization. The platform helps organizations understand what are all the services they are using (including Shadow SaaS), what access each user has and to which service, what data might be stored, and shared from each service, and more. My Role I’m Misha, Co-founder and CTO. I’m dedicated to the company’s vision of helping businesses secure the adoption, usage, and management of any business application across their organization. as I took the virtual stage at David Spark's CISO Series show, where we discussed SaaS Security. Step into my cyber lair All Enterprises Have a Big SaaS Problem A novel category of security measures has emerged, known as SaaS security, as organizations increasingly adopt Software as a Service (SaaS) solutions to meet their business needs. SaaS Security represents a pivotal milestone in the industry, filling a critical gap in cybersecurity strategies and reflecting the ongoing evolution of technology and the ever-changing threat landscape. Our innovative approach offers a comprehensive and , providing a centralized view of all the different entities of a SaaS ecosystem: Users, Services, Connections, and Data, and our platform encompasses three key pillars: holistic look at an organization’s SaaS Ecosystem - Automatically discover all new connected services, who uses them, and the behavior between them, with a contextual analysis of actual and potential usage, frequency, and data access. Visibility and Discovery - Continuous machine learning with baseline analysis identifies anomalies based on behavior, not just configurations. Ecosystem Protection - Prevent attacks by automating SaaS security hygiene and other mundane tasks. Prevention and Automation Unleashing SaaS Security Innovation With Atmosec The thoroughly understands the behavior of each SaaS and its integrations and focuses not only on individual services or specific users. Atmosec team Atmosec expands the focus to also understand how different services communicate with each other, and how users interact as well as what data is flowing inside the ecosystem. We’re a mix of humble but innovative tinkerers, collaborating on tackling a problem that’s growing just as fast as companies do and spending our days developing complex technical solutions with the fun of Tel Aviv’s vibrant atmosphere at our doorstep. Vote for us today!: https://hackernoon.com/startups/asia/asia-tel-aviv-israel

Securing SaaS Ecosystems: Atmosec's Quest for HackerNoon's Crown

The Story-book of Science by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE ATMOSPHERE CHAPTER LIII. THE ATMOSPHERE “IF you pass your hand quickly before your face, you feel a breath blow on your cheeks. This breath is air. In repose it makes no impression on us; put in motion by the hand, it reveals its presence by a light shock that produces an impression of freshness. But the shock from the air is not always, like this, a simple caress. It can become very brutal. A violent wind, which sometimes uproots trees and overthrows buildings, is still air in motion, air that flows from one country to another like a stream of water. Air is invisible, because it is transparent and almost colorless. But if it forms a very thick layer through which one can look, its feeble coloring becomes perceptible. Seen in small quantities, water appears equally colorless; seen in a deep layer, as in the sea, in a lake, or in a river, it is blue or green. It is the same with air: in thin strata it seems deprived of color; in a layer several leagues in thickness, it is blue. A distant landscape appears to us bluish, because the thick bed of intervening air imparts to it its own color. “Now air forms all around the earth an envelope fifteen leagues thick. It is the aërial sea or atmosphere, in which the clouds swim. Its soft blue tint causes the sky’s color. It is in fact the atmosphere that produces the appearance of a celestial vault. “Do you know, my children, what is the use of this aërial sea at the bottom of which we live as fish live in water?” “Not very well,” Jules replied. “Without this ocean of air life would be impossible, plant life as well as animal. Listen. Chief of those imperious needs to which we are subjected are those of eating, drinking, and sleeping. As long as hunger is only its diminutive, appetite, that savory seasoning of the grossest viands; as long as thirst is only that nascent dryness of the mouth that gives so great a charm to a glass of cold water; as long as sleepiness is nothing more than that gentle lassitude that makes us desire the night’s rest, so long is it the attraction of pleasure rather than the rude prick of pain that urges the satisfaction of these primordial needs. But if their satisfaction is too long delayed, they impose themselves as inexorable masters and command by torture. Who can think without terror of the agonies of hunger and thirst! Hunger! Ah! you do not know what it is, my children, and God preserve you from ever knowing it! Hunger! If you could have any idea of its tortures, your heart would be oppressed at the thought of the unhappy ones who experience it. Ah! my dear children, always help those that are hungry; help them, and give, give; you will never do a nobler deed in this world. Giving to the poor is lending to the Lord.” Claire had put her hand before her eyes to hide a tear of emotion. She had observed a flash on her uncle’s face that spoke from the depth of his heart. After a moment’s pause Uncle Paul continued: “There is, however, a need before which hunger and thirst, however violent they may be, are mute; a need always springing up afresh and never satisfied, which continually makes itself felt, awake or asleep, night or day, every hour, every moment. It is the need of air. Air is so necessary to life that it has not been given us to regulate its use, as we do with eating and drinking, so as to guard us from the fatal consequences that the slightest forgetfulness would cause. It is, as it were, without consciousness or volition on our part that the air enters our body to perform its wonderful part. We live on air more than anything else; ordinary nourishment comes second. The need of food is only felt at rather long intervals; the need of air is felt without ceasing, always imperious, always inexorable.” “And yet, Uncle,” said Jules, “I have never thought of feeding myself with air. It is the first time I ever heard that air is so necessary for us.” “You have not given it a thought, because all that is done for you; but try a moment to prevent air entering into your body: close the ways to it, the nose and mouth, and you will see!” Jules did as his uncle told him, shut his mouth and pinched his nose with his fingers. At the end of a moment, his face red and puffed up, the little boy was obliged to put an end to his experiment. “It is impossible to keep it up, Uncle; it suffocates a person and makes him feel as if he should certainly die if it kept on a little longer.” “Well, I hope you are convinced of the necessity of air in order to live. All animals, from the tiniest mite, hardly visible, to the giants of creation, are in the same condition as you: on air, first of all, their life depends. Even those that live in the water, fish and others, are no exception to this rule. They can live only in water into which air infiltrates and dissolves. When you are older you shall see a striking experiment which proves how indispensable to life is the presence of air. You put a bird under a glass dome, shut tight everywhere; then with a kind of pump the air is drawn out. As it is withdrawn from the inside of the glass cage, the bird staggers, struggles a moment in an anguish horrible to see, and falls dead.” “It must take a lot of air,” was Emile’s comment, “to supply the needs of all the people and animals in the world. There are so many!” “Yes, indeed; a great quantity is needed. One man needs nearly 6000 liters of air an hour. But the atmosphere is so vast that there is plenty of air for all. I will try to make you understand it. “Air is one of the most subtle of substances; a liter of it weighs only one gram and three decigrams. That is very little: the same volume of water weighs 1000 grams; that is to say, 769 times as much. However, such is the enormous extent of the atmosphere that the weight of all the air composing it outstrips your utmost powers of imagination. If it were possible to put all the air of the atmosphere into one of the pans of an immense pair of scales, what weight do you think it would be necessary to put into the other pan to make it equal the air? Don’t be afraid of exaggerating; you can pile up thousands on thousands of kilograms; if air is very light, the aërial sea is very vast.” “Let us put on a few millions of kilograms,” suggested Claire. “That is a mere trifle,” her uncle replied. “Let us multiply it by ten, by a hundred.” “It is not enough, the pan would not be raised. But let me tell you the answer, for in this calculation numerical terms would fail you. For the great weight I am supposing, the heaviest counterweights would be insignificant. New ones must be invented. Imagine, then, a copper cube, a kilometer in each dimension; this metallic die, measuring a quarter of a league on its edge, shall be our unit of weight. It represents nine thousand millions of kilograms. Well, to balance the weight of the atmosphere, it would be necessary to put into the other pan 585,000 of these cubes!” “Is it possible!” Claire exclaimed. “I told you so! Imagination vainly seeks to picture the stupendous mass of the layer of air wound like a scarf by the Creator around the earth. Now do you know what relation it bears to the terrestrial globe—this ocean of air having a weight represented by half a million of copper cubes a quarter of a league each way? Scarcely what the imperceptible velvety down of a peach is to the peach itself. What, then, are we, materially, we poor beings of a day, who move about at the bottom of this atmospheric sea! But how great we are through thought, which makes game of weighing the atmosphere and the earth itself! In vain does the material universe overwhelm us with its immensity; the mind is superior to it, because it alone knows itself, and it alone, by a sublime privilege, has knowledge of its divine author.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2018). The Story-book of Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/56795/pg56795-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

THE ATMOSPHERE

Field, Forest and Farm by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . VEGETATION AND THE ATMOSPHERE CHAPTER VIII. VEGETATION AND THE ATMOSPHERE “The carbonic acid gas produced simply by the breathing of the great human family amounts every year to about 160,000,000,000 cubic meters, which represents 86,270,000,000 kilograms of burnt carbon. Piled up, this carbon would form a mountain one league round at its base and between four hundred and five hundred meters high. So much carbon is required by man to maintain his natural heat. All of us together eat this mountain of carbon in our food and in the course of the year dissipate it all in the air, a breathful at a time; after which we immediately begin the dissipation of another mountain of carbon. How many mountains of carbon, then, since the world was created, must mankind have exhaled into the atmosphere! “We must take account, too, of the animals, which, collectively, those of the land and those of the sea, use up a big mountain of combustible matter. They are much more numerous than we; they inhabit the entire globe, both continents and seas. What a quantity of carbon it must take to sustain the life of our planet! And to think that it all goes forth into the air, as a deadly gas, of which a few breaths would cause death! “Nor is that all. Fermentation, as in grape-juice [ ]and rising dough, and putrefaction, as in decaying manure, produce carbonic acid gas. And it needs only a light layer of manure to cause a cultivated field to give forth between one hundred and two hundred cubic meters of carbonic acid gas per day for each hectare. 43 “The wood, coal, and charcoal burnt in our houses, and especially the quantities consumed in the great furnaces of factories—are not they also returned to the atmosphere in the form of harmful gas? Just think of the amount of carbonic acid gas vomited into the atmosphere by a factory furnace into which coal is poured by the carload! Think also of the volcanoes, gigantic natural chimneys which in a single eruption throw up such quantities of gas that furnaces offer no comparison. It is very clear: the atmosphere is constantly receiving carbonic acid gas in torrents that defy computation. And yet animal life has nothing to fear for the present or for the future, since the atmosphere, though continually being poisoned with carbonic acid gas, is at the same time always being purged of it. “And what is the purgative agent commissioned by Providence to maintain the salubrity of the atmosphere? It is vegetation, my friends, vegetation, which feeds on carbonic acid gas to prevent our perishing and turns it into the bread of life for our sustenance. This deadly gas, which absorbs into itself all sorts of putrefaction, is the choicest of nourishment for plant-life; and thus out of the bosom of death the blade of grass builds up new life.[ ] 44 “A leaf is riddled with an infinite number of excessively minute orifices, each encircled by two lips which give it the appearance of a half-open mouth. They are called stomata. On a single leaf of the linden more than a million can be counted, but so small are they as to be quite invisible without a magnifying-glass. This picture shows you how they look under a microscope. Well, through these orifices the plant breathes, not pure air such as we breathe, but poisoned air, fatal to an animal but wholesome for a plant. It inhales through its myriads of millions of stomata the carbonic acid gas diffused through the atmosphere; it admits this gas into the inner substance of its leaves, and there, under the sun’s rays, a marvelous process follows. Stimulated by the light, the leaves operate upon the deadly gas and take from it all its carbon. They unburn (the word is not in the dictionary, more’s the pity, for it gives the right idea)—they unburn the burnt carbon, undo what combustion had done, separate the carbon from the air with which it is bound up; in a word, they decompose the carbonic acid gas. Stomata on a Linden Leaf “And do not think it any easy thing to unburn a burnt substance, to restore to their original condition two substances united by fire. Scientists would need [ ]all the ingenious means and powerful drugs they possess to extract carbon from carbonic acid gas. This task, which would tax the utmost resources of the man of science, leaves accomplish noiselessly, without effort, even instantaneously, and with the sole requirement that they shall have the aid of the sun. 45 “But if sunlight fails, the plant can do nothing with the carbonic acid gas, the chief item in its diet. It then pines away with hunger, shoots up as if in quest of the missing sunshine, while its bark and leaves turn pale and lose their green color. Finally it dies. This sickly state induced by the absence of light is called etiolation. It is artificially produced in gardening for the purpose of obtaining tenderer vegetables and of lessening or even entirely removing the too strong and unpleasant taste of some plants. In this way some salad greens are bound with a rush so that the heart, deprived of the sun’s rays, may become tender and white; and thus, too, celery is banked up and left to whiten, since otherwise its taste would be unbearable. If we cover grass with a tile or hide a plant under a pot turned upside down, we shall after a few days of this enforced darkness find the foliage all sickly and yellow. “When, on the other hand, the plant receives the sun’s rays without hindrance, the carbonic acid gas is decomposed in no time, the carbon and the air separate, and each resumes its original properties. Freed of its carbon, the air becomes what it was before this admixture: it becomes pure air, fit to maintain [ ]both fire and life. In this state it is restored to the atmosphere by the stomata to be used again in combustion and respiration. It entered the plant as a fatal gas, it leaves it as a vivifying gas. It will return some day with a new charge of carbon, which it will deposit in the plant, and then, restored to purity once more, it will recommence its atmospheric round. A swarm of bees goes and comes, from the hive to the fields and from the fields to the hives, on one trip lightened and eager for booty and on the other heavily laden with honey and returning to the comb on wearied wing. In the same way air on coming to the leaves is charged with carbon from an animal’s body, a burning fire-brand, or decaying matter; it gives it to the plant and departs for a fresh supply. 46 “It is thus that the atmosphere preserves its salubrity despite the immense torrents of carbonic acid that are cast into it. The plant lives on deadly gas. Under the action of the sun’s light it decomposes the gas into carbon, which it keeps for building up its own substance, and breathable air, which it returns to the atmosphere. From this carbon combined with other substances come wood, sugar, starch, flour, gum, resin, oil, in fact every kind of vegetable product. Animal and plant are of mutual assistance, the animal producing carbonic acid gas, which nourishes the plant, and the plant changing this deadly gas into air fit to breathe and into food. Thus our dependence on plants is twofold: they purify the atmosphere and they give us food.”[ ] 47 About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2022). Field, Forest and Farm. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67813/pg67813-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

VEGETATION AND THE ATMOSPHERE

A Princess of Mars by Edgar Rice Burroughs, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . IN THE ATMOSPHERE FACTORY IN THE ATMOSPHERE FACTORY For two days I waited there for Kantos Kan, but as he did not come I started off on foot in a northwesterly direction toward a point where he had told me lay the nearest waterway. My only food consisted of vegetable milk from the plants which gave so bounteously of this priceless fluid. Through two long weeks I wandered, stumbling through the nights guided only by the stars and hiding during the days behind some protruding rock or among the occasional hills I traversed. Several times I was attacked by wild beasts; strange, uncouth monstrosities that leaped upon me in the dark, so that I had ever to grasp my long-sword in my hand that I might be ready for them. Usually my strange, newly acquired telepathic power warned me in ample time, but once I was down with vicious fangs at my jugular and a hairy face pressed close to mine before I knew that I was even threatened. What manner of thing was upon me I did not know, but that it was large and heavy and many-legged I could feel. My hands were at its throat before the fangs had a chance to bury themselves in my neck, and slowly I forced the hairy face from me and closed my fingers, vise-like, upon its windpipe. Without sound we lay there, the beast exerting every effort to reach me with those awful fangs, and I straining to maintain my grip and choke the life from it as I kept it from my throat. Slowly my arms gave to the unequal struggle, and inch by inch the burning eyes and gleaming tusks of my antagonist crept toward me, until, as the hairy face touched mine again, I realized that all was over. And then a living mass of destruction sprang from the surrounding darkness full upon the creature that held me pinioned to the ground. The two rolled growling upon the moss, tearing and rending one another in a frightful manner, but it was soon over and my preserver stood with lowered head above the throat of the dead thing which would have killed me. The nearer moon, hurtling suddenly above the horizon and lighting up the Barsoomian scene, showed me that my preserver was Woola, but from whence he had come, or how found me, I was at a loss to know. That I was glad of his companionship it is needless to say, but my pleasure at seeing him was tempered by anxiety as to the reason of his leaving Dejah Thoris. Only her death I felt sure, could account for his absence from her, so faithful I knew him to be to my commands. By the light of the now brilliant moons I saw that he was but a shadow of his former self, and as he turned from my caress and commenced greedily to devour the dead carcass at my feet I realized that the poor fellow was more than half starved. I, myself, was in but little better plight but I could not bring myself to eat the uncooked flesh and I had no means of making a fire. When Woola had finished his meal I again took up my weary and seemingly endless wandering in quest of the elusive waterway. At daybreak of the fifteenth day of my search I was overjoyed to see the high trees that denoted the object of my search. About noon I dragged myself wearily to the portals of a huge building which covered perhaps four square miles and towered two hundred feet in the air. It showed no aperture in the mighty walls other than the tiny door at which I sank exhausted, nor was there any sign of life about it. I could find no bell or other method of making my presence known to the inmates of the place, unless a small round hole in the wall near the door was for that purpose. It was of about the bigness of a lead pencil and thinking that it might be in the nature of a speaking tube I put my mouth to it and was about to call into it when a voice issued from it asking me whom I might be, where from, and the nature of my errand. I explained that I had escaped from the Warhoons and was dying of starvation and exhaustion. “You wear the metal of a green warrior and are followed by a calot, yet you are of the figure of a red man. In color you are neither green nor red. In the name of the ninth ray, what manner of creature are you?” “I am a friend of the red men of Barsoom and I am starving. In the name of humanity open to us,” I replied. Presently the door commenced to recede before me until it had sunk into the wall fifty feet, then it stopped and slid easily to the left, exposing a short, narrow corridor of concrete, at the further end of which was another door, similar in every respect to the one I had just passed. No one was in sight, yet immediately we passed the first door it slid gently into place behind us and receded rapidly to its original position in the front wall of the building. As the door had slipped aside I had noted its great thickness, fully twenty feet, and as it reached its place once more after closing behind us, great cylinders of steel had dropped from the ceiling behind it and fitted their lower ends into apertures countersunk in the floor. A second and third door receded before me and slipped to one side as the first, before I reached a large inner chamber where I found food and drink set out upon a great stone table. A voice directed me to satisfy my hunger and to feed my calot, and while I was thus engaged my invisible host put me through a severe and searching cross-examination. “Your statements are most remarkable,” said the voice, on concluding its questioning, “but you are evidently speaking the truth, and it is equally evident that you are not of Barsoom. I can tell that by the conformation of your brain and the strange location of your internal organs and the shape and size of your heart.” “Can you see through me?” I exclaimed. “Yes, I can see all but your thoughts, and were you a Barsoomian I could read those.” Then a door opened at the far side of the chamber and a strange, dried up, little mummy of a man came toward me. He wore but a single article of clothing or adornment, a small collar of gold from which depended upon his chest a great ornament as large as a dinner plate set solid with huge diamonds, except for the exact center which was occupied by a strange stone, an inch in diameter, that scintillated nine different and distinct rays; the seven colors of our earthly prism and two beautiful rays which, to me, were new and nameless. I cannot describe them any more than you could describe red to a blind man. I only know that they were beautiful in the extreme. The old man sat and talked with me for hours, and the strangest part of our intercourse was that I could read his every thought while he could not fathom an iota from my mind unless I spoke. The old man sat and talked with me for hours. I did not apprise him of my ability to sense his mental operations, and thus I learned a great deal which proved of immense value to me later and which I would never have known had he suspected my strange power, for the Martians have such perfect control of their mental machinery that they are able to direct their thoughts with absolute precision. The building in which I found myself contained the machinery which produces that artificial atmosphere which sustains life on Mars. The secret of the entire process hinges on the use of the ninth ray, one of the beautiful scintillations which I had noted emanating from the great stone in my host’s diadem. This ray is separated from the other rays of the sun by means of finely adjusted instruments placed upon the roof of the huge building, three-quarters of which is used for reservoirs in which the ninth ray is stored. This product is then treated electrically, or rather certain proportions of refined electric vibrations are incorporated with it, and the result is then pumped to the five principal air centers of the planet where, as it is released, contact with the ether of space transforms it into atmosphere. There is always sufficient reserve of the ninth ray stored in the great building to maintain the present Martian atmosphere for a thousand years, and the only fear, as my new friend told me, was that some accident might befall the pumping apparatus. He led me to an inner chamber where I beheld a battery of twenty radium pumps any one of which was equal to the task of furnishing all Mars with the atmosphere compound. For eight hundred years, he told me, he had watched these pumps which are used alternately a day each at a stretch, or a little over twenty-four and one-half Earth hours. He has one assistant who divides the watch with him. Half a Martian year, about three hundred and forty-four of our days, each of these men spend alone in this huge, isolated plant. Every red Martian is taught during earliest childhood the principles of the manufacture of atmosphere, but only two at one time ever hold the secret of ingress to the great building, which, built as it is with walls a hundred and fifty feet thick, is absolutely unassailable, even the roof being guarded from assault by air craft by a glass covering five feet thick. The only fear they entertain of attack is from the green Martians or some demented red man, as all Barsoomians realize that the very existence of every form of life of Mars is dependent upon the uninterrupted working of this plant. One curious fact I discovered as I watched his thoughts was that the outer doors are manipulated by telepathic means. The locks are so finely adjusted that the doors are released by the action of a certain combination of thought waves. To experiment with my new-found toy I thought to surprise him into revealing this combination and so I asked him in a casual manner how he had managed to unlock the massive doors for me from the inner chambers of the building. As quick as a flash there leaped to his mind nine Martian sounds, but as quickly faded as he answered that this was a secret he must not divulge. From then on his manner toward me changed as though he feared that he had been surprised into divulging his great secret, and I read suspicion and fear in his looks and thoughts, though his words were still fair. Before I retired for the night he promised to give me a letter to a nearby agricultural officer who would help me on my way to Zodanga, which he said, was the nearest Martian city. “But be sure that you do not let them know you are bound for Helium as they are at war with that country. My assistant and I are of no country, we belong to all Barsoom and this talisman which we wear protects us in all lands, even among the green men—though we do not trust ourselves to their hands if we can avoid it,” he added. “And so good-night, my friend,” he continued, “may you have a long and restful sleep—yes, a long sleep.” And though he smiled pleasantly I saw in his thoughts the wish that he had never admitted me, and then a picture of him standing over me in the night, and the swift thrust of a long dagger and the half formed words, “I am sorry, but it is for the best good of Barsoom.” As he closed the door of my chamber behind him his thoughts were cut off from me as was the sight of him, which seemed strange to me in my little knowledge of thought transference. What was I to do? How could I escape through these mighty walls? Easily could I kill him now that I was warned, but once he was dead I could no more escape, and with the stopping of the machinery of the great plant I should die with all the other inhabitants of the planet—all, even Dejah Thoris were she not already dead. For the others I did not give the snap of my finger, but the thought of Dejah Thoris drove from my mind all desire to kill my mistaken host. Cautiously I opened the door of my apartment and, followed by Woola, sought the inner of the great doors. A wild scheme had come to me; I would attempt to force the great locks by the nine thought waves I had read in my host’s mind. Creeping stealthily through corridor after corridor and down winding runways which turned hither and thither I finally reached the great hall in which I had broken my long fast that morning. Nowhere had I seen my host, nor did I know where he kept himself by night. I was on the point of stepping boldly out into the room when a slight noise behind me warned me back into the shadows of a recess in the corridor. Dragging Woola after me I crouched low in the darkness. Presently the old man passed close by me, and as he entered the dimly lighted chamber which I had been about to pass through I saw that he held a long thin dagger in his hand and that he was sharpening it upon a stone. In his mind was the decision to inspect the radium pumps, which would take about thirty minutes, and then return to my bed chamber and finish me. As he passed through the great hall and disappeared down the runway which led to the pump-room, I stole stealthily from my hiding place and crossed to the great door, the inner of the three which stood between me and liberty. Concentrating my mind upon the massive lock I hurled the nine thought waves against it. In breathless expectancy I waited, when finally the great door moved softly toward me and slid quietly to one side. One after the other the remaining mighty portals opened at my command and Woola and I stepped forth into the darkness, free, but little better off than we had been before, other than that we had full stomachs. Hastening away from the shadows of the formidable pile I made for the first crossroad, intending to strike the central turnpike as quickly as possible. This I reached about morning and entering the first enclosure I came to I searched for some evidences of a habitation. There were low rambling buildings of concrete barred with heavy impassable doors, and no amount of hammering and hallooing brought any response. Weary and exhausted from sleeplessness I threw myself upon the ground commanding Woola to stand guard. Some time later I was awakened by his frightful growlings and opened my eyes to see three red Martians standing a short distance from us and covering me with their rifles. “I am unarmed and no enemy,” I hastened to explain. “I have been a prisoner among the green men and am on my way to Zodanga. All I ask is food and rest for myself and my calot and the proper directions for reaching my destination.” They lowered their rifles and advanced pleasantly toward me placing their right hands upon my left shoulder, after the manner of their custom of salute, and asking me many questions about myself and my wanderings. They then took me to the house of one of them which was only a short distance away. The buildings I had been hammering at in the early morning were occupied only by stock and farm produce, the house proper standing among a grove of enormous trees, and, like all red-Martian homes, had been raised at night some forty or fifty feet from the ground on a large round metal shaft which slid up or down within a sleeve sunk in the ground, and was operated by a tiny radium engine in the entrance hall of the building. Instead of bothering with bolts and bars for their dwellings, the red Martians simply run them up out of harm’s way during the night. They also have private means for lowering or raising them from the ground without if they wish to go away and leave them. These brothers, with their wives and children, occupied three similar houses on this farm. They did no work themselves, being government officers in charge. The labor was performed by convicts, prisoners of war, delinquent debtors and confirmed bachelors who were too poor to pay the high celibate tax which all red-Martian governments impose. They were the personification of cordiality and hospitality and I spent several days with them, resting and recuperating from my long and arduous experiences. When they had heard my story—I omitted all reference to Dejah Thoris and the old man of the atmosphere plant—they advised me to color my body to more nearly resemble their own race and then attempt to find employment in Zodanga, either in the army or the navy. “The chances are small that your tale will be believed until after you have proven your trustworthiness and won friends among the higher nobles of the court. This you can most easily do through military service, as we are a warlike people on Barsoom,” explained one of them, “and save our richest favors for the fighting man.” When I was ready to depart they furnished me with a small domestic bull thoat, such as is used for saddle purposes by all red Martians. The animal is about the size of a horse and quite gentle, but in color and shape an exact replica of his huge and fierce cousin of the wilds. The brothers had supplied me with a reddish oil with which I anointed my entire body and one of them cut my hair, which had grown quite long, in the prevailing fashion of the time, square at the back and banged in front, so that I could have passed anywhere upon Barsoom as a full-fledged red Martian. My metal and ornaments were also renewed in the style of a Zodangan gentleman, attached to the house of Ptor, which was the family name of my benefactors. They filled a little sack at my side with Zodangan money. The medium of exchange upon Mars is not dissimilar from our own except that the coins are oval. Paper money is issued by individuals as they require it and redeemed twice yearly. If a man issues more than he can redeem, the government pays his creditors in full and the debtor works out the amount upon the farms or in mines, which are all owned by the government. This suits everybody except the debtor as it has been a difficult thing to obtain sufficient voluntary labor to work the great isolated farm lands of Mars, stretching as they do like narrow ribbons from pole to pole, through wild stretches peopled by wild animals and wilder men. When I mentioned my inability to repay them for their kindness to me they assured me that I would have ample opportunity if I lived long upon Barsoom, and bidding me farewell they watched me until I was out of sight upon the broad white turnpike. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Edgar Rice Burroughs (1993). A Princess of Mars. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/62/pg62-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

IN THE ATMOSPHERE FACTORY

Our mission at is to help you to take back control of your inboxes by getting rid of unwanted spam. We bring calm and control back into your digital life and give you more time for the things you love. Leave Me Alone When we heard about the we immediately started researching what we could do to help. We have tried to build a product that helps people, but we wanted to see if we could help our planet too! world’s first hackathon to help fix the climate We immediately discovered that emails have a significant carbon footprint. In fact, 246 billion emails dump 986,000 tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere . [1] every day Leave Me Alone users are already reducing their carbon footprint by unsubscribing from unwanted emails. So we decided to build a new feature to highlight the impact of this on the planet and help people see how much they could reduce their carbon footprint by from unsubscribing. Read on to learn more about how emails can contribute to carbon emissions or jump straight in and ! check out how to save the planet by unsubscribing How do emails contribute to carbon emissions? A regular email produces 4 grams of CO₂ on average [2]. Long messages and emails with attachments produce up to 12 times more. Sound like a lot? Well lets explore how this is calculated. The carbon impact of all things digital is generally attributed to the daily operations of the gigantic data centers that store almost everything on the internet. These data centers consume huge amounts of electricity storing, transferring, processing, and analyzing all this data. Plus to keep everything cool and running efficiently requires a lot of water. Even to send a single email there exist thousands of data-centers around the world for every step of the journey from the sender’s inbox to yours. And don't forget the the greenhouse gases and carbon emissions that were produces when the data center equipment was manufactured! How can unsubscribing help? Unsubscribing is not just good for the soul, it is good for the planet too! 75% of emails are never even opened [3] and sending and receiving them contributes to carbon emissions. By opting out of mailing lists you don’t want you can stop the email from being sent unnecessarily. This helps to reduce your carbon footprint, and also the carbon footprint of the person or company sending the email. From our anonymous usage data of nearly 10,000,000 analyzed emails [4] we know that around 8% of our users' inboxes are subscriptions and 36% of those are unwanted. That means up to of carbon is emitted the atmosphere every single day for emails people do not want and do not read. That is the same as producing nearly 3 billion plastic bags [5] or almost 1 million people taking flights from London to Paris! [6] 28,397 tonnes Here are the raw numbers based on worldwide usage: 246.5 billion emails sent every day19.72 billion are subscriptions (8% of 246.5B)7.1 billion are unwanted (36% of 19.72B)28,397 tonnes of carbon produced daily (7.1b x 4g for 1 email)2,839,680,000 plastic bags (28,397 tonnes / 10g for 1 plastic bag)946,560 people flying from London-Paris (28,397 tonnes / 0.03 tonnes for 1 person flying) Unsubscribing also helps the sender improve their mailing list reputation by no longer sending emails to people who are not interested, which in turn helps other Leave Me Alone users! Estimate the carbon footprint of your inbox You can use our to see how much you can reduce your carbon footprint by. 4 grams of carbon per email doesn’t sound like a lot, so we included the environmental impact of other activities like using plastic bags, drinking coffee, and driving a car for comparison. carbon footprint estimator Donate at the checkout to plant a tree Unsubscribing is a fantastic way to clean out your inbox and reduce your carbon footprint but we wanted to do even more. When purchasing credits to unsubscribe you can now add a $1 donation to plant a tree! 🌳 Trees are incredibly important in our fight against carbon emissions and climate change. Trees help clean the air we breathe, filter the water we drink, and absorb harmful carbon from the atmosphere. One tree can filter up to 16kg of carbon out of the atmosphere by in just a single year [7]. We have partnered with who plant trees all over the world. We chose One Tree Planted because they have a super simple pricing model; one dollar plants one tree. We wanted our customers donations to be easily measurable - no matter the size of your inbox you know your donation is equal to one tree being planted in the world. One Tree Planted We started our climate change campaign off by planting one tree, and we will plant an additional one for every 10 our customers do! We have already had several donations which makes us super happy. You can see how many trees we have planted, and how much carbon has been saved by unsubscribing on . our open page Every little helps and we are really excited to see how much carbon we can save by helping our customers unsubscribe! Thank you for reading. If you want to know more or just want to chat you can find us on or send us an email . Twitter hello@leavemealone.app [1] Email Statistics Report, 2015-2019: 246.5 Total Worldwide Emails Sent/Received Per Day (B) [2] Report on the carbon footprint of spam in couriers: A legitimate email emits on average 4g of CO₂ [3] 2019 email marketing statistics compilation: 24.8% average email open rate across all industries in 2018 [4] https://leavemealone.app/open [5] The environmental impact of some common activities [6] Flight carbon footprint calculator: Economy class direct one way flight from LON to PAR per person is 0.03 tonnes (30kg) of CO₂ [7] Trees for the Future Carbon Calculator: A tree in a Forest Garden sequesters a rate of 34.6 pounds (15.694kg) of carbon per tree Header image by . Unsplash Originally published at blog.leavemealone.app on Aug 26, 2019

Every Day Unwanted emails dump 28,397 tonnes of CO₂ into the Atmosphere

This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED license.
Authors:
(1) Lana L. Blaschke, Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany and lana.blaschke@pik-potsdam.de;
(2) Da Nian, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany;
(3) Sebastian Bathiany,  Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany;
(4)  Maya Ben-Yami,  Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany;
(5) Taylor Smith, Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
(6)  Chris A. Boulton, Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE Exeter, UK ;
(7) Niklas Boers, Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany, Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE Exeter, UK, and Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF Exeter, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
Materials and Methods
Data
Results
Conclusions, Open Research Section and Conflict of Interest/Competing Interests
Author Contributions, Supplementary Information, Acknowledgments and References
Additional Insight from the Conceptual Model 
AMSR2 until 2022 Excluded Due to Missing Human Land Use Data
Investigation of Resilience Loss in AMSR2’s X-Band
Results Proving Robustness
Potential Driving Forces and Sources of Bias POTENTIAL DRIVING FORCES AND SOURCES OF BIAS Text S12. The influence of the South American Monsoon system as a potentially bistable system In the Amazon basin, the South American monsoon system and the atmospheric moisture recycling form a complex and potentially bi-stable system. Hence the monthly precipitation itself could exhibit signs of CSD, which would then drive vegetation changes that are wrongly interpreted as the destabilization of the vegetation. In Figure S16, the signs of the trend of variance, AC1 and spatial are compared between VOD and precipitation (Funk et al., 2014). We argue that due to the high amount of cells where the values differ in sign for the VIs and precipitation (sum of diagonal cells in boxes expected to be 50 % for random assignment), the observed changes in the indicators are likely a measure of critical slowing down in the vegetation and not only a direct effect of variability in precipitation. Text S13. The influence of changes in precipitation as a potential driving force If precipitation is the main driver of ARF resilience loss, one would expect that in regions with stronger decreases in precipitation (negative trend), more critical slowing down can be observed. This comparison in displayed in Figure S17. In parts, decreased precipitation could potentially explain the destabilization detected in the western Amazon basin by both bands of AMSR-E as well as in the western and northeastern regions detected by AMSR2’s bands. However it is important to note here that the number of cells with an increasing amount of precipitation and decreasing indicators and those with decreasing amount of precipitation and increasing indicators add up to only about 50 %, which is what is to be expected for a random assignment of positive and negative trends in both. Text S14. The influence of changes in temperature Instead of decreasing precipitation (see Figure S17, an increase in temperature can also lead to vegetation destabilization through water stress by higher evapo-transpirative demand. If this was the driver of the CSD, increasing temperatures must coincide with positive trends in the indicators of CSD in Figure S18. Yet changes in temperature cannot explain the detected destabilization in the years 2002 to 2011. For the time period of AMSR2, destabilization detected in the northeast (band C1) and the east (band C2) might at least partially be accounted for rising temperatures (the percentage of cells with rising/declining temperatures and in-/decreasing indicators falls between 48.6 % and up to 59.3 %). Text S15. The potential bias induced by saturation In case of optical sensors, their saturation over high biomass regions often renders the VIs insensitive to the subtle changes due to perturbations that a resilience analysis based on CSD relies on. The argument is that with decreasing biomass, the VIs become more sensitive, which then translates into a signal of CSD as a direct artifact of the higher perception of perturbations. Even though VOD results from observations of microwaves, we want to address the question of saturation in VOD. As Figure S19 shows, we cannot exclude this as an artifact for AMSRE’s band C as well as AMSR2’s two bands, as they hardly observed any cells with increasing biomass. Interestingly, AMSR-E’s band X detected an increase in biomass as well as a loss of resilience in most of the cells (77.3 % to 78.2 %). Thus, its signal of destabilization of almost the entire ARF during the years 2002 to 2011 is not an artifact of saturation of the band. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Lana L. Blaschke, Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany and lana.blaschke@pik-potsdam.de; (2) Da Nian, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; (3) Sebastian Bathiany,  Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; (4)  Maya Ben-Yami,  Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; (5) Taylor Smith, Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (6)  Chris A. Boulton, Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE Exeter, UK ; (7) Niklas Boers, Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany, Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE Exeter, UK, and Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF Exeter, UK. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: Authors: (1) Lana L. Blaschke, Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany and lana.blaschke@pik-potsdam.de; (2) Da Nian, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; (3) Sebastian Bathiany,  Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; (4)  Maya Ben-Yami,  Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany; (5) Taylor Smith, Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (6)  Chris A. Boulton, Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE Exeter, UK ; (7) Niklas Boers, Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany, Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE Exeter, UK, and Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF Exeter, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Materials and Methods Data Results Conclusions, Open Research Section and Conflict of Interest/Competing Interests Author Contributions, Supplementary Information, Acknowledgments and References Additional Insight from the Conceptual Model AMSR2 until 2022 Excluded Due to Missing Human Land Use Data Investigation of Resilience Loss in AMSR2’s X-Band Results Proving Robustness Potential Driving Forces and Sources of Bias Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Materials and Methods Materials and Methods Data Data Results Results Conclusions, Open Research Section and Conflict of Interest/Competing Interests Conclusions, Open Research Section and Conflict of Interest/Competing Interests Author Contributions, Supplementary Information, Acknowledgments and References Author Contributions, Supplementary Information, Acknowledgments and References Additional Insight from the Conceptual Model Additional Insight from the Conceptual Model AMSR2 until 2022 Excluded Due to Missing Human Land Use Data AMSR2 until 2022 Excluded Due to Missing Human Land Use Data Investigation of Resilience Loss in AMSR2’s X-Band Investigation of Resilience Loss in AMSR2’s X-Band Results Proving Robustness Results Proving Robustness Potential Driving Forces and Sources of Bias Potential Driving Forces and Sources of Bias POTENTIAL DRIVING FORCES AND SOURCES OF BIAS Text S12. The influence of the South American Monsoon system as a potentially bistable system In the Amazon basin, the South American monsoon system and the atmospheric moisture recycling form a complex and potentially bi-stable system. Hence the monthly precipitation itself could exhibit signs of CSD, which would then drive vegetation changes that are wrongly interpreted as the destabilization of the vegetation. In Figure S16, the signs of the trend of variance, AC1 and spatial are compared between VOD and precipitation (Funk et al., 2014). We argue that due to the high amount of cells where the values differ in sign for the VIs and precipitation (sum of diagonal cells in boxes expected to be 50 % for random assignment), the observed changes in the indicators are likely a measure of critical slowing down in the vegetation and not only a direct effect of variability in precipitation. Text S13. The influence of changes in precipitation as a potential driving force If precipitation is the main driver of ARF resilience loss, one would expect that in regions with stronger decreases in precipitation (negative trend), more critical slowing down can be observed. This comparison in displayed in Figure S17. In parts, decreased precipitation could potentially explain the destabilization detected in the western Amazon basin by both bands of AMSR-E as well as in the western and northeastern regions detected by AMSR2’s bands. However it is important to note here that the number of cells with an increasing amount of precipitation and decreasing indicators and those with decreasing amount of precipitation and increasing indicators add up to only about 50 %, which is what is to be expected for a random assignment of positive and negative trends in both. Text S14. The influence of changes in temperature Instead of decreasing precipitation (see Figure S17, an increase in temperature can also lead to vegetation destabilization through water stress by higher evapo-transpirative demand. If this was the driver of the CSD, increasing temperatures must coincide with positive trends in the indicators of CSD in Figure S18. Yet changes in temperature cannot explain the detected destabilization in the years 2002 to 2011. For the time period of AMSR2, destabilization detected in the northeast (band C1) and the east (band C2) might at least partially be accounted for rising temperatures (the percentage of cells with rising/declining temperatures and in-/decreasing indicators falls between 48.6 % and up to 59.3 %). Text S15. The potential bias induced by saturation In case of optical sensors, their saturation over high biomass regions often renders the VIs insensitive to the subtle changes due to perturbations that a resilience analysis based on CSD relies on. The argument is that with decreasing biomass, the VIs become more sensitive, which then translates into a signal of CSD as a direct artifact of the higher perception of perturbations. Even though VOD results from observations of microwaves, we want to address the question of saturation in VOD. As Figure S19 shows, we cannot exclude this as an artifact for AMSRE’s band C as well as AMSR2’s two bands, as they hardly observed any cells with increasing biomass. Interestingly, AMSR-E’s band X detected an increase in biomass as well as a loss of resilience in most of the cells (77.3 % to 78.2 %). Thus, its signal of destabilization of almost the entire ARF during the years 2002 to 2011 is not an artifact of saturation of the band.

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