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SINGAPORE, Singapore, April 10th, 2024/Chainwire/--On April 4th, , a leading Bitcoin Layer2, and its ecosystem project, , to launch an airdrop campaign worth millions. Binance Web3 Wallet joined forces with BEVM Satoshi Protocol Users who bridge BTC to the BEVM via Binance Web3 Wallet and borrow at least $10 SAT (USD-stablecoin) will be eligible to share a pool of 500k OSHI and 10.5 million BEVM tokens. The campaign has attracted over 30,000 participants in just 3 days since its launch. is the first CDP protocol built on BEVM, live on the BEVM mainnet on March 28th. In addition to the Binance campaign, there's a referral program that allows early participants to accumulate points by borrowing the SAT and inviting friends. Satoshi Protocol What Makes BEVM Unique? is an EVM-compatible Bitcoin Layer 2 solution that stands out in the crowded market. By leveraging Taproot consensus, Schnorr signatures, MAST, and Bitcoin SPV, BEVM achieves the highest level of decentralization and security among all BTC Layer 2 solutions. BEVM Key features of BEVM: Native BTC Layer 2: BEVM utilizes BTC as the network gas and stores transaction data on the BTC mainnet, ensuring compatibility with the original Bitcoin protocol. EVM compatibility: Developers can seamlessly migrate their Ethereum-based dApps to BEVM, expanding the reach of these applications to the Bitcoin ecosystem. Decentralized and secure: BEVM employs Musig2 multi-signature aggregation and Bitcoin light nodes to achieve a trustless and secure environment. is the first Collateralized Debt Position (CDP) protocol built on BEVM, aiming at providing liquidity for BTC through the SAT dollar stablecoin, expanding the scenarios of BTCFi. Satoshi Protocol This move unlocks trillion-dollar liquidity within the Bitcoin ecosystem, offering users a way to maintain Bitcoin holdings while gaining liquidity. The Bitcoin ecosystem is experiencing a renaissance. Recent advancements like inscriptions and scaling solutions have revitalized the ecosystem. Satoshi Protocol's team views the upcoming halving and the launch of the Runes protocol as poised to attract a wave of new users. However, a critical challenge persists: the lack of a reliable, fiat-pegged crypto for seamless trading and efficient market pricing. This is where Satoshi Protocol steps in. By enabling users to borrow SAT with their Bitcoin as collateral, Satoshi Protocol offers a reliable liquidity solution within the Bitcoin ecosystem. Satoshi Protocol Milestones In the past month, Satoshi Protocol has built a strong community, with 60,000+ followers on and 70,000+ members across and . Twitter Telegram Discord Let’s see what they have achieved : February 24th: Satoshi Protocol . launched on BEVM testnet March 18th: with 100,000+ participants and . Testnet concluded 80,000+ NFT minted March 24th: Smart contracts passed security audits by and . Scalebit Supremacy March 26th: was secured from Web3Port Foundation, Waterdrip Capital and BEVM Foundation. Pre-seed funding March 28th: . Launched on BEVM Mainnet April 4th: with BEVM on Binance wallet. 500k OSHI Airdrop How does Satoshi Protocol work? The utilizes a sophisticated system to maintain a stable peg of $1 for SAT. This system combines several mechanisms: over-collateralization, permissionless liquidation, stability pools, and arbitrage. Satoshi Protocol Additionally, it features OSHI, a utility token granting holders 97.5% of the protocol's revenue. For more details about OSHI and sOSHI, refer to the official documentation: . OSHI & sOSHI OSHI distribution The interplay between SAT and OSHI forms the heart of Satoshi Protocol. Here's the complete picture: Collateralized Borrowing When borrowing SAT, users must maintain a minimum collateral ratio (MCR) of 110%. This means the borrowed amount cannot exceed 90.9% of the deposited BTC value. Liquidation A liquidation is triggered if a user's collateral value dips below 110% (MCR) due to price fluctuations. The user's BTC collateral is sold at a discount to Stability Pool providers to repay the SAT loan. This mechanism protects the protocol and prevents borrowers from taking on excessive debt. Maintaining the Peg A robust three-pronged system ensures SAT's value remains consistently pegged to the US dollar: Redemption: Arbitrage activity helps regulate SAT's price and keep it within the desired range. If SAT dips below $1, arbitrageurs can buy discounted SAT and redeem them for $1 worth of BTC from the protocol. Conversely, if SAT exceeds $1.1, users can borrow SAT at the MCR (110%), sell them at a premium on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), and pocket the profit. Over-collateralization: As mentioned earlier, over-collateralization (MCR of 110%) acts as a safety net. The protocol discourages borrowers from defaulting by requiring a higher collateral value and protects itself from price fluctuations. Stability Pool: This pool serves as a final safety measure. If a user's collateral ratio falls below the MCR, the Stability Pool provides the necessary liquidity to execute a liquidation event and maintain protocol stability. Satoshi Protocol x BEVM Airdrop With Binance Wallet BEVM and Satoshi Protocol recently joined forces with Binance Web3 Wallet to offer a total of 10.5M $BEVM and 500k $OSHI Token Airdrop. By using Binance Wallet to complete tasks like bridge to BEVM and create positions on Satoshi Protocol, you'll be eligible to share the . rewards Duration: 2024/04/04-2024/05/04 Rewards: 10,500,000 BEVM and 500,000 OHSI Tasks: Using Binance Wallet Bridge BTC to the BEVM ( 0.0004 BTC, ~$25) Create positions on Satoshi Protocol ( at least 10 SAT ) Join Binance Wallet Airdrop Campaign How to Participate in this Campaign STEP 1: Users should go to Campaign Landing Page, and connect Binance Wallet STEP 2: Withdraw BTC and bridge to BEVM Suggest withdrawing at least 0.0004 BTC to complete the task Using OmniBTC to transfer BTC from BSC to BEVM Using BEVM bridge to transfer BTC from mainnet to BEVM ( ~ 30mins ) STEP 3: Users should go to Satoshi Protocol and create a Position Users should go to Satoshi Protocol and Connect Wallet Input BTC Amount Borrow SAT ( at least 10 SAT ) (Optional) Fill in your referrer, get 150+ points Click "Approve" Click “Create Position” Binance Wallet Mobile tutorial: Create Position Using Binance Web3 Wallet Upon completing all those steps, the user becomes qualified for the BEVM and OSHI airdrop! Bridging the Future: Satoshi Protocol and Binance Wallet's Airdrop Campaign represents a glimpse into the future of Bitcoin finance. Satoshi Protocol Leveraging the BEVM and a robust CDP model allows users to borrow BTC-backed stablecoin SAT and expands the possibility of the Bitcoin Ecosystem. Binance Wallet launched an airdrop campaign with a total of 10.5M , 500K for those who bridge BTC to BEVM and create positions on Satoshi Protocol, which is also Binance Wallet's first integration with a Bitcoin Layer 2 solution. BTCFi is heading west. $BEVM $OSHI About Satoshi Protocol Built on BEVM, it's the first CDP protocol to unlock the true potential of Bitcoin. Unleash unprecedented liquidity through SAT, a stablecoin designed to supercharge the booming BTCFi market. To learn about Satoshi Protocol, users can follow: | | | | | | Website Web APP Twitter Telegram Discord Docs Blog Contact Marketing Hugo Satoshi Protocol marketing@satoshiprotocol.org This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program . here

Satoshi Protocol: First CDP On Bitcoin Layer2, 500k OSHI Airdrop With Binance Wallet And BEVM

সাতোশি প্রোটোকল: Bitcoin Layer2-এ প্রথম CDP, Binance Wallet এবং BEVM সহ 500k OSHI Airdrop

Satoshi Protocol: Erster CDP auf Bitcoin Layer2, 500.000 OSHI Airdrop mit Binance Wallet und BEVM

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Kipps The Story of a Simple Soul by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE BICYCLE MANUFACTURER THE BICYCLE MANUFACTURER §1 So Kipps embarked upon his engagement, steeled himself to the high enterprise of marrying above his breeding. The next morning found him dressing with a certain quiet severity of movement, and it seemed to his landlady's housemaid that he was unusually dignified at breakfast. He meditated profoundly over his kipper and his kidney and bacon. He was going to New Romney to tell the old people what had happened and where he stood. And the love of Helen had also given him courage to do what Buggins had once suggested to him as a thing he would do were he in Kipps' place, and that was to hire a motor car for the afternoon. He had an early cold lunch, and then, with an air of quiet resolution, assumed a cap and coat he had purchased to this end, and thus equipped strolled around, blowing slightly, to the motor shop. The transaction was unexpectedly easy, and within the hour Kipps, spectacled and wrapped about, was tootling through Dymchurch. They came to a stop smartly and neatly outside the little toy shop. "Make that thing 'oot a bit, will you," said Kipps. "Yes, that's it." "Whup," said the motor car. "Whurrup!" [Pg 246] Both his Aunt and Uncle came out on the pavement. "Why, it's Artie," cried his Aunt, and Kipps had a moment of triumph. He descended to hand claspings, removed wraps and spectacles, and the motor driver retired to take "an hour off." Old Kipps surveyed the machinery and disconcerted Kipps for a moment by asking him in a knowing tone what they asked him for a thing like that. The two men stood inspecting the machine and impressing the neighbours for a time, and then they strolled through the shop into the little parlour for a drink. "They ain't settled," old Kipps had said to the neighbours. "They ain't got no further than experiments. There's a bit of take-in about each. You take my advice and wait, me boy, even if it's a year or two, before you buy one for your own use." (Though Kipps had said nothing of doing anything of the sort.) "'Ow d'you like that whiskey I sent?" asked Kipps, dodging the old familiar bunch of children's pails. Old Kipps became tactful. "It's a very good whiskey, my boy," said old Kipps. "I 'aven't the slightest doubt it's a very good whiskey and cost you a tidy price. But—dashed if it soots me! They put this here Foozle Ile in it, my boy, and it ketches me jest 'ere." He indicated his centre of figure. "Gives me the heartburn," he said, and shook his head rather sadly. [Pg 247] "It's a very good whiskey," said Kipps. "It's what the actor manager chaps drink in London, I 'appen to know." "I dessay they do, my boy," said old Kipps, "but then they've 'ad their livers burnt out, and I 'aven't. They ain't dellicat like me. My stummik always 'as been extrey dellicat. Sometimes it's almost been as though nothing would lay on it. But that's in passing. I liked those segars. You can send me some of them segars...." You cannot lead a conversation straight from the gastric consequences of Foozle Ile to Love, and so Kipps, after a friendly inspection of a rare old engraving after Morland (perfect except for a hole kicked through the centre) that his Uncle had recently purchased by private haggle, came to the topic of the old people's removal. At the outset of Kipps' great fortunes there had been much talk of some permanent provision for them. It had been conceded they were to be provided for comfortably, and the phrase "retire from business" had been very much in the air. Kipps had pictured an ideal cottage, with a creeper always in exuberant flower about the door, where the sun shone forever and the wind never blew and a perpetual welcome hovered in the doorway. It was an agreeable dream, but when it came to the point of deciding upon this particular cottage or that, and on this particular house or that, Kipps was surprised by an unexpected clinging to the little home, which he had always understood to be the worst of all possible houses. [Pg 248] "We don't want to move in a 'urry," said Mrs. Kipps. "When we want to move, we want to move for life. I've had enough moving about in my time," said old Kipps. "We can do here a bit more, now we done here so long," said Mrs. Kipps. "You lemme look about a bit fust," said old Kipps. And in looking about old Kipps found perhaps a finer joy than any mere possession could have given. He would shut his shop more or less effectually against the intrusion of customers, and toddle abroad seeking new matter for his dream; no house was too small and none too large for his knowing enquiries. Occupied houses took his fancy more than vacancies, and he would remark, "You won't be a livin' 'ere forever, even if you think you will," when irate householders protested against the unsolicited examination of their more intimate premises.... Remarkable difficulties arose of a totally unexpected sort. "If we 'ave a larger 'ouse," said Mrs. Kipps with sudden bitterness, "we shall want a servant, and I don't want no gells in the place larfin' at me, sniggerin' and larfin' and prancin' and trapesin', lardy da! If we 'ave a smaller 'ouse, there won't be room to swing a cat." [Pg 249] Room to swing a cat it seemed was absolutely essential. It was an infrequent but indispensable operation. "When we do move," said old Kipps, "if we could get a bit of shootin'——. I don't want to sell off all this here stock for nothin'. It's took years to 'cumulate. I put a ticket in the winder sayin' 'sellin' orf,' but it 'asn't brought nothing like a roosh. One of these 'ere dratted visitors pretendin' to want an air gun, was all we 'ad in yesterday. Jest an excuse for spyin' round and then go away and larf at you. No-thanky to everything, it didn't matter what.... That's 'ow I look at it, Artie." They pursued meandering fancies about the topic of their future settlement for a space and Kipps became more and more hopeless of any proper conversational opening that would lead to his great announcement, and more and more uncertain how such an opening should be taken. Once indeed old Kipps, anxious to get away from this dangerous subject of removals, began: "And what are you a-doin' of in Folkestone? I shall have to come over and see you one of these days," but before Kipps could get in upon that, his Uncle had passed into a general exposition of the proper treatment of landladies and their humbugging, cheating ways, and so the opportunity vanished. It seemed to Kipps the only thing to do was to go out into the town for a stroll, compose an effectual opening at leisure, and then come back and discharge it at them in its consecutive completeness. And even out of doors and alone, he found his mind distracted by irrelevant thoughts. [Pg 250] §2 His steps led him out of the High Street towards the church, and he leant for a time over the gate that had once been the winning post of his race with Ann Pornick, and presently found himself in a sitting position on the top rail. He had to get things smooth again, he knew; his mind was like a mirror of water after a breeze. The image of Helen and his great future was broken and mingled into fragmentary reflections of remoter things, of the good name of Old Methusaleh Three Stars, of long dormant memories the High Street saw fit, by some trick of light and atmosphere, to arouse that afternoon.... Abruptly a fine, full voice from under his elbow shouted, "What—O Art!" and, behold, Sid Pornick was back in his world, leaning over the gate beside him, and holding out a friendly hand. He was oddly changed and yet oddly like the Sid that Kipps had known. He had the old broad face and mouth, abundantly freckled, the same short nose, and the same blunt chin, the same odd suggestion of his sister Ann without a touch of her beauty; but he had quite a new voice, loud and a little hard, and his upper lip carried a stiff and very fair moustache. Kipps shook hands. "I was jest thinking of you, Sid," he said, "jest this very moment and wondering if ever I should see you again, ever. And 'ere you are!" [Pg 251] "One likes a look 'round at times," said Sid. "How are you, old chap?" "All right," said Kipps. "I just been lef'——" "You aren't changed much," interrupted Sid. "Ent I?" said Kipps, foiled. "I knew your back directly I came 'round the corner. Spite of that 'at you got on. Hang it, I said, that's Art Kipps or the devil. And so it was." Kipps made a movement of his neck as if he would look at his back and judge. Then he looked Sid in the face. "You got a moustache, Sid," he said. "I s'pose you're having your holidays?" said Sid. "Well, partly. But I just been lef'——" "I'm taking a bit of a holiday," Sid went on. "But the fact is, I have to give myself holidays nowadays. I've set up for myself." "Not down here?" "No fear! I'm not a turnip. I've started in Hammersmith, manufacturing." Sid spoke offhand as though there was no such thing as pride. "Not drapery?" "No fear! Engineer. Manufacture bicycles." He clapped his hand to his breast pocket and produced a number of pink handbills. He handed one to Kipps and prevented him reading it by explanations and explanatory dabs of a pointing finger. "That's our make, my make to be exact, The Red Flag, see?—I got a transfer with my name—Pantocrat tyres, eight pounds—yes, there—Clinchers ten, Dunlop's eleven, Ladies' one pound more—that's the lady's. Best machine at a democratic price in London. No guineas and no discounts—honest trade. I build 'em—to order. I've built," he reflected, looking away seaward—"seventeen. Counting orders in 'and.... Come down to look at the old place a bit. Mother likes it at times." [Pg 252] "Thought you'd all gone away——" "What! after my father's death? No! My mother's come back, and she's living at Muggett's cottages. The sea air suits 'er. She likes the old place better than Hammersmith ... and I can afford it. Got an old crony or so here.... Gossip ... have tea.... S'pose you ain't married, Kipps?" Kipps shook his head, "I——" he began. "I am," said Sid. "Married these two years and got a nipper. Proper little chap." Kipps got his word in at last. "I got engaged day before yesterday," he said. "Ah!" said Sid airily. "That's all right. Who's the fortunate lady?" Kipps tried to speak in an offhand way. He stuck his hands in his pockets as he spoke. "She's a solicitor's daughter," he said, "in Folkestone. Rather'r nice set. County family. Related to the Earl of Beaupres——" "Steady on!" cried Sid. "You see, I've 'ad a bit of luck, Sid. Been lef' money." [Pg 253] Sid's eye travelled instinctively to mark Kipps' garments. "How much?" he asked. "'Bout twelve 'undred a year," said Kipps, more offhandedly than ever. "Lord!" said Sid, with a note of positive dismay, and stepped back a pace or two. "My granfaver it was," said Kipps, trying hard to be calm and simple. "'Ardly knew I 'ad a granfaver. And then—bang! When o' Bean, the solicitor, told me of it, you could 'ave knocked me down——" "'Ow much?" demanded Sid, with a sharp note in his voice. "Twelve 'undred pound a year—'proximately, that is...." Sid's attempt at genial unenvious congratulation did not last a minute. He shook hands with an unreal heartiness and said he was jolly glad. "It's a blooming stroke of Luck," he said. "It's a bloomin' stroke of Luck," he repeated; "that's what it is," with the smile fading from his face. "Of course, better you 'ave it than me, o' chap. So I don't envy you, anyhow. I couldn't keep it, if I did 'ave it." "'Ow's that?" said Kipps, a little hipped by Sid's patent chagrin. "I'm a Socialist, you see," said Sid. "I don't 'old with Wealth. What is Wealth? Labour robbed out of the poor. At most it's only yours in Trust. Leastways, that 'ow I should take it." He reflected. "The Present distribution of Wealth," he said and stopped. [Pg 254] Then he let himself go, with unmasked bitterness. "It's no sense at all. It's jest damn foolishness. Who's going to work and care in a muddle like this? Here first you do—something anyhow—of the world's work, and it pays you hardly anything, and then it invites you to do nothing, nothing whatever, and pays you twelve hundred pounds a year. Who's going to respect laws and customs when they come to damn silliness like that?" He repeated, "Twelve hundred pounds a year!" At the sight of Kipps' face he relented slightly. "It's not you I'm thinking of, o' man; it's the system. Better you than most people. Still——" He laid both hands on the gate and repeated to himself, "Twelve 'undred a year.... Gee-Whizz, Kipps! You'll be a swell!" "I shan't," said Kipps with imperfect conviction. "No fear." "You can't 'ave money like that and not swell out. You'll soon be too big to speak to—'ow do they put it?—a mere mechanic like me." "No fear, Siddee," said Kipps with conviction. "I ain't that sort." "Ah!" said Sid, with a sort of unwilling scepticism, "money'll be too much for you. Besides—you're caught by a swell already." "'Ow d'you mean?" "That girl you're going to marry. Masterman says——" "Oo's Masterman?" [Pg 255] "Rare good chap I know—takes my first floor front room. Masterson says it's always the wife pitches the key. Always. There's no social differences—till women come in." "Ah!" said Kipps profoundly. "You don't know." Sid shook his head. "Fancy!" he reflected, "Art Kipps!... Twelve 'Undred a Year!" Kipps tried to bridge that opening gulf. "Remember the Hurons, Sid?" "Rather," said Sid. "Remember that wreck?" "I can smell it now—sort of sour smell." Kipps was silent for a moment with reminiscent eyes on Sid's still troubled face. "I say, Sid, 'ow's Ann?" "She's all right," said Sid. "Where is she now?" "In a place ... Ashford." "Oh!" Sid's face had become a shade sulkier than before. "The fact is," he said, "we don't get on very well together. I don't hold with service. We're common people, I suppose, but I don't like it. I don't see why a sister of mine should wait at other people's tables. No. Not even if they got Twelve 'Undred a Year." Kipps tried to change the point of application. "Remember 'ow you came out once when we were racing here?... She didn't run bad for a girl." And his own words raised an image brighter than he could have supposed, so bright it seemed to breathe before him and did not fade altogether, even when he was back in Folkestone an hour or so later. [Pg 256] But Sid was not to be deflected from that other rankling theme by any reminiscences of Ann. "I wonder what you will do with all that money," he speculated. "I wonder if you will do any good at all. I wonder what you could do. You should hear Masterman. He'd tell you things. Suppose it came to me, what should I do? It's no good giving it back to the state as things are. Start an Owenite profit-sharing factory perhaps. Or a new Socialist paper. We want a new Socialist paper." He tried to drown his personal chagrin in elaborate exemplary suggestions.... §3 "I must be gettin' on to my motor," said Kipps at last, having to a large extent heard him out. "What! Got a motor?" "No!" said Kipps apologetically. "Only jobbed for the day." "'Ow much?" "Five pounds." "Keep five families for a week! Good Lord!" That seemed to crown Sid's disgust. Yet drawn by a sort of fascination he came with Kipps and assisted at the mounting of the motor. He was pleased to note it was not the most modern of motors, but that was the only grain of comfort. Kipps mounted at once, after one violent agitation of the little shop-door to set the bell a-jingle and warn his Uncle and Aunt. Sid assisted with the great furlined overcoat and examined the spectacles. [Pg 257] "Good-bye, o' chap!" said Kipps. "Good-bye, o' chap!" said Sid. The old people came out to say good-bye. Old Kipps was radiant with triumph. "'Pon my Sammy, Artie! I'm a goo' mind to come with you," he shouted, and then, "I got something you might take with you!" He dodged back into the shop and returned with the perforated engraving after Morland. "You stick to this, my boy," he said. "You get it repaired by someone who knows. It's the most vallyble thing I got you so far, you take my word." "Warrup!" said the motor, and tuff, tuff, tuff, and backed and snorted while old Kipps danced about on the pavement as if foreseeing complex catastrophes, and told the driver, "That's all right." He waved his stout stick to his receding nephew. Then he turned to Sid. "Now, if you could make something like that, young Pornick, you might blow a bit!" "I'll make a doocid sight better than that before I done," said Sid, hands deep in his pockets. "Not you," said old Kipps. The motor set up a prolonged sobbing moan and vanished around the corner. Sid stood motionless for a space, unheeding some further remark from old Kipps. The young mechanic had just discovered that to have manufactured seventeen bicycles, including orders in hand, is not so big a thing as he had supposed, and such discoveries try one's manhood.... [Pg 258] "Oh well!" said Sid at last, and turned his face towards his mother's cottage. She had got a hot teacake for him, and she was a little hurt that he was dark and preoccupied as he consumed it. He had always been such a boy for teacake, and then when one went out specially and got him one——! He did not tell her—he did not tell anyone—he had seen young Kipps. He did not want to talk about Kipps for a bit to anyone at all. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2012). Kipps The Story of a Simple Soul. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/39162/39162-h/39162-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The Legend of The Bicycle Manufacturer 

The April selection of the latest news, tools and materials from the world of Solidity. News — Support of user-defined operators and other improvements. intellij-solidity 2.4.0 — Upload a folder to a Workspace, support of Trust Wallet and other improvements. Remix v0.32 — This release sets Shanghai as the default hardfork used by the Hardhat Network. Hardhat v2.14 truffle and — update Ganache to the most recent version which supports Shanghai and small fixes v5.8.3 v5.8.4 Week in Ethereum News: , , , , April 1 April 8 April 15 April 22 April 29 ERC — An interface for Nestable Non-Fungible Tokens with emphasis on parent token's control over the relationship. ERC-6059: Parent-Governed Nestable Non-Fungible Tokens — An interface for Multi-Asset tokens with context dependent asset type output controlled by owner's preference. ERC-5773: Context-Dependent Multi-Asset Tokens — Allows the requesting of resources from contracts. ERC-5219: Contract Resource Requests — An interface for Composable non-fungible tokens through fixed and slot parts equipping. ERC-6220: Composable NFTs utilizing Equippable Parts Tools — EVM contract size analyzer. See also 0xMob100/sporalyzer Introducing Sporalyzer: A Tool for Analyzing Contract Size — greybox fuzzer for analyzing contracts written in Solidity. See also . Diligence Fuzzing (Re-) Introducing Diligence Fuzzing — library designed to detect hazardous storage writes in Solidity contract. See also zeroknots/slotmachine SlotMachine(tool) & EVM Storage Management — The safelog library provides a foundry/hardhat like console logging interface whereby the individual log functions do not modify the state of memory Foundry Safer Log — Slither detectors to help with code review and audit process Slitherin by Pessimistic.io Articles Fuzz / Invariant Tests | The New Bare Minimum For Smart Contract Security Precision Loss Errors Allbridge Hack Analysis — Improper business logic Sentiment Hack Analysis — Reentrancy Attack MEV Bot hack analysis — MEV Boost Relay Attack 15/04/23 Hundred Finance Hack Post-Mortem Foundry Unit Tests Benchmarking Smart-Contract Fuzzers How to Prepare for a Smart Contract Audit Formal Verification & Symbolic Execution | The Security Silver Bullet? Audits and more Top 7 Smart Contract Auditors by Spearbit Polygon zkEVM Contracts Security Review by OpenZeppelin zkSync Fee Model and Token Bridge Audit by OpenZeppelin zkSync – L1 Diff Audit (February 2023) by Mixbytes Clearpool Security Audit Report by Spearbit Cron Finance Security Review by Spearbit SEAPORT security review by Trail of Bits MYSO Finance Security Assesment by Trail of Bits Balancer v2 Security Assesment by MixBytes CloudWalk Multisig Wallet Audit Report by ConsenSys Diligence EigenLabs — EigenLayer by Trust Satin.Exchange Code4rena reports Golom contest Canto Identity Protocol contest Neo Tokyo contest RabbitHole Quest Protocol contest Wenwin contest Tessera - Versus contest Mute Switch - Versus contest Reserve contest ParaSpace contest Videos ETHGlobal Tokyo — Peter Robinson described what Solidity Inline Assembly and Yul are, when they should be used, and the trade-offs between writing in pure Solidity, using Solidity with inline assembly, writing in Yul, or hand crafting byte code. Solidity Inline Assembly & Yul ERC 1271 & ERC 6492: Signatures for Contract Wallets / Account Abstraction Create a sandwich MEV flashbot: , , part 1 part 2 part 3 Although I'm currently working as a Lead Backend Engineer at Bumble, the content in this digest does not refer to my work or experience at Bumble. If you have any interesting or useful links to share, please contact me on or fill this twitter form ← Solidity digest / mar 2023

Solidity Digest Monthly / April 2023

Introduction, or running ahead of the locomotive So, the about the connection between two DAOs showed that the topic of NFTs has not faded in the hearts of readers. Therefore, today we will try to delve deeper into the and uncover the most interesting vector of Web 3.0: the market of programmable assets and, in particular, NFT 2.0. first article forest How to absorb NFT new formats? I understand that not everyone is interested in an academic format as it can be tedious, boring, and lengthy. However, if you are a true , I recommend the following research on the topic (just in case?): netstalker : , , Opportunities & Challenges; Non-Fungible Token (NFT) Overview Evaluation — The Interactive NFTs; NFT 2.0 : Unlocking NFT Liquidity; MetaFi NFTs; Wrapped . A Deep Dive into the Financialization of NFTs; NFTs & DeFi to Wrapped NFTs; A Beginner’s Guide NFT 2.0?; What is of NFT 2.0; A Brief Overview : New Era of NFTs. NFT 2.0 Certainly! Now that you understand that the topic was not created by me, but has been researched by me for the past three years, let's dive deeper. Shall we? Let's do it! Projects Here are some projects that I was able to study before writing this text: Abacus, Arcade, Bailout, Bend DAO, Cally, Cardinal, Charged Particles, Drops, DAO Envelop, Floor DAO, Fuku, Hook, JPEG’d, JpeX, Meta block,s Mimicr,  Mnemonichq, Mycelium, Nested, Nextround, NFT2point, NFTembe,  NFTfi, NFTftrade, NFTperp, NFTx, NIFTY, Options, OpenLand, Opensky, Optic.xyz, PartyBid, Putty, reNFT, Reservoir, Rmrk.app, Solv protocol, Spicy, Stater, SudoSwap, Swap.net, Taker, Themis, Theos, Triber3, TrustNFT, UpShot,  Vinci, YAWWW. "In total, over the course of three years, there have been more than 50 such projects. And I present this list to you for one purpose, so that you can finally understand that this is indeed a , not just a collection of thoughts on the subject. Well, knowing this, let's try to answer the first important question: "what types of NFT 2.0 are there?" Shall we try? Easily! trend NFT 2.0 types It seems that all the articles listed above lack depth and detail in terms of practicality, and therefore realism. Shall we try to fill this gap? Yes, of course! The following terms can be considered as general (collective): (sometimes mixed with NFT 1.5, such as financial NFTs); NFT 2.0 (although sometimes a subset called dNFTs is understood under this term); Interactive NFTs (there is also no standardized approach here); Smart NFTs ; NFTs Programmable There are also a number of rarer categories. There are also several other less common categories. Of course, this list will be open-ended, but here is a list that appears in the overwhelming majority of research, which tries to divide NFTs by functionality: Fractionalization (Fractional, Unic.ly, NFT20, etc.); Landing (TrustNFT, BendDAO, JPEG'd, etc.); Indexes (Envelop, NFTx, BridgeSplit, Index, etc.); Investment DAOs (The LAO, Flamingo, Palm, Pleasr, etc.); Marketplaces (OpenSea, Rarible, Gem, etc.); Derivatives (Envelop, Fuku, Putty, Nifty Options, etc.); Financial NFTs (Axie, Sandbox, StepN, etc.); Rental (Unitbox, Rentable, Prom, reNFT, etc.); Pricing (UpShot, Taker, SudoSwap, etc.); Analytics (Dune, NFTgo, Nansen, etc.) The problem with this approach is that it mixes NFT 1.0 (on OpenSea, for example), NFT 1.5 (NFTx), and NFT 2.0 (Envelop, JPEG'd, etc.) together. Moreover, there are many projects that will always be at the intersection of these categories: . example Let's try to categorize specifically NFT 2.0. Dynamic NFT (dNF) Example: . chain.link/education-hub/dynamic-nft-use-cases Many GameFi projects are developing this type of NFT (such as through controlled smart contract updates, through NFT rental cycles across different services, and so on), but the most interesting vector appears to be at Chainlink: verifiable data change is crucial for industries such as weather forecasting or insurance, and even more so if they are combined. SharkRace Unitbox Therefore, the essence of dynamic NFTs can be defined as follows: these are NFTs whose metadata can change depending on external (or occasionally internal) conditions. There are several types of dynamic NFTs: Sports-related: The Association; LaMelo Ball; Art-related: Jackson NFT; ; Ogcrystals ; Botanicatrees NFTofDAY; Game-related: Aavegotchi; SharkRace; Major League Baseball (MLB) Real-world sector: The Eternal Pump; Regenerative Resources (RRC); Gold Change NFT; Many others. However, a more nuanced categorization of dNFTs can be based on a deeper basis: , where metadata changes through an oracle (Chainlink and its analogs) dNFT , where metadata changes through joint creation and multisig signing (NFTof.day); cNFT , where metadata affects gameplay and changes on-chain rather than off-chain entities. gdNFT As for , these are so-called "community NFTs" that are created gradually and by different actors, and then changes are sent to the blockchain. This is a kind of synthetic act of creation. cNFT In this sense, the evolution from static NFTs (sNFT) to dynamic ones (dNFT) can be achieved in several ways: through cNFT; through changeable metadata (including with Verifiable Randomness Function (VRF)); by adjusting smart contract variables (SharkRace). So, a (dNFT), or a "living NFT", is an NFT that can change depending on external conditions. In the static NFT model, each NFT can be distinguished from another using a single token identifier and a unique contract address. Metadata, such as images, video files, or other data, can be attached to it, which means that you can own a token that represents a unique digital object. dynamic NFT If you want to learn more about dNFTs, I recommend this and this , or alternatively, this “ . Let's keep going! article supplement ” material Wrapped NFT (wNFT) Despite the fact that different projects call these NFTs differently, it is still worth acknowledging that they all have the same essence in the process: by wrapping interchangeable tokens and/or coins, as well as other NFTs, assets of a completely different order are created. And the term "wrapping" should be strictly technical and organizational, as we all know: wBTC as a custodial solution for transferring BTC to the Ethereum network; Wrapped assets of first-generation cross-chain bridges; Various derivatives created using this technology; Other assets. Among the projects that specifically create wNFTs, I would highlight: (2020 - idea, 2021 - MVP, 2022 - release); DAO Envelop (2020, 2021, 2022); Charge Particles (2021-2023). Solv Finance It should be noted that the emergence of these small projects has influenced much older and larger services, such as Rarible, which since June 2021 has from an NFT marketplace to a protocol; AAVE has tested its approach to programmable assets; and even in the Ethereum ecosystem, the standard was born. Not to mention much initiatives (but no less at the same time). requalified ERC-3525 smaller important Initially, is the process by which a token is locked on the blockchain through a smart contract, and its equivalent is "recreated" on the destination blockchain. is the replacement of one set of token interaction standards with another set. wrapping Token wrapping As for (wrapped NFTs), these are modernized NFTs with extended functional capabilities such as economic setting, on-chain royalties, rental mechanism, time/cost/event locking, protection against devaluation, and . wNFTs fraud protection system Hence, I call wNFTs - NFT 2.0, because this approach seeks to change the principles and rules of fundraising in particular and some other industries as a whole. An example of a general explanation. Approaches related to wrapping are generally similar, although details can always be distinguished: №01, №02, №03. And on these examples, we clearly do not finish, but we need to take one more step. Forward! example example example Financial NFT (fNFT) This passage discusses financial NFTs, which can be classified as both NFT 1.5 and 2.0 depending on their usage: If NFTs are used as collateral for services, then they fall under the 1.5 category, whereas if they are programmable to create innovative practices, then they are considered 2.0. NFTs are an improved version of NFTs with a new token standard that allows for multidimensional asset attributes to be expressed in token form. Financial Several projects have used NFTs in financial applications, such as for fixed-rate lending, for insurance token coverage, and NIFTEX for financing NFTs using ERC-20. The most well-known implementation of financial NFTs is probably the LP token of Uniswap v3, which allows for transferring NFTs with liquidity, high trading ranges, and uncollected fees, making it easier and also providing protection against vampire mining. 88mph Armor Finance pre-embedded encompasses fractionalization, lending markets, investment DAOs, derivatives, and pricing, among other things. This market is evolving rapidly and has a lot of potential. For instance, the growth of lending markets that utilize NFT mechanics has led Uniswap to enter into negotiations with leading NFT protocols for loans and credits in 2022. NFT x DeFi The reasons are: , the obvious conclusion is that evolution is inevitable. Firstly , we can move from a general statement to specifics: for example, the gradual growth of credit markets involving various NFT mechanics has led, in particular, to Uniswap starting negotiations with leading NFT protocols for loans/credit in 2022 (see ). Secondly link From here, we can discover an obvious discrepancy in indicators. What kind? I will show it now. Let's compare : Graph №01 Where we see a clear increase in the "Utility" category. And in this case, the priority remains explicitly with another category, namely, "PFP", which indicates a discrepancy between existing (widely accepted) and emerging (unnoticed) trends. The data can be verified at this link: . nftgo.io/analytics/market-overview But the question is becoming increasingly irrelevant. A lively and innovative sub-market, known as ( + ), emerged around NFT financing - regardless of how creators want to classify the nature of their projects. NFTFi Non-fungible-token Finance It is hardly surprising that such a market has emerged. In 2021, the trading volume on the NFT market was $17.6 billion. This is a staggering 27% of the sales volume in the world's traditional art markets ($65B) in the same year. You know what happened next. But there is something that not everyone pays attention to. For example, one can imagine that NFTFi is . It allows for more efficient forms of NFT trading - from swapping, hedging, fractionalization, and valuation - to full-fledged, automated rentals. simply DeFi applied to NFT Let's look at the largest sub-sectors in NFTFi: loans/credits. Financial applications and tools have emerged on the market that address NFT issues aimed at increasing and improving certainty in asset pricing, as well as improving the use of funds on NFT markets by combining NFTs and other finances to create a better user experience on the NFT market, collectively referred to as " ". liquidity dAPPs NFTfi Until 2022, almost nothing was heard about NFT lending/borrowing, but it gradually began to appear in conversations. There are two main ways of NFT lending/borrowing: P2P (peer to peer) and P2Pool (peer to pool). Representatives here include protocols such as and . They differ in transaction frequency, volume, and price discovery efficiency, but these are details. The main thing is that the overall market is still relatively small compared to the market for interchangeable tokens. And coins. NFTfi BendDAO Current NFT lending/borrowing remains in the realm of "blue chips"; as for low- and mid-level NFTs, they have not yet gained wide recognition in the market due and . to high price volatility the lack of oracles In short, NFTs are becoming suitable for various financial instruments such as collateral, staking, and leverage for exchange tokens or stocks. And? In the future, when the accumulation of historical trading prices gradually complements the NFT quotation mechanism, the NFT market will become more liquid than ever. \But a couple of important theses are still to come. NFT-based lending The Rocket LP DAO cryptocurrency lending platform once issued a loan secured by the brantly.eth domain name of the Ethereum Name Service (ENS). In turn, the press service of the NFT marketplace X2Y2 announced that from October 9, 2022, users could use their own NFT digital collectibles as collateral to borrow Ethereum (ETH) from other lenders. And do you know what all this is about? That the lending market in the DeFi segment will never be the same again. Interesting? Then here are three more articles: , , . one two three But this market is not the only one going through harsh turbulence. What else? You will find out now! Royalties 2.0 Creators of Ethereum-based NFT collections have earned over $1.8 billion in royalties. Impressive, right? By the time this article is published, the figure will likely be even higher. But if a billion dollars doesn't impress you, then there's not much that can. At the time when the staggering sum of $1,800,000,000 was reached, just 10 organizations accounted for 27% of all royalties earned, while 482 NFT collections accounted earned at that time. for 80% of all royalties Since then, much has changed. The DeGods ecosystem removed royalties from all of its affiliated NFT collections (DeGods, y00ts), even though DeGods founder Frank had defended royalties on Twitter and still believes that royalties are between operators and holders of NFT collections. the best mechanism for aligning incentives Fast-forward to 2023 and the showdown between . Interesting, right? OpenSea and Blur "Some marketplaces have also changed their royalty payouts (or removed them), for example, x2y2, while the largest marketplace, OpenSea, has not". First of all, now everyone is following suit. In addition, the largest Solana NFT marketplace, Magic Eden, made a controversial move by making all royalties on its platform completely optional. Magic Eden's latest move to eradicate royalties is especially noteworthy given that they announced MetaShield, a controversial tool aimed at improving royalty control, back in September 2022. Royalty supporters are worried that normalizing their removal will return the NFT space to the dark ages of traditional creator structures, as happened with Van Gogh. incentivization On the other hand, opponents of royalties claim that mechanisms for compulsory collection are impossible on a chain without serious compromises, which negate many of the advantages of blockchain. permissionless If you're interested, I recommend reading this . And as for us, let's move on! thread Fractionalization There are quite a few services here: Fractional.Art, Teller, and . But personally, I'm interested in why so many are focused on a special feature (fractionalizing indivisible assets), when in reality, it's just a small spectrum of the possibilities of NFT 2.0 as a whole. others Rent There are two fundamentally different vectors: Renting through (w)NFT; Renting actual NFTs. These processes are interconnected but can still be separated as distinct. Prom & Unitox, for example, offer similar but different approaches to solving the integration of these processes. In turn, BendDAO and JPED'd have implemented an efficient liquidity model called "peer-to-pool", which connects supply and demand in a customizable liquidity pool, eliminating the need to make bids and wait for requests. Another example is Cyan, the largest and brightest BNPL protocol. Additional information can be found , , or even . But the furthest in the connection of these mechanics is Unitbox - a project based on the DAO Envelop . here here here protocol And what about us? Let's try to combine all the ingredients together and the NFT 2.0 . taste dish NFT 2.0 as understood by ChatGPT Of course I couldn't help but give the floor to one of the protagonists of the start of 2023. Here's what he thinks of NFT 2.0. NFT 2.0" is not an established or standardized term within the NFT (Non-Fungible Token) space, and there is no widely accepted definition of what it encompasses. However, it generally refers to new and innovative developments in the NFT ecosystem that aim to improve the technology and user experience. Some possible features that could be included in an NFT 2.0 include: Interoperability: The ability for NFTs to interact with each other and other blockchain-based assets, allowing for more complex and integrated applications. Programmability: The ability for NFTs to have embedded functionality, enabling them to perform specific actions or operations when triggered. Sustainability: The ability for NFTs to have a smaller environmental impact, through the use of more energy-efficient or carbon-neutral technologies. Decentralization: The ability for NFTs to be more decentralized, removing the need for centralized authorities or intermediaries. Fractionalization: The ability for NFTs to be divided into smaller parts, allowing for greater accessibility and liquidity. Dynamic and Adaptive properties: The ability for NFTs to change or evolve over time, through smart contracts that allow for dynamic or adaptive properties. It's worth noting that these features are not exclusive to an "NFT 2.0" and many are already being developed and implemented by various NFT projects and platforms. NFT technology is still evolving rapidly, and new features and innovations are likely to emerge as the ecosystem continues to grow and mature. Problems Does this market have problems? Plenty. Firstly, there are standards: what we call them are not actually standards (take this or this , or many others). Secondly, there are no leaders, which is good for business, but for the user... they will have to make an effort not just to understand the trends, but also to "taste them" in practice. Finally, there is a lot of chaff in this market, connecting hype with hype (insignificant NFT collections with liquid markets... tokens that are of little use to anyone, for example). example one But none of these problems is evidence that the market will not continue to develop. Rather, they are a consequence of the of this sphere. evolution Outlook I can't tell you about all the vectors in this article, so I've chosen the ones that are closest to me. Unstoppable NFT Now there are already solutions ( ) where NFT connects with decentralized, tokenized storage, but it is much more interesting when the programmable NFT itself pays for storage of its metadata for IPFS/SWARM and other nodes. So far the solutions require oracle and centralization, but I believe the next 2-3 years will see a move towards decentralization. example ОТС Not using such solutions for trading is strange: the secondary market for tokens is highly in demand and reaches tens of billions of dollars, but there are -fledged solutions yet, and funds are quite conservative in their practices, so here too we will have to wait for at least 2-3, or even 4-5 years. OTC not so many full ZKP For me, this is probably the most promising direction, as bridge hacks (Wormhole, Allbridge, Binance Hub, etc.) and CEXs are all about liquidity centralization, and achieving its normal decentralization can be done through -NFTs, which require different approaches: both oracle software and oracle (humans), and improvements to existing concepts. cross verifiers Add in and you get a lot of interesting things. By the way, if this topic turns out to be in demand, I'll talk about it, but for now that's all. cross/multi-chain mechanics Bye!

NFT 2.0: the Era of Programmable Assets

Cross-chain bridges are applications that allow the transfer of tokens and other information between blockchains. Thanks to them, it becomes possible to conduct transactions in De-Fi space across multiple different networks. Bridges ensure the coordination of cryptographic algorithms that will be used in the transmission of information and the interaction of systems. In fact, the bridge is a set of tools: oracles, smart contracts, nodes that monitor the state of the system, generate changes within blockchains and process incoming transactions from other systems. We can give an analogy with states here: each state has its own language, its own laws, and borders. Similarly to different states, different chains may have distinct protocols, rules, and governance models, while the bridges create a reliable mechanism for them to interoperate. With the rapid development of DeFi market, the need need for a covenient solution to transfer the assets between chains became apparent. Bridges evolved from this need to unite the fragmented ecosystem of blockchains together. Types of bridges Before figuring out how to send the crypto to a different chains, let us take a moment to distinguish between the types of bridges. They can be centralized and decentralized. The classification depends on how the assets are transferred. The first variety differs in that it has pre-designated validators that control token deposits. They are responsible for verifying the lock, burn, and mint transaction on the bridge smart contracts. Now it's worth figuring out how a decentralized cross-chain bridge works. Under this structure, the validator there are independent entities. Analyzing the history of cross-chain transfers In the past, bridging protocols heavily relied on the mint-and-burn mechanism. However, it severely downgraded the user experience, requiring advanced knowledge in the DeFi field, and also introduced potential security risks related to minting contracts. A user journey in a simple transfer of USDC from Ethereum to Solana consisted of several steps and was quite convoluted. Once the transfer was initiated, the bridge contract locked the tokens on the source chain (Ethereum), and the bridge proceeded with minting the USDC tokens on Solana. However, the minting has led to the wrapped asset being created, which was a separate token from the native USDC issued by Circle on Solana. Besides the fact that it required the tokens to be unwrapped (swapping the wrapped token for the native one), it also fractionalized the liquidity since every bridge had its own version of the wrapped assets from every different chain that it originated from. Bridge teams partnered with DEXes to launch the liquidity mining programs, incentivizing retail investors to supply liquidity to the wrapped assets by creating a liquidity pair with the network’s native token. It consequently leads to numerous wrapped assets being traded, which could be difficult to keep track of. Notable examples of mint-and-burn-focused bridges include Portal Bridge, Multichain, and Allbridge Classic. However, in the last few years the landscape of cross-chain protocols began to change. The evolution of the bridging protocols With the advances in bridging protocols, the focus was shifted towards native swaps of assets, prioritizing user experience and moving away from wrapped assets. One of the examples of a cross-chain protocol for native transfers is . Built on LayerZero, the platform enables the transfer of native assets between a wide variety of blockchains. Stargate Another product that puts particular emphasise on native liquidity transfers is , the new flagman product created by the team behind Allbridge Classic. Let's look at it in more detail. Allbridge Core Allbridge Core is a cross-chain swap platform that allows you to exchange dollar-pegged tokens (also known as stablecoins). But the main advantage Allbridge Core is that it reduces perhaps the largest gap in the DeFi sector — the gap between EVM and non-EVM networks. The protocol already supports Solana, Ethereum, Tron and BNB Chain, with more networks on the horizon. In general, the platform offers a significant imporvements in user experience and makes cross-chain swaps as simple as one click of a button. On top of that, the user gain access to unique chains like Solana and Tron at very competetive swap fees. How it works Allbridge Core utilizes several messaging protocols to transfer the information between chains. One of them is Wormhole, a decentralized protocol operated by , which is also used by their . The other protocol being Allbridge’s own messaging, which supports the chains that Wormhole doesn’t (i.e. Tron). Jump Crypto Portal Bridge Allbridge Core has native for each supported token in each of the supported networks.Using the specified inter-network message protocol (Wormhole or Allbridge), virtual tokens are sent from the source network to the destination target network. liquidity pools Outgoing tokens are sent to the pool, where they are exchanged for virtual assets, which are a representation of the value of tokens within the protocol. The bridge smart contract on the target blockchain exchanges virtual assets for native ones from the liquidity pool and sends them to the user. Wrapping up Cross-chain transfer protocols are well suited for people who want to retain custody of their own assets and transfer funds in a decentralized way, as opposed to operating with centralized exchanges. However, we advise you to complete you due dilligence before using any of the DeFi services and investigate the products for security audits, team history, and other details. In conclusion, bridges allow you to seamlessly transfer funds between different chains and utilize the unique advantages every individual chain possesses. They act as stepping stone to connect the invididual islands of separated networks into a unified ecosystem, while contributing to the expansion of DeFi services across the space..

A Guide to Cross-Chain Bridges

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