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Can Machine Learning Predict Loan Defaults?

by Sparsh GuptaNovember 27th, 2020

Too Long; Didn't Read

Lending Club is the largest online loan marketplace, facilitating personal loans, business loans, and financing of medical procedures. Using Data Science, Exploratory Data Analysis, we will be exploring and crunching out the driving factors that exist behind the loan default, i.e. the variables which are strong indicators of default. The dataset contains complete loan data for all loans issued through the 2007–2011, including the current loan status (Current, Charged-off, Fully Paid) and latest payment information.

Company Mentioned

featured image - Can Machine Learning Predict Loan Defaults?

Visualize Insights and Discover Driving Features in Lending Credit Risk Model for Loan Defaults

Lending Club is the largest online loan marketplace, facilitating personal loans, business loans, and financing of medical procedures. Borrowers can easily access lower interest rate loans through a fast online interface.

Like most other lending companies, lending loans to ‘risky’ applicants is the largest source of financial loss (called credit loss). The credit loss is the amount of money lost by the lender when the borrower refuses to pay or runs away with the money owed. In other words, borrowers who default cause the largest amount of loss to the lenders.

Therefore, using Data Science, Exploratory Data Analysis, and public data from Lending Club, we will be exploring and crunching out the driving factors that exist behind the loan default, i.e. the variables which are strong indicators of default. Further, the company can utilise this knowledge for its portfolio and risk assessment.

About Lending Club Loan Dataset

The dataset contains complete loan data for all loans issued through the 2007–2011, including the current loan status (Current, Charged-off, Fully Paid) and latest payment information. Additional features include credit scores, number of finance inquiries, and collections among others. The file is a matrix of about 39 thousand observations and 111 variables. A Data Dictionary is provided in a separate file in the dataset. The dataset can be downloaded here on Kaggle.

Questions

What set of loan data are we working with?
What types of features do we have?
Do we need to treat missing values?
What is the distribution of Loan Status?
What is the distribution of Loan Default with other features?
What all plots we can draw for inferring the relation with Loan Default?
Majorly, what are the driving features that describe the Loan Default?

Feature Distribution

Loan Characteristics such as loan amount, term, purpose which shows the information about the loan that will help us in finding loan default.
Demographic Variables such as age, employment status, relationship status which shows the information about the borrower profile which is not useful for us.
Behavioural Variables such as next payment date, EMI, delinquency which shows the information which is updated after providing the loan which in our case is not useful as we need to decide whether we should approve the loan or not by default analysis.

Here is a quick overview of the things we are going to see in this article:

Dataset Overview (Distribution of Loans)
Data Cleaning (Missing Values, Standardize Data, Outlier Treatment)
Metrics Derivation (Binning)
Univariate Analysis (Categorical/Continuous Features)
Bivariate Analysis (Box Plots, Scatter Plots, Violin Plots)
Multivariate Analysis (Correlation Heatmap)

Data/Library Imports

# import required libraries
import numpy as np
print('numpy version:',np.__version__)
import pandas as pd
print('pandas version:',pd.__version__)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
%matplotlib inline
sns.set(style="whitegrid")
plt.style.use('ggplot')
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (12, 8)
pd.options.mode.chained_assignment = None
pd.options.display.float_format = '{:.2f}'.format
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', 200)
pd.set_option('display.width', 400)
# file path variable
case_data = "/kaggle/input/lending-club-loan-dataset-2007-2011/loan.csv"
loan = pd.read_csv(case_data, low_memory=False)

Data set has 111 columns and 39717 rows.

Dataset Overview

# plotting pie chart for different types of loan_status
chargedOffLoans = loan.loc[(loan["loan_status"] == "Charged Off")]
currentLoans = loan.loc[(loan["loan_status"] == "Current")]
fullyPaidLoans = loan.loc[(loan["loan_status"]== "Fully Paid")]
data  = [{"Charged Off": chargedOffLoans["funded_amnt_inv"].sum(), "Fully Paid":fullyPaidLoans["funded_amnt_inv"].sum(), "Current":currentLoans["funded_amnt_inv"].sum()}]
investment_sum = pd.DataFrame(data) 
chargedOffTotalSum = float(investment_sum["Charged Off"])
fullyPaidTotalSum = float(investment_sum["Fully Paid"])
currentTotalSum = float(investment_sum["Current"])
loan_status = [chargedOffTotalSum,fullyPaidTotalSum,currentTotalSum]
loan_status_labels = 'Charged Off','Fully Paid','Current'
plt.pie(loan_status,labels=loan_status_labels,autopct='%1.1f%%')
plt.title('Loan Status Aggregate Information')
plt.axis('equal')
plt.legend(loan_status,title="Loan Amount",loc="center left",bbox_to_anchor=(1, 0, 0.5, 1))
plt.show()

# plotting pie chart for different types of purpose
loans_purpose = loan.groupby(['purpose'])['funded_amnt_inv'].sum().reset_index()
plt.figure(figsize=(14, 10))
plt.pie(loans_purpose["funded_amnt_inv"],labels=loans_purpose["purpose"],autopct='%1.1f%%')
plt.title('Loan purpose Aggregate Information')
plt.axis('equal')
plt.legend(loan_status,title="Loan purpose",loc="center left",bbox_to_anchor=(1, 0, 0.5, 1))
plt.show()

Data Cleaning

# in dataset, we can see around half of the columns are null
# completely, hence remove all columns having no values
loan = loan.dropna(axis=1, how="all")
print("Looking into remaining columns info:")
print(loan.info(max_cols=200))

We are left with the following columns:

Looking into remaining columns info:
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 39717 entries, 0 to 39716
Data columns (total 57 columns):
 #   Column                      Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------                      --------------  -----  
 0   id                          39717 non-null  int64  
 1   member_id                   39717 non-null  int64  
 2   loan_amnt                   39717 non-null  int64  
 3   funded_amnt                 39717 non-null  int64  
 4   funded_amnt_inv             39717 non-null  float64
 5   term                        39717 non-null  object 
 6   int_rate                    39717 non-null  object 
 7   installment                 39717 non-null  float64
 8   grade                       39717 non-null  object 
 9   sub_grade                   39717 non-null  object 
 10  emp_title                   37258 non-null  object 
 11  emp_length                  38642 non-null  object 
 12  home_ownership              39717 non-null  object 
 13  annual_inc                  39717 non-null  float64
 14  verification_status         39717 non-null  object 
 15  issue_d                     39717 non-null  object 
 16  loan_status                 39717 non-null  object 
 17  pymnt_plan                  39717 non-null  object 
 18  url                         39717 non-null  object 
 19  desc                        26777 non-null  object 
 20  purpose                     39717 non-null  object 
 21  title                       39706 non-null  object 
 22  zip_code                    39717 non-null  object 
 23  addr_state                  39717 non-null  object 
 24  dti                         39717 non-null  float64
 25  delinq_2yrs                 39717 non-null  int64  
 26  earliest_cr_line            39717 non-null  object 
 27  inq_last_6mths              39717 non-null  int64  
 28  mths_since_last_delinq      14035 non-null  float64
 29  mths_since_last_record      2786 non-null   float64
 30  open_acc                    39717 non-null  int64  
 31  pub_rec                     39717 non-null  int64  
 32  revol_bal                   39717 non-null  int64  
 33  revol_util                  39667 non-null  object 
 34  total_acc                   39717 non-null  int64  
 35  initial_list_status         39717 non-null  object 
 36  out_prncp                   39717 non-null  float64
 37  out_prncp_inv               39717 non-null  float64
 38  total_pymnt                 39717 non-null  float64
 39  total_pymnt_inv             39717 non-null  float64
 40  total_rec_prncp             39717 non-null  float64
 41  total_rec_int               39717 non-null  float64
 42  total_rec_late_fee          39717 non-null  float64
 43  recoveries                  39717 non-null  float64
 44  collection_recovery_fee     39717 non-null  float64
 45  last_pymnt_d                39646 non-null  object 
 46  last_pymnt_amnt             39717 non-null  float64
 47  next_pymnt_d                1140 non-null   object 
 48  last_credit_pull_d          39715 non-null  object 
 49  collections_12_mths_ex_med  39661 non-null  float64
 50  policy_code                 39717 non-null  int64  
 51  application_type            39717 non-null  object 
 52  acc_now_delinq              39717 non-null  int64  
 53  chargeoff_within_12_mths    39661 non-null  float64
 54  delinq_amnt                 39717 non-null  int64  
 55  pub_rec_bankruptcies        39020 non-null  float64
 56  tax_liens                   39678 non-null  float64
dtypes: float64(20), int64(13), object(24)
memory usage: 17.3+ MB

Now, we will remove all the Demographic and Customer Behavioural features which are of no use for default analysis for credit approval.

# remove non-required columns
# id - not required
# member_id - not required
# acc_now_delinq - empty
# funded_amnt - not useful, funded_amnt_inv is useful which is funded to person
# emp_title - brand names not useful
# pymnt_plan - fixed value as n for all
# url - not useful
# desc - can be applied some NLP but not for EDA
# title - too many distinct values not useful
# zip_code - complete zip is not available
# delinq_2yrs - post approval feature
# mths_since_last_delinq - only half values are there, not much information
# mths_since_last_record - only 10% values are there
# revol_bal - post/behavioural feature
# initial_list_status - fixed value as f for all
# out_prncp - post approval feature
# out_prncp_inv - not useful as its for investors
# total_pymnt - post approval feature
# total_pymnt_inv - not useful as it is for investors
# total_rec_prncp - post approval feature
# total_rec_int - post approval feature
# total_rec_late_fee - post approval feature
# recoveries - post approval feature
# collection_recovery_fee - post approval feature
# last_pymnt_d - post approval feature
# last_credit_pull_d - irrelevant for approval
# last_pymnt_amnt - post feature
# next_pymnt_d - post feature
# collections_12_mths_ex_med - only 1 value 
# policy_code - only 1 value
# acc_now_delinq - single valued
# chargeoff_within_12_mths - post feature
# delinq_amnt - single valued
# tax_liens - single valued
# application_type - single
# pub_rec_bankruptcies - single valued for more than 99%
# addr_state - may not depend on location as its in financial domain

colsToDrop = ["id", "member_id", "funded_amnt", "emp_title", "pymnt_plan", "url", "desc", "title", "zip_code", "delinq_2yrs", "mths_since_last_delinq", "mths_since_last_record", "revol_bal", "initial_list_status", "out_prncp", "out_prncp_inv", "total_pymnt", "total_pymnt_inv", "total_rec_prncp", "total_rec_int", "total_rec_late_fee", "recoveries", "collection_recovery_fee", "last_pymnt_d", "last_pymnt_amnt", "next_pymnt_d", "last_credit_pull_d", "collections_12_mths_ex_med", "policy_code", "acc_now_delinq", "chargeoff_within_12_mths", "delinq_amnt", "tax_liens", "application_type", "pub_rec_bankruptcies", "addr_state"]
loan.drop(colsToDrop, axis=1, inplace=True)
print("Features we are left with",list(loan.columns))

We are left with [‘loan_amnt’, ‘funded_amnt_inv’, ‘term’, ‘int_rate’, ‘installment’, ‘grade’, ‘sub_grade’, ‘emp_length’, ‘home_ownership’, ‘annual_inc’, ‘verification_status’, ‘issue_d’, ‘loan_status’, ‘purpose’, ‘dti’, ‘earliest_cr_line’, ‘inq_last_6mths’, ‘open_acc’, ‘pub_rec’, ‘revol_util’, ‘total_acc’]

Now, dealing with missing values by removing/imputing:

# in 12 unique values we have 10+ years the most for emp_length, 
# but it is highly dependent variable so we will not impute
# but remove the rows with null values which is around 2.5%
loan.dropna(axis=0, subset=["emp_length"], inplace=True)
# remove NA rows for revol_util as its dependent and is around 0.1%
loan.dropna(axis=0, subset=["revol_util"], inplace=True)

Now, we standardize some feature columns to make data compatible for analysis:

# update int_rate, revol_util without % sign and as numeric type
loan["int_rate"] = pd.to_numeric(loan["int_rate"].apply(lambda x:x.split('%')[0]))
loan["revol_util"] = pd.to_numeric(loan["revol_util"].apply(lambda x:x.split('%')[0]))
# remove text data from term feature and store as numerical
loan["term"] = pd.to_numeric(loan["term"].apply(lambda x:x.split()[0]))

Removing records with loan status as “Current”, as the loan is currently running and we can’t infer any information regarding default from such loans.

# remove the rows with loan_status as "Current"
loan = loan[loan["loan_status"].apply(lambda x:False if x == "Current" else True)]

# update loan_status as Fully Paid to 0 and Charged Off to 1
loan["loan_status"] = loan["loan_status"].apply(lambda x: 0 if x == "Fully Paid" else 1)
# update emp_length feature with continuous values as int
# where (< 1 year) is assumed as 0 and 10+ years is assumed as 10 and rest are stored as their magnitude
loan["emp_length"] = pd.to_numeric(loan["emp_length"].apply(lambda x:0 if "<" in x else (x.split('+')[0] if "+" in x else x.split()[0])))
# look through the purpose value counts
loan_purpose_values = loan["purpose"].value_counts()*100/loan.shape[0]

# remove rows with less than 1% of value counts in paricular purpose 
loan_purpose_delete = loan_purpose_values[loan_purpose_values<1].index.values
loan = loan[[False if p in loan_purpose_delete else True for p in loan["purpose"]]]

Outlier Treatment

Looking upon the quantile values of each feature, we will treat outliers for some features.

# for annual_inc, the highest value is 6000000 where 75% quantile value is 83000, and is 100 times the mean
# we need to remomve outliers from annual_inc i.e. 99 to 100%
annual_inc_q = loan["annual_inc"].quantile(0.99)
loan = loan[loan["annual_inc"] < annual_inc_q]
# for open_acc, the highest value is 44 where 75% quantile value is 12, and is 5 times the mean
# we need to remomve outliers from open_acc i.e. 99.9 to 100%
open_acc_q = loan["open_acc"].quantile(0.999)
loan = loan[loan["open_acc"] < open_acc_q]
# for total_acc, the highest value is 90 where 75% quantile value is 29, and is 4 times the mean
# we need to remomve outliers from total_acc i.e. 98 to 100%
total_acc_q = loan["total_acc"].quantile(0.98)
loan = loan[loan["total_acc"] < total_acc_q]
# for pub_rec, the highest value is 4 where 75% quantile value is 0, and is 4 times the mean
# we need to remomve outliers from pub_rec i.e. 99.5 to 100%
pub_rec_q = loan["pub_rec"].quantile(0.995)
loan = loan[loan["pub_rec"] <= pub_rec_q]

Now this is how our data looks after cleaning and standardizing the features:

Metrics Derivation

Issue date is not in the standard format also we can split the date into two columns with the month and the year which will make it easy for analysis.
Year in the DateTime requires year between 00 to 99 and in some cases a year is single-digit number i.e. 9 writing a function which will convert such dates to avoid exception in date conversion.

def standerdisedate(date):
    year = date.split("-")[0]
    if(len(year) == 1):
        date = "0"+date
    return date
from datetime import datetime
loan['issue_d'] = loan['issue_d'].apply(lambda x:standerdisedate(x))
loan['issue_d'] = loan['issue_d'].apply(lambda x: datetime.strptime(x, '%b-%y'))
# extracting month and year from issue_date
loan['month'] = loan['issue_d'].apply(lambda x: x.month)
loan['year'] = loan['issue_d'].apply(lambda x: x.year)
# get year from issue_d and replace the same
loan["earliest_cr_line"] = pd.to_numeric(loan["earliest_cr_line"].apply(lambda x:x.split('-')[1]))

Binning Continuous features:

# create bins for loan_amnt range
bins = [0, 5000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000, 36000]
bucket_l = ['0-5000', '5000-10000', '10000-15000', '15000-20000', '20000-25000','25000+']
loan['loan_amnt_range'] = pd.cut(loan['loan_amnt'], bins, labels=bucket_l)
# create bins for int_rate range
bins = [0, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 100]
bucket_l = ['0-7.5', '7.5-10', '10-12.5', '12.5-15', '15+']
loan['int_rate_range'] = pd.cut(loan['int_rate'], bins, labels=bucket_l)
# create bins for annual_inc range
bins = [0, 25000, 50000, 75000, 100000, 1000000]
bucket_l = ['0-25000', '25000-50000', '50000-75000', '75000-100000', '100000+']
loan['annual_inc_range'] = pd.cut(loan['annual_inc'], bins, labels=bucket_l)
# create bins for installment range
def installment(n):
    if n <= 200:
        return 'low'
    elif n > 200 and n <=500:
        return 'medium'
    elif n > 500 and n <=800:
        return 'high'
    else:
        return 'very high'

loan['installment'] = loan['installment'].apply(lambda x: installment(x))
# create bins for dti range
bins = [-1, 5.00, 10.00, 15.00, 20.00, 25.00, 50.00]
bucket_l = ['0-5%', '5-10%', '10-15%', '15-20%', '20-25%', '25%+']
loan['dti_range'] = pd.cut(loan['dti'], bins, labels=bucket_l)

The following bins are created:

Visualising Data Insights

# check for amount of defaults in the data using countplot
plt.figure(figsize=(14,5))
sns.countplot(y="loan_status", data=loan)
plt.show()

From above plot we can see that around 16% i.e. 5062 people are defaulters in total 35152 records.

Univariate Analysis

# function for plotting the count plot features wrt default ratio
def plotUnivariateRatioBar(feature, data=loan, figsize=(10,5), rsorted=True):
    plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
    if rsorted:
        feature_dimension = sorted(data[feature].unique())
    else:
        feature_dimension = data[feature].unique()
    feature_values = []
    for fd in feature_dimension:
        feature_filter = data[data[feature]==fd]
        feature_count = len(feature_filter[feature_filter["loan_status"]==1])
        feature_values.append(feature_count*100/feature_filter["loan_status"].count())
    plt.bar(feature_dimension, feature_values, color='orange', edgecolor='white')
    plt.title("Loan Defaults wrt "+str(feature)+" feature - countplot")
    plt.xlabel(feature, fontsize=16)
    plt.ylabel("defaulter %", fontsize=16)
    plt.show()
# function to plot univariate with default status scale 0 - 1
def plotUnivariateBar(x, figsize=(10,5)):
    plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
    sns.barplot(x=x, y='loan_status', data=loan)
    plt.title("Loan Defaults wrt "+str(x)+" feature - countplot")
    plt.xlabel(x, fontsize=16)
    plt.ylabel("defaulter ratio", fontsize=16)
    plt.show()

a. Categorical Features

# check for defaulters wrt term in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateBar("term", figsize=(8,5))

From above plot for ‘term’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is increasing wrt term, hence the chances of loan getting deaulted is less for 36m than 60m.

is term benificial -> Yes

# check for defaulters wrt grade in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateRatioBar("grade")

From above plot for ‘grade’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is increasing wrt grade, hence the chances of loan getting deaulted increases with the grade from A moving towards G.

is grade benificial -> Yes

# check for defaulters wrt sub_grade in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateBar("sub_grade", figsize=(16,5))

From above plot for ‘sub_grade’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is increasing wrt sub_grade, hence the chances of loan getting deaulted increases with the sub_grade from A1 moving towards G5.

is sub_grade benificial -> Yes

# check for defaulters wrt home_ownership in the data 
plotUnivariateRatioBar("home_ownership")

From above plot for ‘home_ownership’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is constant here (it is quite more for OTHERS but we dont know what is in there, so we’ll not consider it for analysis), hence defaulter does not depends on home_ownership

is home_ownership benificial -> No

# check for defaulters wrt verification_status in the data
plotUnivariateRatioBar("verification_status")

From above plot for ‘verification_status’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is increasing and is less for Not Verified users than Verified ones, but not useful for analysis.

is verification_status benificial -> No

# check for defaulters wrt purpose in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateBar("purpose", figsize=(16,6))

From above plot for ‘purpose’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is nearly constant for all purpose type except ‘small business’, hence rate will depend on purpose of the loan

is purpose benificial -> Yes

# check for defaulters wrt open_acc in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateRatioBar("open_acc", figsize=(16,6))

From above plot for ‘open_acc’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is nearly constant for feature open_acc, hence rate will not depend on open_acc feature

is open_acc benificial -> No

# check for defaulters wrt pub_rec in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateRatioBar("pub_rec")

From above plot for ‘pub_rec’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is nearly increasing as it is less for 0 and more for pub_rec with value 1, but as other values are very less as compared to 0 we’ll not consider this

is pub_rec benificial -> No

b. Continuous Features

# check for defaulters wrt emp_length in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateBar("emp_length", figsize=(14,6))

From above plot for ‘emp_length’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is constant here, hence defaulter does not depends on emp_length

is emp_length benificial -> No

# check for defaulters wrt month in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateBar("month", figsize=(14,6))

From above plot for ‘month’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is nearly constant here, not useful

is month benificial -> No

# check for defaulters wrt year in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateBar("year")

From above plot for ‘year’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is nearly constant here, not useful

is year benificial -> No

# check for defaulters wrt earliest_cr_line in the data
plotUnivariateBar("earliest_cr_line", figsize=(16,10))

From above plot for ‘earliest_cr_line’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is nearly constant for all purpose type except year around 65, hence rate does not depends on earliest_cr_line of the person

is earliest_cr_line benificial -> No

# check for defaulters wrt inq_last_6mths in the data
plotUnivariateBar("inq_last_6mths")

From above plot for ‘inq_last_6mths’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is not consistently increasing with inq_last_6mths type, hence not useful

is inq_last_6mths benificial -> No

# check for defaulters wrt revol_util in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateRatioBar("revol_util", figsize=(16,6))

From above plot for ‘revol_util’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is fluctuating where some have complete 100% ratio for defaulter and is increasing as the magnitude increases, hence rate will depend on revol_util feature

is revol_util benificial -> Yes

# check for defaulters wrt total_acc in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateRatioBar("total_acc", figsize=(14,6))

From above plot for ‘total_acc’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is nearly constant for all total_acc values, hence rate will not depend on total_acc feature

is total_acc benificial -> No

# check for defaulters wrt loan_amnt_range in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateBar("loan_amnt_range")

From above plot for ‘loan_amnt_range’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is increasing loan_amnt_range values, hence rate will depend on loan_amnt_range feature

is loan_amnt_range benificial -> Yes

# check for defaulters wrt int_rate_range in the data
plotUnivariateBar("int_rate_range")

From above plot for ‘int_rate_range’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is decreasing with int_rate_range values, hence rate will depend on int_rate_range feature

is int_rate_range benificial -> Yes

# check for defaulters wrt annual_inc_range in the data
plotUnivariateBar("annual_inc_range")

From above plot for ‘annual_inc_range’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is decreasing as with annual_inc_range values, hence rate will depend on annual_inc_range feature

is annual_inc_range benificial -> Yes

# check for defaulters wrt dti_range in the data using countplot
plotUnivariateBar("dti_range", figsize=(16,5))

From above plot for ‘dti_range’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is increasing as with dti_range values, hence rate will depend on dti_range feature

is dti_range benificial -> Yes

# check for defaulters wrt installment range in the data
plotUnivariateBar("installment", figsize=(8,5))

From above plot for ‘installment’ we can infer that the defaulters rate is increasing as with installment values, hence rate will depend on dti_range feature

is installment benificial -> Yes

Therefore, following are the important feature we deduced from above Univariate analysis:

term, grade, purpose, pub_rec, revol_util, funded_amnt_inv, int_rate, annual_inc, dti, installment

Bivariate Analysis

# function to plot scatter plot for two features
def plotScatter(x, y):
    plt.figure(figsize=(16,6))
    sns.scatterplot(x=x, y=y, hue="loan_status", data=loan)
    plt.title("Scatter plot between "+x+" and "+y)
    plt.xlabel(x, fontsize=16)
    plt.ylabel(y, fontsize=16)
    plt.show()
    
def plotBivariateBar(x, hue, figsize=(16,6)):
    plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
    sns.barplot(x=x, y='loan_status', hue=hue, data=loan)
    plt.title("Loan Default ratio wrt "+x+" feature for hue "+hue+" in the data using countplot")
    plt.xlabel(x, fontsize=16)
    plt.ylabel("defaulter ratio", fontsize=16)
    plt.show()

Plotting for two different features with respect to loan default ratio on y-axis with Bar Plots and Scatter Plots.

# check for defaulters wrt annual_inc and purpose in the data using countplot
plotBivariateBar("annual_inc_range", "purpose")

From above plot, we can infer it doesn’t shows any correlation

related - N

# check for defaulters wrt term and purpose in the data 
plotBivariateBar("term", "purpose")

As we can see straight lines on the plot, default ratio increases for every purpose wrt term

related - Y

# check for defaulters wrt grade and purpose in the data 
plotBivariateBar("grade", "purpose")

As we can see straight lines on the plot, default ratio increases for every purpose wrt grade

related - Y

# check for defaulters wrt loan_amnt_range and purpose in the data
plotBivariateBar("loan_amnt_range", "purpose")

As we can see straight lines on the plot, default ratio increases for every purpose wrt loan_amnt_range

related - Y

# check for defaulters wrt loan_amnt_range and term in the data
plotBivariateBar("loan_amnt_range", "term")

As we can see straight lines on the plot, default ratio increases for every term wrt loan_amnt_range

related - Y

# check for defaulters wrt annual_inc_range and purpose in the data
plotBivariateBar("annual_inc_range", "purpose")

As we can see straight lines on the plot, default ratio increases for every purpose wrt annual_inc_range

related - Y

# check for defaulters wrt annual_inc_range and purpose in the data
plotBivariateBar("installment", "purpose")

As we can see straight lines on the plot, default ratio increases for every purpose wrt installment except for small_business

related - Y

# check for defaulters wrt loan_amnt_range in the data
plotScatter("int_rate", "annual_inc")

As we can see straight lines on the plot, there is no relation between above mentioned features

related - N

# plot scatter for funded_amnt_inv with dti
plotScatter("funded_amnt_inv", "dti")

As we can see straight lines on the plot, there is no relation between above mentioned features

related - N

# plot scatter for funded_amnt_inv with annual_inc
plotScatter("annual_inc", "funded_amnt_inv")

As we can see slope pattern on the plot, there is positive relation between above mentioned features

related - Y

# plot scatter for loan_amnt with int_rate
plotScatter("loan_amnt", "int_rate")

As we can see straight line patterns on the plot, there is no relation between above mentioned features

related - N

# plot scatter for int_rate with annual_inc
plotScatter("int_rate", "annual_inc")

As we can see negative correlation pattern with reduced density on the plot, there is some relation between above mentioned features

related - Y

# plot scatter for earliest_cr_line with int_rate
plotScatter("earliest_cr_line", "int_rate")

As we can see positive correlation pattern with increasing density on the plot, there is co-relation between above mentioned features

related - Y

# plot scatter for annual_inc with emp_length
plotScatter("annual_inc", "emp_length")

As we can see straight line patterns on the plot, there is no relation between above mentioned features

related - N

# plot scatter for earliest_cr_line with dti
plotScatter("earliest_cr_line", "dti")

Plotting for two different features with respect to loan default ratio on y-axis with Box Plots and Violin Plots.

# function to plot boxplot for comparing two features
def plotBox(x, y, hue="loan_status"):
    plt.figure(figsize=(16,6))
    sns.boxplot(x=x, y=y, data=loan, hue=hue, order=sorted(loan[x].unique()))
    plt.title("Box plot between "+x+" and "+y+" for each "+hue)
    plt.xlabel(x, fontsize=16)
    plt.ylabel(y, fontsize=16)
    plt.show()
    plt.figure(figsize=(16,8))
    sns.violinplot(x=x, y=y, data=loan, hue=hue, order=sorted(loan[x].unique()))
    plt.title("Violin plot between "+x+" and "+y+" for each "+hue)
    plt.xlabel(x, fontsize=16)
    plt.ylabel(y, fontsize=16)
    plt.show()
# plot box for term vs int_rate for each loan_status
plotBox("term", "int_rate")

int_rate increases with term on loan and the chances of default also increases

# plot box for loan_status vs int_rate for each purpose
plotBox("loan_status", "int_rate", hue="purpose")

int_rate is quite high where the loan defaults for every purpose value

# plot box for purpose vs revo_util for each status
plotBox("purpose", "revol_util")

revol_util is more for every purpose value where the loan is defaulted and quite high for credit_card

# plot box for grade vs int_rate for each loan_status
plotBox("grade", "int_rate", "loan_status")

int_rate is increasing with every grade and also the defaulters for every grade are having their median near the non-defaulter 75% quantile of int_rate

# plot box for issue_d vs int_rate for each loan_status
plotBox("month", "int_rate", "loan_status")

int_rate for defaulter is increasing with every month where the defaulters for every month are having their median near the non-defaulter’s 75% quantile of int_rate, but is almost constant for each month, not useful

Therefore, following are the important feature we deduced from above Bivariate analysis:

term, grade, purpose, pub_rec, revol_util, funded_amnt_inv, int_rate, annual_inc, installment

Multivariate Analysis (Correlation)

# plot heat map to see correlation between features
continuous_f = ["funded_amnt_inv", "annual_inc", "term", "int_rate", "loan_status", "revol_util", "pub_rec", "earliest_cr_line"]
loan_corr = loan[continuous_f].corr()
sns.heatmap(loan_corr,vmin=-1.0,vmax=1.0,annot=True, cmap="YlGnBu")
plt.title("Correlation Heatmap")
plt.show()

Hence, important related feature from above Multivariate analysis are:

term, grade, purpose, revol_util, int_rate, installment, annual_inc, funded_amnt_inv

Final Findings

After analysing all the related features available in the dataset, we have come to an end, deducing the main driving features for the Lending Club Loan Default analysis:

The best driving features for the Loan default analysis are: term, grade, purpose, revol_util, int_rate, instalment, annual_inc, funded_amnt_inv