Norman is the managing attorney at and is a criminal defense lawyer. He has been practicing healthcare law, cybercrime law, international law, and more for 15 years. In this interview, we ask him everything we wanted to know about the real lives of criminal defense lawyers, and his opinion on the current state of the US judicial system. Norman Spencer Law This thread by Limarc Ambalina, Mónica Freitas, Norman Spencer, Linh Smooke, David Smooke and Jack Boreham occurred in slogging's official #amas channel, and has been edited for readability. Slogging Limarc Ambalina Nov 26, 2021, 2:48 PM Hi Everyone, please welcome another AMA guest we have joining us today: Norman Spencer. Please feel free to ask him anything about: Cybercrime His journey to becoming a criminal defense lawyer 🔥 5 Limarc Ambalina Nov 26, 2021, 2:49 PM Hi Norman Spencer while HackerNoon is really tech-centric, I must say this is one of the AMAs I've been most anticipating. Thanks for joining us! 🎉 1 Limarc Ambalina Nov 26, 2021, 2:50 PM My first question to break the ice is: is the life of a criminal defense lawyer pretty accurately portrayed in TV and film or does Hollywood make it look more dramatic than it really is? :rolling_on_the_floor_laughing: 📺 1 Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:06 PM Is the life of a criminal defense lawyer pretty accurately portrayed in TV and film or does Hollywood make it look more dramatic than it really is? The real life of a defense lawyer has nothing to do  with what TV and and film make it look like, not at all! 😮 1 :rolling_on_the_floor_laughing: 1 Limarc Ambalina Nov 26, 2021, 2:52 PM Next a more serious question. I worked as a content writer for an AI company for about a year and a half. While the world of AI was emerging, there were so many things I thought couldn't have been legal, but apparently was. In regards to building AI technologies, do you have insight on the legality of using open source data to build tools for profit? Is it legal for companies to take publicly available data, use it to train an AI, and sell that AI tool or service for profit? :face_with_monocle: 1 Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:11 PM I think the question here is whether there is any potential EEA violation of theft of trade secrets. EEA is the Economic Espionage Act. One  issue is whether disclosure on the Internet, without more, affects the trade secret status. Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:13 PM It depends on the jurisdiction. Some courts ruled that it could, and some ruled that once something is out there, it's no longer a trade secret. The federal court in the Southern District of New York specifically stated that information might be available on the Internet and still be a trade secret :exploding_head: 1 Mónica Freitas Nov 26, 2021, 2:54 PM Hi Norman Spencer. What would you say are the hardest cybercrimes to tackle? How has your journey as a criminal defense lawyer been like? ⚖ 1 Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:02 PM Good morning. Tackling cybercrime is complicated from the government's prospective as well as the defense. In my experience, as defense attorney, the more evidence the government can amass, the more difficult the case is, no matter what type of the crime is alleged. It will always involve a large amount of technical evidence, expertise, etc. Theft of trade secrets, for example, is very difficult to defend, because it could be very technical 🤔 1 Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:04 PM To answer your other question, my journey has been amazing. It allows me to see all kinds of human conditions and never-repeating scenarios, so it is quite interesting. As defense lawyers, we need to be creative to solve problems 🤔 1 Linh Smooke Nov 26, 2021, 3:09 PM okok - hot take only! i’ve heard that the Kyle Rittenhouse prosecutors are just bad at their job… could you elaborate?? Were they? or did they just not have a strong enough case? 👀 1 Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:17 PM Were prosecutors bad at their job? It's hard for me to judge because I did not see the evidence they had. From what I've seen during the televised portion of the trial, they did what prosecutors would usually do. I don't think they did a bad job, but the defense did a great job. There are only two types of defenses that work in any criminal case. One is "I didn't do it" and the others is "I did it, but it was not illegal". Everything else is dubious and hard to defend. Here, Kyle used the self defense argument, which apparently was enough to convince the jury David Smooke Nov 26, 2021, 3:21 PM Hey Norman! Great explanation of your approach to the work: " My question is, who is the most badass client you've ever represented? And also do you have any specific examples of what "might be available on the internet AND STILL be a trade secret" ? There are only two types of defenses that work in any criminal case. One is "I didn't do it" and the others is "I did it, but it was not illegal". Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:26 PM David, I've represented some illustrious individuals. I guess the most "badass" one was an Italian mob soldier charged with murders. Most of my clients are now white collar defendants, but I would not call them badass. 👀 1 Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:27 PM Trade secrets - the NY case I mentioned was The defendant in The defendant found Microsoft Windows source code on the Internet and attempted to sell it. United States v. Genovese. Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:29 PM He was indicted and moved to dismiss on the ground that he had every reason to believe the code had become publicly available when he found it online. The Court ruled, however, that a trade secret does not lose its protection under the EEA if it is temporarily, accidentally or illicitly released to the public, provided it does not become 'generally known' or 'readily ascertainable through proper means Linh Smooke Nov 26, 2021, 3:29 PM Thanks! Love how you answer that question. What was law school like? How long did it take you to get a job? What's your favorite part about your job and least favorite part for that matter? Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:32 PM Linh, I have many things to say about law school, not are flattering. To simply put it, I believe the law school system is a cash cow for the establishment that runs it. It does little to prepare you for the real life. In fact, I'm involved with a new project that will be called "Real Lawyers Talk", where this topic will be discussed 💯 2 Limarc Ambalina Nov 26, 2021, 3:40 PM After 15 years in the practice, do you feel that the current US judicial system is “broken”? IF so, how is it broken? Limarc Ambalina Nov 26, 2021, 3:42 PM If not, I’ll go ahead and say I think it is broken in the sense that a jury of random people with all their own biases of life should not decide the life or death or imprisonment of another. Is it not more just that a jury be made up of the wisest people in a population? But then you’d have to get into the whole discussion of what does it mean to be wise and how yoou would measure such a trait. Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:43 PM No, it's not broken. I think it's one the better systems that exist in the world. Obviously, it's not perfect,  and there are things that need to be corrected, but a perfect judicial system is a myth. We don't realize how good we have it compared to most other countries, even many EU countries Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:46 PM You're right, it would be better to be ruled and judged by wise rulers and judges. Unfortunately, even Plato did not live at the time of philosopher kings. So, I think, it's a myth Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:47 PM I think overall, you would have better chances with 12 random people who must vote unanimously to convict you than with a single judge or a panel of professional judges. Judges have biases too 💯 2 Limarc Ambalina Nov 26, 2021, 3:48 PM “Compared to most other countries, even many EU countries” - that’s particularly surprising to hear! Could you give an example of an EU country whose judicial system you don’t agree with? Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:53 PM For example, in Italy, citizens don't have the protections against search and seizure we enjoy here.  This goes all the way back to  Mussolini. Police can stop you in the middle of the street and check what's in your pockets or in your bag. Just an example. Their judicial process is seriously slanted against the defendant, when it comes to the rules of evidence, etc. Their prison conditions are so harsh that some US courts ruled that extradition of Italian criminals to Italy could violate the Convention Against Torture 😮 1 Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:55 PM In many countries you don't have the right to remain silent, to talk to your lawyer, etc. Police interactions with citizens can be much more aggressive than in the US, and I mean investigations, not violent interactions Jack Boreham Nov 26, 2021, 3:54 PM Norman Spencer it's great to have you with us. I wanted to ask you a quick question about healthcare law. So in the UK (not sure about the US), the government is making it compulsory to have a vaccine and work in our health service. If you don't get one, you lose your job. What do you think about this? Does it take away workers rights/freedoms? How does this fit in law? Would this be constitutional in the US? Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 3:59 PM Jack, this is a complicated question. I can't talk about the UK and the rest of the world, but here in the US there are mechanisms to check the government on state and federal level. So, practically, an attempt to make vaccination compulsory would not succeed here. So far, the government's vacination  mandate for companies employing more than 100 people has been ruled unconstitutional. Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 4:01 PM The government does have the interest in and the right to regulate public health, but the question is at which point this crosses the legitimate line and becomes tyranny. I guess we will wait and see how this plays out. Linh Smooke Nov 26, 2021, 4:13 PM Excited to learn more about all the (unflattering) things you’d have to say on law school. Next - what do you think about all the seemingly increase incidents of ransomware attacks on US soil (but also internationally)? As companies and citizens, what can we learn from a cybercrime expert to better protect ourselves? Norman Spencer Nov 26, 2021, 4:18 PM Ransomware attacks have been around for a long time and I don't think they are going away anytime soon. It's the new type of robbery and robbery is as old as the world. Nothing would offer complete protection, but some common sense would be helpful. Investing in a good cybersecurity system if you have anything to protect, for example. Limarc Ambalina Nov 26, 2021, 5:08 PM Thanks to Norman Spencer for all his time today. He is a busy man! So he cannot stick around for a full 48 hours and so we’ll be ending the AMA here. Thanks to everyone who joined and thanks so much again Norman for your thoughtful answers. I had these questions in my mind for a while and it was great to hear the answers from a seasoned lawyer such as yourself! See you around 💚 1

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Inside the Life of a Criminal Defense Lawyer with Norman Spencer

We have all been there, haven't we? If you haven't had your Twitter account suspended at least once, then you've missed all the fun of writing Toni-Braxton-Un-Break-My-Heart letters to Twitter Support. Jack himself, has been probably tagged a billion times. Now I know, in most of the cases it was nothing personal, just the good old Twitter algorithms. Let's dive in right away. Let's ask the question that's on everyone's lips. WHY? And, More Importantly, WHY NOW?! First, there was this "cryptic" tweet. Pay attention to the word cryptic because it's going to become very important for the whole why Jack hit the road story. Then, Jack simply tweeted his "technical" resignation letter. Now, here's an eye-browsing line from this letter: I want you all to know that this was my decision and I own it. You don't say. You own your decision, but according to Bloomberg, not your company. . Dorsey owns 2% of San Francisco-based Twitter, according to the company's 2021 proxy Both Jack and Twitter will be just fine. No sweat. No tears. The Twitter CTO is taking the wheel. When I had my own suspension episode, I asked a question here on Hacker Noon in 2020 that's still relevant: Did The Coronavirus Push Twitter Into Auto-Pilot Mode Or Is It Only Now That We're Noticing It? Talking about tweets that precede unfortunate events, let's go back to Jack. I think this one is to blame we couldn't see the forest for the threes. What Was That All About, Jack? Here's a to a lengthy article about Bitcoin, the dollar, the gold standard, the Treasury Bill standard, and especially about the US "Super Imperialism" that was so important to Jack, he had to share it with the world. link Long story short, the article is based on “ ,” a radical critique of the dollar-dominated world economy written by the financial historian and analyst . You don't have to guess twice what's the book about taking into consideration it was published "in 1972, one year after President Richard Nixon defaulted on the dollar and formally took the United States off of the gold standard for good." When you put it like this, it does sound like the end of the world (era), doesn't it? Super Imperialism Michael Hudson Fast forward 30 years, and you hit the headline that says it all: . BITCOIN VS. SUPER IMPERIALISM If governments kill bitcoin, and it continues its rise, then it stands a good chance to eventually be the next reserve currency. Will we have a world with bitcoin-backed fiat currencies, similar to the gold standard? Or will people actually use native Bitcoin itself — through the Lightning Network and smart contracts — to do all commerce and finance? Neither future is clear. cannot "Neither future is clear," but the article's conclusion is still an optimistic one: In the end, if such a course for humanity is set, and Bitcoin does eventually win, it may not be clear what happened: Did Bitcoin defeat super imperialism? Or did super imperialism defeat itself? Well... It's not the US Super Imperialism that we should worry about. BTC vs. CCP I know it's the old news, but the future has become much clearer now. China's central bank has announced that all transactions of crypto-currencies are illegal, effectively banning digital tokens such as Bitcoin. The BBC journalists summarized the implications that even a crypto-dummy, such as myself, can understand the consequences: China is one of the world's largest crypto-currency markets. Fluctuations there often impact the global price of crypto-currencies. In September 2019, China accounted for 75% of the world's Bitcoin energy use. By April 2021, . that had fallen to 46% Fast backward to the previous question: "Did Bitcoin defeat super imperialism?" I'm afraid that this is an incomplete question. Which super imperialism, the one on the West, or the one coming from the East? Uncle Sam Is (Not) To Blame The decentralized technology clashes with the government’s plans for a state-dominated economy—one that includes its own digital currency. Contrary to popular belief and disbelief, Uncle Sam can be surprisingly soft-hearted. Your words may be falling on deaf government ears, but at least, you can complain. One of many things my US friends take for granted. The "clash" that "was inevitable" , is not the clash of the titans. Kudos to Bitcoin, but the Chinese Communist Party is the "Thanos" of our world that's no longer new nor brave. Just ask John Cena how long does it take to grasp basic Mandarin. according to Wired Magazine Don't look surprised if or tweets any time soon: Xinhua News Agency New China News Agency And you (USA), what are you waiting for? And, while we're at it, tell Jack to get back to work.

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“I met someone online, and we met at a coffee shop for a date. Immediately after we got our coffee, he tried to get me into his car.  He said, “Why don’t we warm up in my car?” I said “‘No, I feel uncomfortable with that.’ He kept trying to find ways to get me into his car throughout the date and finally I was just, like, bye!” - An online dating experience relayed by a woman According to the ,“about a quarter of Americans (23%) say they have gone on a date with someone they first met through a dating site or app.” According to a survey conducted in 2019, “Three in ten U.S. adults say they have used an online dating site or app – including 11% who have done so in the past year.” With the COVID-19 Pandemic, these numbers had significantly increased. Pew Research Center According to this Fortune ,“In March 2020, Tinder recorded its highest number of swipes on a single day: 3 billion. From March to May 2020, OkCupid saw a 700% increase in dates.” Like it or not, online dating is part of current and future trends. It may be the way we do things now, but it does not come without risks. This piece discusses the dangers of online dating and what you can do about them. article How Dangerous is Online Dating? According to an article done by , online dating may not be a good experience for some. It can be dangerous. Predators can troll online dating sites looking for victims. 10 percent of sex offenders use dating sites and 10 percent of users on free dating apps are scammers. Sexual assaults linked to online dating have increased. Backgroundchecks.org How do US states rank in terms of safety? This article about online dating from backgroundchecks.org highlighted some research about the dangers of online dating in different US states. They crunched data from public records and used 6 variables to compute a danger index of online dating. They then compared all the US states that had available data to find the least and most dangerous states for online dating. The data is from 2017 and 2018. Of the 6 variables, 4 of the variables were combined into 1 variable called romance fraud while 2 other variables were: sexual assault crime statistics by state, sexually transmitted disease prevalence by state. The researchers assigned equal weights to these variables and computed a weighted average score for each state. The higher the danger score, the more dangerous it is. The article indicates that . Iowa and D.C. were excluded due to missing data The most dangerous states were those in which online dating might lead to getting scammed or lied to, or being physically harmed. The results from their study were that .  The reasons for this were that there was a high rate of romance fraud. There were 85 reported cases of romance fraud in 2018. In Alaska, people lost an estimated $1M to online dating scams at that time. Alaska is the most dangerous state for online dating , as it had the lowest danger score. Vermont reported just 25 cases of online fraud in 2018  and losses from dating scams that were under $130,000. The least dangerous state was Vermont Backgroundchecks.org mentioned that the states with the highest rates of being scammed, lied to or physically harmed while online dating were: Alaska Nevada California Florida Colorado The top 5 safest states for online dating were those where it was less likely for someone to be scammed, lied to or physically harmed according to the data. Vermont West Virginia Montana New Hampshire Maine Though this research is helpful to know, much of the online dating landscape has possibly changed due to the surge in online dating during the Pandemic. This research information may need to be taken with reservation. Ways to be safer while dating online While online dating can be fun and possibly lead to an enriching relationship, remember to put your safety first to avoid the dangers of dating online. Backgroundchecks.org also advises some tips to stay safe while dating online: Run a google search on your date.  Search by image and see if a person's image is attached to multiple identities.  If it is, then the date is likely a scam. Get a google voice number so that you do not have to give out your personal cell number. Run a background check before meeting someone. You can run a background check on backgroundchecks.org. Meet in a public space. Don't give out your address. Don’t drink a pre-ordered drink. If you arrive at a bar for a date and there is already a drink waiting for you, it's a big red flag. Order your own drinks and watch them being delivered. Have a bailout plan. Let a friend know where you are if you go on a date. Create a code word with a friend as an escape plan. Drive separately even if you are making multiple stops like from a restaurant to a movie theater. Riding together should wait until a relationship is established. Trust your gut. Don't ignore a bad feeling just to be polite. Safety is more important than good manners and should be your top priority. Protect yourself, but don’t give up on love Though it's wise to be careful, don’t be discouraged by the dangers of online dating. Lea Rose wrote in 2017 “I went to a wedding last year where the couple met on Tinder, I'm going to one this year where the couple met on OkCupid. Emery Hell, I met my girlfriend on Tinder and we've been together over a year and a half now. It may not be the way that people our age dreamed of meeting someone when we were kids, but now virtually everyone I know is on dating apps — and that's totally great! Sure, dating apps aren't perfect, but they do give you the opportunity to be exposed to a bigger pool of people.” Like anything worthwhile, online dating can have its drawbacks, but with safety precautions you can avoid the dangers of online dating.

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The Dangers of Online Dating 

Bitcoin is a digital, decentralized currency that has been criticized for its lack of anonymity. Due to its pseudonymous nature, Bitcoin transactions are not as anonymous as many people believe. However, Bitcoin users can opt for a more anonymous transaction by utilizing online Bitcoin mixing services. Note: I'm not a financial advisor or lawyer. What is Bitcoin mixing? Bitcoin mixing is the process of using a third party to break the link between a sending address and a receiving address. This is done through single or multiple rounds of mixing, which involves sending the coins to one mixer, waiting for them to return with different coins, then sending them to another mixer, and so on. This process allows two endpoints of a transaction that might otherwise be connected by examining the blockchain ledger to be obfuscated from each other. In this way, bitcoin mixers enable users to have greater privacy in their transactions. However, it hasn't escaped federal law enforcement's eyes that Bitcoin mixing has the properties of money laundering. Is Bitcoin mixing illegal in the U.S.? On paper, no. Bitcoin mixing is not illegal in the United States. However, there is a good chance that it will be considered an aspect of money laundering or another form of illegal activity if they can tie it to other evidence in an investigation. There are two reasons why Bitcoin mixing is not illegal in the U.S.: Firstly, bitcoin mixing does not involve any criminal intent, and secondly, bitcoin mixing services cannot link transactions with specific individuals because they mix different people's transactions, which makes it nearly impossible for authorities to identify those who are using these services. However, there are a few cases where bitcoin mixing was probably tied to a crime. For example, in 2013, the founder of Silk Road was arrested and accused of running an . underground drug marketplace Still, Bitcoin mixing isn't intrinsically evil. It's the user that makes it so. Crypto enthusiasts would argue Bitcoin mixing is a force for good because it increases user privacy. What is the best case for Bitcoin mixing? So, what is the best-case scenario for mixing? Bitcoin was designed to be a digital currency that does not depend on any government or organization. As a result, bitcoins can be sent from any point in the world to another without going through a central authority. Bitcoin mixing, also known as "Bitcoin tumbling," is a concept that allows you to do the following: Obtain bitcoins from one person and send them to another person without linking either transaction back to you. The mildest case for Bitcoin mixing is that it helps you maintain your anonymity and privacy when using Bitcoin as a means of payment for goods and services. Your finances should be your business. The government has already made us submit our personal information to banks. And the banks have failed us time and again. Yet, there are cases for bad actors to make Bitcoin mixing look like implicit illegal activity. What is the worst case for Bitcoin mixing? Bitcoin mixing is an essential tool for people who want to conceal their bitcoin transactions. However, there are some cases where bitcoin mixing is used in the wrong way. Let's take a look at some of the worst use cases for bitcoin mixing. One typical case of misusing bitcoin mixing is when someone tries to launder money or conceal criminal activity. This happens because bitcoins are not automatically traceable like dollars or euros, which makes it easier for criminals to hide the source of their wealth. Another common misuse of bitcoin mixing is when someone wants to buy drugs or other illegal substances without being caught. They might think that it will be easier if they mix their coins with other coins first before sending them through a chain of transactions until they eventually reach the seller's wallet. So, let's clarify the U.S. government's view of Bitcoin mixing. What is the U.S. government's stance on Bitcoin mixing? The U.S. government's stance on Bitcoin mixing is unclear, but it has taken steps to recommend the regulation of the currency and other similar ones. These steps include: The IRS has clarified that Bitcoin is a property for tax purposes and will be taxed accordingly. That means that if you buy something with Bitcoin, you may have to pay capital gains tax on any appreciation in the currency's value. The CFTC has granted Bitcoin derivatives the status of a commodity, which means that futures contracts based on Bitcoin can trade on an exchange such as CME or CBOE without running afoul of regulatory restrictions against unregistered securities trading. Congress held hearings to learn more about cryptocurrencies and whether they could be regulated to protect investors and prevent illicit financial transactions. So, the government is keenly focused on cryptocurrency activity. But is it out of concern or control? What is the best-case scenario the U.S. government wants to crack down on Bitcoin mixing? The best-case scenario that the U.S. government wants to crack down on bitcoin mixing is to stop being a viable way to launder money. That's because, with bitcoin mixing, people can clean their money by laundering it through a digital currency platform or service without detection by regulators or law enforcement organizations. If the government wants something done about cryptocurrencies and wants it done fast, then cracking down on cryptocurrency mixing is probably not the right way to go about that. But, it is no surprise that the U.S. government and their agencies are relentlessly pursuing Bitcoin mixing and the blockchain technology that enables them to exist in this day and age. Therefore, it is vital to consider all possible use cases for Bitcoin mixing, including its use in cybercrime, illicit activities, money laundering, terrorism financing, etc. The U.S. government can be seen as a champion for preserving the financial system's integrity by ensuring that such an essential part of our economy does not become a haven for criminal activity or terrorist financing. But criminal activity in cryptocurrency is small compared to fiat. So, what's another reason for the government's focus? What is the worst-case scenario the U.S. government wants to crack down on Bitcoin mixing? The U.S. government is cracking down on Bitcoin mixing because it is afraid of losing control of the people. They have been trying to regulate Bitcoin for a long time now, and they have so far been unsuccessful, so this may be another tactic to try and control the population through fear. The U.S. government is on Bitcoin mixing because they want to keep a tight grip on the populace adopting this new technology at a rapid pace. However, with the fall of centralized banking institutions around the world, more and more people are turning to cryptocurrencies as an alternative way of storing their money and transferring it from one place to another without dealing with any middlemen or fees that come with that process. cracking down There are comprising our government today, with over . Some of which have political ties. Do you believe the government has your best interest at heart? 629 departments 1.5 million NGOs After hearing all of this, if Bitcoin mixing for privacy seems too risky, what are your options? What are the alternatives to Bitcoin mixing? Many people are looking for alternatives to bitcoin mixing due to the high volume of people caught by law enforcement agencies. For example, Monero is an alternative cryptocurrency with all of its transactions anonymous and untraceable by law enforcement agencies. Another alternative is Zcash which provides transactional privacy, anonymity, and fungibility through . zero-knowledge cryptography Of course, there are other choices available when looking for an alternative cryptocurrency that users can use for bitcoin mixing purposes. These include Dash, Litecoin, and PIVX - all of these cryptocurrencies provide anonymity to various degrees while also having faster transaction times than Bitcoin's. But, stay vigilant. The U.S. government has its eye on privacy coins too. Does the U.S. government have privacy coins in their crosshairs too? The U.S. government is interested in privacy coins and is using its authority to regulate and monitor them. The U.S. government has been very interested in cryptocurrency for a few years now, but they have yet to take any real action with it until recently. Finally, the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) has taken notice of privacy coins and released recommended regulations. The FinCEN regulations would require all exchanges that deal with privacy coins to register as a Money Services Business (MSB). And maintain customer records just like other financial institutions do with fiat currency exchanges, which would make it easier for the U.S. government to track the transactions of people using these currencies on the dark web or abroad without any regulation by local authorities. Also, other NGO forces are aiding in the investigation of "illicit" activity such as Chainalysis. Is Chainalysis a good guy or a bad guy in the eyes of cryptocurrency enthusiasts? is a company that provides information on cryptocurrency wallets, transactions, and the people behind them. People have different opinions about this company. Some people think that Chainalysis is doing great work to enforce AML and KYC policies in the cryptocurrency space. The other side of the argument claims that Chainalysis could undermine financial privacy by providing personal identity information to governments. Chainalysis help the government The good thing about Chainalysis is that it has developed a tool for users to determine if someone has been using their wallets without their permission, which can help with fraud prevention. The bad thing about Chainalysis is that it does not have to provide anonymity for customers under investigation because governments can compel them, violating customers' rights and infringing on personal privacy. Conclusion Bitcoin pseudonymity is highly desirable for many reasons, but Bitcoin mixing remains in a legal gray area, making it difficult to use. Legal regulations are still catching up to the rapid changes in the world of cryptocurrency. However, the government is not asleep at the wheel. They want to get Bitcoin and other cryptos under control. The more control individuals have, the less they need their government. And the U.S. government's goals are maintenance of power, not social well-being. If it were me, I would steer clear of Bitcoin mixing for now and use privacy coins if it's important to you.

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Bitcoin Mixing Legalities: Why Governments are Cracking Down

Heyo Hackers! October has been a great month! This Fall, we received some superb #decentalized-internet stories, and now it is time to celebrate our contributors. ALL HAIL TO DECENTRALIZATION! That's why HackerNoon has partnered with (Now Everscale), to give away monthly prizes to the best HackerNoon stories! Free Ton #Decentralized-Internet Here's how you can participate in the decentralized internet writing contest: on HackerNoon. Set up an account the . Check out Decentralized Internet Writing Competition's rules and submit it with as one of the tags. Pen your story #Decentralized-Internet So, are you one of the winners of #Decentralized-Internet writing contest for the month of October? 👀 Let's find out. Top 15 Nominations As usual, we picked all the stories on HackerNoon, published in October 2021. Then we chose the top 15 stories using weightage respectively to: tagged with #Decentralized-Internet 60:30:10 Number of hours read Number of people reached Freshness of the content Here is the list of our top 15 contenders: by by $SHIB: My Journey Through the Deepest Recesses and High Command of a $10 Billion Decentralized Army @jayderenthal IOTA vs. IoTeX: The Battle of the IoT Blockchains @dean by Why The Metaverse will be Bigger than Facebook and Google Combined @mickey-maler by How To Own A Piece Of The New Web With Web 3.0 @kadeemclarke by by by How The Metaverse Relies on The Data Economy @kiba Learn the Blockchain Basics With Sovryn: An Outline @mickey-maler 3 Best Cross-Chain Solutions To Use In 2021/2022 @andreyaks by The Evolution of Crypto Fundraising: IDO as an Alternative? @golubev by by MetaHistory: Memoirs of a UMN Genesis Citizen @boubbhastories Can the NFT Save the Digital Magazine? @alfredodecandia by Metaverse: The Gateway to an Alternate Reality @falconite by Tavern Lecture Two: A Fantastical Discourse on NFTs, Tokens, Milk, and an Inebriated NFT Avatar @phantasee by WTF is The Fediverse? @hellquist by Media Freedom: Using Decentralization to Win the Social Struggle @gabrieldotorg by The Ultimate Guide to Web 3.0 - The History and Future of the Web @suhail Voting! We created a poll in HackerNoon's writing contest channel and asked the editors to vote. This time, there was a tie between the top three stories! Each of these three got 15% of the votes. So we decided to rank them according to their overall score. Winners And the are winners Drumroll 🥁 by won the first position and 1500 TON crystals. How To Own A Piece Of The New Web With Web 3.0 @kadeemclarke The world has seen lots of inventions and innovations, but the introduction of the internet has been so far one of the greatest gifts to humanity. Web 3 is the latest wave of the internet that is already changing how users utilize and interact with the web. In the second place, we have by How The Metaverse Relies on The Data Economy @kiba Congratulations! You have won 1000 TON crystals! The Metaverse isn't just built on the Data Economy, . Data-centric, chain-agnostic frameworks are what truly create the Metaverse and bring value to its experiences. The more Metaverse projects and blockchain games utilize these data-services the more exciting, innovative products they will be able to provide to their users. They will also be reducing the amount of technical infrastructure and overhead they will have to maintain by outsourcing it to decentralized protocols which frees their resources to invest into more R&D making them more competitive in the market and ensuring their success. the Data Economy is the Metaverse Last but not the least, we have by The Ultimate Guide to Web 3.0 - The History and Future of the Web @suhail has won 500 TON crystals! @suhail Web 3's network is decentralized, meaning it is not controlled by a single organization, and the decentralized applications (apps) created on top of it are open. On that note, let’s close the announcement. The competition will last till the end of this year. See the . Remember, decentralization is for everyone. rules here EVERYONE CAN PARTICIPATE! See y'all next month! Please contact to claim your prize money. hang@hackernoon.com Note: . Free TON has now rebranded as Everscale

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Technology has a huge impact on our everyday lives, especially for traders. From the moment you wake up (to check how the market behaved overnight), to the moment you go back to sleep (to check how markets will open on the other side of the world), technology plays a huge role in ensuring that every trader has the necessary tools and resources to create a successful career. Advanced technology has been the key factor in transforming the way things are done, especially for financial markets. It is the core of how traders operate and maintain their competitive edge in a cutthroat financial market environment. In this digital age, trading continues to evolve due to innovative technology. Here are a few things that have become very useful for traders due to technological innovation. 1. Ease of Access After numerous surveys, it has become clear that industry experts and players agree that technology has made trading more accessible to people across the world. Both private and retail traders have access to financial markets and equal opportunity to participate in the industry. This has been very well received because a few years back, only institutional players could trade. According to Kara Ordaway, a financial markets analyst, technology has streamlined trading and opened doors to the masses, giving the necessary tools of the trade to professionals and non-professionals alike. Anyone who has an internet connection, regardless of their location, can now access live streaming prices and manage their own portfolio. Stephen Innes, a senior currency trader and FX broker, expressed a similar view. According to him, FX trading gained significant traction after the financial crisis of 2008 and it is definitely flourishing now. This is quite a significant change due to the accessibility because Electronic FX trading has been in vogue for the past decade. While trading used to be the domain of institutional and corporate players, retail and private investors can now make it an essential component of their overall portfolio. This has been made possible due to the ease of access and price transparency offered on the electronic platform. 2. Competitive Landscape Technology has forced brokers and platform providers to continuously offer more and make the trading experience easier. As a result, providers are always adding new features and building more changes to their platforms to attract and retain clients. Before increased competition, candlestick charts were a feature that was just good to have but today, a charting platform is especially important for every trading platform for traders to do . long and short position trading These small but significant changes have over time transformed trading as we know it, making it easier for professional and non-professional traders to analyze financial markets and make any decisions they deem fit. This competitive landscape has made it possible for traders to have access to numerous tools and resources that would have previously been impossible to access. 3. Freedom and Flexibility for Traders Technology has ensured that traders have more freedom. Today, traders can monitor their trades from anywhere as long as they have an internet connection. This gives them more freedom, mobility, and flexibility to work from any location they please, as well as run other businesses. It is also important to consider the amount of information that traders have access to today. Financial markets are affected by numerous factors, and when traders have access to information at all times, then it becomes easier for them to study the markets and make a profit. Information and data can be expensive, but technology has leveled the playing field by making information and market data instantly accessible and available. 4. Faster and Automated execution The efficiency of automation has really benefited financial markets and the trading industry. Automation has brought significant changes to what used to be a manually intensive transaction-based process. Faster and automated execution has eliminated the need for dealer intervention, which means that there is little to no chance of traders missing trades. On today’s platforms, the dealing procedure has been fully automated, therefore reducing the need for big teams of dealers to manage trades. For the trader, automation means that they have access to expert advisors, which is slowly becoming the norm in the trading industry. With automated trading, traders can walk away and let their strategies play out, therefore reducing emotion leads to trading. Faster and automated execution has changed the trading landscape because most platforms offer different types of orders that can be pre-set and triggered automatically when certain conditions are favorable. So has technology made swing trading easier? Swing trading is a trading style where positions are held overnight and can be held for days or weeks as long as the trade goes in the expected direction for profits. Using the , traders can exit the market with small profits before a huge trend shift. As such, it is very important for swing traders to stay on top of market trends. This has been made easier by technology because traders can use charting to keep track of the market regardless of time or location, as long as they have a reliable internet connection. best indicators for swing trading Swing trading comprises numerous strategies and behaviors. Traders who opt for swing trading operate with larger time frames and are not interested in short-term price volatility. As such, swing trading indicators are essential for swing traders to assess financial markets. Indicators are essential in helping traders figure out whether the trend is bullish or bearish, and these indicators are imperative to determining the entry and exit points. For traders, having this information is very important because it affects the profits one gets. Here are three important swing trading indicators: : these are the indicators that show the direction in which the market is going. They are used to smooth price volatility to highlight the primary trend. The most well-known trend indicator is moving averages. 1. Trend indicators : these are the indicators that are used to show how strong a trend is and whether a trader might expect a reversal. Momentum indicators can also show overbought or oversold levels. The most well-known momentum indicator is the Relative Strength Index (RSI). 2. Momentum indicators : these indicators show how many traders are buying or selling an asset at any given time. 3. Volume indicators With indicators, swing trading becomes easier to navigate. However, not every indicator works for every swing trader. Here are the best swing trading indicators: Best Swing Trading Indicators These indicators are considered the best because they are simple and give efficient trading signals. However, it is important to note that these indicators do not guarantee consistent profits, but they can be used to help traders to better visualize the past and the present. 1. Relative Strength Index (RSI) This indicator can be found under the category of Oscillators on your chart. It calculates the magnitude of the latest price changes and traders mostly use it to determine overbought or oversold levels of an asset. With the ever-evolving trading platforms, technology has made it easy to check the RSI within a few minutes. Therefore, making it easier for traders to make effective trading decisions without relying on gut feelings or emotions. 2. Moving Average The moving average is used to calculate the average of an asset’s price movement over a given period of time. As such, it is important to note this indicator relies on past price actions and it is very useful in helping traders to determine trends instead of predicting future moves. 3. Bollinger Band This is a momentum indicator that consists of two standard deviations (a positive and a negative one) and a moving average. This indicator is a favorite among swing traders because it quickly detects a trend, the volatility, and overbought and oversold levels. Bollinger bands work well in trending markets, but they can also be useful where the price ranges. Using today’s technology, traders can easily see financial market trends and predict future moves based on history.  The Bollinger band is a simple indicator that can be easily used on various charts as long as the trader has access to the internet. 5. Volume Although most beginners ignore this indicator, swing traders use volume to see how many traders are buying or selling an asset at any given time. Although it may seem irrelevant, it is common knowledge in the trading landscape that the higher the volume, the stronger the trend. This offers insight into how robust a newly formed trend is. Technology has really transformed the trading landscape by making it easier for all kinds of traders to have access to the best indicators in order to ensure their success. Although most traders find it normal to have access to critical information and data, this was not the case years ago. The continued evolution is expected to make trading easier and more profitable for anyone who is interested. Given the right tools and resources, anyone can easily regardless of the financial market they choose. become a successful trader

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How Technology is Useful to Swing Traders

Aave is a decentralized money lending protocol that has recently gained traction, having released a workable solution. In this article, we’ll review its peculiarities, some key milestones in its development, and share predictions on where it could be heading in the near future. DeFi What Is Aave? Aave is a decentralized system of smart contracts running on the Ethereum blockchain. It allows users to create money markets and earn interest by lending and borrowing cryptocurrencies in a trustless manner. The Aave ecosystem consists of the Aave protocol, AAVE holders, liquidity providers, Ethereum and DeFi wallet partners, developers, and projects contributing to Aave. This variety of products is powered by the native token — AAVE. Aave Protocol The most significant integral aspect of the Aave system is its open-source liquidity protocol launched on January 8, 2020. It was created with the goals of unlocking capital from smart contracts, improving capital flow within the DeFi ecosystem, and empowering the community to make decisions. The key features of Aave Protocol 2.0 are Flash Loans, aTokens, credit delegation, fixed-rate deposits, rate switching, and Aave Governance. Let’s review each of them in detail. . aTokens are interest-bearing tokens that are minted upon deposits and burned upon redemption. They accrue interest directly to borrowers. To reduce transaction costs in Aave 2.0, aToken has integrated the EIP-2612 proposal which allows for payment of fees with ERC-20 tokens without gas approvals. aTokens . It allows a depositor to earn additional funds by delegating a credit line to someone they trust. In this way, a depositor can use the Aave Protocol to earn interest without needing to borrow. Those who get credit lines are allowed to draw funds from a special Credit Delegation vault. To protect funds, parties use an application called OpenLaw to sign terms and conditions agreements. Credit Delegation (CD) . This model was implemented to protect borrowers from the interest rate volatility. It allows them to switch between fixed and variable interest rates. Rate switching . Deposited cryptocurrencies supported by Aave are available for trading even when they’re used as collateral. Users are also provided with margin trading, which allows them to take long and short leveraged positions, and enables liquidity providers to increase the weight of their deposits. Trading functionalities . Aave governance was released to enable AAVE token holders to delegate their votes to other addresses. To participate in Aave governance, voters can sign messages from their cold wallets. Governance How Does Aave Work? The Aave protocol allows users to earn interest on their digital assets and to borrow crypto tokens in the form of stable-rate loans, variable-rate loans and Flash Loans. It offers more than 15 cryptocurrencies for lending and borrowing, including DAI, ETH, LINK, USDT, and AAVE. Lending Lenders provide liquidity by depositing funds that are collected into liquidity pools. Each pool sets assets aside as reserves to hedge against volatility. To avoid possible liquidity issues, Aave has set up liquidity pools on Balancer and Uniswap so lenders can redeem their funds at any time. Borrowing Similar to other Ethereum-based DeFi lending systems, Aave supports the concept of overcollateralized loans. This means that to borrow assets, users must first lock up collateral that exceeds the borrowed amount by 50–75%. This protects the funds in the protocol in case users cannot repay their loans. It is important that borrowers maintain the collateralization ratio. Otherwise, their collateral is automatically sold or liquidated to repay the loan. Any interest earned by investing helps offset the interest rate accrued through loans. aTokens Regardless of whether deposits are intended for lending or borrowing, users get interest-earning aTokens in exchange — which are pegged 1:1 to the value of the underlying asset. Each aToken is based on one crypto asset. For example, depositing ETH gives users aETH tokens. Such aTokens can be freely stored, transferred and traded. This exchanging mechanism allows borrowers to access various cryptocurrencies without owning them. Lenders have the opportunity to continuously earn interest on deposited assets. Interest rates depend on the currency, its lending supply, borrowing demand and the utilization rate. In addition, aToken holders receive a percentage of fees accrued from Aave’s Flash Loans mechanism. Flash Loans What makes Aave unique is that it allows customers to take instant loans without any collateral via Flash Loans, a borrowing mechanism primarily intended for developers. A Flash Loan is made on the condition that the principal amount must be repaid within a single Ethereum transaction. In case the loan is not returned to the pool on time, the transaction gets reversed. This guarantees the safety of the funds in the reserve pool, and nobody takes a risk. A Flash Loan requires a 0.09% fee and is completed within a 13-second period. Flash Loans can be used for the following purposes: Arbitrage Refinancing loans Self-liquidation Generating trading profits Swapping cryptocurrencies automatically Collateral swapping Regardless of the purpose, the payback mechanism is protected by the code, which contributes to the overall security of the system. This feature also allows users to borrow and lend funds without having to rely on any third party. Aave vs. Compound: Similarities and Differences Compound Finance and Aave have been the largest DeFi lending platforms (and the largest competitors) since the launch of the Aave protocol. At first glance, they look much the same. However, there are some significant differences between them. Here’s what Compound and Aave have in common: Based on the same concept Offer overcollateralized cryptocurrency lending Allow earning interest on deposits Have governance tokens ERC-20 tokens represent underlying assets Despite their similarities, a few key points set Compound and Aave apart. Among these differences are the following: Aave’s most notable distinctive feature is uncollateralized Flash Loans. Aave offers a wider range of tokens for borrowing and lending: 15+ as compared with 9 assets on Compound. Aave offers both stable and variable interest rates, with the rate switching service, while Compound provides only variable ones. Aave’s percentage on the collateral is higher: it permits borrowers to receive 75%, whereas Compound gives 66%. Compound has, on average, lower lending rates and borrowing fees than Aave. Compound is easier for beginners to use and navigate. To encourage participation, Compound gives lenders and borrowers COMP token fractions every few seconds. In general, Aave’s unique features and higher payout options make it a more viable solution than Compound. Aave Token The Aave platform is powered by the AAVE token (formerly known as LEND), based on the ERC-20 standard. It was created to encourage users to manage and develop the Aave ecosystem by voting and staking their tokens. LEND was the native token of Aave from 2017 to 2020, when the migration to the new currency began. LEND has been swapped for AAVE 100:1. The total coin supply was converted from 1.3 billion LEND to 16 million AAVE. 13 million AAVE tokens were issued, to be redeemed by LEND token holders, and 3 million tokens are held in the Aave ecosystem reserve to stimulate protocol growth. at a rate of AAVE tokens are designed to be deflationary. About 80% of platform fees are used by the protocol. In order to increase the token value, coins collected from fees are burned. Users can buy AAVE from exchanges, or earn tokens by depositing or taking out a loan. The coins can be stored in any Ethereum-compatible wallet, such as MyEtherWallet or MetaMask. AAVE Token Functions The AAVE token has several functions and advantages, which include: AAVE holders and borrowers get a fee discount for platform transactions if they use AAVE as collateral. Fee reductions. AAVE tokens can be staked within the Safety Module protocol to provide insurance to depositors. Stakers earn staking rewards and protocol commissions. Staking. . Users are allowed to propose platform changes. Proposing . Aave provides its holders with protocol-level governing rights, used to decide on Aave Improvement Proposals (AIPs), new features, and future protocol updates. Voting In addition, if AAVE holders pay commissions by using AAVE, they can further examine loans before they’re released to the general public. Borrowers are not charged with fees if they take out loans denominated in the AAVE token. The History of Aave In November 2017, Stani Kulechov established a peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platform, ETHLend, in response to the lack of loan applications on Ethereum. Since then, some important events have transpired in the ecosystem. November 2017: ICO for ETHLend token (LEND) raises 16.2 million USD. September 2018: ETHLend undergoes rebranding to Aave, integrating a wider variety of platform features. January 8, 2020: ETHLend stops operating and the Aave protocol goes live on the , changing the company strategy from P2P lending to pool-based. mainnet July 2020: The Aave platform upgrades its protocol’s internal economics, with a focus on security. September 2020: Initial phase of “Aavenomics” and swapping LEND for the newly minted AAVE token begin. December 2020: Aave Protocol V2 is launched. The upgrade includes gas optimizations, credit delegation and liquidity mining. As the project continues to evolve, major new milestones can be expected in the future. AAVE Price History AAVE’s price history begins with the 2017 ICO when LEND was sold at a rate of $0.0162 per coin. Since then, the token’s value has been steadily increasing. October 2020 began with the price at $53.49 per coin, which then grew steadily, reaching $84.31 at the end of December 2020. AAVE’s unique selling points picked up from the crypto market as the protocol is self-sustaining to allow “flash loans” with uncollateralized loan options in the DeFi space as long as it’s paid back within the same transaction. As the demand for DeFi increases, AAVE became more valuable and eventually leads to its all-time high of $666.86 on May 18, 2021. However, the trend declined and AAVE retracted and was trading at a consolidation price of $220 to $315 range. Currently, AAVE is trading at $384.79 three months after its all-time high. It’s showing a positive trend, but will it sustain in the long run? What Is the Future of AAVE? The future of AAVE looks really bright at the moment. The global crypto has grown incredibly, reaching more than $1.7 trillion. We can therefore assume that the hype around digital assets will not diminish and that the need for online borrowing in the form of cryptocurrencies will only increase. Since AAVE is one of the most exciting projects in the DeFi industry, we believe it will play a crucial role in this niche. market capitalization Price Predictions In a highly volatile cryptocurrency market, it’s difficult to say if a token is a good long-term investment. However, some experts and analysis services are trying to predict the future of AAVE based on information from various sources. predicts a price of $928 for early 2022 and $1,637 for the end of the year. This would mean a 344% increase, which they believe will be followed by a two-year decrease to $375 in 2025. The Economic Forecast Agency predicts that December 2021 will end with a price of $627, increasing to $756 in 2023. By 2025, 1 AAVE will cost $1,347. Digitalcoin expects a long-term increase, with a price prognosis of $5,468 for 2026, expecting revenue around +1,379.6% with a 5-year investment. Walletinvestor According to , 2021 will end with AAVE’s price at $477, followed by a further increase during 2022–24, with the price fluctuating between $800–$1,190. TradingBeasts We can see that many analysts are optimistically expecting the coin’s price to increase, with profits between 300% and 3,000%. Price Factors AAVE’s price is affected by different factors. The first one is the growth of the overall crypto market capitalization, which means increasing currencies adoption. The second factor is the hype around the DeFi sector, in which Aave is one of the most promising projects. Its leadership in the field of “flash loans” also counts. Another factor influencing AAVE’s value is coin burning, which lowers the supply and serves as a positive price driver. Besides, token price, usage and popularity are tied to the adoption of the Aave platform by users, as well as the success of assets it lists. The Bottom Line AAVE represents a great solution for those who want to lend or borrow funds without having to rely on a bank or any other centralized financial institution. This decentralized approach, together with all of the processes guarded by the code, makes this platform transparent and secure. As the demand for such solutions has only been growing over the past few years, the capitalization of Aave’s project is also expected to grow, together with the price of the coin fueling the platform, which makes it a very good investment indeed. This article is intended for and only to be used for reference purposes only. No such information provided through Bybit constitutes advice or a recommendation that any investment or trading strategy is suitable for any specific person. These forecasts are based on industry trends, circumstances involving clients, and other factors, and they involve risks, variables, and uncertainties. There is no guarantee presented or implied as to the accuracy of specific forecasts, projections, or predictive statements contained herein. Users of this article agree that Bybit does not take responsibility for any of your investment decisions. Please seek professional advice before trading. Disclaimer:

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Nominated for 2022 - HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - Fintech

The Foolproof 7-Step Process for Hiring the Best Software Developer

The machine learning is one of the most important parts of any machine learning project. It is also the most crucial part because it determines the success rate of the entire model. The goal here is to give you an understanding of how the machine learning pipeline works, and how data pre-processing, different machine learning techniques, and project management are all intertwined. workflow Moreover, the sole purpose of any reliable and efficient ML workflow is to automate the whole pipeline. This way we don't need to worry about time-consuming manual work that usually takes up most of our time when dealing with big datasets. With this approach, we only need to focus on the big picture and not on all these tiny pieces. An important aspect to always bear in mind when building your ML workflow is to that would allow you to scale up to a production-grade solution. When developing a machine learning process, you must first describe the project and then identify an approach that works. start building small and consolidate a flexible workflow In this piece, we’ll be introducing the stages of a Machine Learning workflow from the very ground up to a production-ready scalable solution. And along the way, we’ll provide a general overview of some of the best solutions and products that enable efficient workflow building. Evaluate Your Problem Take some time to think about the problem you're attempting to solve before you start thinking about how to tackle it with ML. Usually, a set of three fundamental questions are to be answered before proving the need for ML: Have you clearly stated and defined your problem? When using ML to discover patterns in data, there are several ways that may be used. It's critical to specify the information you're looking to extract from the model and why you need it. A general schema for problem definitions can be well-suited in this context, for example: Make a formal and informal description of the problem, Create a list of assumptions about the problem and its phrasing, Think of a set of problems that share some similarities with your problem and see what was the adopted solution in each case. Is ML the right fit for your context? You should only consider utilizing ML for your problem if you have a large quantity of data to train your model on. There are no hard and fast rules on how much data is enough. Each feature added to your model increases the number of instances required to successfully train the model. And one important question to ask yourself when implementing an ML pipeline is whether you have the right data infrastructure to gain the most value out of investing in Data Science. Finally, how can you measure your model’s success? One of the most difficult aspects of developing an ML model is determining when the model development process is complete. It's tempting to keep tweaking the model indefinitely, deriving little increases in accuracy. Before you begin the process, you need to understand what success entails. Consider the amount of precision that is appropriate for your needs. Consider the implications of the appropriate amount of inaccuracy. Data Engineering Data preprocessing is the most critical step in a machine learning workflow. It is done before training and testing the model. Typically, data engineers integrate data from various sources, while data integrators combine multiple sources of data into one. Data engineers are responsible for both of these tasks. Data preprocessing is the process of converting messy, inconsistent data into a format that is more easily explored and analyzed. It involves cleaning up missing values, finding patterns in data sets, and transforming variables to be more meaningful to users. Typically, a Data Engineering pipeline is required to supply training and testing datasets for machine learning algorithms. Data collection utilizing multiple frameworks and formats such as Spark, HDFS, CSV, and so on. Data Ingestion: The process of re-formatting certain characteristics and addressing data issues such as . Data Wrangling: missing value imputation The process of the Data Engineering pipeline, in which each data point is assigned to a certain category. Data Labeling: for use in the basic machine learning steps of creating the ML model. Data Segregation: Dividing the data into training, validation, and test datasets Model Engineering Model engineering involves the design and development of models for a particular purpose. This includes defining a specific problem and evaluating a number of possible solutions. Model engineering is the core part of the whole workflow and requires the data science team to create the best fit model by specifying new operations and methods or by applying known ML techniques. In a classical pipeline, ML engineering involves: Model training, Model evaluation, Model testing, Model packaging and deployment. However, if we were to detail in each section we would find other important steps that strengthen the reliability of our workflow, like, for example: ML Tracking and Debugging Model debugging investigates ML response functions and decision boundaries to find and rectify errors in accuracy, fairness, security, and other aspects of ML systems. A large portion of the ML training code is executed on clusters or in the cloud. When running a distributed training task on a cluster, the primary approach to tracking progress is to instruct your code to produce logs and put them in a centralized location for analysis. There are great tools that can help you monitor and keep track of your ML engineering: : Tool that helps you track and monitor all the stages of your ML training and testing. It also helps you compare different runs and versions of your model so that you can always pick the optimal version. Neptune.ai : Comet, like Neptune, is intended to help data scientists track and manage their research. Comet : Combines data lineage with enterprise-engineered end-to-end pipelines on Kubernetes. Pachyderm : An all-in-one machine learning platform for developing and deploying AI models at scale. Cnvrg.io Model Deployment Deployment of models is a process that takes the trained models and loads them into production for use, sometimes focusing on security or privacy concerns. This has become a popular topic lately due to recent . privacy issues and breaches involving big tech companies The deployment also includes model packaging, which is just what it sounds like - taking information from an ML model and repackaging it for easy . Model packaging can include any extra flags, metadata, or other information needed to ensure compatibility with downstream systems. ingestion by downstream systems Model serving is often used in conjunction with deployment to ensure that models are accessible by applications on demand. Model performance monitoring allows us to examine how well our ML models are performing over time while interacting with various data sets in production environments. Model serving can be operated in different forms: Web-Based Model Serving A web-based framework is a code library that provides common principles for constructing dependable, scalable, and maintainable online applications, making web development faster, more efficient, and easier. The functionality of common web-based frameworks includes: The objective is to evaluate the data before saving the form if it requires input. Input handling and validation: The routing method is used to map the URL straight to the code that finally builds the web pages. URL Routing: Object Relational Mapping allows for persistent data modification and database connection setting (ORM). Database connection: Cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), SQL Injection, and other harmful threats are all protected by frameworks. Web Security and Protection: 4 Awesome Web-Based Frameworks for Model Serving Flask Django Fast API Pyramid End-to-end MLOps platforms MLOps enables you and your company to grow capacity in a production environment to produce faster and more efficient outcomes, producing considerable value. Data Science and Machine Learning initiatives fail because they lack a proper framework and architecture to support model construction, deployment, governance, and monitoring. To succeed, data science team members such as Data Scientists, DevOps Engineers, Data Analysts, Data Architects, and Data Engineers must collaborate to productize ML algorithms and deploy them at scale. The most important functionalities that come right out of the bow when going for an MLOps platform are: Data pipeline management and model versioning, Model and experiment versioning, Hyperparameter tuning and optimization, Model monitoring in a production setting. Of course, there are a lot of companies that propose MLOps solutions, but the most reliable ones that really provide a scalable environment are: Google Kube Flow Tensorflow Extended and Tensorflow Lite Azure Machine Learning Model performance monitoring is also important for any organization deploying AI models because it provides insights into how well-deployed algorithms are doing in meeting your business objectives and KPIs. It’s important that organizations maintain a balance between model deployment, performance monitoring, and model management activities. If you let your deployed algorithms operate without any supervision then you will not be able to determine how well they are performing in meeting Final Thoughts Machine Learning is a very complex and vast topic. It can be difficult to decide which ML tool to use for your project. In this article, I tried to provide you with a variety of tools and their features that might help you decide on the right ML workflow for your project. We hope this article helped you decide on the right ML packings tool. However, before starting any serious project in ML, I highly encourage you to consult professionals that will hopefully carry you through the pros and cons of implementing a scalable ML workflow in your particular context and production scenario. With all that being said, below are some interesting references that you might want to consult for further acquaintance with the topic. , Workflow of a Machine Learning project An insightful blog from Google on , ML Workflow . Packaging ML Models: Web Frameworks and MLOps

How to Create an End-to-end Machine Learning Workflow

HackerNoon Tech Stories Archive November 30th, 2021

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