As the Ethereum 2.0 upgrade is again delayed until July, following a year-long series of delays, are other programmable blockchains using this opportunity to gain traction amid skyrocketing ETH Gas fees? What Can Developers Do to Alleviate ETH Gas Fee Woes? If you want to avoid exorbitant fees by using Ethereum’s many DeFi protocols, NFT marketplaces or stablecoin transfers to fiat money, there is not much an ordinary user can do. In February this year, the ETH Gas price was at an all-time-high of an incredible ~$40 per transaction, which would put even the most backward and greedy bank to shame. Source: ycharts.com April’s ETH Gas price of $13 is more affordable but still extremely high. Let us remember that all throughout 2018, 2019 and 2020 it was a rarity for ETH Gas fees to go above $5 per transaction. Needless to say, this represents a major stumbling block if the vision of an alternative financial system in the form of DeFi is to come to fruition. As of now, if you are a developer and want to avoid this debilitating pricing friction, you could make a workaround by deploying an Ethereum sidechain, either Matic or xDai: , with its MATIC Proof-of-Stake (PoS) token, is a Layer 2 scaling solution for the Ethereum Network, executing nearly instantaneous transactions. It makes use of the hierarchical Plasma framework with which developers can build dApps. Plasma is its own network of EVM-enabled sidechains that significantly improves the scalability by reducing the number of interactions between sidechains and the main Ethereum chain. Recently, Matic has become part of the Polygon network — Ethereum’s internet of blockchains. Matic , with its xDAI stablecoin tethered to USD, has the best of both worlds — fast transaction speeds and low transaction costs. This stable sidechain also uses tokens, both of which employ PoS consensus. xDAI is used for transactions and fees, while STAKE is its governance token which utilizes . While it is technically independent from Ethereum, it does rely on it to convert DAI into xDAI. xDai TokenBridge Architecture Whether you choose xDai or Matic to deploy your dApp in order to avoid high Gas fees, you can then deploy it to . This is the recently delayed scaling solution that has been postponed until July 2021, which is supposed to launch on Ethereum’s Public Mainnet. Optimism Layer 2 once it unrolls Which Protocols Could Actually Replace Ethereum? While it’s always good to know which workarounds are at your disposal, they do not make for mainstream smart contract adoption. More importantly, both xDai and Matic are dependent on Ethereum. Let’s say that the Ethereum Network is magically scrapped from existence tomorrow. Is there a similar blockchain that can host dApps — smart contracts — while also offering scalability and sustainability of the proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus algorithm? Among dozens of Ethereum alternatives, not many have fully programmable smart contract features. For instance, the often-mentioned Cardano by Charles Hoskinson is still on the road to making this a reality. Other notable Ethereum alternatives that are generalist in their scope include the following: – Founded by Dr. Silvio Micali, Algorand is the oldest and a permissionless blockchain alternative to Ethereum. As such, its development framework is more mature, supporting a host of programming languages — RUST, Python, .NET, Javascript, Go, and Java. Algorand’s smart contracts themselves are built with TEAL (Transaction Execution Approval Language). The platform uses the Pure Proof-of-Stake (PPoS) Byzantine protocol, the difference being that stakeholders in the network are not locked, unlike Ethereum’s bonded PoS. Algorand – Alongside its vast, electricity-guzzling mining network, Bitcoin owes much of its security to UTXO (unspent transaction output) model. Qtum leverages UTXO and both EVM and x86 VM smart contracts into one hybrid, open-source Ethereum alternative. Recently, on April 7, Qtum announced a partnership with the Indacoin crypto exchange. Effectively, what Bitcoin blockchain seeks to do with the Lightning Network, Qtum does natively, while also being PoS instead of the energy-demanding PoW. Qtum – This open-source blockchain platform draws in developers by streamlining smart contract development. NEAR not only promises 10k lower cost per transaction than Ethereum, but the creation of dApps in 5 minutes. Alexander Skidanov and Illia Polosukhin founded it in 2018, having raised an impressive $50 million within the first half of the year since its launch. Also, PoS, NEAR’s blockchain, uses Nightshade sharding to resolve the scalability issue and is pluggable into Ethereum via the trustless Rainbow Bridge for all ERC-20 tokens. NEAR – A Web 3.0 blockchain created by Anatoly Yakovenko in 2017, Solana offers a wide range of blockchain innovations. From Proof-of-History and Gulf Stream to Turbine and Pipelining, Solana offers transaction speeds comparable to Visa, which means they are instantaneous. Thus far, Solana has accounted for over 15 million transactions with an amazing $0.00005 average transaction fee.  As a result, the Solana ecosystem holds a across all categories. Its own trustless bridge to interface with Ethereum is called Wormhole. Last week, Solana’s (SOL) price surged by at least 20%, thanks to its newly formed partnership with the FTX exchange. Solana massive number of projects Source: TradingView, boosted confidence in Solana as the ETH alternative’s native SOL token soars. Out of these top 4 Ethereum alternatives, Solana seems to be gaining the most traction and partnerships. However, there is one other prominent ETH alternative that has been capturing the headlines for the past year — . Many have promised to migrate to its ecosystem but what does its current space look like in terms of usability and the scope of protocols on offer? Polkadot Polkadot Hype Explored Polkadot stands out in terms of its credibility and the ambitious scope of blockchain problems it aims to resolve. Its credibility is owed to the impressive career of Dr. Gavin Wood, the creator of Polkadot. Not only was he one of Ethereum’s co-founders but he is also the creator of Solidity, the foremost programming blockchain language present in Ethereum and other alternatives. But wait, he is also the founder of Web3 Foundation, giving grants to projects that make the internet more open and amenable for AI systems to exploit. In terms of its unique offering, Polkadot tackles both scalability and blockchain interoperability. Furthermore, it introduced Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS), in which two network agents — nominators and validators — defend against corruption, exploits and abuse. On top of that, Polkadot uses the , allowing developers to build configurable blockchains with minimal effort. Of course, once completed, they interact with each other via Polkadot’s core cog — Relay Chain — inter-linking other blockchains called parachains. Substrate open-source framework If you are interested in learning how Polkadot works in greater detail, check out this . After all, it is one thing to boast innovations and revolutionary potential but it is another for them to be used in practice. Suffice it to say, the first glaring problem that Polkadot faces is the number of developers it has compared to Ethereum’s pool of experts. deep dive Source: Electric Capital Currently, in the Parachain on its Rococo testnet, Polkadot has an overall 402 projects going for it. However, once you filter for those , you are left with 127. Rollout phase based on Substrate Here are the Polkadot projects that are live, close to live and most importantly, are the most promising. ChainLink (LINK) One of the most well-known protocols for accessing off-blockchain data to inject into smart contracts is ChainLink (LINK). While the LINK token has more than doubled in value since its launch in 2017, this pales in comparison to Polkadot’s native token, DOT, which gained in value by 13x. Because of its obvious utility of linking real-world assets to the blockchain ecosystem, this week, ChainLink has been adopted by into its Digital Large Cap Fund. This follows Synthetix integrating ChainLink into its delivery of synthetic stocks, such as Tesla, on the Ethereum blockchain. Grayscale Investments SubSocial Given the current environment of aggressive mass censorship, which is at different times under the guise of different censorship frameworks — hate or misinformation — it is more important than ever to develop a censorship-resistant social networking platform. Polkadot’s SubSocial is one such Web 3.0 solution. However, it is difficult to imagine how SubSocial could ever countervail giants like Twitter, with its 353 million users. After all, the network effect creates natural monopolies as people always seek platforms with the highest mainstream adoption. So far, SubSocial’s stats are not looking good. In the last three months, only 113 posts were created, of which 65 were shared. In other words, what Twitter generates in one second, it takes SubSocial three months to achieve that same level of engagement. While it is great to have such alternatives, it seems that the de-platforming/censorship problem is a legislative one, not technological. Otherwise, it is more likely that people will settle with auto-censorship instead of seeking alternatives. Polkaswap (PSWAP) What Uniswap is to Ethereum, Polkaswap is to Polkadot. Although not yet live, its launch is close at hand, expected sometime during Q2 2021. You will be able to use its native token PSWAP for DeFi yield farming by staking it in liquidity pools, just like in Uniswap, SushiSwap, SpaceSwap and other forks. However, unlike Uniswap, leveraging its decentralized AMM (automated market maker) protocols will be done cross-chain. More notably, Polkaswap’s contribution to blockchain development is its liquidity aggregation algorithm (LAA). This means that your exchanges will be conducted from a selection of the best offers existing across all liquidity pools that are present on the network. Lastly, Polkaswap will work in conjunction with another Polkadot project — and its XOR token. If you don’t like the concept of central banks, Sora has you covered. Sora Given this year’s explosive rise of Uniswap (UNI) — going from $5 in January to $30 in April — one should expect to see the same for PSWAP when it launches, so keep an eye on this space. Kickstarter and GoFundMe are great services, except for losing a big chunk of the funds raised to pay for their mediation. Moreover, they are not available in most parts of the world. Likewise, if someone has an issue with your worldview, you could be de-platformed . Polkastarter aims to solve these issues as a decentralized crowd-sourcing platform. Polkastarter (POLS) at a moment’s notice Polkastarter inherits Polkadot’s blockchain interoperability, which is a massive bonus for serving its mission. Add to that the fact that it allows permissionless listing of tokens and cross-chain swaps between tokens. However, it uses fixed swaps instead of AMM. Nonetheless, with all this potential which is to be fully realized by launching Polkastarter 2.0 DAO by the year’s end, it will rely heavily on user participation, much like SubSocial. Ocean (OCEAN) After the last year, the cyber-criminal pilfered 21 million OCEAN tokens. As a result, the Singapore-based Ocean Protocol Foundation initiated a . which was finalized on 27th September. As you can see from its token’s price movements above, this didn’t have much of an impact. The reason for this is Ocean’s unique value proposition. We are now in the full swing of the information age, which translates into “data = money”. KuCoin heist hard fork In other words, Ocean tokenizes data as an asset, to be used by various systems, including AI. This data is then sold on Polkadot’s cross-chain network. In turn, marketplaces can plug into the Ocean protocol and take advantage of metadata, licensing, data links and other datasets. Predictably, this makes Ocean like a fish in oxygen-rich water. Source: Statista, immense data volume growth of 2850% in just 10 years. Ocean’s goal is to make sure that this vast data volume is optimally utilized, giving companies and users a decentralized tool for sharing and exploiting data via Ocean Protocol. This forms a tight ecosystem between data providers, consumers, marketplaces, service providers and network keepers as the network’s guardians, similar to Bitcoin’s miners. So far, the only comparable projects to Ocean are Ethereum’s Datum and Enigma. For , one of the more notable is staking Ocean in data pools without having to buy the data asset, which is similar to SpaceSwap’s Shadow Staking. With such a solid track record of completing milestones, the Ocean token is poised to be a superior alternative to nebulous meme tokens like Dogecoin. this year’s improvements Does It Make Sense to Talk of “Ethereum Killers”? People often use the analogy of comparing Facebook to Myspace, with the latter, previously the more dominant one, becoming superfluous. Yet, Myspace still exists. Given its decentralized and compacted nature, this applies even more to the blockchain space. While some blockchain ecosystems will be larger than others, they will be interoperable and all based on some variation of the Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm — bonded, pure or nominated. In all of them, the driving force will be the one that is always present — the least friction (small fees) and greater security. These Polkadot protocols represent only a tiny portion of such exciting upcoming projects that have yet to realize their full potential.

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