facilitates efficient data movement for IIoT, ensuring the availability of up-to-date manufacturing machine data from various sources. This data can be combined to effectively track and analyze unplanned downtime in your manufacturing or industrial IIoT (IIoT) setup. MQTT So, in this article, we’ll explore how MQTT and Sparkplug can help manufacturers aggregate data and put it to work to enable machine downtime analytics. Factory Data Acquisition and Aggregation using MQTT and Sparkplug (see Figure 1) is a standard binary publish-subscribe messaging protocol designed for fast and reliable factory machines, systems, and application data transport to enable tracking of unplanned downtime, especially under very constrained conditions. MQTT Constraints may include unreliable network connectivity, limited bandwidth, or limited battery power. MQTT is built on top of TCP/IP, which is the go-to communication protocol to interconnect network devices on the Internet. For these reasons, MQTT is ideal for IIoT and supports an event-driven architecture. MQTT technology is designed to push data to and from thousands of remote factory machines, systems, and applications across the enterprise. is a framework that sits on top of MQTT to add more context to manufacturing data. MQTT Sparkplug It is an open-source software specification that provides MQTT clients with a framework to integrate various factory data and provide context by defining data models. It provides a consistent way for manufacturing equipment manufacturers and software providers to share contextual factory data, enriching the analysis of unplanned downtime. Figure 2 provides an MQTT Sparkplug-based data architecture which shows how the data broker connects multiple machines/processes and applications to enable seamless bi-directional factory data movement between OT and IT systems. MQTT has gained in popularity when it comes to enterprise IIoT strategy. In a survey conducted by IIoT in 2022, MQTT was the clear winner when it came to data movement tools essential to fulfilling IIoT’s strategy. Five Benefits of Using MQTT and Sparkplug in IIoT 1. Unifying a Variety of Factory Machine Data Types Software algorithms that help track and reduce machine downtime need a rich variety of data which includes machine data, process data, maintenance records, and other information. Each of these data types comes in at different rates. MQTT provides a single source of truth that can bring all the data together into one location providing a to then allow these algorithms to easily act upon the data and reduce unplanned downtimes. Unified Namespace (UNS) 2. Achieving Real-time Factory Data Acquisition and Aggregation For machine downtime tracking and reducing algorithms to be effective, especially in edge-based solutions, the data and information have to be real-time because, otherwise, the algorithm output will be based on old data which may not lead to the right outcome on machine failure, leading to potentially wrong decisions being taken. MQTT enables real-time information sharing based on its exception-based reporting and publish-subscribe architecture. Also, Sparkplug ensures that factory sub-system changes like new system creation, system teardown, or changes are notified in real-time to the applications running the algorithms so that the right decisions can be made based on the latest factory system data. 3. Bringing in Contextualized Manufacturing Data For machine downtime tracking and reducing algorithms to work optimally, apart from having the actual data, having the context around the data is also very important. This is where having a data model that defines the structure of the factory data, where the machine resides with respect to the subsystem, production location, etc., provides more context to data that can help the predictive maintenance algorithms do a better job of predicting the machine failures. MQTT Sparkplug provides these data models to ensure the data context is better interpreted for richer output. MQTT Sparkplug also supports data tagging and metadata, allowing manufacturers to organize, filter, and search data more effectively. This increased data organization enhances data quality and supports advanced downtime analytics and machine learning applications. 4. Scaling the Flow of Manufacturing Data Reliably MQTT Sparkplug supports scalable and reliable communication, with mechanisms for handling large volumes of data and ensuring that messages are delivered reliably. It has built-in buffering capabilities and Quality of Service (QoS) levels to support high reliability. MQTT Sparkplug can also support a large number of device connections while ensuring that data packets are not lost. This enables advanced downtime measurement algorithms that need high volumes of data to accurately track downtime, its root cause and ensure that it can be minimized. 5. Securely Connecting and Transferring Factory Data MQTT Sparkplug supports robust security measures, including encryption, access controls, and user authentication, to protect sensitive data and prevent unauthorized access of IIoT data. For most manufacturers, security and privacy risk is the most significant barrier to adopting edge or cloud-based machine downtime analytics technology. For MQTT communication to happen, a client needs to be authenticated with a broker so that it can send or receive data on a topic namespace. This makes the communication highly secure. The other biggest security feature of MQTT is that all communications are outbound and so there are no open ports to hack into. Most . This includes authorization/authentication features like Username & password, OAuth 2.0 (JWT), X.509 client certificates, dynamic permissions, and roles-based permissions to name a few. MQTT brokers provide additional security features Brokers also typically provide TLS / SSL Encryption for all the communications from and to the broker. Apart from that, a few enterprise Brokers, like HiveMQ, offer additional integrations, which enable customers to implement the same security measures that they have on their IT infrastructure like AD, LDAP, and others on the broker. Get Started With Real-Time Tracking and Analyzing to Avoid Unplanned Downtime The MQTT protocol, along with Sparkplug, is gaining in popularity for factory to enterprise/cloud communications as it is lightweight, reports by exception, and provides a lot of features around security, scalability, reliability, and others. MQTT is helping to drive IIoT applications that have taken manufacturing verticals closer to eliminating unplanned downtime. IIoT and MQTT-enabled asset management and advanced algorithms have helped in the significant reductions in unplanned downtime, advancing the company’s manufacturing capabilities and efficiencies.

The is an opinion piece based on the author’s POV and does not necessarily reflect the views of HackerNoon.

Using MQTT for IIoT in Tracking and Analyzing Unplanned Manufacturing Downtime: 5 Great Positives

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