Many years ago, the easiest way to lose contact with your friend is to change your phone number without informing them. Same applies to services in a microservice architecture system. Two services may be happily talking to each other until one of them moves to another ip address. What is service discovery Service discovery is about finding the network location of a service provider. Why do we need it If a team is maintaining physical servers, a configuration file will mostly satisfy the need. However, if you are using cloud, your services may have dynamic network location due to restart, failure and scaling. Maintaining a configuration file manually is just not feasible. What are the components Service discovery involves 3 parties: service provider, service consumer and service registry. service provider registers itself with service registry when it enters and deregister itself when it leaves the system service consumer gets the location of a provider from registry, and then talks to the provider service registry maintains the latest location of providers There are many existing service discovery tools to use. But what if we want to build our own? Designing service discovery As service registry is basically maintaining key-value pairs , redis can be a good choice. Let’s simulate the service discovery process with redis as registry. (provider name, provider locations) When a service provider registers itself in registry, we use to add its locations to a : inventory_service SADD set When a service consumer query for the location of , we can either use to get the all locations, or we can randomly pick one with : inventory_service SMEMBERS SRANDMEMBER When deregister itself, we use to remove it from the set: inventory_service SREM But there’s complexity to handle: . Then the registry provides an invalid address to the consumer. To tackle this problem, service provider needs to send its periodically (every 5 second maybe). If the provider hasn’t send any heartbeat for sometime, the registry will assume the death of provider, and deregister it. The service may not deregister itself when it’s gone heartbeat It’s place too much load on registry and impose unnecessary performance impact. It’s better to keep a copy in consumer itself. Querying registry before calling provider every time? There are 2 ways to do it. 1) consumer use to get latest version. Since the locations usually don’t change so frequently, this still works. The drawback is the possible downtime between polling. 2) pattern. It provides more immediate update of locations, but it will hold up additional thread of consumer. If kept in consumer, how to notify consumer about the changes in provider? polling pubsub We can keep a of providers and consumer only needs to update its local copy when version got incremented. Sending back all data of a provider may not be necessary. global versioning . If the service registry (e.g. the redis instance we are using here) is down, all consumer and provider will be affected. To alleviate this, we can use a as service registry, such as . Single point of failure distributed database zookeeper/etcd/consul Client-side discovery or server-side discovery client-side discovery: service consumer keep all locations of providers and load balance the requests across locations. Pros: registry is the only one more component. Cons: need to implement service discovery client for different languages/frameworks used in your system. server-side discovery: consumer send requests to a load balancer, the load balancer query from registry and decide which location of providers to send to. Pros: language/ framework agnostic. Cons: now you need to manage another moving part — the load balancer. Conclusion This article explains how service discovery works in a microservice architecture system. It helps reader to understand or debug when they work with open source tools like . Netflix Eureka Reference and recommend reading: https://github.com/Netflix/eureka/wiki/Understanding-eureka-client-server-communication https://www.nginx.com/blog/service-discovery-in-a-microservices-architecture/

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Service discovery in microservice architecture

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