“ ” is the phrase you come across frequently navigating any media dealing with investments. It is also the source of frustration for many of my friends where the conversation goes something like this: This is not investment advice. *“Do you own [xyz]?” “yes” “Think price is going up?” *“ ” *“Should I buy it?” “Not sure, it depends on your investment objective.” *“ yes, probabilistically speaking But you said you think the price goes up?” “Yes, but I cannot give you investment advice.” just Afterwards there is usually some further back and forth that ends in a phrase said in frustration that basically sums to: I just want to make some money. Before I dive into why it is not investment advice, unless specifically from someone you have engaged to give you investment advice, let me tell you this with the highest level of conviction I could possibly have: No one, and I literally mean no single human being alive or ever lived, can tell you whether purchase of an investment is guaranteed to make you money. If they do, run away. They are either delusional, or running a Ponzi scheme. No exceptions. Now that we got that out of the way, let state me why that phrase should always be included, is frequently ignored, and extremely frustrates my friends occasionally: All investment decisions need to be made in a portfolio context. If you are the finance type, you may refer to this simple rule as portfolio construction, or risk budgeting, or portfolio optimisation. Any investment decision requires three vital inputs: . Let’s see what each means with concrete examples: target returns, risk tolerance, and constraints Target return Target return is not a choice per investment. It’s a decision, i.e. it includes of your investments. Sure each investment would include a target return, but it is the impact of the inclusion of any investment in the portfolio that is important. No matter how bullish you may feel about the hottest tech stock, if the entirely of your stock portfolio is technology, then it is more likely than not that adding another tech name is not the right decision. portfolio all is one of the simplest portfolio construction frameworks which got its inventor the Nobel prize. It demonstrates mathematically the old adage that “putting all your eggs in one basket” is a terrible idea. Modern Portfolio Theory It is still one of the most widely used frameworks, and one of its best insights that is at first counterintuitive, is that including investments with is optimal if they reduce the overall of the portfolio measured by its volatility. inferior lower expected returns risk Risk Tolerance Surprisingly this is a hard one to explain. For any single person, your financial worth is not just how much money you have. Your net worth should be viewed as your investments minus liabilities plus your human capital. Think of human capital as the . All else equal, who do you think has the higher human capital here: An investment banker earning 250k a year, or a surgeon earning 250k a year? present value of your potential lifetime earnings The investment banker’s earnings likely consists of mostly a bonus, which is often discretionary, fluctuates with swings in the financial markets, likely has a vesting period, and is far more likely to be fired in an economic downturn than a surgeon. The investment banker should invest in safer assets uncorrelated with his income stream, such as unlevered real estate. The surgeon with a large and fairly certain human capital ahead should use leverage judiciously and invest in far riskier assets such as venture capital. Yet, in reality the portfolios I see are the exact opposite of what they should be. Constraints Constraints are not just about being able to access investments. The accredited investor qualifications required to invest in private funds in my view are well-intentioned regulation that over the years have made many of the best investment vehicles inaccessible to the average investor. Leaving out the obvious constraints such as legal, geographical, and accessibility constraints aside, there are also considerations for things such as cash flow, tax, and liquidity that are often ignored. If you are carrying any high interest credit card debt, it really doesn’t matter how much you think your next hot tip is going to rip. Pay your credit card debt first. I know it can be frustrating to hear phrases such as “it depends”, or “I cannot give you investment advice”, but next time you hear them, take comfort in knowing that it said with good intentions and a healthy understanding of portfolio management theory. Oh, and duh, also as a legal disclaimer in case a securities regulator comes knocking… 😃

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