This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license.
Authors:
(1) Brisha Jain, Independent researcher India and brishajain02@gmail.com;
(2) Mainack Mondal, IIT Kharagpur India and mainack@cse.iitkgp.ac.in. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Related Work
Data Collection
Analysis Methodology
Results
Limitations
Concluding Discussion
References REFERENCES [1] Toril Aalberg and Anders Todal Jenssen. 2017. Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates. Nordicom Review 28, 1 (2017), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0198 [2] Pushkal Agarwal, Nishanth Sastry, and Edward Wood. 2019. Tweeting MPs: Digital Engagement between Citizens and Members of Parliament in the UK. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 13, 01. [3] Arshia Arya, Soham De, Dibyendu Mishra, Gazal Shekhawat, Ankur Sharma, Anmol Panda, Faisal M Lalani, Parantak Singh, Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal, Rynaa Grover, Sachita Nishal, Saloni Dash, Shehla Rashid Shora, Syeda Zainab Akbar, and Joyojeet Pal. 2022. DISMISS: Database of Indian Social Media Influencers on Twitter. [4] Nichole M. Bauer. 2015. Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates. Political Psychology 36, 6 (2015), 691–708. [5] Aditi Bhowmick, Paul Novosad, Sam Asher, Elliott Ash, Bilal Siddiqi, Christoph Goessmann, Daniel Chen, and Tanaya Devi. 2021. In-Group Bias in the Indian Judiciary: Evidence from 5.5 Million Criminal Cases. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS ’21). 47. https://doi.org/10.1145/3460112.3471943 [6] Jose Camacho-Collados, Kiamehr Rezaee, Talayeh Riahi, Asahi Ushio, Daniel Loureiro, Dimosthenis Antypas, Joanne Boisson, Luis Espinosa-Anke, Fangyu Liu, Eugenio Martínez-Cámara, et al. 2022. TweetNLP: Cutting-Edge Natural Language Processing for Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. [7] Tessa M. Ditonto, Allison J. Hamilton, and David P. Redlawsk. 2014. Gender Stereotypes, Information Search, and Voting Behavior in Political Campaigns. Political Behavior 36, 2 (2014), 335–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9232-6 [8] Kathleen Dolan and Timothy Lynch. 2014. It Takes a Survey: Understanding Gender Stereotypes, Abstract Attitudes, and Voting for Women Candidates. American Politics Research 42, 4 (2014), 656–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X13503034 [9] Heather Evans. 2016. Do Women Only Talk about ‘Female Issues’? Gender and
Issue Discussion on Twitter. Online Information Review 40, 5 (2016), 660–672.
https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0338 [10] Heather K. Evans and Jennifer Hayes Clark. 2016. You Tweet Like a Girl!’: How Female Candidates Campaign on Twitter. American Politics Research 44, 2 (2016), 326–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15597747 [11] Peter A. Gloor, Joao Marcos, Patrick M. de Boer, Hauke Fuehres, Wei Lo, and Keiichi Nemoto. 2015. Cultural Anthropology through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-based Sentiment. arXiv:1508.00055 [cs.CY] https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1508.00055 [12] Leonie Huddy and Nayda Terkildsen. 1993. Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science 37, 1 (1993), 119. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526 [13] Berrin Beasley John H. Parmelee, Nataliya Roman and Stephynie C. Perkins. 2019. Gender and Generational Differences in Political Reporters’ Interactivity on Twitter. Journalism Studies 20, 2 (2019), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1364140 [14] Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh Kunal Khadilkar and Tom M. Mitchell. 2022. Gender Bias, Social Bias, and Representation in Bollywood and Hollywood. Patterns 3, 4 (2022), 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100486 [15] MingYu (Ethen) Liu. 2023. Topic Modeling. https://ethen8181.github.io/machine-learning/clustering/topic_model/LDA.html. [16] J. Nathan Matias, Sarah Szalavitz, and Ethan Zuckerman. 2017. FollowBias: Supporting Behavior Change toward Gender Equality by Networked Gatekeepers on Social Media (CSCW ’17). 1082–1095. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998287 [17] Lindsey Meeks. 2016. Gendered Styles, Gendered Differences: Candidates’ Use of Personalization and Interactivity on Twitter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13, 4 (2016), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1160268 [18] Armin Mertens, Franziska Pradel, Ayjeren Rozyjumayeva, and Jens Wäckerle. 2019. As the Tweet, so the Reply? Gender Bias in Digital Communication with Politicians. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (WebSci ’19). 193–201. [19] Sebo P. 2021. Using genderize.io to infer the gender of first names: how to improve the accuracy of the inference. J Med Libr Assoc. (2021). [20] Anmol Panda, A’ndre Gonawela, Sreangsu Acharyya, Dibyendu Mishra, Mugdha Mohapatra, Ramgopal Chandrasekaran, and Joyojeet Pal. 2020. NivaDuck - A Scalable Pipeline to Build a Database of Political Twitter Handles for India and the United States. In International Conference on Social Media and Society. 200–209. [21] John H. Parmelee. 2013. Political Journalists and Twitter: Influences on Norms and Practices. Journal of Media Practice 14, 4 (2013), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.14.4.291_1 [22] Pallavi Prasad. 2020. One in Every Seven Tweets About Indian Women Politicians Is Abusive: Study. https://www.theswaddle.com/women-politicians-india-twitter-trolls. [23] Gazal Shekhawat, Parantak Singh, Rynaa Grover, Saloni Dash, Himani Negi, Ankur Sharma, Somya Sagarika, and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Twitter Use by Politicians Across States in India. [24] Carole Spary. 2007. Female Political Leadership in India. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45, 3 (2007), 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040701516821 [25] Genderize team. 2023. Genderize. https://genderize.io/. [26] Jesse Holcomb Usher, Nikki and Justin Littman. 2018. Twitter Makes It Worse: Political Journalists, Gendered Echo Chambers, and the Amplification of Gender Bias. The International Journal of Press/Politics 23, 3 (2018), 324–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218781254 [27] Jason Gainous Wagner, Kevin M. and Mirya R. Holman. 2017. I Am Woman, Hear Me Tweet! Gender Differences in Twitter Use among Congressional Candidates. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 38, 4 (2017), 430–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2016.1268871 This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Brisha Jain, Independent researcher India and brishajain02@gmail.com; (2) Mainack Mondal, IIT Kharagpur India and mainack@cse.iitkgp.ac.in. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: Authors: (1) Brisha Jain, Independent researcher India and brishajain02@gmail.com; (2) Mainack Mondal, IIT Kharagpur India and mainack@cse.iitkgp.ac.in. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Related Work Data Collection Analysis Methodology Results Limitations Concluding Discussion References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Related Work Related Work Data Collection Data Collection Analysis Methodology Analysis Methodology Results Results Limitations Limitations Concluding Discussion Concluding Discussion References References REFERENCES [1] Toril Aalberg and Anders Todal Jenssen. 2017. Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates. Nordicom Review 28, 1 (2017), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0198 [2] Pushkal Agarwal, Nishanth Sastry, and Edward Wood. 2019. Tweeting MPs: Digital Engagement between Citizens and Members of Parliament in the UK. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 13, 01. [3] Arshia Arya, Soham De, Dibyendu Mishra, Gazal Shekhawat, Ankur Sharma, Anmol Panda, Faisal M Lalani, Parantak Singh, Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal, Rynaa Grover, Sachita Nishal, Saloni Dash, Shehla Rashid Shora, Syeda Zainab Akbar, and Joyojeet Pal. 2022. DISMISS: Database of Indian Social Media Influencers on Twitter. [4] Nichole M. Bauer. 2015. Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates. Political Psychology 36, 6 (2015), 691–708. [5] Aditi Bhowmick, Paul Novosad, Sam Asher, Elliott Ash, Bilal Siddiqi, Christoph Goessmann, Daniel Chen, and Tanaya Devi. 2021. In-Group Bias in the Indian Judiciary: Evidence from 5.5 Million Criminal Cases. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS ’21). 47. https://doi.org/10.1145/3460112.3471943 https://doi.org/10.1145/3460112.3471943 [6] Jose Camacho-Collados, Kiamehr Rezaee, Talayeh Riahi, Asahi Ushio, Daniel Loureiro, Dimosthenis Antypas, Joanne Boisson, Luis Espinosa-Anke, Fangyu Liu, Eugenio Martínez-Cámara, et al. 2022. TweetNLP: Cutting-Edge Natural Language Processing for Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. [7] Tessa M. Ditonto, Allison J. Hamilton, and David P. Redlawsk. 2014. Gender Stereotypes, Information Search, and Voting Behavior in Political Campaigns. Political Behavior 36, 2 (2014), 335–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9232-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9232-6 [8] Kathleen Dolan and Timothy Lynch. 2014. It Takes a Survey: Understanding Gender Stereotypes, Abstract Attitudes, and Voting for Women Candidates. American Politics Research 42, 4 (2014), 656–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X13503034 https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X13503034 [9] Heather Evans. 2016. Do Women Only Talk about ‘Female Issues’? Gender and
Issue Discussion on Twitter. Online Information Review 40, 5 (2016), 660–672. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0338 https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0338 [10] Heather K. Evans and Jennifer Hayes Clark. 2016. You Tweet Like a Girl!’: How Female Candidates Campaign on Twitter. American Politics Research 44, 2 (2016), 326–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15597747 https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15597747 [11] Peter A. Gloor, Joao Marcos, Patrick M. de Boer, Hauke Fuehres, Wei Lo, and Keiichi Nemoto. 2015. Cultural Anthropology through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-based Sentiment. arXiv:1508.00055 [ cs.CY ] https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1508.00055 cs.CY https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1508.00055 [12] Leonie Huddy and Nayda Terkildsen. 1993. Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science 37, 1 (1993), 119. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526 https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526 [13] Berrin Beasley John H. Parmelee, Nataliya Roman and Stephynie C. Perkins. 2019. Gender and Generational Differences in Political Reporters’ Interactivity on Twitter. Journalism Studies 20, 2 (2019), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1364140 https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1364140 [14] Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh Kunal Khadilkar and Tom M. Mitchell. 2022. Gender Bias, Social Bias, and Representation in Bollywood and Hollywood. Patterns 3, 4 (2022), 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100486 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100486 [15] MingYu (Ethen) Liu. 2023. Topic Modeling. https://ethen8181.github.io/machine-learning/clustering/topic_model/LDA.html . https://ethen8181.github.io/machine-learning/clustering/topic_model/LDA.html [16] J. Nathan Matias, Sarah Szalavitz, and Ethan Zuckerman. 2017. FollowBias: Supporting Behavior Change toward Gender Equality by Networked Gatekeepers on Social Media (CSCW ’17). 1082–1095. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998287 https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998287 [17] Lindsey Meeks. 2016. Gendered Styles, Gendered Differences: Candidates’ Use of Personalization and Interactivity on Twitter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13, 4 (2016), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1160268 https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1160268 [18] Armin Mertens, Franziska Pradel, Ayjeren Rozyjumayeva, and Jens Wäckerle. 2019. As the Tweet, so the Reply? Gender Bias in Digital Communication with Politicians. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (WebSci ’19). 193–201. [19] Sebo P. 2021. Using genderize.io to infer the gender of first names: how to improve the accuracy of the inference. J Med Libr Assoc. (2021). genderize.io [20] Anmol Panda, A’ndre Gonawela, Sreangsu Acharyya, Dibyendu Mishra, Mugdha Mohapatra, Ramgopal Chandrasekaran, and Joyojeet Pal. 2020. NivaDuck - A Scalable Pipeline to Build a Database of Political Twitter Handles for India and the United States. In International Conference on Social Media and Society. 200–209. [21] John H. Parmelee. 2013. Political Journalists and Twitter: Influences on Norms and Practices. Journal of Media Practice 14, 4 (2013), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.14.4.291_1 https://doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.14.4.291_1 [22] Pallavi Prasad. 2020. One in Every Seven Tweets About Indian Women Politicians Is Abusive: Study. https://www.theswaddle.com/women-politicians-india-twitter-trolls . https://www.theswaddle.com/women-politicians-india-twitter-trolls [23] Gazal Shekhawat, Parantak Singh, Rynaa Grover, Saloni Dash, Himani Negi, Ankur Sharma, Somya Sagarika, and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Twitter Use by Politicians Across States in India. [24] Carole Spary. 2007. Female Political Leadership in India. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45, 3 (2007), 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040701516821 https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040701516821 [25] Genderize team. 2023. Genderize. https://genderize.io/ . https://genderize.io/ [26] Jesse Holcomb Usher, Nikki and Justin Littman. 2018. Twitter Makes It Worse: Political Journalists, Gendered Echo Chambers, and the Amplification of Gender Bias. The International Journal of Press/Politics 23, 3 (2018), 324–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218781254 https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218781254 [27] Jason Gainous Wagner, Kevin M. and Mirya R. Holman. 2017. I Am Woman, Hear Me Tweet! Gender Differences in Twitter Use among Congressional Candidates. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 38, 4 (2017), 430–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2016.1268871 https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2016.1268871

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