UVavanyo lokuFikelela kwi-Mobile App 101: UkuThobela iWCAG kunye neZenzo eziGqwesileyo

Uvavanyo loFikelelo lwe-Mobile App luqinisekisa ukuba usetyenziso luyafikeleleka kubo bonke abantu, ngakumbi ukwamkela abo bakhubazekileyo. Inkqubo ibandakanya ukuvavanya uyilo, umxholo, kunye nokusebenza kwesicelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba:

• Ithobela iWCAG (Izikhokelo zokuFikelela kwiWebhu) imigangatho yokufikeleleka.

• Iyahambelana netekhnoloji encedisayo njengezifundi zesikrini, izilawuli zelizwi, kunye neendlela zokufaka ezizezinye.

  
  

Nasi isizathu sokuba ufuna uVavanyo lokuFikelela kwi-App:

• Ukuthotyelwa koMthetho : Ukuthobela imithetho yokufikeleleka kwedijithali, njenge-ADA kunye noMthetho woFikelelo waseYurophu, kuthintela imiba yomthetho, izohlwayo, kunye nomonakalo kwisidima.

• Ukubandakanywa kunye noFikelelo oluLinganayo : Uvavanyo lokufikeleleka luqinisekisa ukuba ii-apps eziphathwayo zisetyenziswa ngabantu abakhubazekileyo, ukukhuthaza ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kunye nokubandakanywa.

• Ukufikelelwa kubaphulaphuli ngokubanzi : Ii -apps ezifikelelekayo zinokubandakanya abaphulaphuli ababanzi, kuquka nezigidi zabantu abakhubazekileyo, ukuphucula amava omsebenzisi kunye nokudala amathuba amatsha emarike.

• Amava oMsebenzisi owomeleziweyo : Iifitsha zokufikeleleka, ezinjengokukhangela okucacileyo kunye noyilo olunembileyo, zihlala ziphucula ukwaneliseka komsebenzisi ngokubanzi kunye neereyithingi ze-app.

• Uxanduva lweNtlalo : Ukuzibophelela ekufikelelekeni kubonisa ukuzinikela kwenkampani ekubandakanyekeni kunye noxanduva lwentlalo.

• Ukunqanda ukuSebenza kwakhona kunye neNdleko : Uvavanyo lokufikeleleka kwangethuba lunceda ukuthintela ukulungiswa kwakhona kweendleko kunye nokulungiswa, ukunciphisa izikhalazo zabathengi kunye nemiba emva kokuqaliswa.

Ukuthotyelwa kweWCAG kuFikelelo lwe-Mobile App

I-WCAG (Izikhokelo zokuFikelela kwiWebhu) ibalulekile ekwenzeni ii-apps eziphathwayo zifikeleleke kubantu abakhubazekileyo. Ngelixa yayiyilwe ekuqaleni kumxholo wewebhu, iikhonsepthi zeWCAG kunye neenqobo zokugweba zinokusetyenziswa kwiiapps eziphathwayo.

Nantsi indlela ukuthotyelwa kweWCAG ekuchaphazela ngayo ukufikelela kwi-app yeselula:

1. Kuyaqondakala

• Ukubonelela ngokutshintshwa kwesicatshulwa esibonakalayo kwizinto ezingengawo umbhalo, kuquka iifoto okanye ii-icon. Umzekelo, ukuquka ialt text yeefoto okanye iilebhile ze icon ziqinisekisa ukuba izifundi zescreen zinako ukunxibelelana nezi zinto kubasebenzisi abangaboni ngasonye.

  
  

• Qinisekisa ukuba umxholo unokuziswa ngeendlela ezininzi (umzekelo, uyilo olulula) ngaphandle kokuphulukana nolwazi. Kwii-apps eziphathwayo, oku kunokubandakanya ukunika imo yomhlaba kunye ne-portrait ehlala ifikeleleka.

• Yenza kube lula kubasebenzisi ukujonga nokuva imathiriyeli ngokuqinisekisa umahluko owaneleyo phakathi kombhalo kunye nemibala yangasemva kwaye unike ukhetho lokuguqula ubungakanani bombhalo kunye nevolumu ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-app.

  
  

2. Esebenzayo

• Zonke izakhono zeprogram kufuneka zifikeleleke ngokusebenzisa i-keyboard okanye i-keyboard-efana nokufakwayo, okufana nokutshintsha kubasebenzisi abanokukhubazeka kokuhamba. Oku kubandakanya ulawulo lokuhamba, iifom, kunye neempawu ezisebenzisanayo.

• Vumela abasebenzisi ixesha elaneleyo lokufunda kunye nokusebenzisa umxholo ngokunqanda ukuqhubela phambili ngokuzenzekelayo izikrini okanye ukuphelisa iiseshini ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.

• Gwema umxholo onokubangela ukuxhuzula, okufana nezibane eziqaqambileyo okanye uhlaziyo olukhawulezayo lwesikrini.

• Nika iinketho kubasebenzisi ukuba bahambe, bafumane umxholo, kwaye bamisele indawo abakuyo ngaphakathi kwe-app. Oku kuquka amaqhosha abhalwe ngokucacileyo kunye neepateni zokukhangela ezingaguqukiyo.

  
  

3. Iyaqondakala

• Yenza ulwazi olubhaliweyo lufundeke kwaye luqondeke. Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa ulwimi olusisiseko, ukuphepha ijargon, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imathiriyeli iyafundeka ngabafundi besikrini.

• Amaphepha ewebhu kufuneka avele kwaye asebenze ngeendlela ezinokuqikelelwa. Umzekelo, iqhosha kufuneka lisebenze ngokungaguquguqukiyo kuyo yonke inkqubo, kwaye umxholo akufuneki utshintshe ngokungalindelekanga.

• Nceda abasebenzisi bathintele kwaye balungise iimpazamo. Oku kubandakanya izaziso ezicacileyo zempazamo kunye nezibonelelo zoncedo ezifikeleleka lula.

  
  

4. Yomelele

• Qinisekisa ukuba i-app isebenza ngetekhnoloji encedisayo yangoku neyexesha elizayo njengezifundi zesikrini, ulawulo lwelizwi, kunye nezikhulisa-zwi.

• Sebenzisa iindlela ezilungileyo zokubhala iikhowudi ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-app isebenza kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zabasebenzisi, kuquka iinkqubo zokusebenza, iibhrawuza, kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo.

Amanqanaba okuThotyelwa kweWCAG

• Inqanaba A: Iimpawu ezisisiseko zokufikeleleka kwiwebhu (inqanaba elincinci). Ibalulekile ekuphumezeni ezona mfuno zibalulekileyo zofikelelo.

• Inqanaba AA: Ijongana neyona miqobo mikhulu neqhelekileyo kubasebenzisi abakhubazekileyo. Idla ngokubonwa njengenqanaba elifanelekileyo lemveliso yedijithali ejongene noluntu.

• Inqanaba le-AAA: Elona nqanaba liphezulu kunye nelibanzi lokufikeleleka. Ukudibana nayo yonke imigangatho ye-AAA yeNqanaba ilungile, nangona kunjalo, ayisoloko inokwenzeka kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphathekayo.

Umzekelo woVavanyo lokuFikelela kwi-App yeselula

Umzekelo 1: Uvavanyo ngeScreen Readers

• Inkqubo: Sebenzisa isifundi sesikrini esinje ngeVoiceOver (iOS) okanye iTalkBack (Android) ukuzulazula kusetyenziso. Umvavanyi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba onke amasuntswana abhengezwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ukuqukuqela kokuqukuqela kunengqiqo kwaye kuyaqondakala.

• Injongo: Qinisekisa ukuba zonke izinto ezisebenzisanayo (amaqhosha, amakhonkco, iindawo zeefom) zifakwe iilebhile ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zinika umxholo owaneleyo kumsebenzisi.

• Isiphumo: Unokufumanisa ukuba amanye amaqhosha akanazo iilebhile ezichazayo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kubasebenzisi abangaboniyo ukuba baqonde injongo yabo.

  
  

Umzekelo 2: Uvavanyo loMahluko woMbala

• Inkqubo: Jonga ngokwakho umlinganiselo wokuthelekisa phakathi kokubhaliweyo kunye nemibala yangasemva usebenzisa isixhobo sokuchasa umbala okanye ngokuhlola okubonwayo.

• Injongo: Qinisekisa ukuba isicatshulwa sifundeka lula kubasebenzisi abanengxaki yokubona, ngakumbi abo banobumfama bombala.

• Isiphumo: Unokufumanisa ukuba izinto ezithile zesicatshulwa azinachasi ngokwaneleyo, nto leyo ezenza kube nzima ukuzifunda.

Ungasifumana njani isixhobo esiLungileyo sokuFikelela kwi-App?

Nali inyathelo ngenyathelo isikhokelo sokukunceda ukhethe isixhobo esichanekileyo:

• Qonda iiMfuno zakho zoVavanyo ngokusekelwe koku:

  • Iindidi zoKhubazeko, njengokubonwayo, ukuva, iimoto, okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.

  • Platform isixhobo ixhasa (iOS, Android, okanye zombini).

    
    

• Ukusebenziseka ngokulula: Isixhobo kufuneka kube lula ukuseta kunye nokusetyenziswa, ngakumbi kubaphuhlisi kunye nabavavanyi abanokuthi bangazincumisi ekufikelelekeni.

  
  

• Ubunakho bokuHlanganisa: Jonga ukuba isixhobo sidibanisa nophuhliso lwakho olukhoyo, iCI/CD, kunye nokuqhutywa kovavanyo.

  
  

• Ukunika ingxelo kunye noXwebhu: Isixhobo kufuneka sinikezele ngeengxelo ezicacileyo nezinokuthatyathwa. Khangela iimpawu ezifana nokuthumela ngaphandle iingxelo kwiifomathi ezahlukeneyo, ukudibanisa kunye neenkqubo zokulandelela umba, kunye namaxwebhu malunga nokulungisa imiba.

  
  

• Inkxaso kunye noLuntu: Qwalasela izixhobo ezinenkxaso elungileyo yabathengi, izixhobo zoqeqesho, kunye noluntu olusebenzayo lwabasebenzisi.

  
  

• Iindleko: Ezinye izixhobo zisimahla (Umthombo ovulekileyo), ngelixa ezinye zinokufuna umrhumo okanye ukuthenga ngexesha elinye. Lungelelanisa ukhetho lwakho nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye neempawu ezinikezelwayo ukuze ulungelelanise iMbuyiselo kuTyalo-mali (ROI).

  
  

• Izilingo zasimahla: Izixhobo ezininzi zibonelela ngezilingo zasimahla okanye iinguqulelo zedemo. Sebenzisa ezi ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwesixhobo kwindawo yakho yovavanyo.

  
  

• Uvavanyo lwehlabathi lokwenyani: Vavanya isixhobo kwicandelo elincinci leapp yakho ukubona ukuba sisebenza njani kwiimeko zokwenyani.

Izixhobo zoVavanyo lokuFikelela kwi-App yeselula

Kukho inani leZixhobo zokuFikelela kwi-Mobile App ezisetyenziswa kwimarike ngoku. Ngelixa ezinye zisebenza kwi-Android okanye kwi-iOS, kukho ezinye ezikwiqonga elinqamlezayo:

Izixhobo zoVavanyo lokuFikelela kwi-Android

• Iskena soFikelelo sikaGoogle sihlola ngokuzenzekelayo ii-apps ze-Android kwimiba yokufikeleleka eqhelekileyo, njengeelebhile ezingekhoyo, iithagethi zochuku oluncinci, kunye nengxaki yokuchasana nombala.Ngelixa isimahla, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ngokuthe ngqo kuGoogle; ilinganiselwe ekuchongeni imiba esisiseko, akukho mpawu zovavanyo olunzulu.

  
  

• Ukufikeleleka kweTalkBack: Ukufikeleleka kweTalkBack kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba basebenzise iScreen Readers kwizixhobo ze-Android. Ngelixa le nto yakhelwe ngaphakathi, yinkqubo yezandla kwaye idinga ixesha lokuvavanya ngokucokisekileyo.Isixhobo sokuFikelela kwi-BrowserStack App sibonelela ngokufikelela kwi-TalkBack Screen Reader kwizixhobo zangempela ze-Android.

Izixhobo zoVavanyo lokuFikelela kwi-iOS

• Umhloli wokuFikelela kwe-Xcode: Isixhobo esakhelwe ngaphakathi kwi-Xcode sokuhlola nokuvavanya iimpawu zokufikeleleka kwii-apps ze-iOS.Ngelixa iDityaniswe kwi-Xcode kwaye inikezela ngohlolo lwexesha lokwenyani, kunye novavanyo; ilinganiselwe kwiindawo zophuhliso lwe-iOS, kwaye ayinalo uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo.

  
  

• I-VoiceOver: Esi ngumfundi wescreen wemveli wezixhobo ze-iOS, ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuba ii -apps zidibana njani nabasebenzisi besikrini. Nangona le nto yakhiwe ngaphakathi, yinkqubo yesandla kwaye idinga ixesha lokuvavanya ngokucokisekileyo.Isixhobo sokuFikelela kwi-BrowserStack App inikeza ukufikelela kwi-VoiceOver Screen Reader kwii-iOS zangempela.

I-Cross Platform (Zombini i-Android kunye ne-iOS) iZixhobo zoVavanyo lokuFikelela

• Ukufikeleleka kwe-App yeBrowserStack ibonelela ngeempawu ezinje ngeNative ngokufikelela kwiqonga elinqamlezayo kwiifowuni ze-Android kunye ne-iOS. Ungaqhuba iskena sokufikeleleka kunye novavanyo lwesifundi sesikrini kwaye ubeke iliso kufikeleleko usebenzisa isixhobo sokuFikelela kwi-App yeBrowserStack. Izakhono zayo eziphambili ziquka:

  
  

  • Ukufikelela ngoko nangoko kwi-iOS yokwenyani kunye nezixhobo ze-Android ezinokusetwa kwe-zero.

  • Iskena sokuhamba komsebenzi, esinikwe amandla yi-injini yokulawula ye-BrowserStack, yenza uvavanyo lokufikeleleka kwe-5x ngokukhawuleza.

  • Ukucofa okukodwa ukufikelela kwi-TalkBack kunye nabafundi besikrini se-VoiceOver, kunye nokukwazi ukubamba imiba ngokurekhodwa kunye ne-screenshots.

  • Ideshibhodi yengxelo ebekwe embindini ene-screenshots inika ulwazi kunye namanyathelo okulungisa anokuthathwa ukuze kulungiswe lula.

    
    

Ulwenziwa njani uvavanyo lokuFikelela kwi-App yeselula?

Inyathelo 1. IiMfuno zokuFikelela zokuCwangcisa

• Qonda iziKhokelo: Funda malunga nemigangatho yokufikeleleka kubandakanywa nemithetho yokuFikelela kwiWebhu (WCAG) kunye nemithetho ethile yeqonga (umzekelo, iziKhokelo zokuFikelela ze-Apple kunye ne-Google yokuFikelela ukuYilwa kwezinto).

  
  

• Chonga Abasebenzisi ekujoliswe kubo: Qwalasela iimfuno zabasebenzisi abanokukhubazeka okwahlukeneyo, okufana nokubonwayo, ukuva, iimoto, kunye nezithintelo zengqondo.

  
  

• Cwangcisa iinjongo zovavanyo: Qinisekisa ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zofikelelo ekufuneka zivavanywe, ezifana nokuhambelana nesifundi sesikrini, umahluko wombala, ubungakanani ekujoliswe kuko, kunye nokwandiswa kombhalo.

  
  

Inyathelo 2. Khetha iZixhobo eziLungileyo

• Izixhobo zoVavanyo lweManuwali: Sebenzisa izifundi zesikrini ezifana neVoiceOver (iOS) kunye neTalkBack (Android) ukuvavanya ngesandla ukuba abantu abanengxaki yokubona banxibelelana njani nosetyenziso lwakho.

  
  

• Izixhobo zoVavanyo oluzenzekelayo: Sebenzisa izixhobo ezizenzekelayo ezifana nokuFikelela kwi-App ye-BrowserStack, okanye i-Google Accessibility Scanner ukuchonga imiba yofikelelo eqhelekileyo.

  
  

• Izixhobo zoVavanyo lwabasebenzisi: Cinga ngokusebenzisa amaqonga afana ne-UserZoom okanye iLoop11 ukwenza uvavanyo nabantu bokwenyani abanokukhubazeka.

  
  

Inyathelo 3. Hlaziya iiNgxelo

Hlalutya iingxelo eziveliswayo ukuze ufumane iindawo zokuphucula. Ezi ngxelo zihlala ziquka ulwazi malunga nohlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, apho lwenzeke khona, kunye neengcebiso zokulungisa.

Inyathelo 4. Bandakanya Abasebenzisi Abakhubazekileyo

• Qasha abavavanyi: Mema abasebenzisi bokwenyani abakhubazekileyo ukuba bavavanye usetyenziso. Banokubonelela ngeembono ezixabisekileyo ukuba uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo okanye olwenziwa ngesandla lungenakuvelisa.

  
  

• Qokelela amagqabantshintshi: Jonga indlela aba basebenzisi abasebenzisana ngayo ne-app kwaye ucele izimvo malunga nokusebenziseka kunye nazo naziphi na izithintelo abajongana nazo.

  
  

Inyathelo lesi-5. Phonononga kwaye ulungise imiba

• ULungiselelo oluPhambili: Beka phambili imiba esekelwe kwi-automated, manual, kunye novavanyo lomsebenzisi, ugxininise kwimiqobo ebalulekileyo yokufikelela.

• Phumeza uhlengahlengiso: Sebenzisana nabaphuhlisi ukuphumeza uhlengahlengiso olufunekayo ukuphucula ukufikeleleka kwe-app.

  
  

Inyathelo 6. Phinda uvavanye kwaye uqinisekise

• Uvavanyo kwakhona: Emva kokwenza uhlengahlengiso, phinda uvavanye i-app ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiba yokufikeleleka ilungisiwe.

• Ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo: Uvavanyo lokufikeleleka kufuneka lube ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Vavanya rhoqo uhlaziyo olutsha kunye neempawu ukuze uqinisekise ukuba zisafumaneka.

  
  

Inyathelo 7. Uxwebhu kunye neNgxelo

Gcina irekhodi epheleleyo yayo yonke imiba echongiweyo, iindlela ezithathiweyo ukuyisombulula, kunye neziphumo zokugqibela.

IiNdlela eziPhambili zoVavanyo lokuFikelela kwi-App yeselula

Uluhlu lokujonga uVavanyo lokuFikelela kwi-App yeselula

Nalu Amanyathelo ama-5 okukhangela ukuPhumelela ukuFikelela kwi-App yeselula

1. Izikhokelo ngokubanzi

• Qinisekisa ukuba i-app inesihloko esicacileyo.

• Gcina i-hierarchy yesihloko esifanelekileyo kuyo yonke i-app.

Sebenzisa iindima eziLandmark zeARIA (ezifana nokukhangela, ukukhangela, ulwazi lwesiqulatho, ukuhambelana, kunye nebhena) ukwakha i-app okanye iphepha ngokufanelekileyo.

Kwiminyhadala yokuphela konyaka, bambelela kwenye yale miqathango:

• Kuphephe ukuqala nawuphi na umsebenzi ngesiganeko esisezantsi.
• Qalisa iintshukumo ngomsitho ophezulu, kunye nokukhetha ukurhoxisa okanye ukubuyisela umva isenzo phambi kokuba sigqitywe.
• Sebenzisa umsitho waphezulu ukuhlehlisa iintshukumo eziqalwe sisiganeko esisezantsi.
• Qala iintshukumo kuphela emva kokubonisa ngokucacileyo injongo yomsebenzisi.
• Qinisekisa ukuba iithagethi zochuku zinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zicofe ngokulula.

2. Imilinganiselo yoMahluko woMbala

• Namathela kwi-WCAG 2.1 yeemfuno zenqanaba le-AA lokuchasana kombala ukunceda abasebenzisi abangaboni kakuhle.
• Fumana umlinganiselo we-4.5:1 wokuchasana kumbhalo oqhelekileyo.
• Gcina umlinganiselo ongu-3:1 wochasaniso kumbhalo omkhulu.
• Qinisekisa ukuba ulwazi olusekelwe kumbala luyafumaneka nangezinye iindlela.

3. Imiqondiso yokuchukumisa kunye neNgxelo yeHaptic

• Sebenzisa izijekulo zokuchukumisa kunye nempendulo ye-haptic ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-app kunye namava omsebenzisi kuzo zombini i-Android kunye ne-iOS.

• Ngelixa imisebenzi esisiseko ingaxhomekekanga kwizijekulo zokuchukumisa, inokuphucula ukufikeleleka kunye nesibheno, ngakumbi kubasebenzisi abangakwazi ukufunda okunyiniweyo.

4. Uyilo oluhambelanayo kunye nokuHamba

• Gcina ukuhambelana kumxholo, uyilo, kunye nokukhangela ukuphucula amava omsebenzisi.

• Yila ii -apps eziphathwayo ezinoncedo lokukhangela ukukhokela abasebenzisi kwiimenyu, ngakumbi kwabo banokukhubazeka kweemoto abanokukhetha ii -apps eziphathwayo kunezikhangeli zewebhu.

• Qinisekisa ukuba uyilo lucwangciswe kakuhle kwaye lulungelelaniswe ngokubonakalayo ukuthintela ukubhideka kunye nokwandisa ukufikeleleka.

5. Lungiselela Umxholo we-App / Media

• Lungisa umxholo wosetyenziso kunye nemidiya ukuze ibonakale kwizikrini ezincinci nezinkulu.

• Qinisekisa izinto ezisebenzisanayo, ezinje ngo "cofa" iinketho kunye nokusebenza kwenqwelo yokuthenga, zisebenziseka lula kwaye ziyafikeleleka.

• Sebenzisa iithegi ezibhalwe ngasentla kunye nokwandisa uyilo lomxholo ukunceda abasebenzisi abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo ekuqondeni nasekujongeni usetyenziso.

• Nikeza iinkcazelo ezicacileyo zemiboniso ukuxhasa ukufikeleleka kwabo bobabini abasebenzisi abangevayo nabangaboniyo.

Ukubandakanya ukufikeleleka kuphuhliso lweapp ephathwayo ayisiyomfuneko yomthetho okanye yokuziphatha kuphela, kodwa ikwayinxalenye eyimfuneko yokunikezela ngamava omsebenzisi aqukayo. Ngokulandela imigaqo esekiweyo, usebenzisa iindlela zokuvavanya ezizenzekelayo kunye nezandla, kunye nokubandakanya abasebenzisi bokwenyani abanokukhubazeka, unokuqinisekisa ukuba isoftware yakho ifikeleleka kubo bonke. Chukumisa iithagethi, umahluko wemibala, kunye nomboniso wolwazi zonke zinokulungiswa rhoqo ukuze zihambelane ngcono neemfuno zabasebenzisi abohlukeneyo.

Ngokusebenzisa iqonga leBrowserStack , unokuvavanya iapp yakho kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zokwenyani, uqinisekise ukuba iimpawu zofikelelo ziyasebenza kwaye zisebenziseka lula kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Le ndlela yokusebenza ivumela uvavanyo oluchanekileyo kwaye inceda ekuchongeni nasekusombululeni imiba yokufikeleleka apho izixhobo ezizenzekelayo zizodwa zinokuphoswa.