Ababhola: Almudena Carrera Vazquez Caroline Tornow Diego Ristè Stefan Woerner Maika Takita Daniel J. Egger Isishwankathelo Iikhompyutha zeQuantum ziprosesa ulwazi ngokusebenzisa imithetho ye-quantum mechanics. Izixhobo ze-quantum zangoku zinengxolo, zingagcina ulwazi ixesha elifutshane kwaye zilinganiselwe kwiibits ezimbalwa ze-quantum, oko kukuthi, ii-qubits, ngokuyinxenye zihlelwe kuqhagamshelo lweplaneli . Nangona kunjalo, usetyenziso oluninzi lwe-quantum computing lufuna uqhagamshelo ngaphezu kwelattice lweplaneli olunikezelwa zizixhobo kwi-qubits ezininzi kunezo zifumaneka kwiyunithi enye yokucubungula i-quantum (QPU). Indibano yethemba lokujongana noku kulungiswa ngokudibanisa ii-QPUs kusetyenziswa unxibelelwano lwe-classical, olungekakhange bubonakaliswe ngokomkhwa. Apha sibonisa ngokomkhwa izekethe eziguquguqukayo eziphelisa impazamo kunye nokusika isekethe ukudala imibutho ye-quantum efuna uqhagamshelo rhoqo kusetyenziswa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-142 qubits ezijikeleze ii-QPUs ezimbini ezine-127 qubits nganye idityaniswe ngexesha lokwenyani ngomnxibelelwano lwe-classical. Kwisifuneko esiguquguqukayo, iigati ze-quantum zinokulawulwa yi-classical yimiphumo yokulinganisa phakathi kwesekethe ngexesha lokubaleka, oko kukuthi, ngaphakathi kwenxalenye yexesha lokuphila kwe-qubits. Umndelelwe wethu wokunxibelelana we-classical wexesha lokwenyani usivumela ukuba sisebenzise igama le-quantum kwesinye i-QPU kuxhomekeke kwisiphumo sokulinganisa kwenye i-QPU. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo oluphuculweyo lwempazamo lonyusa uqhagamshelo lwe-qubit kunye neseti yomyalelo wezixhobo ngaloo ndlela landisa ukuguquguquka kwezibalo zethu ze-quantum. Umsebenzi wethu ubonisa ukuba sinokusebenzisa ii-processors ezininzi ze-quantum njengenye kunye nezifuneko eziguquguqukayo eziphelisa impazamo ezixhaswa ngumndelelwe wokunxibelelana wexesha lokwenyani. 1 Ubudala Iikhompyutha zeQuantum ziprosesa ulwazi olugxunyekwe kwi-quantum bits nge-unitary operations. Nangona kunjalo, ii-quantum computers zinengxolo kwaye uninzi lwezicwangciso ezinkulu-zibakala zibeka ii-qubits zazo kwisicwangciso seplaneli. Sekunjalo, ii-processors zangoku ezinokupheliswa kwempazamo zinokulinganisa imodeli ze-Ising ze-hardware-native ezine-127 qubits kwaye zilinganise ii-observables ngesikali apho iindlela zokuqhekeka ngeekhompyutha ze-classical ziqala ukubhideka . Ukusebenza kwe-quantum computers kuxhomekeke ekwandisweni okuqhubekayo nasekugqithweni koqhagamshelo lwazo olulinganiselweyo lwe-qubit. Indlela yeyunithi ibalulekile ekwandiseni ii-quantum processors zangoku ezinengxolo nokufumana inani elikhulu lee-qubits eziphakamileyo ezifunekayo kulungiso olugqibeleleyo . Izicwangciso ze-trapped ion kunye nee-atom environments zingafumana imodyuli ngokuhambisa ii-qubits ngokwasemzimbeni , . Kwixesha elingekude, imodyuli kwii-superconducting qubits ifumaneka ngokunxibelelana okufutshane okudibanisa ii-chips ezikufutshane , . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kwixesha eliphakathi, iigates ezide ezisebenza kwirejimoni ye-microwave zinokwenziwa ngocingo olude oluqhelekileyo , , . Oku kungavumela uqhagamshelo lwe-qubit olungelulo lweplaneli olufanelekileyo kulungiso olusebenzayo . Enye indlela yexesha elide kukudibanisa ii-QPUs ezikude ngomnxibelelwano olusebenzisa i-microwave ukuya kwi-optical transduction , ekungakhange kuboniswe, ngokwazi kwethu. Ngaphezu koko, izifuneko eziguquguqukayo zandisa iseti yeenguqulelo zekhompyutha ye-quantum ngokwenza imilinganiselo phakathi kwesekethe (MCMs) kunye nolawulo lwe-classical lwegate ngaphakathi kwexesha lokuphila kwe-qubits. Zonyusa umgangatho we-algorithmic kunye noqhagamshelo lwe-qubit . Njengoko siza kubonisa, izifuneko eziguquguqukayo zikwenza kube lula ukudibanisa ii-QPUs ngexesha lokwenyani ngomnxibelelwano lwe-classical. 9 10 11 3 12 13 14 Sithatha indlela ehambelanayo esekelwe kwiig Gates ezibonakalayo ukwenza imisebenzi emide kwisicwangciso semodyuli. Sidibanisa ii-qubits kwiindawo ezingacwangciswanga kwaye sidala izibalo zokudibanisa nge-quasi-probability decomposition (QPD) , , . Sithabatha isikimu seLocal Operations (LO) kuphela kwesinye esongezwe ngama-Classical Communication (LOCC) . Isikimu se-LO, esibonisiweyo kwiseti yee-qubit ezimbini , sifuna ukwenza izifuneko ze-quantum ezininzi ezine-local operations kuphela. Ngokungafaniyo, ukwenza i-LOCC, sisebenzisa ii-Bell pairs ezibonakalayo kwisifuneko sokuhambisa ukudala iigates ezimbini ze-qubit , . Kwi-hardware ye-quantum enoqhagamshelo olungaphandle kunye nolweplaneli, ukudala i-Bell pair phakathi kwama-qubits angacwangciswanga kufuna igate elide elilawulwayo (CNOT). Ukuphepha ezi gates, sisebenzisa i-QPD phezu kwee-local operations ezivelisa ii-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo ezisetyenziswa yi-teleportation. I-LO ayifuni mnxibelelwano lwe-classical kwaye ke ilula ukuyenza kune-LOCC. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko i-LOCC ifuna isifuneko setemplate esinye kuphela, kulula ukuyiguqulela kune-LO kwaye iindleko ze-QPD yayo ziphantsi kuneendleko zesikimu se-LO. 15 16 17 16 17 18 19 20 Igalelo lethu libalulekileyo linemilonyana emine. Okokuqala, sibonisa izifuneko ze-quantum kunye ne-QPD ukudala ii-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo ezininzi ukwenza iigates ezibonakalayo kwi-ref. . Okwesibini, sithintela kwaye siphelise iimpazamo ezivela kubaleka kolwazi lwe-classical hardware kwizifuneko eziguquguqukayo ngokudibanisa i-dynamical decoupling kunye ne-zero-noise extrapolation . Okwesithathu, sisebenzisa ezi ndlela ukwenza imiqobo ye-periodic boundary kwi-graph state ye-103-node. Okwesine, sibonisa unxibelelwano lwe-classical olwenyani phakathi kwezimbini ii-QPUs ezahlukeneyo ngaloo ndlela sibonisa ukuba inkqubo yee-QPUs ezisasazekileyo inokusebenza njengenye ngomnxebelelwano we-classical . Idityaniswe nezifuneko eziguquguqukayo, oku kusivumela ukuba sisebenzise zombini ii-chips njengekhompyutha enye ye-quantum, esiyibonisa ngokwenza i-periodic graph state egubungela zombini izixhobo kwi-142 qubits. Siyixoxa indlela yokuya phambili yokwenza iigates ezide kwaye sibonelele ngesigqibo sethu. 17 21 22 23 Ukusika isifuneko Siqhuba izifuneko eziphakamileyo ze-quantum ezinganokuqhutywa ngokuthe ngqo kwizixhobo zethu ngenxa yemida kwinani le-qubit okanye uqhagamshelo ngokunqunqa iigates. Ukusika isifuneko kudibanisa izifuneko ezincinci ezinokwenziwa ngokweqela , , , , , . Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka siqhube inani elonyukileyo lezifuneko, esizibiza ngokuba yi-sampling overhead. Iziphumo ezivela kwezi zifuneko ezincinci zize zidibene ngokwe-classical ukuze zivelise isiphumo sesifuneko sokuqala ( ). 15 16 17 24 25 26 Iindlela Njengenye yegalelo elikhulu lomsebenzi wethu kukwenza iigates ezibonakalayo nge-LOCC, sibonisa indlela yokwenza ii-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo ezifunekayo ngemisebenzi yendawo. Apha, ii-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo ezininzi zenziwa ngezifuneko ze-quantum ezitshintshwayo, esizibiza ngokuba yiyunithi yokwenza i-Bell pair (Fig. ). Ukusika ii-pairs ezininzi ngexesha elinye kufuna i-sampling overhead ephantsi . Njengoko umenzi we-Bell pair osikiweyo wenza izifuneko ezimbini ze-quantum ezahlukeneyo, sibeka isifuneko ngasinye sibe kufuphi nama-qubits anoomkhatli ongabona kude. Umthombo osuka kuyo uze usebenze kwisifuneko sokuhambisa. Umzekelo, kwiFig. , ii-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo zisetyenziswa ukudala iigates ze-CNOT kwiimbini zama-qubits (0, 1) kunye (2, 3) (bona icandelo ' '). 1b,c 17 1b Iiyunithi zokwenza i-Bell pair , Ukuboniswa kwesicwangciso se-IBM Quantum System Two. Apha, ii-Eagle QPUs ezimbini ze-127 qubit zidityaniswe nomndelelwe we-classical wexesha lokwenyani. I-QPU nganye ilawulwa zizixhobo zayo kwiraki yayo. Siqeqesha ngokungqingqwa zombini iiraki ukusebenzisa zombini ii-QPUs njengenye. , Isifuneko setemplate ye-quantum sokwenza iigates ze-CNOT ezibonakalayo kwiimbini zama-qubits ( 0, 1) kunye ( 2, 3) nge-LOCC ngokusebenzisa ii-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo kwisifuneko sokuhambisa. Imigca emibini emnyama ibonisa umndelelwe we-classical wexesha lokwenyani. , Iiyunithi zokwenza i-Bell pair 2( ) ezimbini ii-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo ngaxeshanye. I-QPD ineqokelela ye-27 yeeaseti ezahlukeneyo zeeparameter . Apha, . a b q q q q c C θ i θ i Imida ye-periodic boundary Sakha isifuneko segrafu | ⟩ kunye nemida ye-periodic boundary kwi-ibm_kyiv, i-processor ye-Eagle , sidlula kwimida ebekwa lulwakhiwo lwayo (bona icandelo ' '). Apha, ine-∣ ∣ = 103 ii-nodes kwaye ifuna iminxibelelwano emine emide lr = {(1, 95), (2, 98), (6, 102), (7, 97)} phakathi kwama-qubits aphezulu naphantsi e-processor ye-Eagle (Fig. ). Silinganisa ii-stabilizers zenode kwinode nganye ∈ kunye nee-stabilizers zomnxibelelwano ezakhiwa yimveliso kulo lonke umnxibelelwano ( , ) ∈ . Kwezi zisekelayo, sakha isixhobo sokuqinisekisa uthungelwano , olungelulo ukuba kukho uthungelwano phakathi komnxibelelwano ( , ) ∈ (ref. ) (bona icandelo ' '). Sigxila kuthungelwano olunamacala amabini kuba yiyo intuthuzelo esinqwenela ukuyidala ngeeg Gates ezibonakalayo. Ukulinganisa izixhobo zokuvubela phakathi kwamaqela angaphezu kwama-mabini kuza kulinganisa kuphela umgangatho wama-gates angadibanelwanga kunye nemilinganiselo eyenza impembelelo yama-gates adibanelwanga ibe mbalwa. G 1 Izifuneko zegrafu G V E 2a Si i V SiSj i j E i j E 27 Isixhobo sokuqinisekisa uthungelwano , I-graph ye-heavy-hexagonal igotyiwe yodwa kwifomu yethebhulethi ngeminxibelelwano (1, 95), (2, 98), (6, 102) kunye (7, 97) egqanyisiweyo ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Sinquma le minxibelelwano. , Ii-stabilizers zenode (phezulu) kunye nezixhobo , (phantsi), kunye ne-standard deviation enye yee-nodes kunye neminxibelelwano ekufuphi neminxibelelwano emide. Imigca eqhekezayo yeqela ii-stabilizers kunye nezixhobo ngokobude bazo kwimida esikiweyo. , Umsebenzi wokuhambisa owe-stabilizer errors. Iinkwenkwezi zibonisa ii-stabilizers zenode ezineminxibelelwano eyenziwe nge-gate ende. Kwi-dropped edge benchmark (umgca obomvu we-dash-dotted), ii-gates ezinde azenziwanga kwaye ii-stabilizers ezibonisiweyo ngeenkwenkwezi ke ngoko zinempazamo enye. Indawo engwevu yimass yobumile obubonisa ii-stabilizers zenode ezichaphazelekayo kukusika. – , Kwii-layouts ezingaphandle kwemilinganiselo emibini, ii-nodes eziluhlaza zifaka iin-nodes 95, 98, 102 kunye 97 ukubonisa imida esikiweyo. Iin-nodes eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi- zi-qubits resources zokwenza ii-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo. Umbala we-node ngu-error ongachazwanga ∣ − 1∣ ye-stabilizer elinganiweyo, njengoko kuboniswe lichaphaza lemibala. Umndelelwe u-black ukuba izibalo zokudibanisa zifunyanwa kwinqanaba le-99% yeqinisekiso kwaye o-violet ukuba akunjalo. Kwi- , iminxebelelwano emide yenziwa nge-SWAP gates. Kwi- , iig Gates ezifanayo zenziwa nge-LOCC. Kwi- , azenziwanga nangayiphi na indlela. a b Sj c Sj d f e i Si d e f Silungiselela | ⟩ sisebenzise iindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo. Iminxibelelwano ye-hardware-native yenziwa nge-CNOT gates kodwa imida ye-periodic boundary yenziwa nge (1) SWAP gates, (2) LOCC kunye (3) LO ukudibanisa ii-qubits kuyo yonke ilattice. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-LOCC kunye ne-LO ngumsebenzi wokondla owenziwe ngeeg Gates ze-qubit enye ezixhomekeke kwimiphumo yomlinganiselo we-2 , apho ngumodeli weesiko. Ngayinye yeecases ezingama-22 ivusa umxube oyingqayizivele we- kunye/okanye ii-Z gates kwi-qubits ezifanelekileyo. Ukufumana iziphumo zomlinganiso, ukumisela ityala elifanelekileyo kwaye ukwenza ngokusekelwe kulo kwenziwa ngexesha lokwenyani yi-hardware yolawulo, ngeendleko zokuphumla okongeziweyo okungaguqukiyo. Siphelisa kwaye sithintela iimpazamo ezivela kolu baleka nge-zero-noise extrapolation kunye ne-staggered dynamical decoupling , (bona icandelo ' '). G n n n X 22 21 28 Imyalelo yokusika isekethe ye-Quantum ekhatyiweyo Sivavanya i-SWAP, i-LOCC kunye ne-LO implementations ye-| ⟩ nge-graph state ye-hardware-native kwi- ′ = ( , ′) efumaneka ngokukhupha ii-gates ezinde, oko kukuthi, ′ = lr. Isifuneko sokulungiselela | ′⟩ ke sifuna i-CNOT gates ezingama-112 kuphela ezihlelwe kwiingqimba ezintathu zilandelwa lwakhiwo lwe-heavy-hexagonal lwe-processor ye-Eagle. Esi sifuneko siza kubonisa iimpazamo ezinkulu xa silinganisa ii-stabilizers zenode kunye neminxibelelwano ye-| ⟩ yee-nodes ekwisiko elisikiweyo kuba senziwe ukwenza i-| ′⟩. Sibhekisa kule benchmark ye-hardware-native njengenkqubo yokulahla iminxebelelwano. Isifuneko se-swap sifuna i-CNOT gates ezingama-262 ezongezelelweyo ukudala iminxebelelwano emide lr, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu ixabiso lee-stabilizers ezilinganisiweyo (Fig. ). Ngokungafaniyo, i-LOCC kunye ne-LO implementation yeminxebelelwano kwi- lr ayifuni SWAP gates. Iimpazamo zayo ze-stabilizers zenode kunye neminxibelelwano yee-nodes ezingabandakanyekiyo kwisiko elisikiweyo zilandela malunga nenkqubo yokulahla iminxebelelwano (Fig. ). Ngokungafaniyo, ii-stabilizers ezichaphazelekayo yi-gate ende inomlinganiso ophantsi weempazamo kunenkqubo yokulahla iminxebelelwano kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-swap (Fig. , iinkwenkwezi). Njengomlinganiselo womgangatho opheleleyo, sikhankanya kuqala isum nganye yeempazamo kwi-stabilizers zenode, oko kukuthi, ∑ ∈ ∣ − 1∣ (Itheyibhile yedatha eyandisiweyo ). Isikhuphelo esikhulu se-SWAP siyimbangela ye-44.3 sum absolute error. I-13.1 error kwi-dropped edge benchmark iphantsi kwii-nodes ezisibhozo kwiisiko ezine (Fig. , iinkwenkwezi). Ngokungafaniyo, iimpazamo ze-LO kunye ne-LOCC zichaphazeleka yi-MCMs. Sityhola i-1.9 eyongezelelweyo yempazamo ye-LOCC phezu kwe-LO kubaleka kunye nee-CNOT gates kwisifuneko sokuhambisa kunye nee-Bell pairs ezisikiweyo. Kwiziphumo ze-SWAP-based, ayibonisi uthungelwano kuzo zonke i-116 iminxibelelwano kwinqanaba le-99% yeqinisekiso (Fig. ). Kwi-LO kunye ne-LOCC implementation, ibonisa izibalo zokudibanisa kwamacala amabini kuzo zonke iminxibelelwano kwi- kwinqanaba le-99% yeqinisekiso (Fig. ). Ezi metrics zibonisa ukuba iig Gates ezinde ezibonakalayo zivelisa ii-stabilizers ezineempazamo ezincinci kunokuba zisasazwe nge-SWAPs. Ngaphezu koko, zigcina i-variance iphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa izibalo zokudibanisa. G G V E E EE G G G E 2b–d E 2b,c 2c i V Si 1 2c 2b,d G 2e Ukwenza ii-QPU ezimbini njengenye Ngoku sidibanisa ii-Eagle QPUs ezimbini e
