Ikamva le-Ethereum II - Ukunyangwa kweCensorship

Esi siqwenga kwi-Futures ye-Ethereum iphonononga umlo wayo oqhubekayo wokuxhathisa ukunyanzeliswa, ukuphonononga impembelelo yoxinzelelo lolawulo, indima ye-Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS), kunye nezisombululo ezinokuthi zibe neemempools ezifihliweyo ukugcina inethiwekhi ingathathi hlangothi kunye ne-decentralized. U-Ethereum uye wamkela isakhiwo se-PBS ukunciphisa imingcipheko ye-centralization ye-MEV inzuzo. Kule nkqubo, abacebisi beebhloko (i-validator nodes eziqhelekileyo) banikezela ulwakhiwo lwebhloko kubakhi abakhethekileyo, abaphucula i-odolo yokuthengiselana ukwandisa ukukhutshwa kwe-MEV. Umceli emva koko ukhetha kwaye asayine eyona bloko inengeniso phambi kokuba ayisasaze kuthungelwano. I-MEV-Boost, i-off-chain block block mechanism, isetyenziswa kakhulu e-Ethereum namhlanje ukuququzelela le nkqubo. I-MEV-Boost ivumela abakhi abakhethekileyo ukuba bangenise iibhidi kubacebisi, bekhuphisana ukuba bafake iibhloko zabo. Ngoxa i-validator ye-Ethereum iseti ihlala iphantsi kakhulu, ukwakha ibhloko-ingakumbi enye elungiselelwe i-MEV-inzima kwaye i-resource-intensive. Xa kujongwe lo mthwalo uphezulu wokubala kunye neziseko zophuhliso, kusebenza ngakumbi ukumisa ulwakhiwo lweebhloko kwindawo enye ngelixa kugcinwa ubungqina bebhloko bunatyisiwe. Lo ngumgaqo ongundoqo we-PBS: isasaza ngokufanelekileyo inxalenye yenzuzo ye-MEV kubaqinisekisi ngefandesi eyenzekayo kwibhloko nganye, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba i-validators jikelele (kubandakanywa ne-stakers yasekhaya) ayithwali ubunzima bokwakhiwa kweebhloko. Ngokuzihlukanisa le nxaxheba ekhethekileyo, i-PBS igcina i-decentralization yenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum iyonke ngelixa ilungiselela ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kwebhloko. Nangona kunjalo, kuba abakhi abaphumeleleyo bafuna izixhobo ezibalulekileyo kunye nokuhamba kwentengiselwano okunelungelo, liqaqobana kuphela eliphumelela iifandesi. Abanye abakhi bagcina ubukhosi ngokuseka izivumelwano ezikhethekileyo kunye nezipaji ezithile, ii-dApps, kunye nababoneleli be-oda lokuhamba, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwiintengiselwano eziphezulu ze-MEV ezibanika umda wokukhuphisana kwiifandesi zebhloko. Ngenxa yoko, ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabakhi luyancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha, okukhokelela kwisakhiwo se-oligopolistic. Namhlanje, malunga ne-90% yeebhloko ze-Ethereum zakhiwe nge-MEV-Boost, kunye nemibutho emibini kuphela-i-Beaverbuild kunye ne-Titan Builder-ukwakha i-95% yalezi zibhloko. Olu gxininiso luphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokuchaswa kwe-censorship, ukulungelelaniswa kwentengiselwano, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwexesha elide lokuveliswa kwebhloko ye-Ethereum. Nangona ukuphazamiseka okanye ukuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo kwaba bakhi akuchaphazeli kakhulu ukhuseleko lwenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum, zibeka ingozi enkulu ekuchaseni ukunyanzeliswa. Ukuba bonke abakhi be-MEV-Boost banquma ukuhlolisisa ukuthengiselana kubasebenzisi abathile, abo basebenzisi baya kukwazi ukuthumela kuphela ukuthengiselana ngeebhloko eziveliswe ngabaqinisekisi abangasebenzisi i-MEV-Boost, malunga ne-10% yetotali. Ngenxa yoko, ukucubungula intengiselwano enjalo kuya kuthatha umyinge weebhloko ze-10 (malunga nemizuzu emi-2). Le meko iphakamisa imiba emibini emikhulu: Ubuthathaka bolawulo Okokuqala, kunokwenza i-Ethereum ibe sengozini ngakumbi kwimimiselo. Ngokomzekelo, iTornado Cash izohlwayo ezibekwe yi zikhokelele kwinani elibalulekileyo labakhi kunye nabaqinisekisi bavavanya intengiselwano ehambelana neeakhawunti ezivunywe yi-OFAC. -OFAC ngo-2022 Ukhuphiswano olungafanelekanga kwiiprothokholi ezifana neefandesi Okwesibini, i-censorship inokuphazamisa iziphumo zeefandesi ze-on-chain. Umzekelo, qwalasela ifandesi apho i-NFT enye ithengiswa kowona mthengi uphezulu ibhloko nganye. Umakhi webhloko unokucutha zonke ezinye iibhidi ngelixa ebeka ibhidi ephantsi kakhulu, ebavumela ukuba bafumane i-NFT ngexabiso elincitshiswe kakhulu. Izisombululo ezahlukeneyo ziye zavela ukulungisa ezi ngxaki. Esi sithuba siya kuphonononga ezi zisombululo kwiindidi ezimbini eziphambili kwaye sixoxe ukuba yeyiphi na indlela yokuchasa ukunyanzeliswa kwe-censorship enokuthi ithathe kwikamva lika-Ethereum. Isisombululo esinokwenzeka 1: Uluhlu oluBandakanyiweyo Imvelaphi: Isindululo soLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo lokuqala, i-EIP-7547 ULuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo luyisisombululo sokumelana ne-censorship esiqinisekisa ukuba ukuthengiselana okuthile kufakwe kwibhloko. Ngokuqhelekileyo inokuphunyezwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Nantsi imodeli yengqondo elula: ngaphambi kokuba umakhi akhe ibhloko, umcebisi uthumela umyalelo kunye 'noLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo' oluthi, "Bandakanya ezi ntengiselwano kwibhloko." Abakhi kufuneka babandakanye ezi ntengiselwano kwibhloko abayenzayo, kwaye ukuba ibhloko yakhiwe ngaphandle kokuthengiselana kuLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo, kuthathwa njengento engekho. Kwi-Ethereum phambi kwe-PBS, i-mempool, apho ukuthengiselana kubanjwe khona ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe kwiibhloko, kufakwe kwi-Ethereum njengenxalenye engavumelaniyo. Ngoko ke, ngokombono we-Ethereum consensus layer, kwakungaziwa apho ukuthengiselana okuqulethwe kwiibhloko. Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba kutheni i-MEV iholele ekuhlolweni kukuba i-mempool iyinxalenye engavumelaniyo, ngoko ke abakhi abadale ibhloko babenegunya elipheleleyo malunga nokuba zeziphi iintengiselwano zokucima okanye zibandakanya kwibhloko. Uluhlu lokubandakanywa luzisa indlela esebenzisa iziqinisekiso ezininzi ukuze zisebenze 'njenge-mempool yekhonkco' kumaleko emvumelwano. Ngale ndlela, umaleko wemvumelwano ucinezela ngokwaneleyo igunya labakhi lokukhetha iintengiselwano zokubonelela ukuxhathisa kobalo. Esinye seziphakamiso ezibalaseleyo zokuphumeza uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo yi , uLuhlu oluPhambili oluBandakanyiweyo. Esi siphakamiso sivumele umcebisi ukuba abandakanye ukuya kwiintengiselwano ze-16 kuLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo. Indlela "yokudlulisela phambili" yaqinisekisa ukuba uLuhlu loBandakanyo olucetywayo lwebloko N luya kusetyenziswa kwibhloko engu-N+1. -EIP-7547 Esi siphakamiso ekuqaleni sasijoliswe ukuba sibe yinxalenye yokuphucula i-Ethereum ye-Pectra, kodwa ekugqibeleni yayingabandakanywa, kwaye esinye isizathu sasiyimiba yokuhambelana phakathi kwendlela yokudlulisa kunye ne . -EIP-3074 I-EIP-3074 yazisa uhlobo lweNative Account Abstraction esebenzisa i-opcode ebizwa ngokuba yi-AUTHCALL, eyenza ukuba i-akhawunti enye ilungelelanise iibhalansi zee-EOA ezininzi (ii-Akhawunti eziMnini waNgaphandle). Lo matshini unokujongela phantsi ngokulula uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba u-Alice uquka ukuthengiselana (A) kuLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo, apho i-EOA yakhe ithumela i-ETH kuBob. Kwangaxeshanye, udala enye intengiselwano (B) esebenzisa i-EIP-3074's AUTHCALL ukudlulisela zonke iibhalansi ze-EOA yakhe kwiakhawunti eyahlukileyo. Masicinge ukuba intengiselwano B ibandakanyiwe kwibhloko engu-N, ngelixa intengiselwano A ibandakanyiwe kuLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo lwebhloko N+1. Nantsi into ephambili: xa umcebisi esenza uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo, abazi ukuba zeziphi iintengiselwano eziya kubandakanywa ngumakhi kwibhloko yangoku. Kule meko, intengiselwano B kwibhloko engu-N yenza ukuba intengiselwano A ingasebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, umakhi webhloko i-N+1 akayi kukwazi ukwakha ibhloko esebenzayo ngenxa yokungavumelekanga kwentengiselwano A kuLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo. Iinzame zenziwe ukusombulula lo mba ngokusebenzisa imiqobo eyongezelelweyo kuLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, umba ongundoqo usahleli: I-EIP-3074 ngokwemvelo ivumela ukuguqulwa kweebhalansi kwezinye ii-EOAs. Iitshekhi ezilula, ezinjengokuqinisekisa idilesi ethi "From", azikwazi ukubona ukuphazamiseka phakathi kweetransekshini zoLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo kunye nezinye iitransekshini. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yingxaki yokufumaneka kwedatha yamahhala, ekhankanywe kwinqaku elithi 'Akukho Isidlo sasemini sasimahla - uyilo olutsha loluhlu lokubandakanya.' Nangona i-EIP-3074 yayingabandakanywanga ekuphuculeni i-Pectra, ukusebenza okufanayo-EIP-7702-yabandakanyiwe. Ngenxa yoko, le miba kufuneka ixazululwe ngaphambi kokuba i-EIP-7547 iphunyezwe kwi-mainnet ye-Ethereum. Ngaphezu koko, i-EIP-7547 ijongene nemingeni eyongezelelweyo, njengokunciphisa ukuba umcebisi omnye kuphela unokudala uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo kwibhloko nganye. Ezi zinto zenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa i-EIP-7547 kwi-mainnet ye-Ethereum njengoko injalo. Ngenxa yoko, i-EIP-7547 yayingabandakanywanga kuhlaziyo lwePectra. IFOCIL Ngaba asikho isicombululo kule miba? Kungekudala, isisombululo esibizwa ngokuba yi-FOCIL (i-Fork-choice inforced Inclusion Lists) ifumene ingqwalasela ebalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-Ethereum ecosystem kwaye ithathwa njengenye yezona zisombululo ezinokuthi ziphunyezwe kwi-mainnet ye-Ethereum. Icetywa njenge , i-FOCIL yazisa indlela apho ingeyiyo nje enye kodwa iziko ezininzi liphakamisa uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo. Iinkcukacha zayo kunye neempawu zezi zilandelayo: -EIP-7805 Kwisiseko sayo, i-FOCIL ithatha ingcamango yoLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo, oku kuthetha ukuba umntu wenza uluhlu lweentengiselwano olumele lufakwe kwibhloko nganye, kwaye abacebisi bayafuneka ukuba badibanise. Nangona kunjalo, i-FOCIL yahlukile kwi-EIP-7547 ngeendlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: Endaweni yomceli omnye, ikomiti ye-IL yamalungu ali-16 ngokuzimeleyo iphakamisa uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo. ULuhlu loBandakanyo olucetywayo lwebloko N luqukwe kwibloko engu-N ngokwayo, hayi ibloko engu-N+1. Iinkcukacha zeMechanism Ukwakhiwa koLuhlu lokuBandakanywa kwebhloko N iqala xa i-slot yebhloko i-N-1 iqala. Ikomiti ye-IL ekhethiweyo ngokungenamkhethe ye-16 yokuqinisekisa ifumana ibhloko i-N-1, ibeka njengentloko yabo, yakha uluhlu lwabo olubandakanyayo olubandakanyayo, kwaye isasaza ezi zinto ngokusebenzisa i-peer-to-peer. Inkqubo yokwakha iphela imizuzwana ye-9 kwi-slot ye-12-yesibini ye-N-1, emva koko ikomiti ayinako ukongeza kuluhlu. Emva kokufumana olu luhlu ngenethiwekhi ye-P2P, umakhi webhlokhi N kufuneka abandakanye ngelixa kusakha ibhloko. Kungekudala emva kokuqala kwe-N slot, ibhloko ihanjiswa kumcebisi. I-Validators yokuqinisekisa ibhloko N ithelekisa ukuthengiselana kwiiLuhlu eziBandakanyiweyo ezifunyenwe ngaphambili kunye nezo zifakwe kwibhloko ye-N ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa. Izinto ezilungileyo zeFOCIL ngaphezulu kwe-EIP-7547 Xa kuthelekiswa ne-EIP-7547 ebicetywa ngaphambili, iFOCIL ibonelela ngezi zibonelelo zilandelayo: Ukuchasa okuphezulu kulawulo Indawo nganye ekhoyo ibandakanya ikomiti ye-IL yabaqinisekisi abali-16 abakha uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo. Oku kunika ukuchasana okunamandla ku-censorship kune-EIP-7547, apho i-validator enye yayinoxanduva. Ukuphunyezwa okungenamthungo Ngokusebenzisa i-API esemgangathweni ye-forkChoiceUpdate esetyenziswa ngabathengi bemvumelwano, uLuhlu lokuBandakanywa lunokuba lula kwaye ludityaniswe ngokungenamthungo kwiprotocol. "Ixesha lokwenyani" ukuchasana novavanyo Ngokungafani ne-EIP-7547, apho uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo olucetywayo kwibhloko ye-N + 1 lubangela ukulibaziseka, i-FOCIL ibandakanya i-IL kwibhloko ecetywayo kwi-N ngokwayo, evumela ukuthengiselana ukuba kufakwe ngaphandle kokulibazisa. Olu lwakhiwo lwangaxeshanye lweebhloko kunye noLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo luqinisekisa ukuhambelana neendlela ezicetywayo zangaphambili zokutsalwa kweakhawunti njenge-EIP-3074 okanye i-EIP-7702. Iibhloko zangaphambili azikwazi ukwenza intengiselwano ingasebenzi kuLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo. Abakhi bafumana i-IL phambi kokuba bagqibezele ulwakhiwo lwebhloko, nto leyo ebavumela ukuba bangabandakanyi nayiphi na intengiselwano eya kwenza ukuba i-IL ingasebenzi. Le nkqubo iqonde ngqo: abakhi barekhoda i-nonce kunye nebhalansi yazo zonke ii-EOA ezibandakanyekayo kwi-IL kwaye zihlaziye ezi xabiso xa kukho utshintsho. Le ndlela elula ivumela abakhi ukuba baqinisekise ukunyaniseka kweentengiselwano ze-IL kunye nokugqiba ukwakhiwa kwebhloko ngempumelelo. Indima yeFOCIL kwiibhloko I-FOCIL ivumela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-16 yoLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo kwibhloko nganye, uluhlu ngalunye lukhawulelwe kubungakanani obukhulu be-8KB (8192 bytes). Ukuba akukho kugqithelana kwiintengiselwano ezicetywayo ngoLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo lwe-16, ubungakanani obukhulu bezentengiselwano ze-IL kwibhloko enye inokufikelela kwi-128KB. Lo mda wenzelwe ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuqinisekisa njengoko uLuhlu lokuBandakanya lusasazwa ngenethiwekhi yeP2P. Ngoko, ingakanani ibhloko ye-Ethereum enokwakhiwa kusetyenziswa ii-IL phantsi kweFOCIL? Ngokomlando, ubungakanani bebhloko ye-Ethereum bube malunga ne-80-100KB, kunye nobuninzi obumalunga ne-300KB. Ukuba akukho ukugqithelana kwiintengiselwano ezicetywayo yi-16 ye-Inclusion Lists, kunokwenzeka ngokwethiyori ukuba kwakhiwe yonke ibhloko ye-Ethereum usebenzisa i-IL transactions kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, le meko ayinakwenzeka. Kuba iintengiselwano kuLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo zithathwa ngokubanzi kwimempool yoluntu, kukho amathuba aphezulu okuba zidlulelane ngaphandle kokuba amalungu ekomiti ye-IL ali-16 asebenzisa ubumbeko olwahluke ngokupheleleyo. Isishwankathelo, ukuthengiselana kwi-FOCIL's Inclusion Lists kulindeleke ukuba ihlale phakathi kwe-6-10% kunye ne-100% yebhloko ye-Ethereum, kunye namatyala axhomekeke kuluhlu lwe-6-10% lubonelele ukuba amalungu ekomiti ye-IL ajonge kwi-mempool efanayo yoluntu. Ngaphaya kwe-FOCIL: Ukudibanisa i-APS ne-FOCIL Imvelaphi ye APS Esinye isizathu sokuba i-FOCIL ibe sisisombululo esikhokelayo kukuba i-synergy enokwenzeka kunye ne-Attester-Proposer Separation (APS) izindululo ezifana . Yintoni i-APS, kwaye ihambelana njani neFOCIL? neeTikiti zokuSebenza I-APS iphakamisa ukwahlula iindima zomcebisi kunye nobungqina beebhloko. Kwi-Ethereum, ukwakhiwa kwebhloko phantsi kwe-PBS kubandakanya ukwahlula iindima phakathi kwabacebisi, abacebisa iibhloko, kunye nabakhi, abakha iziqulatho zebhloko. Oku kuthintela iiphuli ezibekwe kwindawo esembindini ezenziwe ngabacebisi-umakhi umanyano ekubekeni bucala iingeniso ze-MEV kunye nokurekhoda i-APR ephezulu kakhulu kuneengqinisi eziqhelekileyo, ezinokuthi zibeke kwindawo enye imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa. Lo mba wasonjululwa nge-MEV-Boost, kwaye inkqubo ye-in-protocol relay system (ePBS) iye yacetywa ukujongana neenkxalabo eziseleyo zokubekwa kwindawo enye. Nangona kunjalo, ngaba i-PBS ngenene lolona luhlu lufanelekileyo? Enye indima ebalulekileyo yomaleko wemvumelwano ka-Ethereum kukusasaza imivuzo kunye nokubeka izohlwayo kubaqinisekisi. Ukuba le nkqubo iba yindawo ephakathi, ikhonkco iya kuchaphazeleka ngamaqumrhu aphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iivoti zokuqinisekisa. Ke, umaleko wemvumelwano kufuneka uhlale unatyisiwe kakhulu. Umaleko wophumezo, nangona kunjalo, awunayo imiqobo efanayo. Imisebenzi efana nokutsalwa kwe-MEV kunye noku-odola intengiselwano intsonkothile kwaye icwangciswe ngokwendalo, ifuna amaqumrhu abekwe kwindawo esembindini. Ukuba le misebenzi ibibekwe kubo bonke abaqinisekisi, bekuya kuqhuba ikhonkco ukuya kwi-centralization. Kule nkalo, ifilosofi ka-Ethereum kukuba 'abathathi-nxaxheba abavumelanayo akufanele bakhuthazwe ukuba baqhube imisebenzi enzima kwinzuzo yomntu.' Ngokusebenzisa i-PBS, i-Ethereum ihlukanisa abaqinisekisi kubadlali be-MEV (abakhi, abaphandi) ukusabalalisa inzuzo ye-MEV ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Nangona kunjalo, abacebisi banokusebenzisa iindlela ezingaqhelekanga zokufumana inzuzo eyongezelelweyo: Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabacebisi nabakhi Abakhi sele bebekwe embindini, kodwa abacebisi bakwabonisa ukubekwa kwindawo enye. Ngokomzekelo, i-Coinbase ibamba malunga ne-10% ye-ETH epheleleyo. Ukuba i-Coinbase idibene nomakhi othile ukuba amkele iibhloko zayo kuphela, oku kuya kwazisa i-centralization vector ebalulekileyo kwi-ecosystem. Imidlalo yexesha lomcebisi Ethereum ixesha elide ngokwentelekiso 12-yesibini ibhlokhi yazisa umdla oguqukayo ebizwa ngokuba ixesha imidlalo, apho abacebi ukulibazisa block upapasho ukwandisa inzuzo MEV. I-MEV ekhoyo kwibhloko ngokubanzi inyuka ngokulandelelana ngokuhamba kwexesha. Abacebisi banokulibazisa ukusasazwa kwebhlokhi ukuze bandise i-MEV yabo, bapapashe nje ngaphambi kokuba babeke emngciphekweni ukwaliwa ngumceli olandelayo. Ngoko ke, umcebisi unokulibazisa kangakanani ukupapashwa kwebhloko ngaphakathi kwendawo yokubeka enye (imizuzwana eyi-12)? Ngokutsho kwe-protocol ye-Ethereum, umcebisi olandelayo ukuqwalasela ibhloko yangaphambili evumelekileyo, ibhloko kufuneka ifumane iivoti ezivela kwi-40% ye-validators (abangqineli) ababelwe kwikomiti ye-slot yangaphambili. Kwi-mainnet ye-Ethereum yangoku, indawo apho i-40% yeevoti ze-validator zifunyenwe malunga nemizuzwana ye-3.8 kwi-slot. Umceli ozama ukudlala ixesha lemidlalo angasebenzisa isicwangciso sokulibazisa ukupapashwa kwebhloko kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukulinda de kufumaneke iivoti ezaneleyo (40% okanye ngaphezulu) ukunqanda ukukhatywa ngumcebisi olandelayo. Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo asisoloko sihambelana neenjongo zomceli. Ukuba ibhloko iyasilela ukufumana i-40% yeevoti, umcebisi olandelayo uya kuyikhaba. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abaqinisekisi abavotele ibhloko ekhatyiweyo baya kuba bavotele ibhloko engeyiyo inxalenye yekhonkco le-canonical, okukhokelela kwizohlwayo zokuqhawula. Ukuba le meko iyaqhubeka, abaqinisekisi banokulibazisa iivoti zabo ukuze bajonge imeko yenethiwekhi kwaye baqinisekise ukuba iivoti zabo zichanekile. Oku kuziphatha kunokunyusa inani le-reorgs kwikhonkco. Isishwankathelo, imidlalo yokubeka ixesha lomcebisi inokuchaphazela kakubi iziphumo zokuvumelana kwe-Ethereum kwaye kufuneka ithintelwe. Indima ye-APS I-APS sisisombululo esenzelwe ukujongana nalo mba. I-APS iphakamisa ukudala umcebisi owahlukileyo womaleko wokubulawa, ukwahlula ngokupheleleyo umaleko wemvumelwano kwi-MEV. Umzekelo, omnye weziphakamiso ze-APS ezimele, iThikithi lokuSebenza, lazisa "umcebisi wokubulawa" owahlukileyo kumphakamisi wekhonkco. Kule nkqubo, iprothokholi ivelisa kwaye ithengise amatikiti okubulala, anika abanini bawo ilungelo lokuba bakhethwe ngokungenamkhethe njengabacebisi bogwebo kwibhloko nganye. Aba bacebisi bokubulawa baya kuthatha iinxalenye zendima edlalwa ngoku ngabacebisi be-beacon chain kwi-MEV-Boost, befumana imithwalo ehlawulwayo kwaye bayicebise. Ingqiqo emva kolu yilo kukuba ukufakwa kwindawo enye yabacebisi bokubulawa akuyongxaki; enyanisweni, ukubahlula kuluhlu lwemvumelwano kuphucula inkqubo iyonke. Emva koko, yeyiphi imisebenzi umcebisi wekhonkco lekhonkco elinokusingatha phantsi kwe-APS? Ngaphandle kokulawula iidiphozithi ze-validator, imivuzo, kunye nezohlwayo (utshintsho lwelizwe ngaphakathi kwekhonkco le-beacon), umcebisi we-consumence layer unendima eyongezelelweyo ephambili kwi-APS: ukwakha uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo kunye nokugqithisa kwinqanaba lokubulawa. Kunqweneleka ngakumbi ukuba uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo luxhomekeke kwiseti yongqinisiso olunatyisiweyo lolwandiso lwemvumelwano endaweni yokuba abacebisi bogwebo babekwe kwindawo enye. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa amathuba okuba abahlaseli bavavanywe kunye nabacebi ukuba bahlole intengiselwano. Ngaloo ndlela, izindululo ze-APS ezifana neThikithi lokuSebenza zicebisa indlela apho i-validators ye-consence layers yakha uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo njengenxalenye yebhloko yebhakoni. Olu luhlu ke lusebenza njengesiseko somcebisi wokubulawa ukuba akhe kwaye acebise ibhloko epheleleyo. Isishwankathelo, izisombululo zokumelana noLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo zilungelelanisa ngokungenamthungo kunye nombono ka-Ethereum we-APS. Ngenxa yoko, i-FOCIL ithathwa njengenye yezona zisombululo zithembisayo zokuchasa ukubalwa. Izinto eziluncedo zeFOCIL I-FOCIL iqinisekisa ukuxhathisa okusebenzayo kovavanyo ngelixa igcina ukusetyenziswa kovimba wothungelwano kumanqanaba afanelekileyo ngokucutha i-IL nganye ukuya kwi-8KB kwaye ibe nekomiti ye-IL yee-validators ezili-16 (ezilingana nobukhulu beblob enye). Itshathi engezantsi ibonisa ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba ukuthengiselana kufakwe kwikhonkco, kuxhomekeke kwipesenti yabaqinisekisi abathembekileyo kwikomiti ye-IL. Nangona kuphela i-15% yabaqinisekisi kwikomiti ayibandakanyi, ukuthengiselana kusenokubandakanywa ngokukhawuleza. Oku kubonisa indlela ikomiti encinci ye-16 eqinisekisayo inokufezekisa ukuchasana ngokufanelekileyo kwe-censorship. Isisombululo esinokubakho 2: Iiproposer/umakhi abaninzi ngaxeshanye Uthini malunga nokwenza abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi bacebise ibhloko epheleleyo kunye? Le ngcamango yaziwa ngokuba yi "Multiple Concurrent Proposer". Kunokuba iziko elinye licebise ibhloko ngexesha, amaziko amaninzi acebisa iibhloko ngaxeshanye kwindawo enye. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukwamkela isisombululo esinjalo kunokunyusa kakhulu iindleko zokuhlolwa. I-Ethereum inendlela apho abacebisi beebhloko ze-32 kwixesha ngalinye batyhilwa ngaxeshanye. Olu seto luvumela iimeko apho umntu unokuzama "ukunyoba" abacebi ukuba bahlole intengiselwano ethile. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba iibhloko bezingacetywanga ngumntu omnye kodwa ngabacebi be-N ngaxeshanye? Kule meko, ukusebenzisa inkqubo efana neengcebiso ezinemiqathango kwenza kube lula ukwazisa "ingxaki yamabanjwa" phakathi kwabaceli be-N, ngokwenjenjalo kunyuswa iindleko zovavanyo. Umzekelo, khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wemeko apho abacebisi be-N banikwe umsebenzi wokwenza ibhloko, u-Alice ubacela ukuba babandakanye intengiselwano yakhe, kwaye u-Bob uzama ukuvala intengiselwano ka-Alice. U-Alice unokunikezela ngesinyobo kubacebisi ngokubandakanya intengiselwano yakhe, ngelixa u-Bob enokubanyoba ukuba bayihlole. Kule meko, u-Alice unokusebenzisa isicwangciso sokunyoba esonyusa ngempumelelo iindleko zika-Bob zokuhlolwa, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ukuba abacebisi ababini okanye ngaphezulu babandakanya intengiselwano, u-Alice unika incam encinci ye-t kuye ngamnye wabo. Ukuba umceli omnye kuphela ubandakanya intengiselwano, u-Alice unika incam enkulu ye-T kulo mcebisi. Kule meko, abacebisi bazifumana "kwingxaki yamabanjwa" -efana nemeko. Esona sicwangciso sisiso somcebisi ngamnye kulo mdlalo kukubandakanya intengiselwano endaweni yokuyicutha. Ukuze uBob avavanye ngempumelelo intengiselwano ka-Alice, kuya kufuneka anyobe bonke abacebisi be-N, exabisa i-NT. Kwelinye icala, u-Alice ufuna ukuchitha kuphela i-Nt ukuze aqinisekise ukuba intengiselwano yakhe ibandakanyiwe. Oku kwandisa kakhulu iindleko zokuhlolwa. Le ngcamango inokuphunyezwa phezu kwe-PBS ngeendlela ezininzi. Umzekelo, abacebisi abaninzi banokwakha iibhloko ngaxeshanye, okanye abakhi abaninzi banokwakha iibhloko ngaxeshanye. Eli candelo lazisa iindlela ezimbini zokuphumeza oku kulwakhiwo lwe-PBS: I-BRAID - uMcebisi omninzi ohambelanayo I-BuilderNet-i-Multiple Concurrent Builder IBRAID Isishwankathelo se-BRAID I-BRAID yisisombululo se-Ethereum censorship-resistant ecetywayo nguMax Resnick, owayeyinxalenye yeQela eliKhethekileyo leMechanism. Umatshini usekwe kwingqikelelo elula kodwa enamandla: endaweni yokusebenzisa ikhonkco elinye njengoko i-Ethereum isenza ngoku, k amatyathanga e-LMD-GHOST alungelelanisiweyo aya kuqhuba ngokuhambelanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, kunye BRAID, k abacebisi ngaxeshanye ukuvelisa iibhloko zabo slot ngalinye. Isebenza njani iBRAID Umbuzo ocacileyo uyavela: Iibhloko ze-k zisetyenzwa njani? Ekubeni iibhloko kufuneka ekugqibeleni zidityaniswe zibe yinye ukugcina i-blockchain enye, i-BRAID isebenzisa umgaqo ochazwe kwangaphambili woku-odola ukuze udibanise. Umzekelo, iibhloko zinokudityaniswa ngokususa iimpinda kunye nokuhlelwa kweentengiselwano ngokolandelelwano oluhla lwemirhumo. Ibhloko egqityiweyo iya kuthi emva koko iqulathe intengiselwano edityanisiweyo, eyalelweyo. Izinto eziluncedo kunye nemida I-BRAID ibonelela ngezinto ezininzi ezilungileyo: Uxhathiso oluluqilima lovavanyo Ngokuvumela abacebisi abaninzi ukuba basebenze ngaxeshanye, i-BRAID yonyusa kakhulu iindleko zokuvalwa, njengoko amaziko amaninzi anokufuna ukunyotywa. Ukunyanzeliswa kwe-odolo yentengiselwano Indlela yokuchaza ngokucacileyo uku-odola intengiselwano, iyenza ilungele izicelo ezifana neefandesi zexesha lokwenyani ezithe thaa kumyalelo wentengiselwano. Qaphela ukuba oku akusoloko kuyinzuzo kuba ithintela izicelo ezithile ekuphumezeni imithetho yolandelelwano lwe-app ethile. Nangona kunjalo, i-BRAID inomda. Ekubeni zonke iikhonkco ze-k kufuneka zihlale zihambelana, iziqinisekiso zifuna izixhobo ezongezelelweyo zenethiwekhi. Oku kuchasene nenjongo ye-Ethereum yokunciphisa iimfuno zokuqinisekisa. BuilderNet Isishwankathelo se-BuilderNet I-BuilderNet sisisombululo esicetywayo yiFlashbots ukunyusa ukuxhathisa ukulawulwa ngokuvumela amaqumrhu amaninzi ukuba asebenze njengabakhi beebhloko ngaxeshanye. Inguqulelo yokuqala ye-BuilderNet isebenzisa imodeli ye-multi-operator, apho amaziko amaninzi asebenza umakhi omnye elandela izikhokelo zolawulo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kobalo xa kuthelekiswa nomakhi we-opharetha omnye. I-BuilderNet imele inyathelo eliya kulwakhiwo lwesisombululo soMakhi omninzi. Ukukhutshwa kokuqala kwe-BuilderNet kusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo yiFlashbots, Beaverbuild, kunye ne-Nethermind, kwaye kukho izicwangciso zokukhwela abakhi abaninzi kwixesha elizayo. Izicwangciso zexesha elizayo zokunatyiswa kweBuilderNet Imodeli yangoku ye-multi-opharetha isabonakala njengomakhi omnye kubabukeli bangaphandle, ukukhawulela inqanaba lokuchasana nokulawulwa kwe-censorship enokufikelela. Ukukhutshwa kwexesha elizayo kwe-BuilderNet kujolise ekunabiseni inethiwekhi yayo ngakumbi kwaye iphucule ukuxhathisa ukulawulwa kolu tshintsho lulandelayo: Ukwabelana ngokulandelelana phakathi kwabakhi Iinguqulelo zexesha elizayo ze-BuilderNet ziyakunabisa inkqubo yokwakha ibhloko, ivumela umakhi omnye ukuba athathele utshintshiselwano oluvavanywe ngomnye umakhi. Ngokwethiyori, okoko nje kukho umakhi omnye ongahlolisiyo, zonke iintengiselwano zomsebenzisi zisengafakwa kwibhloko. Le ndlela ilindeleke ukuba ivele i-BuilderNet ibe yimodeli yokwenyani ye-Multiple Concurrent Builder. Iziseko zophuhliso ezinatyisiweyo Inguqulelo yangoku ye-BuilderNet ixhomekeke kwiziseko ezingundoqo ze-transaction ingress kunye nokugcinwa kwedatha, kwaye ukuthatha inxaxheba kufuna imvume. Iinguqulelo zexesha elizayo zijolise ekulungiseni oku ngokwenza i-BuilderNet ingabi namvume. I-TEE ye-UX engcono kunye ne-DX I-BuilderNet ikwadala indawo esebenziseka ngakumbi kumsebenzisi kwii-apps, izipaji, abakhangeli, kunye nabasebenzisi ngokuxhasa iiMeko eziThenjiweyo zokuSebenza. I-TEE iqinisekisa ukuba isoftware iziphatha ngendlela echaziweyo ngokusekwe kwintembeko yehardware, ithintela abakhi ekubeni bangayishiyi idatha okanye ikhowudi yokuguqula. Ngokusebenzisa i-BuilderNet, abaphandi bafumana iziqinisekiso eziphezulu xa bethumela iinyanda kubakhi, njengoko i-TEE inyanzelisa ukuphunyezwa kwengqiqo yokusasazwa komvuzo kubakhangeli abafaka isandla kulwakhiwo lwebhloko. Ukuba ingqiqo yokusasazwa komvuzo ilungile ngokwaneleyo, oku kuya kubonelela abaphandi ngeziqinisekiso zoqoqosho ezinokuthelekiswa nezivumelwano ezisemthethweni nabakhi. Ukongeza kubakhangeli, ii-apps, kunye nezipaji ezijolise ekubambeni i-MEV zinokuzuza kuyilo lwe-BuilderNet. BuilderNet kwi-L2s Inqaku elibalulekileyo le-BuilderNet kukusebenza kwayo okunokwenzeka kwizisombululo zeLayer 2. I-Ethereum L2s ivelisa ngenkuthalo iinkqubo zobungqina kunye nezakhiwo ze-validator ezisemthethweni ukuze zizuze ukhuseleko lwe-Ethereum. Nangona ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemali yomsebenzisi kwiibhulorho, azizuzi ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Ethereum. Indlela yokuthengiselana ngenkani yeentengiselwano ze-L1-to-L2 ngoku ithatha ubuninzi beeyure ze-12-24 (kuxhomekeke kuyilo) ukubandakanya iintengiselwano kwi-L2, engakwaziyo ukubonelela ukuchasana kwexesha lokwenyani. Ngokukhupha ulwakhiwo lwebhloko kwi-BuilderNet, ii-L2s zinokufikelela ekuxhathisweni kovavanyo oluphezulu kunabalandelelanisi ababodwa ngelixa ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwe-MEV ngokunyanzeliswa kwe-odolo yentengiselwano kunye ne-TEE, efana nezakhiwo ezifana ne-Unichain. Ukuqukumbela Ngokufanelekileyo, i-blockchains kufuneka ixhathise i-censorship, kwaye uluntu lwase-Ethereum lucebise izisombululo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokujongana nemiba yokuchasana nokunyanzeliswa kwe-censorship ebangelwa yi-centralization yomakhi. Phakathi kwezona zisombululo zithembisayo yi-FOCIL, apho abaqinisekisi be-16 bacebisa uLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo kwibhloko nganye, enikezela ukuchasana kovavanyo olusebenzayo kunye nokuhambelana ne-APS. I-FOCIL kulindeleke ukuba ixoxwe ukuze ifakwe kuphuculo lwe-Fusaka olucwangciselwe ukuphela kwe-2025 okanye ekuqaleni kwe-2026. Kwangaxeshanye, iingxoxo kwiimodeli zoMakhi eziNyenye ezininzi ezikhokelwa ziiFlashbots ziyaqhubeka. Abakhi be-decentralizing banokuphucula ngokuphawulekayo ukuxhathisa kwe-Ethereum kwaye inokuphunyezwa ngokuzimeleyo kwi-core Ethereum yophuhliso, evumela ukwamkelwa ngokukhawuleza. Ngala manyathelo okuqala, i-Ethereum iqhubela phambili ngokuthe chu ukuya kumaleko athembekileyo angathathi hlangothi, apho kungekho ziko elinye linempembelelo engafanelekanga ekubandakanyeni intengiselwano. Ngokudibanisa i-FOCIL yoLuhlu oluBandakanyiweyo oluqhutywa yi-validator kunye ne-decentralization enokubakho yabakhi beebhloko, i-Ethereum inokuphucula ukuqina kwayo ngokuchasene nokuhlolwa ngelixa igcina ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nobulungisa kwi-MEV yokusabalalisa. Njengoko ezi zisombululo ziguquka, inethiwekhi iyaqhubeka nokugcina imigaqo yayo engundoqo yokwabiwa kwamagunya, ukufikelela ngokungenamvume, kunye nokungathathi hlangothi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-Ethereum ihlala iyindawo yokuhlala eqinile kunye ne-censorship-resistant settlement layer kwikamva. Inguqulelo yeli nqaku yapapashwa ekuqaleni . Apha

Ikamva le-Ethereum II - Ukunyangwa kweCensorship

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