Maitiro ekutumira Smart Contract kuEthereum Network Uchishandisa dRPC API Kiyi uye Endpoint

Nhanganyaya Kubva pakunzwisisa tech stack yeWeb3 DApp budiriro, unofanira kunge wakadzidza iyo yakakosha tech stack yewebhu3 dApp budiriro, basa reRPC mukuvandudza dApp, uye mashandisiro edRPC kugadzira account, kugadzira kiyi yeAPI, magumo, endpoints analytics. , wedzera mari kuAccount yako yedRPC, uye tarisa chiyero chako. Basa reDRPC pakuisa zvibvumirano zvakanaka nderokurerutsa nzira yekumisikidza Ethereum node, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kune vanogadzira kutaurirana uye kutumira nemutsara mumwe chete wekodhi. Muchikamu chino, iwe uchanyora, kuunganidza, kuedza, uye kutumira kontrakiti yekubhadhara kofi kuEthereum Sepolia Testnet uchishandisa dRPC endpoint uye API key. Zvinhu zvacho zvinosanganisira: Kubhadhara Kofi Kuongorora mutengo weKofi Kutora Nhamba Yese yeKofi yakatengeswa uye Yese huwandu hwemari yakagadzirwa Ngatisvibise maoko enyu. Prerequisites Ita mari account yako neSepolia Faucet. Iva neWallet semuenzaniso, Metamask. Code Editor. Wakatoisa chero maraibhurari eJs kana mafaera esarudzo yako (semuenzaniso React.js, Next.js nezvimwewo). Chirongo cheMvura. Tekinoroji uye Zvishandiso Zvinodiwa Solidity. React.js uchishandisa Vite.js(Typescript) Hardhat. Web3.js. Dotenv. dRPC API Kiyi uye Endpoint. Akaunti yako yakavanzika kiyi. MetaMask Kunyora Kofi Kubhadhara Smart Contract Gadzira Folder pasi pemidzi yako dhairekitori, uye itumidze iyo . contracts Gadzira Faira pasi pegwaro , woritumidza kuti . contracts coffee.sol unenge uchishandisa kusimba kunyora smart kontrakiti. Mafaira eSolidity anopihwa mazita neiyo extension nekuti ndiyo yakajairwa faira rekuwedzera yeSolidity source code. .sol Wedzera iyo inotevera sosi kodhi kune : coffee.sol // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity >=0.8.0 <0.9.0; contract Coffee { uint256 public constant coffeePrice = 0.0002 ether; uint256 public totalCoffeesSold; uint256 public totalEtherReceived; // Custom error definitions error QuantityMustBeGreaterThanZero(); error InsufficientEtherSent(uint256 required, uint256 sent); error DirectEtherTransferNotAllowed(); // Event to log coffee purchases event CoffeePurchased(address indexed buyer, uint256 quantity, uint256 totalCost); // Function to buy coffee function buyCoffee(uint256 quantity) external payable { if (quantity totalCost) { revert InsufficientEtherSent(totalCost, msg.value); } // Update the total coffees sold and total ether received totalCoffeesSold += quantity; totalEtherReceived += totalCost; console.log("Total ether received updated:", totalEtherReceived); console.log("Total coffee sold updated:", totalCoffeesSold); // Emit the purchase event emit CoffeePurchased(msg.sender, quantity, totalCost); // Refund excess Ether sent if (msg.value > totalCost) { uint256 refundAmount = msg.value - totalCost; payable(msg.sender).transfer(refundAmount); } } // Fallback function to handle Ether sent directly to the contract receive() external payable { revert DirectEtherTransferNotAllowed(); } // Public view functions to get totals function getTotalCoffeesSold() external view returns (uint256) { console.log("getTotalCoffeesSold :", totalCoffeesSold); return totalCoffeesSold; } function getTotalEtherReceived() external view returns (uint256) { console.log("getTotalEtherReceived :", totalEtherReceived); return totalEtherReceived; } } Pragma : Ichi chiziviso cherezinesi chinoratidza kuti kodhi inopihwa rezinesi pasi License. //SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT peMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) : Inotsanangura kuti kodhi yakanyorerwa Solidity shanduro pakati pe0.8.0 (inosanganisira) uye 0.9.0 (yakasarudzika). pragma solidity >=0.8.0 <0.9.0; State Variable uint256 public constant coffeePrice = 0.0002 ether; uint256 public totalCoffeesSold; uint256 public totalEtherReceived; : Set as a constant value of . coffeePrice 0.0002 ether : Inoteedzera huwandu hwekofi dzakatengeswa. totalCoffeesSold : Inotevedzera Eteri yose yakagamuchirwa nekondirakiti. totalEtherReceived Custom Errors Zvikanganiso zvechinyakare muSolidity . Vanogona kubatsira kuvandudza ruzivo rwemushandisi, uye zvakare vanogona kubatsira nekugadzirisa uye kuchengetedza smart zvibvumirano. mameseji ekukanganisa akagadzirirwa kune imwe nyaya yekushandisa, pane yekukanganisa mameseji anopihwa nemutauro wechirongwa Kutsanangura kukanganisa kwetsika muSolidity, unogona kushandisa inotevera syntax: : Iri izwi guru rinoshandiswa kutsanangura kukanganisa kwetsika error Zita rakasiyana: Iko kukanganisa kunofanirwa kuve nezita rakasiyana Parameters: Kana iwe uchida kusanganisa chaiwo ruzivo kana ma parameter mune yekukanganisa meseji, unogona kuwedzera iwo mumaparentheses mushure mezita rekukanganisa. error QuantityMustBeGreaterThanZero(); error InsufficientEtherSent(uint256 required, uint256 sent); error DirectEtherTransferNotAllowed(); : Inova nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwakakura kupfuura zero. QuantityMustBeGreaterThanZero() : Inovimbisa kuti Ether yakatumirwa yakakwana. InsufficientEtherSent(uint256 required, uint256 sent) : Inodzivirira zvakananga Ether kutamiswa kune kontrakiti. DirectEtherTransferNotAllowed() Zviitiko Chiitiko chikamu chekondirakiti inochengeta nharo dzinopfuudzwa mumagwaro ekutengeserana kana aburitswa. Zviitiko zvinowanzo shandiswa kuzivisa chikumbiro chekufona nezve mamiriro ekondirakiti ikozvino uchishandisa EVM yekutema matanda. Ivo vanozivisa zvikumbiro nezve shanduko dzakaitwa kune zvibvumirano, izvo zvinozogona kushandiswa kumhanyisa zvine hukama. event CoffeePurchased(address indexed buyer, uint256 quantity, uint256 totalCost); : Logs kutenga kofi. CoffeePurchased(address indexed buyer, uint256 quantity, uint256 totalCost) Mabasa Ivo vanobvisa redundancy yekunyora zvakare chidimbu chimwe chekodhi. Pane kudaro, ma devs anogona kufonera basa muchirongwa kana zvichidikanwa. Mabasa ndeega-contained modules ekodhi inoita rimwe basa. function buyCoffee(uint256 quantity) external payable { if (quantity totalCost) { revert InsufficientEtherSent(totalCost, msg.value); } // Update the total coffees sold and total ether received totalCoffeesSold += quantity; totalEtherReceived += totalCost; console.log("Total ether received updated:", totalEtherReceived); console.log("Total coffee sold updated:", totalCoffeesSold); // Emit the purchase event emit CoffeePurchased(msg.sender, quantity, totalCost); // Refund excess Ether sent if (msg.value > totalCost) { uint256 refundAmount = msg.value - totalCost; payable(msg.sender).transfer(refundAmount); } } receive() external payable { revert DirectEtherTransferNotAllowed(); } function getTotalCoffeesSold() external view returns (uint256) { console.log("getTotalCoffeesSold :", totalCoffeesSold); return totalCoffeesSold; } function getTotalEtherReceived() external view returns (uint256) { console.log("getTotalEtherReceived :", totalEtherReceived); return totalEtherReceived; } : Inobata kutenga kofi uye inoita zvinotevera: buyCoffee(uint256 quantity) external payable Tarisa kana huwandu hwacho huriko. Inoverengera mutengo wakakwana. Inova nechokwadi chekuti Ether yakakwana inotumirwa. Inovandudza mamiriro ezvinhu. Inoburitsa chiitiko chekutenga. Kudzorera Ether yakawandisa. : Inodzosera yakananga Eteri kutamiswa kana mumwe munhu akatumira mari kukero yekondirakiti zvakananga. receive() external payable : Inodzosa iyo yakazara kofi yakatengeswa. getTotalCoffeesSold() external view returns (uint256) : Inodzorera Eteri yose yakagamuchirwa. getTotalEtherReceived() external view returns (uint256) Kunyora iyo Kofi Kubhadhara Smart Contract Pano, iwe unenge uchishandisa Hardhat kuunganidza iyo smart kontrakiti. Isa Hardhat uchishandisa inotevera yekuraira kukurumidza. npm install --save-dev hardhat Iwe uchawana mhinduro pazasi mushure mekubudirira kuisirwa. Mune rimwe dhairekitori raunotanga hardhat uchishandisa iyi command prompt: npx hardhat init Sarudza Create a Javascript project uchishandisa bhatani remuseve pasi uye wodzvanya enter. Dzvanya enter kuti uise mumudziyo folda Gamuchira zvese zvinokurudzirwa uchishandisa y pane kiibhodhi yako kusanganisira iyo @nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox dependencies. Unoona mhinduro iyi pazasi ichiratidza kuti wabudirira kutanga Iwe unozoona mamwe maforodha matsva uye mafaera akawedzerwa kupurojekiti yako. semuenzaniso, Lock.sol , iginition/modules , test/Lock.js uye hardhat.config.cjs . Usanetseka pamusoro pavo. Iyo chete inobatsira iginition/modules uye hardhat.config.cjs . Iwe unozoziva izvo zvavanoshandiswa gare gare. Inzwa wakasununguka kudzima Lock.sol pasi pezvibvumirano contracts uye Lock.js pasi iginition/modules folda. Gadzira kontrakiti uchishandisa inotevera command prompt: npx hardhat compile Iwe unoona mamwe maforodha uye mafaera akadai. Mukati Coffee.json faira mune ABI kodhi muJSON fomati iyo yauchadaidza kana uchinge uchifambidzana nekontrakiti yakangwara. { "_format": "hh-sol-artifact-1", "contractName": "Coffee", "sourceName": "contracts/coffee.sol", "abi": [ { "inputs": [], "name": "DirectEtherTransferNotAllowed", "type": "error" }, { "inputs": [ { "internalType": "uint256", "name": "required", "type": "uint256" }, { "internalType": "uint256", "name": "sent", "type": "uint256" } ], "name": "InsufficientEtherSent", "type": "error" }, { "inputs": [], "name": "QuantityMustBeGreaterThanZero", "type": "error" }, { "anonymous": false, "inputs": [ { "indexed": true, "internalType": "address", "name": "buyer", "type": "address" }, { "indexed": false, "internalType": "uint256", "name": "quantity", "type": "uint256" }, { "indexed": false, "internalType": "uint256", "name": "totalCost", "type": "uint256" } ], "name": "CoffeePurchased", "type": "event" }, { "inputs": [ { "internalType": "uint256", "name": "quantity", "type": "uint256" } ], "name": "buyCoffee", "outputs": [], "stateMutability": "payable", "type": "function" }, { "inputs": [], "name": "coffeePrice", "outputs": [ { "internalType": "uint256", "name": "", "type": "uint256" } ], "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "inputs": [], "name": "getTotalCoffeesSold", "outputs": [ { "internalType": "uint256", "name": "", "type": "uint256" } ], "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "inputs": [], "name": "getTotalEtherReceived", "outputs": [ { "internalType": "uint256", "name": "", "type": "uint256" } ], "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "inputs": [], "name": "totalCoffeesSold", "outputs": [ { "internalType": "uint256", "name": "", "type": "uint256" } ], "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "inputs": [], "name": "totalEtherReceived", "outputs": [ { "internalType": "uint256", "name": "", "type": "uint256" } ], "stateMutability": "view", "type": "function" }, { "stateMutability": "payable", "type": "receive" } ], "bytecode": "", "deployedBytecode": "", "linkReferences": {}, "deployedLinkReferences": {} } Kuedza iyo Smart Contract Kunyora otomatiki bvunzo script uchivaka yako smart kontrakiti kwakakosha uye kunokurudzirwa zvakanyanya. Inoita senge mbiri-chinhu chechokwadi (2FA), kuve nechokwadi chekuti yako smart kontrakiti inoita sezvaitarisirwa usati waiendesa kune mhenyu network. cjs. Mukati mefaira, isa kodhi iyi pazasi: Pasi peiyo test folda gadzira faira nyowani, woritumidza kuti Coffee. const { loadFixture } = require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox/network-helpers.js"); const { expect } = require("chai"); const pkg = require("hardhat"); const ABI = require('../artifacts/contracts/coffee.sol/Coffee.json'); const { web3 } = pkg; describe("Coffee Contract", function () { // Fixture to deploy the Coffee contract async function deployCoffeeFixture() { const coffeeContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI.abi); coffeeContract.handleRevert = true; const [deployer, buyer] = await web3.eth.getAccounts(); const rawContract = coffeeContract.deploy({ data: ABI.bytecode, }); // Estimate gas for the deployment const estimateGas = await rawContract.estimateGas({ from: deployer }); // Deploy the contract const coffee = await rawContract.send({ from: deployer, gas: estimateGas.toString(), gasPrice: "10000000000", }); console.log("Coffee contract deployed to: ", coffee.options.address); return { coffee, deployer, buyer, rawContract }; } describe("Deployment", function () { // Test to check initial values after deployment it("Should set the initial values correctly", async function () { const { coffee } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); const totalCoffeesSold = await coffee.methods.totalCoffeesSold().call(); const totalEtherReceived = await coffee.methods.totalEtherReceived().call(); expect(totalCoffeesSold).to.equal("0"); expect(totalEtherReceived).to.equal("0"); }); }); describe("Buying Coffee", function () { // Test to check coffee purchase and event emission it("Should purchase coffee and emit an event", async function () { const { coffee, buyer } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); const quantity = 3; const totalCost = web3.utils.toWei("0.0006", "ether"); // Buyer purchases coffee const receipt = await coffee.methods.buyCoffee(quantity).send({ from: buyer, value: totalCost }); // Check event const event = receipt.events.CoffeePurchased; expect(event).to.exist; expect(event.returnValues.buyer).to.equal(buyer); expect(event.returnValues.quantity).to.equal(String(quantity)); expect(event.returnValues.totalCost).to.equal(totalCost); }); // Test to check revert when quantity is zero it("Should revert if the quantity is zero", async function () { const { coffee, buyer } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); expect( coffee.methods.buyCoffee(0).send({ from: buyer, value: web3.utils.toWei("0.0002", "ether") }) ).to.be.revertedWith("QuantityMustBeGreaterThanZero"); }); // Test to check if totalCoffeesSold and totalEtherReceived are updated correctly it("Should update totalCoffeesSold and totalEtherReceived correctly", async function () { const { coffee, buyer } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); const quantity = 5; const totalCost = web3.utils.toWei("0.001", "ether"); await coffee.methods.buyCoffee(quantity).send({ from: buyer, value: totalCost }); const totalCoffeesSold = await coffee.methods.totalCoffeesSold().call(); const totalEtherReceived = await coffee.methods.totalEtherReceived().call(); expect(totalCoffeesSold).to.equal(String(quantity)); expect(totalEtherReceived).to.equal(totalCost); }); }); describe("Fallback function", function () { // Test to check revert when ether is sent directly to the contract it("Should revert if ether is sent directly to the contract", async function () { const { coffee, buyer } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); expect( web3.eth.sendTransaction({ from: buyer, to: coffee.options.address, value: web3.utils.toWei("0.001", "ether"), }) ).to.be.revertedWith("DirectEtherTransferNotAllowed"); }); }); }); Kodhi iyi inoedza mashandiro ekontrakiti yeKofi smart. Inosanganisira miedzo yekutumirwa, kutenga kofi, uye kubata zvakananga Ether kuendeswa kune kontrakiti. Heino kupatsanurwa: Fixture Basa: deployCoffeeFixture async function deployCoffeeFixture() { const coffeeContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI.abi); coffeeContract.handleRevert = true; const [deployer, buyer] = await web3.eth.getAccounts(); const rawContract = coffeeContract.deploy({ data: ABI.bytecode, }); const estimateGas = await rawContract.estimateGas({ from: deployer }); const coffee = await rawContract.send({ from: deployer, gas: estimateGas.toString(), gasPrice: "10000000000", }); console.log("Coffee contract deployed to: ", coffee.options.address); return { coffee, deployer, buyer, rawContract }; } : Inogadzira chiitiko chitsva chekontrakiti uye inoitumira uchishandisa account yedeployer. Inotumira Kontrakiti yeKofi : Inofungidzira gasi rinodiwa pakutumirwa. Estimates gasi : Iyo yakatumirwa chibvumirano muenzaniso, deployer, uye mutengi maakaundi. Returns Deployment Tests describe("Deployment", function () { it("Should set the initial values correctly", async function () { const { coffee } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); const totalCoffeesSold = await coffee.methods.totalCoffeesSold().call(); const totalEtherReceived = await coffee.methods.totalEtherReceived().call(); expect(totalCoffeesSold).to.equal("0"); expect(totalEtherReceived).to.equal("0"); }); }); : Inovimbisa kuti uye yakaiswa kune zero mushure mekutumirwa. Inotarisa kukosha kwekutanga totalCoffeesSold totalEtherReceived Kutenga Kofi Miedzo describe("Buying Coffee", function () { it("Should purchase coffee and emit an event", async function () { const { coffee, buyer } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); const quantity = 3; const totalCost = web3.utils.toWei("0.0006", "ether"); const receipt = await coffee.methods.buyCoffee(quantity).send({ from: buyer, value: totalCost }); const event = receipt.events.CoffeePurchased; expect(event).to.exist; expect(event.returnValues.buyer).to.equal(buyer); expect(event.returnValues.quantity).to.equal(String(quantity)); expect(event.returnValues.totalCost).to.equal(totalCost); }); it("Should revert if the quantity is zero", async function () { const { coffee, buyer } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); expect( coffee.methods.buyCoffee(0).send({ from: buyer, value: web3.utils.toWei("0.0002", "ether") }) ).to.be.revertedWith("QuantityMustBeGreaterThanZero"); }); it("Should update totalCoffeesSold and totalEtherReceived correctly", async function () { const { coffee, buyer } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); const quantity = 5; const totalCost = web3.utils.toWei("0.001", "ether"); await coffee.methods.buyCoffee(quantity).send({ from: buyer, value: totalCost }); const totalCoffeesSold = await coffee.methods.totalCoffeesSold().call(); const totalEtherReceived = await coffee.methods.totalEtherReceived().call(); expect(totalCoffeesSold).to.equal(String(quantity)); expect(totalEtherReceived).to.equal(totalCost); }); }); : Miedzo iyo kutenga kofi inovandudza nyika uye inoburitsa iyo chiitiko. Kutenga kofi uye kuburitsa chiitiko CoffeePurchased : Inova nechokwadi chekuti transaction yadzoka kana huwandu hwacho huri zero. Kudzokera pazero uwandu : Inosimbisa kuti and inovandudzwa nemazvo mushure mekutenga. Updating state nemazvo totalCoffeesSold totalEtherReceived Fallback Basa Muedzo describe("Fallback function", function () { it("Should revert if ether is sent directly to the contract", async function () { const { coffee, buyer } = await loadFixture(deployCoffeeFixture); expect( web3.eth.sendTransaction({ from: buyer, to: coffee.options.address, value: web3.utils.toWei("0.001", "ether"), }) ).to.be.revertedWith("DirectEtherTransferNotAllowed"); }); }); : Inovimbisa kuti kutumira Ether zvakananga kune kontrakiti (pasina kudana basa) kunodzorera kutengeserana. Kudzorera pane zvakananga Ether transfer Kuedza iyo Smart Contract Mushure mekunyora bvunzo script, iwe ucha : Paunenge uchimhanyisa makondirakiti ako uye bvunzo paHardhat Network, unogona kudhinda mameseji ematanda uye makondirakiti akasiyana anofona console.log() kubva pane yako Solidity kodhi. Kuti uishandise, unofanirwa kuendesa kunze hardhat/console.sol mune yako kontrakiti kodhi seizvi: //SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity >=0.8.0 <0.9.0; import "hardhat/console.sol"; contract Coffee { //... } Kuti uedze chibvumirano, mhanyisa unotevera kuraira mune yako terminal: npx hardhat test Iwe unofanirwa kuve nezvakabuda seizvi pazasi: Izvi zvinoratidza kuti smart contract yako inoshanda nenzira yainotarisirwa. Kana iwe uchimhanya npx hardhat test inozvibatanidza uye kuyedza chibvumirano chakangwara. Unogona kuzviedza uye ndizivise muchikamu chekutaura. Kuendesa Smart Contract Pano, iwe unenge uchitumira yako smart kontrakiti kuSepolia Testnet inokubvumira kuti uedze chibvumirano chako chakangwara munzvimbo inotevedzera Ethereum mainnet pasina kuisa mari yakakosha. Kana iwe wakanaka nebasa re dApp, unogona kuendesa zvakare kuEthereum Mainnet. Testnet. Isa iyo dotenv package uye izvi zvinoenderana. npm install dotenv npm install --save-dev @nomicfoundation/hardhat-web3-v4 'web3@4' Izvi zvichawedzera Web3.Js uye Dotenv kupurojekiti yako nekuisanganisira mu 'node_modules' forodha. rako pinza iwo hardhat.config.cjs faira require('dotenv').config(); require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox"); require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-web3-v4"); const HardhatUserConfig = require("hardhat/config"); module.exports = { solidity: "0.8.24", } }; Gadzira .env faira mumudziyo wako. Tora account yako yakavanzika kiyi kubva kune yako MetaMask wallet uye dRPC API kiyi. Zvichengete mufaira rako .env . DRPC_API_KEY=your_drpc_api_key PRIVATE_KEY=your_wallet_private_key Gadziridza iyo hardhat.config.cjs faira kuti ubatanidze iyo Sepolia Testnet Configuration: require('dotenv').config(); require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox"); require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-web3-v4"); const HardhatUserConfig = require("hardhat/config"); const dRPC_API_KEY = process.env.VITE_dRPC_API_KEY; const PRIVATE_KEY = process.env.VITE_PRIVATE_KEY; module.exports = { solidity: "0.8.24", networks: { sepolia: { url: `https://lb.drpc.org/ogrpc?network=sepolia&dkey=${dRPC_API_KEY}`, accounts: [`0x${PRIVATE_KEY}`], } } }; Gadzira script faira idzva pasi ignition/module forodha, woripa zita deploy.cjs . Wedzera iyo inotevera kodhi kuti uendese yako smart kontrakiti: const { buildModule } = require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-ignition/modules"); const CoffeeModule = buildModule("CoffeeModule", (m) => { const coffee = m.contract("Coffee"); return { coffee }; }); module.exports = CoffeeModule; Shandisa smart contract nekumhanyisa unotevera kuraira mune yako terminal: npx hardhat ignition deploy ./ignition/modules/deploy.cjs --network sepolia Mushure mekuita chirevo chekuraira, iwe uchakumbirwa , nyora . Iwe unofanirwa kuona kero yekontrakiti yako yakatumirwa smart mune terminal paunobudirira kutumirwa. Confirm deploy to network sepolia (11155111)? (y/n) y Iwe unogona zvakare kuwana kero yekondirakiti mu faira. deployed_addresses.json Makorokoto, wabudirira kutumira yako smart kontrakiti kuSepolia Testnet. 🎉 Mhedziso Ichi chinyorwa chakakudzidzisa manyorerwo ekubhadhara smart kontrakiti, bvunzo, kuunganidza uye kutumira smart kontrakiti uchishandisa iyo hardhat CLI. Muchinyorwa chinotevera, iwe uchadzidza kuvaka kumberi kweiyi dApp. Iyi UI ichave ne: Input field yehuwandu hweMakofi akatengwa. Bhatani rinokonzera kutengeserana kwekubhadhara uye rinobvisa kubva kuaccount yako. Ratidza Yese kofi yakatengwa uye mari yakagamuchirwa muether neUSD Mutengo weKofi pachawo zvese muether uye USD. Reference Beyond Default Messages: Kubata Tsika Zvikanganiso muSolidity Mastering Tsika Mhosho muSolidity: Simudza Yako Smart Contracts Kupfuura Default Mharidzo Chii chinonzi Solidity Functions? Ndezvipi Zviitiko muSolidity? ← Nyaya Yakapfuura Chinyorwa Chinotevera →