This paper is under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) H. Wen, Department of Economics, University of Bath; (2) T. Huang, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Roehampton; (3) D. Xiao, School of Mathematical Sciences. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Relevant Blockchain Technologies Basic Model Advanced Models for Real-World Scenarios Monte Carlo Simulations Conclusions Future Investigations, and References 6. Conclusions Building on the insights drawn from our Monte Carlo simulation results, this culminating section distills our findings and teases out the intricate nuances that emerged throughout our study. We commence by probing the bedrock of our model—Intrinsic Incentive Mechanisms for Integrity-driven Ratings—which underscores the spontaneous motivations driving genuine ratings. Progressing further, we then delineate the Incentive Mechanisms for Actions, shedding light on the various levers and pulleys that can be manipulated to promote desired agent behaviors. As a summary to the contribution incentive mechanisms, a crucial balancing act then comes into focus as we navigate the dynamics of Balancing Stakeholders’ Shares and Network Effects, emphasizing the delicate equilibrium necessary for a thriving ecosystem. Rounding off our discourse, we elevate our gaze to a holistic vista, capturing the grand vision of the The Everlasting Reputation System as a Universal Sustainable Oracle, which places our system in the broader context of the blockchain oracle landscape. 6.1. Intrinsic Incentive Mechanisms for Integrity-driven Ratings In the realm of online ratings, ensuring integrity-driven feedback is pivotal. Our system’s design incorporates a mechanism that penalizes agents whose ratings diverge from the consensus, especially when they have staked a significant amount. This is instrumental in thwarting malicious actors. Vendors offering subpar products or services, contemplating artificially boosting their ratings or undermining their rivals, confront imminent hefty losses. Even if spurious reviews momentarily influence the consensus, integrity-driven reviews, over time, can redress the balance. This may relegate their staked ratings to the minority, inflicting substantial losses. Concurrently, vendors deliberating on posting negative reviews against competitors with top-notch products or services encounter an analogous predicament. Considering that the majority of consumers are predisposed to furnish positive feedback for high-caliber products or services, a malevolent negative review can swiftly be overshadowed, culminating in substantial losses for the deceitful vendor. This architecture ensures that, viewed through the lens of economic incentives, agents are propelled to rate with an integrity-driven mindset grounded in their firsthand experiences. Venturing into game theory, while agents may kick off with endeavors to ascertain the predominant sentiment, the game is poised to settle into a state where the lion’s share of agents unambiguously rate driven by their integrity-driven experience. This resonates with specific game theoretic models where cyclical guessing games gravitate towards the integrity-driven modus operandi espoused by autonomous participants [88]. Such findings not only bolster our theoretical postulations but also accentuate the tangible applicability of our blockchain-anchored reputation system. By synergizing individual motivations with the overarching system mechanics, we unfurl a resilient platform wherein integrity-driven ratings gain momentum, while duplicitous manipulations face retribution. 6.2. Incentive Mechanisms for Actions From our Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS) results and interpretations, we’ve distilled core insights on action-related staking behaviors within a blockchain-based reputation system: A clear distinction arises when comparing the adaptive model, which includes learning and adjustment mechanisms, to its non-learning counterparts in the context of staking on actions. Agents receiving positive feedback often increase their stakes, aiming to maximize their rewards. Conversely, those encountering negative outcomes tend to reduce their stakes to minimize losses. The trends observed in high-staking scenarios further reinforce these findings. Agents reaping positive benefits amplify their staking commitments, whereas those on the receiving end of negative feedback tend to retract. This pattern is akin to free-market behaviors where tasks naturally shift towards more proficient agents, sidelining the less adept ones. The introduction of features such as the option for agents to skip rounds and the utilization of non-random consumer selection provides deeper insights into staking behaviors. Notably, tasks are predominantly assigned to agents who commit significant credit points, an indicator of their dedication or skill set in specific roles. Agents with higher stakes simplify the selection criteria for consumers, giving them a competitive advantage and attracting newcomers. As a result, our blockchain-based reputation system effectively manages an onchain marketplace, steering clear of the fake rating problems common in traditional platforms. In summary, these findings highlight the platform’s intrinsic mechanisms for encouraging integrity and cultivating a beneficial relationship between consumers and providers. Importantly, the ability of our platform to counter fake reviews gives it a competitive edge, drawing in users and third-party vendors from competing systems. This positive feedback not only enhances the platform’s reputation but also leverages the network effect [89, 90], strengthening its market presence. 6.3. Balancing Stakeholders’ Shares and Network Effects Through our simulations, which incorporate contribution incentive mechanisms, we elucidate the potential equilibriums in credit point distributions. While external incentives may reduce the shares of existing stakeholders, they can simultaneously enhance the intrinsic value of each credit point via the network effect. There is a pivotal balance, achievable through judiciously crafted mechanisms and DAO governance, where an optimal outcome that serves all stakeholders’ interests can be realized. The aim is to crystallize this equilibrium and possibly enshrine it within a constitutional framework, thus establishing a robust foundation for the reputation system’s functionality. 6.4. The Everlasting Reputation System as a Universal Sustainable Oracle The rapid progression of blockchain technology has opened new horizons for decentralized applications. Within this paradigm, the oracle problem—the challenge of securely and reliably transmitting external data to the blockchain—emerges as a significant hurdle. Although Chainlink’s decentralized oracle aimed to address this, it faces challenges concerning long-term sustainability and potential dilution of asset value. Drawing from the inherent features of blockchain such as transparency and immutability, the everlasting reputation system presents a straightforward and sustainable solution to the universal oracle problem. It is anchored in a decentralized, collective rating mechanism, making it organically adaptive to supply real-world data to smart contracts, thereby functioning as a dynamic oracle network. The reputation system’s intrinsic advantage stems from its foundational principles. It endows participants with a robust and enduring incentive to rate transparently and honestly. This distinct methodology yields unparalleled advantages. For consumers, it acts as a guiding beacon, steering them to vendors who meet their anticipated standards. For vendors, it stands as a defensive shield against unfounded negative feedback from malevolent competitors, enabling them to foster and uphold their credibility. As the system magnetically draws an escalating number of consumers and vendors, its network effect burgeons. This amplifying network effect continually reinforces the oracle. Moreover, its adaptability and universality negate the need for complex, case-specific designs. As it intuitively attracts diverse users and data providers, the reputation system is poised to rival other oracles like Chainlink. Furthermore, with the potential integration of cryptographic tools such as Ring Signatures and ZeroKnowledge Proofs (ZKPs) to the reputation system, the oracle offers enhanced privacy adaptability: : Ring Signatures allow for digital signing by a group member, disclosing that a group member signed it but concealing the signer’s identity. Within oracles, this protects data providers’ identities. Specifically, as oracle providers feed data to smart contracts, using Ring Signatures ensures that the data’s specific provider remains undisclosed, offering oracle participants a layer of privacy. 1. Ring Signature Oracles : ZKPs let a prover authenticate a statement’s veracity to a verifier without revealing further relevant information about the statement. In oracles, ZKPs protect the data contents submitted to smart contracts, permitting data verification without unveiling the data’s detailed specifics. By integrating ZKPs, the system can effortlessly merge with existing blockchain frameworks, ensuring data privacy without compromising its accuracy or truth. 2. ZKP Oracles The evolving nature of the reputation system, driven by agent participation and feedback, epitomizes a self-tuning mechanism. Incorporating a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) in future phases will endow the oracle with perpetual evolution, distinguishing it from static oracle systems reliant on manual interventions or enhancements. 6.4.1. Advantageous Scenarios for the Universal Sustainable Oracle : Integration of Ring Signatures and ZKPs makes this system ideal for applications demanding high data confidentiality, such as banking transactions, confidential business dealings, legal documents, medical records, and private voting mechanisms. 1. Privacy-Sensitive Applications : Precise data is the lifeblood of DeFi. The reputation-based oracle can enhance financial protocols with reliable market data, optimizing the efficacy of platforms related to lending, borrowing, trading, or even risk management and insurance. 2. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) : The reputation system, with its emphasis on transparency and accuracy, can ensure product authenticity throughout supply chains. Industries prioritizing authenticity like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, electronics, luxury goods, and even art and antiques can greatly benefit. 3. Supply Chain Management In summary, rooted in blockchain principles and supplemented with ZKPs, the everlasting reputation system offers a comprehensive solution to the pertinent oracle dilemma. As blockchain garners wider acceptance, the need for a trustworthy oracle will surge, positioning this model as a leading contender that harmoniously blends data privacy, reliability, and durability.

Key Takeaways from an Intrinsic Integrity-Driven Rating Model for Sustainable Reputation System

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