not only refers to machine learning, artificial intelligence, statistics and . It also refers to the computing infrastructure and software frameworks that make things happen. Regardless of the positive and negative aspects of any technology, Apache Hadoop is the state of the art in big data analytics. One of its several features consists in relying on off-the-shelf computers, connected in a networked environment and equipped with very minimal hardware. Unreliability, crashes, reboots and failures are not really a problem for Hadoop, provided a number of nodes is up and running and a good amount of redundancy by replication has been guaranteed by the administrator. Big data programming Installing Apache Hadoop. If the idea is to start Apache Hadoop at the earliest, downloading the binary will save a lot of time. A good start is the . Unzip the binaries in a directory of choice. We are installing Hadoop in official website /opt/hadoop wget http://apache.belnet.be/hadoop/core/hadoop-2.6.0/hadoop-2.6.0.tar.gz sudo tar xvf hadoop-2.6.0.tar.gz -C /opt/ cd /opt sudo mv hadoop-2.6.0/ hadoop Allow your user (in this case ) to access the directory frag hadoop sudo chown -R frag hadoop Let your Hadoop user (if any) know where things are. In this case has been installed at the path indicated by JAVA_HOME env variable. Check yours before applying changes to ~/.bashrc java export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64 export HADOOP_HOME=/usr/local/hadoop export PATH=$HADOOP_HOME/bin:$PATH A problem I found when launching Hadoop is about the JAVA_HOME. Apparently, it is required to add JAVA_HOME also to /opt/hadoop/etc/hadoop/hadoop-env.sh which will look like this # The java implementation to use. #export JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME} export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64 At this point, the command launched from the console should return the instructions to run and usage for some sub-commands. If this fails, do not continue, since there is already something wrong. Configuring Hadoop Now we configure the directory where Hadoop will store its data files, network settings, and some other configuration options that might come useful later. In my case, is the user, and I decided to store the local file system at the path Therefore, I create this directory frag /usr/local/hadoop/tmp sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/hadoop/tmp and set permissions as before sudo chown frag /usr/local/hadoop/tmp/ Do this with your username and for all other users who are allowed to access Also restrict a bit the security policy with sudo chmod 750 /usr/local/hadoop/tmp/ The most important part comes now, with the configuration of some fundamental files of the Hadoop platform. core-site.xml cd /opt/hadoop/etc/hadoop/ sudo vi core-site.xml sudo cp mapred-site.xml.template mapred-site.xml 

<configuration> <property> <name>hadoop.tmp.dir</name> <value>/usr/local/hadoop/tmp</value> <description>A base for other temporary directories.</description> </property> <property> <name>fs.default.name</name> <value>hdfs://localhost:9000</value> <description>The name of the default file system. A URI whose scheme and authority determine the FileSystem implementation. The uri's scheme determines the config property (fs.SCHEME.impl) naming the FileSystem implementation class. The uri's authority is used to determine the host, port, etc. for a filesystem.</description> </property> </configuration> mapred-site.xml sudo vi mapred-site.xml 

<configuration> <property> <name>mapred.job.tracker</name> <value>localhost:9001</value> <description>The host and port that the MapReduce job tracker runs at. If "local", then jobs are run in-process as a single map and reduce task. </description> </property> </configuration> hdfs-site.xml sudo vi hdfs-site.xml 

<configuration> <property> <name>dfs.replication</name> <value>2</value> <description>Default block replication. The actual number of replications can be specified when the file is created. The default is used if replication is not specified in create time. </description> </property> </configuration> The replication value determines how many times a chunk of the RDD should be replicated across the nodes. For a testing environment 2 is more than enough. In production, however, a much higher replication value should be considered to increase the reliability of the overall cluster. Format the HDFS filesystem In general, a new file system must be formatted. This holds for HDFS too. The command below does the job. $ /opt/hadoop/bin/hadoop namenode -format This should not be done while the cluster is running, or all data will suddenly be deleted. It’s time to start the machine. From the master node /opt/hadoop/sbin/start-dfs.sh At this point some connections are performed by the master towards the slaves (those are pseudo nodes, since they run on the same machine, just for the sake of the tutorial). will ask for authentication three times, for DataNode, SecondaryNameNode and NameNode (in reverse order). For production systems this is not ideal. Hence, a should be provided for the user who’s going to work with Hadoop. In order to configure not to ask for a password every time, type this in all machines that belong to the cluster ssh ssh ssh key ssh cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh b@B 'cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys2' chmod 700 .ssh chmod 640 .ssh/authorized_keys2 Playing with the filesystem In order to create a virtual filesystem within Hadoop, a directory tree like the traditional one should be created. In this example I will create the path. hadoop/data $hadoop fs -mkdir /hadoop $hadoop fs -mkdir /hadoop/data Indeed, a list of the hadoop root directory returns what I expect. $ hadoop fs -ls /hadoop Found 1 items drwxr-xr-x - frag supergroup 0 2015-04-20 17:22 /hadoop/data Seems to work! In order to make a local file visible in the Hadoop infrastructure, it must be copied from local filesystem (or wherever it is) to HDFS. In this case is copies to the root directory of HDFS as . localfile.txt file.txt $ bin/hadoop dfs -copyFromLocal ~/localfile.txt  /file.txt Check up The java utility gives a print of the running Hadoop processes. It should return something like this jps $ jps 28130 DataNode 28323 SecondaryNameNode 27968 NameNode 28471 Jps Seems to work! Monitoring Once Hadoop is up and running, it is possible to point the browser to the master node ( in my case) and monitor all resources and the complete status of the infrastructure from the master node . There is also a HDFS NameNode web interface at where, again, is the hostname of the master node. vlab1 http://vlab1:50070 vlab1 http://vlab1:8042 vlab1 Stop Hadoop In order to stop the cluster /opt/hadoop/sbin/stop-dfs.sh The master node is stopping Hadoop from within each of the slave nodes. No ssh password should be required though. Virtualization technology At home I don’t have thousands of physical machines to try this out. I do have virtual machines though, as many as I want (until complete exhaustion of computer memory). After setting one Ubuntu virtual machine in VirtualBox and installing and configuring everything as explained above, I just cloned it to get three running virtual machines in a matter of minutes. It’s time for me to enjoy my virtual Hadoop cluster. Happy Hadooping! Originally published at worldofpiggy.com on September 7, 2015.

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