Hackernoon already contains two articles about the generations of blockchain technology: the and the . First Article Second Article This article attempts to cover the missing things in both articles and the explanations of the 4th and 5th generations of blockchain networks. Before diving into the main matter of discussion, here is a brief description of the root of this ground-breaking technology. The evolution of foundational technologies such as the computer, mobile, and internet was not a rapid process. The first generation of computers (1940–1956) was started from a large size vacuum tube. Over time, the evolution of computers can be systematically studied by classifying them into five generations: Today, computers are far more advanced with features like less expensive, more powerful, high working efficiency, smaller size, etc. According to the pace of technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled powerful machines are coming into the existence to make human lives easier. All the foundational technologies (mentioned earlier) in the digital world, were the backbones to give the birth of blockchain technology i.e.another breakthrough in the digital world. The era of blockchain technology started once Satoshi Nakamoto re-invented this technology to introduce Bitcoin in 2009. The five generations of blockchain technology are classified as below: The Bitcoin blockchain network was the 1st generation of blockchain technology that follows the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus algorithm. Bitcoins paved the road to inspire so many altcoins like Ethereum, Litecoin, etc. to evolve in the cryptocurrency world. Basically, the Bitcoin blockchain network was created to make the transactions of Bitcoin by forming immutable data across the distributed ledger but over time, the blockchain technology was not just limited to a financial instrument. Revolutionary technologies like the smart contract, Proof-of-Stake (PoS)-based blockchain, Mixed Bag: BC2BC, and AI-enabled blockchain networks have proved blockchain technology is more than just a financial instrument. The Bitcoin blockchain itself has so many downsides like disputable energy consumption to run the mining equipment, adjusting mining rigs that need expensive hardware setups and notorious scalability problems. Despite some disadvantages of the Bitcoin blockchain network, it has unique advantages too. After Bitcoin, the next generation of blockchain technology was started from the Ethereum blockchain network in 2015. For the first time, developers introduced Smart Contracts (self-executing and fully automated programs) through the Ethereum Blockchain network. Ethereum was the first blockchain network to help the evolution of Decentralized Finance( DeFi) as MakerDAO was the first DeFi application to offer fully smart contract-based financial services which were the next level's practice to give financial freedom to everyone. Image: Ethereum Smart Contract Working Mechanism; Source: ResearchGate Apart from the financial sector, use cases of the Ethereum blockchain network are as follows: Blockchain voting to prevent election fraud Web browsing Gaming Advertising Identity management Supply chain management The Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains are based on the PoW consensus algorithm and both have notorious problems: scalability and overpower consumption to run the mining equipment. Other blockchain networks like ETC suffered from the majority or 51% attack. The third generation of blockchain networks like NANO, Banano, Cardano, etc was capable of solving the persisting problems in second generations of blockchain networks like scalability, 51% attack, high power consumptions, interoperability, sustainability, etc. The most important point is that Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm-based blockchain networks like Cardano fall in this generation. If Cardano is taken as a reference, it has attempted to create a stable blockchain ecosystem. Fourth Generation of Blockchain Technology: The first three generations have helped to increase the use cases and applicability of blockchain technology but still failed to help the mainstream adoption of the technology in the financial, industrial, institutional, and governmental sectors due to the cost and complexity of their implementations. The fourth-generation blockchains have solved the major problems seen in the blockchains of the previous generations to a bigger extent and the things which are done by 4rth generation blockchains are as follows: High efficiency to process the transactions with enhanced scalability and lower costs Highly secured blockchains: SYBIL, DDoS, and 51% attack resistant Easy to use for so many business-related applications Utilization of the Hashgraph Technology that is responsible for creating fairness in the consensus mechanism. For a better understanding of the fourth-generation blockchain technology, here are some references to the game-changing blockchain networks: EOS: EOS blockchain is based on Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) model and DPoS uses real-time voting coming from the EOS holders to determine the validators to add the new block into the blockchain. The latest release of the was in June 2018 which is capable of processing millions of transactions per second. The most remarkable achievement of this blockchain network is that it eliminates the transaction fees for miners. The feeless transaction feature of the EOS blockchain helps to run real-world applications. EOS blockchain Image source: LeewayHertz The following are the key features of the EOS blockchain network which help to distinguish the EOS blockchain from the other blockchains from the previous generations. EOS supports millions of users in the real-time Free usage Easy to upgrade and fix the bugs that persisted in the smart contracts of different applications based on the EOS blockchain Low latency of the transactions to offer the reliable blockchain-based services Sequential and parallel performance Permission Mapping Atomic transactions with multiple accounts by forming the same shard Supports freezing accounts, recovery of stolen keys, and inter-blockchain communications Polkadot: The network protocol is another level blockchain that has made things possible to transfer both tokens and arbitrary data across the blockchain. Polkadot The decent multi-chain supporting features of Polkadot have helped to allow cross-chain computation and cross-chain registries which are genuine features in the blockchain sphere. The blockchain has followed the PoS BFT consensus algorithm and is capable of processing 1000 transactions per second. There are four basic roles: collator, fisherman, nominator, and validator in order to upkeep the blockchain. Image: Polkadot blockchain Here are some unique features of the Polkadot blockchain: The impressive ecosystem of Polkadot allows the creation of private and public blockchains based on the main Polkadot blockchain network. The main Polkadot network remains a unified network to allow the connection of different blockchains and this feature promotes interoperability. Validators can operate and manage the different blockchains with enhanced scalability within the Polkadot ecosystem. The user-friendly Polkadot blockchain allows the implementation of so many real-world applications. Even the government can use this blockchain for various purposes. Polkadot does not allow forks, which means integrating the new features, and fixing the bugs can be done without having the forks. Better security Fifth Generation of Blockchain Technology: Currently, so many experts may deny considering the fifth generation of blockchain technology. They might argue based on the existence of fully AI-enabled blockchain but according to the pace of technology to back the rapidly advancing blockchain, it may not be a problem to raise concerns even for 5th-generation blockchains for a systematic study of the technology. Developers of some blockchain projects like have independently claimed that they have brought the AI-enabled 5th generation blockchain technology into existence, and the crypto community can conduct the discussions on whether they meet so many parameters to be 5th generation blockchain technology or not. Everscale, Propersix, and Relictum Pro Despite the vast improvements in the blockchains of the fourth generation, there were still notable challenges like Interfacing complex data to provide them across the blockchain, back-end full control over the system integrity and security, high scalability based on the sharding, and the tightly-coupled blockchain (Almost all blockchains from 4th generations are not tightly-coupled). The Everscale blockchain attempts to solve the mentioned challenges faced by fourth-generation blockchains. Let's dive into the Everscale blockchain. Everscale: The open-source and Telegram abandoned blockchain project TON is claimed to be the first 5th generation blockchain technology as Dr. Nikolai Durov (Creator of TON blockchain) describes TON as the first fifth-generation blockchain technology. Recently, an independent group of developers, members, and validators introduced the multi-blockchain in 2020 which is based on the original TON blockchain protocol and its ecosystem refers to as DAO. The Everscale uses the BFT PoS consensus algorithm and it is a mixed homogeneous/heterogeneous multichain smart-contract enabled system. Everscale According to the developers, the Everscale is a cluster of supercomputers to offer various services, and virtual machines developed by Telegram are also integrated into the Everscale in order to provide a wide range of real-world applications to millions of people worldwide. Here are some unique features of Everscale that are helpful to distinguish it from the other blockchains from the previous generations: The first blockchain introduces special features like the "self-healing" vertical blockchain mechanism. It supports shardable custom work chain with native sharding support. The first tightly-coupled blockchain to support the forwarding messages between shards almost instantly within the Everscale ecosystem. Arbitrary data sharing across the blockchain is made possible with improved scalability. The first blockchain to support Dynamic Mapping i.e. Automatic data refresh. Truly scalable general-purpose blockchain to allow the integrations of blockchain-based real worlds applications like micropayment channels and off-chain payment supports, multi-currency transfer, blockchain voting, gaming, government registries, energy-related services, property right registrations, and supply chain management. Developers are working to introduce new and advanced blockchain technologies. In the future, the next era of computers is more likely to start with quantum computers having huge computing powers. If quantum computers are the mainstream adopted computers in the future, vast improvements are also required in encryptions and the AI-powered system of the blockchains. So, what are the expected blockchain features in the future? Fully Artificial Intelligence (AI) based consensus algorithms to replace the presence of humans from the different roles in the blockchain like transactions validation, adding new blocks into the blockchain, etc. This sort of consensus algorithm will also help to save time and overconsumption of energy as Bitcoin and Ethereum do. Once the instructions are offered to AI, it cannot be biased to exhibit unequal behaviors to the engaged users of the blockchain for getting the various services. So fair operations can be gained from this sort of blockchain and the blockchain will be the most trusted to go for the mass adoption trend. Use cases of future blockchain technology should not just limit to the services which are currently being offered by the existing blockchains but should be able to accommodate the Internet of Everything (IOX) with the help of an AI-powered cluster of computers. Bugs-free high-tech blockchain architectures. Easy to access the blockchain effectively even by using smartphones. Conclusion: Without being skeptical, blockchain technology is the ground-breaking technology to solve so many business problems, finance-related problems, data security, and many more but still, it has not had a substantial transformational impact on this world as expected no matter how far blockchain technology has gone so far from the first generation blockchain to the present blockchain technology. Cybersecurity has always been a significant challenge to impact the advancement and the mass adoption of blockchain technology. Not to get worried at all, let's see how developers will face all the challenges to invent other advanced technologies in the future.
