Evaluating gRPC Request-Response, Authentication, and Streaming gRPC is an open source remote procedure call (RPC) framework that runs across many different client and server platforms. It commonly uses protocol buffers (protobufs) to efficiently serialize structured data for communication, and it is used extensively in distributed and microservice-based systems. According to , gRPC and Protobuf provide an easy way to precisely define a service and auto generate reliable client libraries for iOS, Android, and the servers providing the back end. The clients can take advantage of advanced streaming and connection features which help save bandwidth, do more over fewer TCP connections and save CPU usage and battery life. grpc.io Sounds promising, we’ll run through a few beginning scenarios to get a feel for how easy it is to develop mobile apps on Android using gRPC-based APIs. In particular, we’ll examine: A basic request-response API call Token-based authentication A single request, streaming response API call gRPC Concepts Representational state transfer (REST) is the dominant API style used by end user applications, web and mobile alike. RESTful APIs use the HTTP 1.x request-response model and are built around resources as endpoints operated upon by the standard HTTP verbs (get, post, put…). Most RESTful API implementations do not adhere strictly to all REST principles, but the paradigm has proved its flexibility and good performance as API usage has exploded. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) systems are function-oriented, building a service around a set of strongly-typed messages which are converted automatically from your programming language’s representations into the wire format and back again. gRPC takes full advantage of HTTP/2’s binary protocols and multiplexed streams. (Source: ) grpc.io On a client, a gRPC acts as an interface to the gRPC service. The client makes an to the stub which, through a , sends one or more proto request messages to and receives one or more response messages from the server. During the rpc call, additional key-value can be sent between client and server. Calling status and errors such as unknown calling method, timeouts, or cancellations are reported along with the responses. stub rpc call channel metadata RPC Calling types include: : This is a simple single request, single response flow. When the client calls a server method, the server receives client metadata and method name. The server may respond with its own metadata or wait for client’s request message. Once the request is received, the server will execute the method, then send the response and status code to the client. Unary : The server sends back a stream of responses after getting a client request message. The client completes once it has all the server’s responses. Server-Side Streaming : The client sends a stream of multiple requests to the server. The server sends back a single response, its status details, and optional trailing metadata. Client-Side Streaming : The client initiates the call, and both client and server send information to each other through independent streams. The client eventually closes the connection. Bidirectional Streaming Shapes Demonstration API Like most RPC systems, gRPC defines a functional service contract using an interface definition language (IDL). For gRPC, the IDL used is . The service is defined in a file which includes the calling methods and their request and response message structures. Protocol Buffers proto Optional language-specific information is added to proto files to assist in generation of client and server interfaces for specific language targets. Our simple demonstration API will be used by an Android client written in Java. The shapes API enables the client to request and receive a single or stream of specific or random shapes. Here’s the basic proto file: syntax = ;

option java_multiple_files = ;
option java_package = ;
option java_outer_classname = ;

package shapes;

service Shapes {
    rpc FetchShape(ShapeRequest) returns (ShapeResponse) {}
    rpc StreamShapes(ShapeRequest) returns (stream ShapeResponse) {}
}

message ShapeRequest {
    string shape = ;
}

message ShapeResponse {
    string message = ;
    string image = ;
} "proto3" true "io.approov.grpc.shapes.proto" "ShapesProto" 1 1 2 The Shapes service defines two calls, FetchShape and StreamShapes. Both send a ShapeRequest message. The fetch call receives a single ShapeResponse and the stream call receives a stream of ShapeResponses. Messages are made up of typed fields. Scalar types include typical language types such as strings or various fixed width integers. Messages can also contain other nested message types. Each field has a default value, such as “” for a string field. Message fields not explicitly set will have default values, and those default values are not sent across the wire. Fields are singular (zero or one value) or repeated (zero to many values). Each field is given an integer ID (field = ID) which helps to encode a message efficiently when some fields may be missing or repeated. The contains much more information. Protocol Buffer Language Guide Metadata will be used later on for authentication, but metadata is not defined as part of the service description. The same proto file is used by both the Android client and the backend server. For demonstration purposes, the backend shapes server was implemented as a simple node.js gRPC server. In this case, the proto file was read at server start and the gRPC API interface was generated and mapped to local service functions which implement the unary and streaming responses. Fetching a Shape We’ll start by creating a new android project and adding the gRPC plugins and dependencies to the top-level build.gradle file: buildscript {
   repositories {
       google()
       jcenter()
   }
   dependencies {
       classpath classpath }
}

allprojects {
   repositories {
       google()
       jcenter()
       mavenLocal()
   }
} // Top-level build file where you can add configuration options common to all sub-projects/modules. 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.3.0' "com.google.protobuf:protobuf-gradle-plugin:0.8.6" // Do not place your application dependencies here; they belong NOTE: // in the individual module build.gradle files And the app’s build.gradle file: apply plugin: apply plugin: android {
   compileSdkVersion defaultConfig {
      applicationId }
}

protobuf {
   protoc { artifact = }
   plugins {
      javalite { artifact = }
      grpc { artifact = }
   }
   generateProtoTasks {
      all().each { task ->
         task.plugins {
            javalite {}
            grpc { option }
         }
      }
   }
}

dependencies {
   implementation implementation implementation implementation implementation implementation project( )
} 'com.android.application' 'com.google.protobuf' 27 "io.approov.grpc.shapes" // ... typical configuration code omitted 'com.google.protobuf:protoc:3.5.1-1' "com.google.protobuf:protoc-gen-javalite:3.0.0" 'io.grpc:protoc-gen-grpc-java:1.18.0' 'lite' 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:27.1.1' // You need to build grpc-java to obtain these libraries below. 'io.grpc:grpc-okhttp:1.18.0' // CURRENT_GRPC_VERSION 'io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.18.0' // CURRENT_GRPC_VERSION 'io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.18.0' // CURRENT_GRPC_VERSION 'javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2' // approov sdk dependency ':approov' The gRPC plugin will generate the java interface classes for the shapes service defined in the proto file. For the simple Shapes API, these are the class, used to generate a stub, and the and classes. ShapesGrpc ShapeRequest ShapeResponse We will use a single to manage the client-server connections. It is established as the launches: ManagedChannel Activity @Override
protected onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { .onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); host = getResources().getString(R.string.host);
  int port = getResources().getInteger(R.integer.port);
  channel = ManagedChannelBuilder.forAddress(host, port).usePlaintext().build();
} void super // initialize UI // ... // open grpc managed channel String The app launches and displays a shape selector (circle, square, rectangle, triangle, or random) and the fetch button. Pushing the fetch button returns one of four shapes: (Shapes Demo: initial launch screen and fetched shapes) The blocking FetchShape RPC Call is made inside an AsyncTask off the main UI thread: private {
  @Override
  protected onPreExecute() {
    disableControls();
    pendStatus();
  }

  @Override
  protected ShapeResult doInBackground( ... params) { shape = params[ ]; { ShapesGrpc.ShapesBlockingStub stub = ShapesGrpc.newBlockingStub(channel); ShapeRequest request = ShapeRequest.newBuilder().setShape(shape).build(); ShapeResponse response = stub.fetchShape(request); ShapeResult(response.getMessage(), getImageId(response.getImage()));
    } (Exception e) {
      Log.e(TAG, e.getMessage()); ShapeResult( , R.drawable.confused);
    }
  }

  @Override
  protected onPostExecute(ShapeResult result) {
    showStatus(result.message, result.imageId);
    enableControls();
  }
} < , , > class FetchShapeTask extends AsyncTask String Void ShapeResult void String String 0 try // calling stub // build shape request // make fetch shape call // return result return new catch return new "Unexpected Error" void The background task first creates a blocking stub, builds the shape request, and makes a fetch shape call through the stub, which blocks until a response is received or an exception is thrown on error. The basic request-response flow is quite natural within the java framework. Authenticating the App To prepare for demonstrating authentication, we add a tampered checkbox. When clicked, it corrupts the API calls, causing the server to return an incorrect shape. (Shapes Demo: tampered app and resulting incorrect fetched square) gRPC metadata are passed as key-value pairs and are analogous to headers in normal HTTP requests and responses. To demonstrate authentication in gRPC, we will use . Approov is a 3rd party service which attests that an app has not been tampered with and is running in a safe environment. The Approov service returns a short-lived JWT token, signed by a secret known to the gRPC server. Approov app integrity checking In the fetch shape background task, we fetch an Approov token and add it to the metadata before making the RPC call. A protect checkbox is added to enable/disable adding the Approov token. @Override
  protected ShapeResult doInBackground( ... params) { shape = params[ ]; { ShapesGrpc.ShapesBlockingStub stub = ShapesGrpc.newBlockingStub(channel); ShapeRequest request = ShapeRequest.newBuilder().setShape(shape).build(); (isProtected) { token = authenticateAppAndRuntime(); Metadata headers= Metadata();
         headers.put(APPROOV_KEY, token);
         stub = MetadataUtils.attachHeaders(stub, headers);
       } ShapeResponse response = stub.fetchShape(request); ShapeResult(response.getMessage(), getImageId(response.getImage()));
    } (Exception e) {
      Log.e(TAG, e.getMessage()); ShapeResult( , R.drawable.confused);
    }
  } String String 0 try // calling stub // build shape request // add approov token if protected if // fetch authentication token String // add token to meta data new // make fetch shape call // return result return new catch return new "Unexpected Error" Here are the results for an untampered versus tampered app with authentication enabled: (Shapes Demo: unprotected, authorized, and unauthorized shape fetch requests) Adding ‘headers’ to metadata is little different from adding headers to REST API calls. Other authentication techniques, such as OAuth2 for user authentication, will follow a similar flow to that demonstrated with . Approov Like many networking packages, gRPC also has a concept of . These can be used as middleware to decorate every request or response. In a production app, refactoring the authentication checks into an interceptor will simplify the code around each API call. interceptors Fetching a Stream of Shapes Streams of requests and responses are well supported in gRPC. Server-side streaming, where one request is followed by multiple responses, is very easy to implement. In our demonstration, we add a call and process a variable number of responses using an iterator loop: streamShapes private {

 @Override
 protected onPreExecute() {
   disableControls();
   pendStatus();
 }

  @Override
  protected Void doInBackground( ... params) { shape = params[ ]; { ShapesGrpc.ShapesBlockingStub stub = ShapesGrpc.newBlockingStub(channel); ShapeRequest request = ShapeRequest.newBuilder().setShape(shape).build(); (isProtected) { token = authenticateAppAndRuntime(); Metadata headers= Metadata();
       headers.put(APPROOV_KEY, token);
       stub = MetadataUtils.attachHeaders(stub, headers);
     } Iterator<ShapeResponse> responses;
     responses = stub.streamShapes(request); (responses.hasNext()) {
       final ShapeResponse response = responses.next();

       runOnUiThread( Runnable() {
         @Override
         public run() {
           showStatus(response.getMessage(), getImageId(response.getImage()));
         }
       });
     } (Void) } (Exception e) { (Void) ;
   }
  }

 @Override
 protected onPostExecute(Void result) {
   enableControls();
 }
} < , , > class StreamShapesTask extends AsyncTask String Void Void void String String 0 try // create calling stub // build shape request // add approov token to calling metadata if protected if // fetch authentication token String // add token to meta data new // make stream shapes call while new void return null catch return null void Normally, the request will return five progressively darker shapes; however, a protected app which detects tampering will return a single invalid shape image: (Shapes Demo: stream of five fetched shapes and an unauthorized stream request) As with the single response case, the multiple response case fits very naturally into the Java language semantics. Going Further I was a bit skeptical if gRPC would be effective for mobile API usage, but the RPC function call paradigm feels more natural than designing and implementing a API implementation. Being able to generate both client and server API interfaces for many target languages from a single proto file is very appealing. I wouldn’t hesitate to use gRPC from mobile clients when the API is static and well understood. fully-RESTful Topics in gRPC I would like to explore further: : though gRPC uses TLS, that won’t prevent man-in-the-middle attacks when an attacker can install his own certificates on client devices. On Android, in gRPC should be possible by reaching into the underlying OKHTTP service. Certificate Pinning Certificate Pinning : interceptors are convenient for factoring out common actions from every API call. Two mobile scenarios to test out would be authentication and . Client Interceptors request signing : server-side streaming is almost too easy in Android. It would be a good next step to build out a fully bi-directional flow to see how it translates into Java. Bi-directional Streaming When API usage is less understood and shaping the data returned in a single API call is very important, I might hesitate to commit to a direct gRPC implementation. In these cases, GraphQL seems like a better fit for the client-side API interface. Implementing a GraphQL API gateway with resolvers mapped to one or more gRPC backend services seems like it might offer the best of both worlds. That would be interesting to explore as well. To learn more about API security and related topics, visit or follow on twitter. approov.io @critblue

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