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Time to Ditch Requirements.txt now! Start Using Poetry. Python Poetry Example Have you ever run into an issue where you wrote a program and created a “requirements.txt” file and wrote down all the required packages in the requirements.txt file, but when you tried to move the project from one system to another, your program did not work anymore? Even after installing all the packages from requirements.txt still, it’s not working We will learn about Python Poetry Examples. This is called package dependency issues. Though requirements.txt is used to solve dependencies in some ways, still, it’s not perfect. Sometimes, packages written in requirements.txt become obsolete which is why when you try to install them it throws an error. So how to solve package dependency issues? To solve such type of issue, Poetry came into the picture. Table of Contents What is Poetry? How to Install Poetry Python? Install Poetry using PIP Install Poetry on Windows Install Poetry on Linux Let’s make our life easier with Poetry Python Create a Python project by using Poetry Python What is pyproject.toml in Poetry? [tool.poetry] table in poetry pyproject.toml [tool.poetry.dependencies] section in poetry pyproject.toml [build-system] section in poetry prproject.toml Handling Virtual Environment Using Poetry How to activate Virtual Environment using Poetry How to Delete Virtual Environment Using Poetry Let’s start building the Project Creating the Driver Code main.py Install Packages using Poetry Add Command Install Dev Package using Poetry Add Command Remove Package using Poetry Remove Command How to format code using a Black Python Formatter? What are the poetry lock files? Add Poetry to existing Project. Create pyproject.toml using the existing Requirements.txt file Create Requirements.txt using existing poetry.lock file Poetry command to create Requirements.txt file Download Premium Poetry Cheatsheet for FREE👇 Conclusion What Is Poetry? Poetry is a package dependencies management tool for Python that easily solves all these issues. It’s a bundle with all things ready to go. You don’t need to worry about the virtual environment, tracking down packages, separating dev and required packages, etc. It’s all taken care of by Poetry. Today, most Python developers have started using Poetry. It has become a basic necessity of Python projects. You will soon learn why it’s so important; keep following the tutorial. How to Install Poetry Python? Install Poetry using PIP This is the simplest and easiest method to install poetry, and this method works for Windows, Linux, and MacOS. Make sure you already have pip installed. pip install poetry Install Poetry on Windows This method only works for the Windows operating system. Just open Powershell (Not CMD) and type this command. (Invoke-WebRequest -Uri https://install.python-poetry.org -UseBasicParsing).Content | py - If the above command doesn’t work. then only try this. (Invoke-WebRequest -Uri https://install.python-poetry.org -UseBasicParsing).Content | python - Install Poetry on Linux Just run the below command in the terminal, and it will automatically install the poetry. curl -sSL https://install.python-poetry.org | python3 - Now, confirm the installation of poetry by running the command poetry --version Also Read: Docker Commands with example Let’s Make Our Life Easier With Poetry Python Now, that we have successfully installed poetry in our system, you can verify the installation of poetry by running the command . In daily programmers’ lives, we just create a Python file and directly start writing the Python program in it. Though it’s not wrong, it’s not the best way to initialize a Python project. poetry --version You should at least create a folder to save your .py files, a readme.md file and lastly requirements.txt file. Let’s understand all the Poetry commands by creating a small project that utilizes all the poetry commands. The name of our project will be “wifiPwd.” Here, I’m going to create a small Python program that will show the password of saved wifi networks in your system. Full project GitHub Link: Github Create a Python Project By Using Poetry Python Poetry can create a Boilerplate template for your project; you just need to use poetry new the command to create a new project. By using this command, poetry will create all the necessary files required in a project. poetry new wifiPwd This command will create a folder named wifiPwd, and inside the folder, you will see a list of files; we will go through each of them individually. The folder structure looks like this: D:\PROJECTS\WIFIPWD
│   pyproject.toml
│   README.md
│
├───tests
│       __init__.py
│
└───wifipwd
        __init__.py Tip! You can use the “Tree” command to view the folder structure file is an instruction file that contains documentation of Installation, usage, required packages, etc. contains some tests for your project; you can use to add test cases to your project. README.md tests. .py init “pytest” is the heart of your project; inside , you can add all your Python files or codes; the main code lies here**.** wifipwd. .py init wifipwd is a file that manages the dependencies of your project. .pyproject.toml The first file we see is “pyproject.toml” file. Let’s inspect the “pyproject.toml” file What Is pyproject.toml in Poetry? Pyproject.toml is a configuration file made in toml. You can learn more about . It’s a configuration file better than .ini, .cfg, and .json, and it’s easily readable for humans. pyproject.toml file is used to track down all Python dependencies. The content of pyproject.toml file looks like this. toml from here [tool.poetry]
name = "wifipwd"
version = "0.1.0"
description = ""
authors = ["Pratik Pathak <pratikpathak200@gmail.com>"]
readme = "README.md"

[tool.poetry.dependencies]
python = "^3.9"

[build-system]
requires = ["poetry-core"]
build-backend = "poetry.core.masonry.api" You can see the file is divided into 3 sections encapsulated in []; these sections are known as tables. Let’s go through each section one by one. [tool.poetry] table in poetry pyproject.toml tool.poetry table tells us about the project. It gives a general idea of the project. – name of the project name – version of your project version – quick info about the project description – name of authors who contributed authors – link to the readme.md file readme [tool.poetry.dependencies] section in poetry pyproject.toml This is the most important section pyproject.toml. This section tracks down all the dependencies required by the project. In layman’s terms, this is the replacement of . We will keep an eye on this file and mostly on this section while going through the tutorial. requirements.txt We will observe this section whenever we add or remove the packages. Currently, you can see only one dependency python = “^3.9” which means the Python version starts from 3.9 [build-system] section in poetry prproject.toml This section defines the build tools. This section is used to build the packages. It is utilized by the command. poetry build Handling Virtual Environment Using Poetry The next step is to create a virtual environment for our project. There are multiple ways to create a virtual environment; the most popular ones are “virtualenv” and “venv.” You don’t need to create a Python virtual environment by yourself. virtual environment in Python? Why do we need a This is to manage multiple versions of packages and isolate the project. For a particular type of project, we needed a particular version specific to the package which conflicts with existing updated packages. To solve this, it’s best to create a Isolated Virtual Environment, and install the required packages in it. To create a virtual environment using poetry, use the command: poetry use env python This command will create a virtual environment for you to use and automatically activate it. When you run the command, you will see something like this use env Using virtualenv:
C:\Users\pratik\AppData\Local\pypoetry\Cache\virtualenvs\wifipwd-s1RAI5FV-py3.9 Pro Tip!: In place of “Python,” you can give the path of the Python interpreter. By using this tip, you can create a virtual environment using different versions of Python. Example. poetry use env C:\Users\pratik\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\python.exe You can use command to list down all the virtual env; you can create multiple that use different Python versions. poetry env list How to Activate Virtual Environment Using Poetry You can easily activate Virtual Environment using the command poetry shell Pro Tip!: If you have not created the virtual environment, the “poetry shell” command will create one for you and activate it. How to Delete Virtual Environment Using Poetry To delete the virtual environment, use the command poetry env remove envName If you don’t know the name of the env, you can run command to get the env name. poetry env list Also Read: Docker Run Command example the ultimate cheatsheet Let’s Start Building the Project Creating the Driver Code main.py Let’s create a Python file named “main.py” in the root folder. The project entry point will be from here. Before writing the code, let’s install all required packages beforehand. We will use “ ” to create an interactive terminal. Let’s install PyInquirer using command. PyInquirer poetry add Install Packages Using Poetry Add Command poetry add pyinquirer This command will fetch the PyPi registry. Download the packages from here, and install them in your system. This will also update the pyproject.toml file; it will add Pyinquirer into dependencies. Now, we need a tool for formatting Python code. We will use the “Black” package for formatting our code. But this is not mandatory for the project, it’s a dev dependency, We want to format the code for us easily, it has no purpose in production which’s why it’s a dev dependency Install Dev Package Using Poetry Add Command poetry add black --group dev This will install “black” on your virtual environment, and poetry will add “black” as a dev dependency in pyproject.toml Remove Package Using Poetry Remove Command poetry remove packageName This will remove the package from the environment as well as from pyproject.toml First thing first, Step 0 of our program will be to run the command. poetry install This will validate the file, and then it will install all the dependencies in the file. pyproject.toml After running “poetry install,” you will see output something like this. Creating virtualenv wifipwd-s1RAI5FV-py3.9 in C:\Users\pratik\AppData\Local\pypoetry\Cache\virtualenvs
Resolving dependencies... (0.1s)

Installing the current project: wifipwd (0.1.0) Did you notice? It says “Installing the current project: wifipwd (0.1.0)”, what does it mean? It means Poetry is treating the whole project as a package. Now, you can use it to import the project functionality directly. import wifipwd The Final pyproject.toml will look something like this – [tool.poetry]
name = "wifipwd"
version = "0.1.0"
description = ""
authors = ["Pratik Pathak <pratikpathak200@gmail.com>"]
readme = "README.md"

[tool.poetry.dependencies]
python = "^3.9"
pyinquirer = "^1.0.3"

[tool.poetry.group.dev.dependencies]
black = "^23.12.1"

[build-system]
requires = ["poetry-core"]
build-backend = "poetry.core.masonry.api" Now, let’s go back to main.py file… Here, we have to take input from the user in our example wifi name, and then, we will just show the output. The main.py file will look something like this import subprocess
from PyInquirer import prompt
from wifipwd import wifiPassword

data = (
    subprocess.check_output(["netsh", "wlan", "show", "profiles"])
    .decode("utf-8")
    .split("\n")
)
profiles = [i.split(":")[1][1:-1] for i in data if "All User Profile" in i]

question = [
    {
        "type": "list",
        "name": "wifi",
        "message": "Choose the wifi whose password you want to see",
        "choices": profiles,
    }
]
answer = prompt(question)
wifiName = answer["wifi"]
results = wifiPassword(wifiName)

try:
    print("{:<30}|  \033[92m{:<}\033[00m".format(wifiName, results))
except IndexError:
    print("{:<30}|  {:<}".format(wifiName, "")) Did you notice? We used “from wifipwd import wifiPassword.” We are treating the whole project like a package, so let’s write the “wifiPassword” function. wifiPassword function will be located at “wifipwd > .py.” init Now, we will add wifiPassword() function. Let’s edit “wifipwd > .py.” The final “ .py” will look like init init import subprocess

def wifiPassword(name):
    try:
        results = (
            subprocess.check_output(
                ["netsh", "wlan", "show", "profile", name, "key=clear"]
            )
            .decode("utf-8")
            .split("\n")
        )
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
        print("{:<30}|  {:<}".format(name, "ENCODING ERROR"))

    results = [b.split(":")[1][1:-1] for b in results if "Key Content" in b]
    try:
        return results[0]
    except IndexError:
        return "" The Project is almost completed. The last step will be to format the code. We have already installed the `Black` Python package for code formatting. Let’s format our code using black. How to Format Code Using a Black Python Formatter? It’s very easy to format our code using “Black;” just run the below command. black main.py Pro Tip! You can also format the whole folder by providing the folder name for example. black wifipwd You will output something like this All done! ✨ 🍰 ✨
1 file reformatted. Note: If you get any error, make sure you are inside the virtual environment; use “poetry shell” to activate the virtual environment. If it still not working, update the black by using “poetry add black@latest.” Now, to make sure everything is okay and running, run “poetry install” one more time. After making sure everything is working smoothly let’s lock the dependencies using poetry. What Are the Poetry Lock Files? Lock files are like a freezing point; they lock the packages and make sure every developer has exactly the same packages this ensures smooth synchronization between developers. Poetry automatically creates a lock file as soon as you run ; you can also use the below command to create the “poetry.lock” file. poetry install poetry lock Whenever we run the command , poetry first reads the “poetry.lock” file, and then it reads the “pyproject.toml” file. poetry install Add Poetry to Existing Project. You may have some other project that does not use poetry beforehand, and it is dependent on the requirements.txt file. You can add poetry to your project by running the command poetry init It will open an interactive terminal. Just fill out all the details, and you are done. >>poetry init                                                                                                                                  

This command will guide you through creating your pyproject.toml config.

Package name [wifipwd]: 
Version [0.1.0]:  
Description []:  
Author [Pratik Pathak <pratikpathak200@gmail.com>, n to skip]:  
License []:  
Compatible Python versions [^3.12]:  3.9

Would you like to define your main dependencies interactively? (yes/no) [yes] no
Would you like to define your development dependencies interactively? (yes/no) [yes] no
Generated file This will create a pyproject.toml file for you, and you are ready to go 🏃‍♂️. Create pyproject.toml Using the Existing Requirements.txt file If you have an existing requirements.txt file and want to move to poetry, you can easily do it by using the command poetry add `cat requirement.txt` Tip! If you want to add packages as dev dependencies, use the command. poetry add `cat requirement.txt` --group dev Create Requirements.txt Using Existing poetry.lock File You may be wondering why we need the requirements.txt file when we already have poetry.lock/pyproject.toml file. The answer is simple: to make it compatible. When you try to deploy your project online, the platform provider uses the “requirements.txt” file. Poetry command to create Requirements.txt file poetry export --output requirements.txt Note: Make sure you have already installed the “poetry-plugin” package. Run the command “pip install poetry-plugin” to install the package This command will create the requirements.txt file using poetry.lock file. But wait, this is not a normal requirements.txt file. Let’s inspect the poetry-generated requirements.txt file. When you look closely, you will observe that the poetry requirements.txt file contains two more fields, first “python_version” and second some hash value. These values ensure that the same package should get installed when we run pip install -r requirements.txt If you like our project, don’t forget to give a star ⭐ to the repo. Full project GitHub Link: GitHub Conclusion We learned about Poetry using a Python poetry example. We have gone through all the poetry commands one by one. Also, we have seen how to create requirements.txt using poetry. Poetry can be used to manage the dependencies; it’s a stop solution for everything. It also manages a virtual environment. With Poetry, you don’t need any other tool; you no longer have to maintain requirements.txt manually.

Learn Python Poetry and Start Using It Now

Nowadays, sharing WIFI passwords with a guest is easy. Just share the QR code from your phone with your guest. He/she can point their camera to the QR image, and voila !!! We are connected. There is a common mistake we make that can lead to dire consequences in extreme conditions. Here in this post, let’s discuss on that and how to avoid this mistake. The process, for those who don’t know it Go to your phone settings, then go to connectivity or WIFI settings. If your phone is not very old, it will show an option like generating QR Code. Here is an example of my old Galaxy Note 9. Most android phones will have the configuration in the same place. See this link to do it on iPhones. https://thenextweb.com/news/how-to-share-your-wi-fi-password-as-a-qr-code-on-ios While sharing the WIFI password, we must keep in mind that Now, if you have printed the QR code and put it on the wall, anyone will also have access to your network from outside. your guest will have the password indefinitely and can reach all your network devices. Your smart switches, fans, computers, everything. Never share your main network So we should never share our main network password as a QR code; rather, enable your guest network in your router and share it. ; even if they have access to your guest network, they cannot access any of your devices. As the guest network cannot access any network devices, you can be tension free Only share guest network In all modern routers, there is a guest network settings. Enable it, and give it a strong password. Here is an example of my Netgear router. Then disable the network device access for the guest network. Connect to the guest network from your phone, take the QR code and print it. In this way, you don’t have to reconnect to the guest from your phone anytime your guest wants to connect to your router. Just show them the printer QR code. Put the print on your wall and turn it back to your main network. That’s it. Happy sharing wifi. Previously published here.

How to Be Careful When Sharing WiFi Password With QR Code

A collection of poems and random notes: In sum, swell doggerel The family archives have it recorded that before he had attained to his second birthday, Prince Toby, One Hundred and Nineteenth Heir Ascendant To the Throne of Spandor, had trained his pet dragon Rufus to provide him playful transport about the castle.
The people of Spandor, His Majesty's future subjects, took this as an omen and harbinger of extreme good fortune, for it was the fighting dragons that had gained their armies dominion over all the known lands of Estar, their world. Alas fair Estar. His reign was the most brutal recorded in all the many Volumes of the Histories of Spandor. here is what i think. i think my life and everything i am and everything i have is a blessing from God. i am absolutely certain of it. nay saying nattering nabobs of negativism need not comment.
and i have a purpose in life which is congruent with exactly why he might do that for me. my purpose is right here in this verse from the gospel of mark. it is in the old testament too, i recall reading it, Deuteronomy comes to mind. put the words on your door that you see them on your coming in and going out is the prescription.
Mark 12:30
'And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength.'
seems like such a simple concept really, doesn't it? every good thing, every good work, every kindness that you might do or grant would be at the root a desire to show your love for God. i believe that absolutely.
now we are getting to the hard part. then why do i not always do these things, and in fact why i am so often doing the contrary?
even though i try, it seems i cannot be good sometimes. boys and girls it is the gift of free will, and i do not always will the good. if you always do the good, you can quit reading right here.
my problem is the self. self and its notion that it is somehow more grand to serve the self than God gets my fool ass in trouble every time.
see i understand y'all already know this stuff, down pat. but every so often i need some reflection upon my selection in hope of the resurrection.
thanks be to God maker and giver of all things. amen. monday with gilly sweet little baby let me tell you something true,
i don't need another reason to be a fool for you.
i love you for your looks and everything you do,
you're there when i need a friend to turn to
and especially when i need a lover to hold onto.
it's not surprising that every day i fall in love anew. ain't no denyin',
baby of mine,
she so fine.
i'm not lyin'
takes me flyin' baby i love you only it's because of you i don't get blue and am never lonely what is life? a nice quote from our Blackfoot ancestors "what is life? it is the flash of a firefly in the night.  it is the breath of the buffalo in the wintertime. it is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset " and it is you and I warming each other in our lodge, smiling in the morning.. come back tonight so, was i alright?
will you come back tonight?
it sure was a delight,
holding you warm and tight.
baby you were just right!
please, come back tonight?
yeh, tonight and every night. for Gillian i took the nectar that you offered me,
i drank and now forever yours i shall be.
i know there is no better place for me
than by your side for all of eternity. i got lucky some girls say you are lucky,
got a guy who writes you poetry.
i guess they don't quite see
that in actual factual reality
the one who got lucky is me. our conductor tonite… livin' the blues payin' them dues.... a line or two at a time, sometimes they rhyme this is an excellent image. pretty girl, GREAT pose, nice photography. the pose articulates every aspect of her musculature, know? ah yes you do! the soft curve of delicate flesh upon the bone... Government policy: if it ain't broke fix it til it is! no more to sail the sea, i'll remain here and lie with thee... brand new day
still hate the DEA
had my way
blow em all away sail on simple sailor... dosers yeh that'd be alright... i could use correction in my direction and not be led by my erection...
good times bad times you know i've had my share,
my woman left home with another girl but i just don't seem to care... a married couple is setting their wifi password, the husband types 'mypenis' as the password. the wife cracks up when the computer says 'error. not long enough.'! the dirty low down get down lay down... of course. not surprising is it, really? you'd have to be extremely naive to have not expected such a development. consider this if you will: the cartels are the perfect survivor, the perfect competitor in a completely laissez-faire free market. why itz a republican's dream innit? complete with built in trickle down collateral benefits like population reduction. not to mention their obvious utility to any government entity with a wish to secure some off the books funding as might be used to provide arms to whomever without acknowledged involvement. that made ronny a drug kingpin didn't it? and ollie, he just one the capos, right? but they was righteous weren't they? left on late night train without a word to explain A man and his wife were having an intense fight when the wife told him to get out. so the husband packed his things and as he was leaving, the wife said "I hope you die a slow agonizing death."
The husband replied "oh, so now you want me to stay." ok, so now i am rockin Firefox from Mozilla as the browser. let's see how this goes then. this drawing so i am playing with this drawing. sweet lovely thing she is too. endowments small but pert and perfectly shaped. lovely abdomen and torso. nice waist to hips ratio. ah, she's just fine. i think she'll have hazel eyes and maybe blonde hair. she's quite the flirt! but alas, she can't make her debut on facebook because de butts run the show. no new titty... dang spell checker, i meant nudity. no sweet appealing little boobies for you to see and judge whether i have adequately captured heir contour. meanwhile, on the feed, we get close ups of some raw aspects of overblown physiognomy. not to mind art, but unvarnished prurience. which would be unmentioned save for my observation of some hypocrisy by facebook. we have nothing to fear except Feerit's elf... The Valley One of the numerous flyers had impacted the landing craft and the wreckage still burned where it had crashed. Charna had seen the raptors rend one of her companions into bite sized pieces and she was sure that was to be her fate as well. She wondered if any of the flyers that had brought her to this end would have any of the scraps, or for that matter if there would even be any scraps. a few quick one liners so then i sez to her i sez "bull! ya can't turn me into a frog!" duh! see what it is has already started. you're too late to decry the great plug-in. and in point of fact even now you are participating. the Internet is the beginning, the seed has been planted. soon you'll all be playing in a better virtuality, but this, like the telephone before it, has become almost imperceptible to the loser, er i meant user... facebook puts up all these horny old man ads on my wall based on my posts and profile... demographic targeting as they say. so here is a phrase from one of the ads which i found particularly amusing. think about double entendre: Registration for MEN is currently OPEN and it is FREE, so we advise you to register now, while slots for male members are open. i have absolutely no compunction against buying the academic version for i am if nothing else a student...
the alternative is cracks and hacks. lol. ....mephistopheles.... an aged mosquito a pastry bake like unto
and how about you? Under certain circumstances profanity provides relief denied even to prayer.
Mark Twain i knew him long before he ever became a georgia belle hear whee go boogie time children now i gotta tell ya that it is a really nice stone. rocks. sure and y knot? hail yes! git down with me on this Morning would be great if it didn't come so early in the day... oh yeh,
i recall it all,
both the climb
and the fall. see, itz all filters. except the part that iznt filters.... meow. meow. U hear that? Itz becuz this program is the catz meow... so the drummer is named Pablo Diablo
band named Nevercry. Bobo Nevercry does vocals. u just met Pablo. lead is named Itch. Kon Klusion Once again the fever possessed me and I spewed forth. Hope that you enjoyed it. Meanwhile Comments, Criticisms, and Suggestions are always welcome.

Some Swell Doggerel Vol. 3

Family relationships, friendships, acquaintanceship, and romantic relationships are the different types of relationships that you may be involved in. Any or all of them can greatly impact your productivity and also constitute cyber threats while working from home. Homeworking may not have been the norm, but circumstances have made it our new way of life. The coronavirus pandemic has successfully foisted some radical changes in the way we have been conducting businesses. You must now live with social distancing, wearing of facemasks, and home working. All of these are sources of stress for you as well as the people you have any form of relationship with. Even before the outbreak of coronavirus, the world has been grappling with the nefarious activities of cybercriminals. This, however, has been taken to another dimension with the pandemic. While cyberattacks can result from the actions of both external and internal threat actors, it is quite revealing to know that IT security professionals believe that insiders within their organizations give them more cause for concern than external attackers. Reports show that from 2018, the number of internally-related threat incidents has increased by of organizations suffered over 30 incidents per year. 47%, and 60% The financial impact of these threats on organizations also increased by 31% ($11.45 million) per year. Bearing in mind that unintentionally negligent employees or contractors; credential thefts leading to unauthorized access to applications and systems; or malicious insiders who intentionally damage the organization from within is a form of insider threat, we shall focus on unintentional negligent employees or contractors. Entry points for cyberattacks while working from home Experts have reported in "phishing" attacks that is targeted at people working from home, by innocently clicking on a link in an email or message, you may install malware on your device. When you get phished, you have inadvertently created an access point for cybercriminals. a surge Entry points through which cyber attackers can gain access to the organization’s network include the following: 1. Home WiFi networks As you are working from home now, there is the possibility that your family members, friends, and possibly acquaintances may have access to your WiFi password. While this is not wrong, it can portend danger. A study has revealed that the number of passwords that humans and machines will use globally will hit the mark by 2020. This is a very large number by any standard, and since you know that it is harmful to allow your password to fall into the wrong hands, there is every need to be extremely careful. 300 billion Restricting them from making use of your work WiFi may lead to strain in your relationships but you have to educate them of the potential danger. Working from home will breed tension and stress, especially between you and your spouse, however, you must take steps to avoid having psychological problems. When the situation becomes too stressful, you may have to seek the attention of a professional therapist. According to , “Facing relationship obstacles alone can be daunting, and circumstances such as location and scheduling may make it difficult for you or your partner to receive the help you need. Support and guidance from licensed professionals have been shown to have a positive impact on the lives of individuals and couples.” Regain Whatever steps you take, you must always note that the organization’s security may depend on your activities and how you handle those who are closely related to you. You must not allow unnecessary access to your WiFi network to jeopardize the organization’s security. When it becomes necessary that members of your family have to use your WiFi, take steps to constantly change the password. You can even ensure a for better protection. two-factor authentication 2. Having weak login credentials You must never allow your family members or friends to know about your work login credentials. that 81% of adults use the same password for everything. This is a very dangerous practice. Mashable has revealed If you have the habit of using repetitive passwords that use personal information, such as a nickname or street address, your friends can easily pick that up. Cybercriminals are always updating their practices. They have programs that mine public profiles for potential password combinations and have the patience and dedication to keep on plugging in all the possibilities until they succeed in cracking your password. They also have this they use that automatically try different words until they come up with a match. dictionary attacks 3. Mixing personal and work devices There must be a clear demarcation between your work devices and those you use for your personal affairs. If it is possible, you can mark out the space where you do your official work and ensure people understand that clearly. Any action you know that is risky such as installing or using a service, should not be allowed while working at home. The fact that you are working from home does not diminish the security risks, it can even heighten them. 4. Having access to every file Remember that you have access to all the files in your organization even though you are working from home. A careless action from you can a lot of damage to the company and its reputation. Allowing your family members and friends access to these files is a no-go area. The organization allowed you access to these files based on trust. If this is what can break your good relationship with anybody, please, let it be so. You must not mix emotions and sentiments with your work. Documents must be confidential.

4 Entry Points for Cyberattacks While Working from Home

[Updated - 1st March, 2020] : Course updated, now you can control your connected light either using Google Assistant or Alexa. Kindly check out the Bonus section at the end of the course. Welcome to , This is the last part of the series and here we will achieve our ultimate goal to Power ON the Light bulb with just one-click from anywhere, literally from anywhere even from the Antarctic as they got internet there. IoT empowers everyone to make life smarter & easier. Though this is just a beginning, if readers show up enthusiasm, I will make more tutorials where the primary focus is to teach from [Do let me know on LinkedIn]. SIMPLE LEARNING AWS Cloud Home Automation Zero to Hero Series. In the fourth part, we will create an automated system to make the home light bulb connected to the web using AWS, an ESP32 board, a relay module and Arduino Code. scratch and make cost-effective solutions Everything covered from scratch you won't face any difficulty understanding In case of any clarification, . Feel free to explore them with ease, skip to the one which is relevant to you. The following series split into four parts (refer below) with very simple and clear instructions to provision a home automation system to control house appliances through the web. . drop me a note on LinkedIn - Connect your device (ESP32) to AWS cloud. Part I - Use Device Shadow Service (AWS IoT) to control ESP32 inbuilt led using MQTT client. Part II - Create a secure web client hosted in Node-RED to control ESP32 inbuilt led. Part III - The Real Deal: Create an automated system to make the light bulb connected to the web using AWS, an ESP32 board and a relay module. Part IV : Prerequisites It's the continuation of the following series. Make sure you have exercised rigorously. - Connect your device (ESP32) to AWS cloud Part I This tutorial mostly covers hands-on, prior knowledge of AWS IoT is an advantage. to check AWS Official IoT Documentation. Click here A 2 channel relay module (Easily available in / or Local Robotics Shop) and a power bank to power up the ESP32. Amazon.com Amazon.in /Aliexpress : Learning Objectives By using a web client, we will turn ON/OFF the light bulb by using AWS, an ESP32 board, a relay module and Arduino Code. We will leverage the power of Device Shadow which is very effective in case of power loss and connectivity issue. The device shadow stores the desired state and when the light bulb establishes the connection, the desired state gets synced. Bonus - Toggle the light by using Google Assistant or Alexa. So let's see something happen now . We will copy the below Arduino code, do some minor changes in Arduino IDE and make the code functional. Alternatively, you can download the Arduino Code as ino file . here #include <AWS_IOT.h>
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <ArduinoJson.h>

AWS_IOT lightbulb;
int relay_pin = ; char WIFI_SSID[]= ;
char WIFI_PASSWORD[]= ;
char HOST_ADDRESS[]= ; char CLIENT_ID[]= ;
char SHADOW_GET[]= ;
char SENT_GET[]= ;
char SHADOW_UPDATE[]= ;

int status = WL_IDLE_STATUS;
int msgReceived= ;
char payload[ ];
char reportpayload[ ];
char rcvdPayload[ ]; mySubCallBackHandler (char *topicName, int payloadLen, char *payLoad)
{
    strncpy(rcvdPayload,payLoad,payloadLen);
    rcvdPayload[payloadLen] = ;
    msgReceived = ;
} updateShadow (int power)
{ 
  sprintf(reportpayload, ,power);
  delay( ); (lightbulb.publish(SHADOW_UPDATE,reportpayload) == )
      {       
        Serial.print( );
        Serial.println(reportpayload);
      } {
        Serial.println( );
        Serial.println(reportpayload);   
      }  
} setup() {
  Serial.begin( );
  pinMode(relay_pin, OUTPUT);
  delay( ); (status != WL_CONNECTED)
    {
        Serial.print( );
        Serial.println(WIFI_SSID); status = WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PASSWORD); delay( );
    }

    Serial.println( ); (lightbulb.connect(HOST_ADDRESS,CLIENT_ID)== ) {
        Serial.println( );
        delay( ); ( ==lightbulb.subscribe(SHADOW_GET,mySubCallBackHandler)) {
            Serial.println( );
        } {
            Serial.println( ); ( );
        }
    } {
        Serial.println( ); ( );
    } delay( ); (lightbulb.publish(SENT_GET, ) == )
      {       
        Serial.print( );
      } {
        Serial.println( );
      }     
} loop() { (msgReceived == )
    
  {
        msgReceived = ;
        Serial.print( );
        Serial.println(rcvdPayload);
        StaticJsonDocument< > doc;
        deserializeJson(doc, rcvdPayload); (doc.isNull()) {
        Serial.println( ); ;
        }
    
        int power = doc[ ][ ][ ];
        Serial.println(power); (power == )
        digitalWrite(relay_pin, LOW); (power == )
        digitalWrite(relay_pin, HIGH);
    updateShadow(power);  
    }  
} /*********
  Gourav Das
  Complete project details at https://hackernoon.com/cloud-home-automation-series-part-4-connected-light-bulb-using-aws-esp32-and-arduino-94n377d
  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*********/ 13 // Relay Pin "Wifi-Name" "Wifi_Password" "************-***.iot.us-east-1.amazonaws.com" //AWS IoT Custom Endpoint Address "ESP32" "$aws/things/{Thingname}/shadow/get/accepted" "$aws/things/{ThingName}/shadow/get" "$aws/things/{ThingName}/shadow/update" 0 512 512 512 void 0 1 void "{\"state\": {\"reported\": {\"power\": \"%d\"}}}" 3000 if 0 "Publish Message:" else "Publish failed" void 115200 2000 while "Attempting to connect to SSID: " // Connect to WPA/WPA2 network. Change this line if using open or WEP network: // wait 5 seconds for connection: 5000 "Connected to wifi" if 0 //Connect to AWS IoT COre "Connected to AWS" 1000 if 0 //Subscribe to GET Shadow Service "Subscribe Successfull" else "Subscribe Failed, Check the Thing Name and Certificates" while 1 else "AWS connection failed, Check the HOST Address" while 1 //Sent Empty string to fetch Shadow desired state 3000 if "{}" 0 "Empty String Published\n" else "Empty String Publish failed\n" void if 1 0 "Received Message:" 256 // Test if parsing succeeds. if "parseObject() failed" return "state" "desired" "power" if 1 else if 0 We need to add a library in Arduino IDE, go to . Search for ArduinoJson (by Benoit Blanchon), select the latest 6.x.x version only and click install. Also, remember that we have used library in the code to integrate ESP32 with AWS. If you are unaware, go to . Also, check the Certificates enrollment section under Hardware integration. Tools → Manage Libraries The code won't work on 5.x.x and below versions. AWS_IOT Part 1 of the series Code Modifications char WIFI_SSID[]= ;
char WIFI_PASSWORD[]= ;
char HOST_ADDRESS[]= ; char CLIENT_ID[]= ;
char SHADOW_GET[]= ;
char SENT_GET[]= ;
char SHADOW_UPDATE[]= ; "Wifi-Name" "Wifi_Password" "************-***.iot.us-east-1.amazonaws.com" //AWS IoT Custom Endpoint Address "ESP32" "$aws/things/{Thingname}/shadow/get/accepted" "$aws/things/{ThingName}/shadow/get" "$aws/things/{ThingName}/shadow/update" Update the necessary details, skip (Keep it as it is). In put the AWS IoT Endpoint Address which you can retrieve from IoT Dashboard, settings(check sidebar). Next, we will replace in the code with the actual thing name (e.g. ESP32) we gave at the time of thing creation in Part 1 of the series. To check the , to go to AWS IoT Console (Region: N. Virginia), select under the option from the Sidebar and check for the name as highlighted below. CLIENT_ID[]= "ESP32" HOST_ADDRESS[] {ThingName} Thing Name Click Here Things Manage Now plug your ESP32 board with your Desktop/Laptop using a USB cable and upload the code. ESP32 Wiring Warning: In this exercise, we’re dealing with the mains voltage . Playing with mains voltage is like playing with fire. If you’re not familiar with mains voltage seek help. While programming the ESP or wiring your circuit make sure everything disconnected from the mains voltage. At first, we will connect the jumper wires (F/F) with 2 channel relay module, as shown below. We will use an extension cord to light up the bulb, as a you should avoid putting the plug to mains voltage while making all the following connections. Next, put the live wire coming out of the plug into relay's port and make a  connection from relay's port to the bulb. Thus,  by making this connection, ESP32 will able to control the Relay Module and instruct it when to switch  ON/OFF the light bulb. First, understand the fundamentals and by take some basic electrical courses you would be able to light up your entire home with just a click of a button. precautionary measure COM1 NO1 Note: Never touch the relay module when powered from the mains voltage. ESP32 to  Relay VIN VCC ESP32 to Relay GND GND ESP32 to Relay D13 IN1 Relay to Main Power Source COM1 Relay to Bulb NO1 Once we have built the above connection we are almost done. Now, power on the ESP32 by using an external power source (Power Bank), wait for some time for the connection to establish and also we need to Switch ON the main power of the bulb for to make the circuitry functioning. Now we are going to test the web endpoints we have created in part 3, hit your Node-RED primary URL followed by , AWS (e.g. ) and IBM Cloud (e.g. ). It will load a website, click on the light bulb to turn ON/OFF the bulb. If you have come so far, tadaa! You did it finally 💪 and be proud of your new achievement and show the world what are you capable of 👩‍💻 👨‍💻. /ON http://52.90.186.136:1880/ON https://aws-iot.eu-gb.cf.appdomain.cloud/ON Few things to remember: Be gentle while turning ON/OFF the bulb, it may get stuck if clicked very fast.  Reset will surely help in that case, press EN in ESP32 to re-establish the connection with AWS. AWS Device shadow is a powerful tool. In case of power loss or connectivity issue, the device shadow stores the desired state which it receives from the web-client hosted in Node-RED. When the light bulb establishes the link, the desired state gets synced. You can try it out by taking the mains power supply of the bulb after that send the desired state (ON/OFF) request from the web-client. When you powered back the Bulb you will see the magic. 🧙‍♀️ 🧙‍♂️ . It is an immense pleasure to see you here and reading this, I thank you . Stay curious and if you want more tutorials do let me know on LinkedIn. It will help me to come back with more tutorial on various topic of  public interest. Congratulations on completing the 4th part :) individually : After getting a few feedbacks, I thought to integrate the following tutorial with Voice Assistance. You can now continue with the tutorial & integrate it either with Google Assistant or Alexa. Bonus Click here for step-by-step instructions. Kindly Share & Comment only if you find it useful and help me on my mission to educate and familiarize people in the world of digitization 💪 #This is a Free tutorial and all my upcoming tutorials will be free and accessible from Public forums.# Appreciate if you drop me a note on LinkedIn & share your opinion. Don't worry, I don't bite 👻 so don't shy away 🏃🏻‍♀️ 🏃🏻. Your feedback will help me to come up  with more awesome contents on the internet.

Cloud Home Automation Series Part 4 : Connected Light Bulb using AWS, ESP32 & Arduino

Of course, we love hackers here at Hacker Noon. It’s right there in the name. But no-one enjoys it when a black hat hacker violates the security of your home, and doesn’t leave until they’ve taken your passwords, money, and banking details. With the advent of the Smart Home Age, we’re at the precipice of countless unsuspecting homes losing everything to thieving hackers. These criminals will stroll past rudimentary barriers, barely breaking a sweat on their way to stealing your savings. How a hacker can ruin your life The latest smart home statistics show there are alone. With this rising popularity of home automation platforms, where everything is connected by a single wifi network and a chain of commands, all hackers need to do is intercept one connection, and insert themselves into it. more than 2.2 million smart homes in the UK If your smart camera sends you a photo every time there’s movement outside your home, a hacker could get those photos too. If your smartphone unlocks your home or turns off your alarms, theirs could too. If you have a smart speaker, a hacker could clone your voice and gain access to anything voice-controlled in your home. Hell, if your lights are set to turn on when you’re home, prompting your alarm to also turn off, all a hacker has to do is access a lightbulb, change its setting from ‘away’ to ‘at home’, and they can rob you blind. And you would have no idea. All changes to your automation platform are treated the same, and aren’t displayed anywhere obvious. There’s no reason you’d ever know – until it’s too late. All it takes is one weak spot. If a criminal can hack one device, and you haven’t secured your wifi password or network, they can watch as you enter your banking passwords, then withdraw or spend your cash at their leisure. And in 2018, by researchers at Ben-Gurion University in Israel looked at 16 smart home devices including cameras and doorbells, which are designed to protect you against intruders. They found the devices were all pretty easy to hack. a study Most smart devices are mass-produced, meaning it’s easy for a criminal to get their hands on an identical item to yours – and work out how to hack it. Plus, if you’re online, there’s no way of hiding yourself. Your internet-connected devices can be seen all over the world, on data platforms like Shodan. Malicious people will take advantage of that fact to hack into home automation systems, webcams, or even – unless you take the proper precautions. weaponised ships How you can stop them This sounds simple – and it is – but it’s one of the main ways in which people can easily gain access to your home. Change your passwords. Don’t change it to “ ”, though. Or “ ”. Or – look, just make it hard to guess. password 1234 A multi-word phrase or a collection of letters, numbers, and punctuation marks will suffice, as long as you change all your passwords from their defaults. Do this on as many devices as possible. If the functionality exists, use it. Use two-factor authentication. This handy tool will show you any changes made to your automation platform’s rules, so you can quickly spot a fox in your hen house. Get a file integrity monitor. Limit the functions of – and data gathered by – your smart devices. Your lightbulb doesn’t need to know where it is in the world. Your TV doesn’t need to know when you’re home and when you’re out. If your home knows, a hacker-burglar can know. That way, even if someone gets in, they’ll be isolated to the network that doesn’t have your banking details, card information, or email password. Create a second wifi network for your smart home platform. Every device adds a certain level of risk and vulnerability to your system, so before you add yet another smart item, perform your own small cost-benefit analysis. Ask yourself: is it worth it? Give your smart speakers, smart TVs, and smart plug-enabled toasters a rest, and make your home less vulnerable to attacks. Unplug all the smart devices you don’t need when you go on holiday. This will allow you access to any and all updates and fixes which the company offers you. Register new devices with the manufacturer. You should accept all of these, of course. You don’t want to be let down by a small, solvable glitch. Whether your smart item is bound for the rubbish bin or a grateful recipient, remove all the data it contains and reset it to its factory settings. Wipe your data before your device leaves you. After all, you don’t want to be undone by a thermostat – or your cat’s old smart litter tray. This sounds uncomplicated and vague, but it needs to be said. Be careful. For instance, don’t put smart cameras in a room that you would feel horrified if strangers saw into. That means bedrooms should probably be completely off-limits. And of course, follow the advice above constantly. It may be the difference between a safe life and losing everything.

How to Defend Your Smart Home Against Hackers

In this article, I will tell you how to write a telegram bot that integrates with the real world via a microcontroller (Arduino). Everything is remembered better in practice. So, I will explain everything through a practical project from my experience. The project code is published on my GitHub . This article will explain how to create a telegram bot, process messages, and respond to users. Also, in the end, will be given some ideas for future projects for you. ‘Smart Queue’ project page Shortly about project I did a project for controlling the queue to our office gaming room by Arduino-based Telegram. The Arduino with servo motor was installed to lock and unlock the door. People could take a queue and check how many people were in the queue via telegram bot. In this project, NodeMCU has been used but the same logic works for Arduino with ESP32/ESP8266. Telegram Telegram is a messenger with mobile applications (iPhone and Android) and desktop applications (Mac, Windows, and Linux). In Telegram, we have an opportunity to create a bot. We will control it with our microcontroller by processing messages from users. Creating Telegram Bot To create a Telegram Bot, we need to request it from the “botfather” telegram bot. All you need is to find the bot by search or get it by the link: . The bot is user-friendly and as you open the chat with the bot, our next steps should be clear for you. https://t.me/botfather Send /start command to start the bot. Send /newbot command to create a new bot. We will be asked to enter the name and username of the new bot. After the successful creation of the bot, the botfather will send us a token. This one will be required to receive all messages sent to the bot and send messages from the bot to users. Connection We will use a servo motor to lock and unlock the door and an LED to indicate if the door is locked. Servo motors have 3 pins: orange, red and brown: Red - 5V, Brown - GND, Orange - 14. LED connected to pin 2. Code First of all, we should import all required libraries: #ifdef ESP32
  #include <WiFi.h>
#else
  #include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#endif
#include <WiFiClientSecure.h>
#include <UniversalTelegramBot.h>  
#include <ArduinoJson.h>

#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo; Write credentials of wi-fi to which microcontroller will be connected: const char* ssid = "";      //wifi name
const char* password = "";  //wifi password Write token of our bot, which we received after its creation: // Initialize Telegram BOT
#define BOTtoken "XXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"  // your Bot Token (Get from Botfather) Define the outputs and other required variables: // Checks for new messages every 0.1 second.
int botRequestDelay = 100;
unsigned long lastTimeBotRan;

int servo_pin = 14;//servo pin
int servo_locked_value = 180;
int servo_unlocked_value = 30;

const int ledPin = 2;

String queue[10] ={};//array of queue
int queue_array_len = 0;//len of queue
bool room_is_free = true;//initially the room is free
bool door_is_locked = true;// the door is locked Create a new wi-fi client and a bot with the token and the client: WiFiClientSecure client;
UniversalTelegramBot bot(BOTtoken, client); In the setup section we will initialize led and servo, begin serial and connect to wi-fi: void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);

  #ifdef ESP8266
    configTime(0, 0, "pool.ntp.org");      // get UTC time via NTP
    client.setTrustAnchors(&cert); // Add root certificate for api.telegram.org
  #endif

  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
  
  // Connect to Wi-Fi
  WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  #ifdef ESP32
    client.setCACert(TELEGRAM_CERTIFICATE_ROOT); // Add root certificate for api.telegram.org
  #endif
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(1000);
    Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi..");
  }
  // Print ESP32 Local IP Address
  Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

  //Servo - close:
  myservo.attach(servo_pin);
  myservo.write(180);
} In the loop section we will do three main things: check if there are any new messages to the telegram bot; check if the room is free and if so, invite the next person in the queue; indicate if door locked and open/close the door void loop() {
  if (millis() > lastTimeBotRan + botRequestDelay)  {
    int numNewMessages = bot.getUpdates(bot.last_message_received + 1);

    while(numNewMessages) {
      Serial.println("got response");
      handleNewMessages(numNewMessages);
      numNewMessages = bot.getUpdates(bot.last_message_received + 1);
    }
    lastTimeBotRan = millis();

    //check if the room free
    if(room_is_free ==true && queue[0]!=""){
      room_is_free = false;
      //invite to the room:
      Serial.println("Invinting to the room: "+queue[0]);
      bot.sendMessage(queue[0], "The room is free! \n Please come and send /unlock_the_door_from_outside to unlock the door.", "");
    }

    //Indicating and opening/closing the door:
    digitalWrite(ledPin, door_is_locked);//ledState
    if(door_is_locked){
      myservo.write(servo_locked_value);//locked
    }else{
      myservo.write(servo_unlocked_value);//unlocked
    }
    
  }
} Here is how we will handle new messages and respond to /start message: void handleNewMessages(int numNewMessages) {
  Serial.println("handleNewMessages");
  Serial.println(String(numNewMessages));

  for (int i=0; i<numNewMessages; i++) {
    // Chat id of the requester
    String chat_id = String(bot.messages[i].chat_id);

    // Print the received message
    String text = bot.messages[i].text;
    Serial.print("From: ");Serial.println(chat_id);
    Serial.print("Message: ");Serial.println(text);

    String from_name = bot.messages[i].from_name;

    if (text == "/start") {
      String welcome = "Welcome, " + from_name + ".\n";
      welcome += "By this bot you can stand in line to the Gaming room.\n";
      welcome += "Please see my /options.\n\n";
      bot.sendMessage(chat_id, welcome, "");
    }    
  }
} Here is how we respond to /options message and send buttons for easy interactions: if (text == "/options") {
  String keyboardJson = "[[\"/Stand_in_line\"],[\"/cancel\", \"/status\"]]";
  bot.sendMessageWithReplyKeyboard(chat_id, "Here is my options:", "", keyboardJson, true);
} When we receive /Stand_in_line message we need to check if person already in the queue and if not add the person to the queue and inform it: if (text == "/Stand_in_line") {
  //check if person already in the queue:
  if(if_chat_id_not_in_queue(chat_id)){
    //add person to the queue
    queue[queue_array_len] = chat_id;//array of queue
    queue_array_len++;
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "You joined the queue.", "");
  }else{
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "You are already in the queue.", "");
  }
      
  //printing the queue
  print_queue();
} ** ** When we receive /cancel message, we need to remove the person from the queue by checking if he is there. Also if the person was already invited to the room, we will set the room status back to free. if (text == "/cancel") {
  //check if person already in the queue:
  if(if_chat_id_not_in_queue(chat_id)){
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "You were not in the queue.", "");
  }else{
    //checking if the person first one to set room to free again.
    if (queue[0]=chat_id){
      room_is_free = true;
    }   
    //remove person from the queue
    for(int i = 0; i < queue_array_len; i++){
      if(queue[i]=chat_id){
        queue[i] = "";
        //move items after the deleted one:
        for(int j = i;j < queue_array_len; j++){
          queue[j] = queue[j+1];
        }
      }
    }
    queue_array_len--;
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "You are no longer in the queue.", "");

    //printing the queue
    print_queue();
  }
} When we receive /status message, we will send how many persons in the queue and if person in it, we will also send person's position in the queue: if (text == "/status") {
  //printing the queue
  print_queue();
      
  int current_person_id_in_queue = -1;
  for(int i = 0; i < queue_array_len; i++){
    if(queue[i]==chat_id){
      current_person_id_in_queue = i+1;
    }
  }
  String message = "The queue consist of " + String(queue_array_len ) + " person(s).\n";
  if(current_person_id_in_queue != -1){
        message +="You are #"+String(current_person_id_in_queue)+ " in line.\n";
  }
      
  bot.sendMessage(chat_id, message, "");
} When person queue comes, we will send an invitation message: When we receive /unlock_the_door_from_outside message we need to check if the person is first in the queue and if so, unlock the door and send response: if (text == "/unlock_the_door_from_outside") {
  //checking if this first person in queue:
  if(chat_id == queue[0]){
    door_is_locked = false;
    myservo.write(servo_unlocked_value);//unlocked
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "The door is unlocked! \nCome in and lock the door by sending /lock_the_door_from_inside.", "");
  }else{
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Something went wrong. \nPlease try to check your status in queue by /status command.", "");
  }
} In the next /lock_the_door_from_inside and /unlock_the_door_from_inside commands as before we need to check if the person is the first one in the queue. We do this to make sure the door is locked or unlocked by the right person. For /lock_the_door_from_inside message, we need to just lock the door: if (text == "/lock_the_door_from_inside") {
  //checking if this first person in queue:
  if(chat_id == queue[0]){
    door_is_locked = true;
    myservo.write(servo_locked_value);//locked
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "The door is locked! \nTo unlock the door send /unlock_the_door_from_inside.", "");
  }else{
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Something went wrong. \nPlease try to check your status in queue by /status command.", "");
  }
} As we receive /unlock_the_door_from_inside message, we will unlock the door for three seconds and lock it back. Also, we will remove the person from the queue and set the room status back to free. This required to invite next person from the queue: if (text == "/unlock_the_door_from_inside") {
    //checking if this first person in queue:
    if(chat_id == queue[0]){
    door_is_locked = false;
    myservo.write(servo_unlocked_value);//unlocked
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "The door is unlocked! We will lock it in 3 sec", "");
    delay(3000);
    door_is_locked = true;
    room_is_free = true;
    myservo.write(servo_locked_value);//locked
        
    //remove the person from the queue
    for(int i = 0; i < queue_array_len; i++){
        if(queue[i]=chat_id){
        queue[i] = "";
        //move items after the deleted one:
        for(int j = i;j < queue_array_len; j++){
            queue[j] = queue[j+1];
        }
        }
    }
    queue_array_len--;
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "The door is locked. Bye!", "");

    }else{
    bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Something went wrong. \nPlease try to check your status in queue by /status command.", "");
    }
} Here are our helper functions. These two parts of the code are used many times. So, I decided to separate them for convenience of the code: //check if person already in the queue:
bool if_chat_id_not_in_queue(String chat_id){
  for(int i = 0; i < queue_array_len; i++){ 
    if(chat_id == queue[i]){
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

//printing the queue
void print_queue(){
  Serial.print("In queue - ");Serial.println(queue_array_len);
  for(int i = 0; i < queue_array_len; i++){
    Serial.println(queue[i]);
  }
} Conclusion Through this tutorial you’ve learned how to interact with your microcontroller with Telegram Bot. The microcontroller can process messages sent to the bot and send messages back. This project is an example and showcase for you. The possibilities are limited by your imagination. Here are some ideas for you: make a Motion Detector which will send a message as motion will be detected; connect a camera module and send image by request; control LED strip or get any sensor indication. Also, there could be done such as making a big led matrix and giving control of it to everyone by telegram bot. global project The great thing about integrated Telegram bot projects is that they can be controlled from anywhere in the world. This gives your projects the opportunity to reach a new level.

Integrate Your Telegram Bot With Real World via ESP32/ESP8266 Arduino Microcontroller

Integre su bot de Telegram con el mundo real a través del microcontrolador Arduino ESP32/ESP8266

Nowadays, most of us out there face the problem of impure air quality due to the increase in pollutants and impurities mixed with the air. Pollutants like CO2, CO, CH4 emitted from vehicles and SO2, SO4 and other gases emitted from industries add to the amount of impurity in the air. Also, fireworks and crackers during festive seasons, occasions and events further increase the pollution level in the atmosphere. As a result of this, various health-related and respiratory issues are also increasing among the common masses. So to keep a track of the air quality around you, this is a mini IoT based air quality monitoring system that will monitor the air quality over a web server using the internet and alarm or trigger if the air quality goes poorer than a certain level, i.e. if there are sufficient amount of harmful gases present in the air. It shows the air quality in PPM on the LCD as well as on the webpage so that you can monitor it easily. Objective To measure and monitor the air pollution levels To detect highly polluted conditions To alert user as and when the levels cross a specified limit Components you'll require ESP32 system on a chip microcontroller MQ135 gas sensor LEDs Resistors Buzzer Some wires and a breadboard Block Diagram Circuitry Software Used Arduino IDE Working Make the connections as per the circuit diagram above. Connect the ESP32 with your computer/laptop. Select a suitable port and Esp32 board and hit 'Upload' to upload the code into the ESP32. (I’ve used the MQ135 gas sensor here which is basically a Air Quality sensor
 capable of sensing gases like NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2 and other harmful gases. MQ135 will sense the gases and we will get the Pollution/Air quality level in PPM
 (parts per million). The MQ135 sensor will give us output in form of voltage levels
 and we convert it into PPM (our code and the module libraries will take care of
 that). For this project, I’ve set good air quality levels upto 800 PPM, poor levels in between 800 to 2000 and alert us if it
 exceeds 2000 PPM. ) Provide the sensor with different types of smoke inputs and observe the output PPM
 levels in the web browser. All the web browser implementation is taken care by the
 code. Real time PPM values can also be viewed/observed in the Arduino IDE Serial
 Monitor. Just paste the IP address in the web browser and observe the PPM levels. Green LED will be ON until the PPM level is 800, Red LED will be ON post 800 mark and Red LED with Buzzer will be ON
 post 2000 mark. Code } } { } { } { } previousTime = currentTime; header += c; { } { } { } } }
      }
    } }

} # include "MQ135.h" # include <WiFi.h> # include <Wire.h> int air_quality; const char * ssid     = "Enter your wifi" ; //Replace with your network name const char * password = "Enter your wifi password" ; //Replave with your network password // Set web server port number to 80 WiFiServer server ( 80 ) ; // Variable to store the HTTP request String header; // Current time unsigned long currentTime = millis (); // Previous time unsigned long previousTime = 0 ; // Define timeout time in milliseconds (example: 2000ms = 2s) const long timeoutTime = 2000 ; void setup () { delay ( 1000 ); Serial . begin ( 115200 ); pinMode ( 12 , OUTPUT ); //Buzzer will be output to ESP32 pinMode ( 18 , OUTPUT ); //Green Led will be Output to ESP32 pinMode ( 19 , OUTPUT ); //Red Led will be output to ESP32 pinMode ( 34 , INPUT ); //Gas sensor will be an input to the ESP32 digitalWrite ( 18 , HIGH ); digitalWrite ( 19 , HIGH ); Serial . print ( "Connecting to " ); Serial . println (ssid); WiFi . begin (ssid, password); while ( WiFi . status () != WL_CONNECTED) { delay ( 500 ); Serial . print ( "." ); // Print local IP address and start web server Serial . println ( "" ); Serial . println ( "WiFi connected." ); Serial . println ( "IP address: " ); Serial . println ( WiFi . localIP ()); server. begin (); void loop () { MQ135 gasSensor = MQ135 ( 34 ); float air_quality = gasSensor. getPPM (); if (air_quality >= 2000 ) digitalWrite ( 12 , HIGH ); //Buzzer is ON digitalWrite ( 19 , LOW ); //RED LED is ON digitalWrite ( 18 , HIGH ); //GREEN LED is OFF delay ( 1000 ); digitalWrite ( 12 , LOW ); if (air_quality > 800 && air_quality < 2000 ) digitalWrite ( 12 , LOW ); //Buzzer is OFF digitalWrite ( 19 , LOW ); //RED LED is ON digitalWrite ( 18 , HIGH ); //GREEN LED is OFF delay ( 1000 ); digitalWrite ( 12 , LOW ); if (air_quality < 800 ) digitalWrite ( 12 , LOW ); //Buzzer is OFF digitalWrite ( 18 , LOW ); //GREEN LED is ON digitalWrite ( 19 , HIGH ); //RED LED id OFF delay ( 100 ); Serial . print (air_quality); Serial . println ( " PPM" ); delay ( 200 ); WiFiClient client = server. available (); // Listen for incoming clients if (client) { // If a new client connects, currentTime = millis (); Serial . println ( "New Client." ); // print a message out in the serial port String currentLine = "" ; // make a String to hold incoming data from the client while (client. connected () && currentTime - previousTime <= timeoutTime) { // loop while the client's connected currentTime = millis (); if (client. available ()) { // if there's bytes to read from the client, char c = client. read (); // read a byte, then Serial . write (c); // print it out the serial monitor if (c == '\n' ) { // if the byte is a newline character // if the current line is blank, you got two newline characters in a row. // that's the end of the client HTTP request, so send a response: if (currentLine. length () == 0 ) { // HTTP headers always start with a response code (e.g. HTTP/1.1 200 OK) // and a content-type so the client knows what's coming, then a blank line: client. println ( "HTTP/1.1 200 OK" ); client. println ( "Content-type:text/html" ); client. println ( "Connection: close" ); client. println (); // Display the HTML web page client. println ( "<!DOCTYPE html><html>" ); client. println ( "<head><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">" ); client. println ( "<link rel=\"icon\" href=\"data:,\">" ); // CSS to style the table client. println ( "<style>body { text-align: center; font-family: \"Trebuchet MS\", Arial;}" ); client. println ( "table { border-collapse: collapse; width:35%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; }" ); client. println ( "th { padding: 12px; background-color: #0043af; color: white; }" ); client. println ( "tr { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; }" ); client. println ( "tr:hover { background-color: #bcbcbc; }" ); client. println ( "td { border: none; padding: 12px; }" ); client. println ( ".sensor { color:black; font-weight: bold; padding: 1px; }" ); // Web Page Heading client. println ( "</style></head><body><h2>AIR POLLUTION MONITOR</h2>" ); if (air_quality < 800 ) client. println ( "</style></head><body><h2>FRESH AIR!</h2>" ); else if (air_quality > 800 && air_quality < 2000 ) client. println ( "</style></head><body><h2>POOR AIR :(</h2>" ); else if (air_quality >= 2000 ) client. println ( "</style></head><body><h2>ALERT!TOXIC AIR!ALERT</h2>" ); client. println ( "<table><tr><th>MEASUREMENT</th><th>VALUE</th></tr>" ); client. println ( "<tr><td>Pollution PPM</td><td><span class=\"sensor\">" ); client. println (air_quality); client. println ( "</span></td></tr></table>" ); // The HTTP response ends with another blank line client. println (); // Break out of the while loop break ; } else { // if you got a newline, then clear currentLine currentLine = "" ; } else if (c != '\r' ) { // if you got anything else but a carriage return character, currentLine += c; // add it to the end of the currentLine // Clear the header variable header = "" ; // Close the connection client. stop (); Serial . println ( "Client disconnected." ); Serial . println ( "" ); Conclusion This is how you can build a small scale air quality monitoring system of your own and in the process, learn about Arduino, ESP32, environmental impacts of pollutants etc. on the go.

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