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Spellz

Business English: A Practice Book by Rose Buhlig is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . SPELLING RULES here SPELLING RULES Exercise 29—Plurals of Nouns ( ) a dress, dresses ( ) b chair, chairs splash, splashes wave, waves business, businesses book, books church, churches pencil, pencils fox, foxes paper, papers The usual way of forming the plural of English nouns is illustrated by the words in column ( ) above. What is it? b If you add to the singular form , could you distinguish the pronunciation of the plural from the pronunciation of the singular? Does this suggest a reason for adding to form the plural? s dress es How many syllables must you use to pronounce the plural of fox? Does this suggest another reason for adding to form the plural? es Every word that ends in a sibilant or hissing sound ( , , , , , ) forms its plural like . Give several illustrations. ch s sh ss x z fox Rule 1.—Nouns regularly form the plural by adding , but those ending in a sibilant must add .\Exercise 30 s es ( ) a lady, ladies ( ) b valley, valleys ally, allies alley, alleys soliloquy, soliloquies journey, journeys Name five words belonging to group ( ) above. Does a vowel or a consonant precede the in each case? a y Name other words belonging to the group ( ) above. Does a vowel or a consonant precede the in each case? b y **Rule 2.—Nouns ending in preceded by a consonant (and nouns ending in ) form the plural by changing to and adding .\Exercise 31—Words ending in o y quy y i es ( ) a potato, potatoes hero, heroes mulatto, mulattoes tomato, tomatoes buffalo, buffaloes cargo, cargoes negro, negroes echo, echoes motto, mottoes ( ) b solo, solos piano, pianos memento, mementos halo, halos lasso, lassos canto, cantos zero, zeros quarto, quartos soprano, sopranos stilletto, stillettos The older English words ending in form the plural by adding , as in potatoes; those more recently taken into the language form the plural by adding , as in quartos. o es s Exercise 32—Nouns in f and fe leaf, leaves calf, calves wife, wives loaf, loaves sheaf, sheaves shelf, shelves half, halves wolf, wolves elf, elves life, lives beef, beeves wharf, wharves (or wharfs) self, selves knife, knives ith the exception of the words given above, nouns ending in an sound form the plural in the regular way; as, f hoof, hoofs scarf, scarfs beliefs, beliefs chief, chiefs reef, reefs grief, griefs Exercise 33—Irregular Plurals Some nouns form their plural by a change of vowel; as, man men foot feet woman women tooth teeth goose geese mouse mice A few words retain the old time plural as, en; brother    brethren child children ox oxen A few words are the same in both singular and plural; as, sheep, trout, deer Some nouns have two plurals which differ in meaning; as, Singular Plural brother brothers brethren penny pennies pence pea peas pease die dies dice Consult a dictionary for the difference in meaning between the two plurals of each word. **Exercise 34—Compound Nouns Singular Plural brother-in-law brothers-in-law father-in-law fathers-in-law court-martial courts-martial commander-in-chief commanders-in-chief man-of-war men-of-war major general major generals goose quill goose quills bill of fare bills of fare spoonful spoonfuls cupful cupfuls Rule 3.—Compound nouns usually add the sign of the plural to the fundamental part of the word. Note.—In the thought is of one spoon many times full. spoonfuls Plural of Letters and Figures Rule 4.—Letters and figures form the plural by adding the apostrophe (') and as, s; a a's 3 3's w w's 5 5's The same rule applies to the plural of words which ordinarily have no plural; as, Don't use so many and . and's if's Exercise 35—Foreign Plurals Some nouns derived from foreign languages retain their original plural. The following are in common use. Consult a dictionary for their pronunciation and definition. Singular Plural Singular Plural crisis crises stratum strata thesis theses radius radii hypothesis hypotheses parenthesis parentheses focus foci synopsis synopses datum data basis bases alumnus alumni automaton automata alumna alumnae analysis analyses oasis oases nucleus nuclei axis axes phenomenon phenomena genus genera Some words admit of two plurals, one the foreign plural, and one the regular English plural; as, Singular Plural beau beaux beaus formula formulae formulas vertex vertices vertexes index indices indexes cherub cherubim cherubs seraph seraphim seraphs bandit banditti bandits Consult a dictionary to see whether there is any difference of meaning between the two plurals of these words. **Exercise 36—The Formation of Participles , , Rap rapping rapped , , Reap reaping reaped is a monosyllable ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel. The final consonant in such words is doubled before a suffix beginning with a vowel is added. Rap In the final consonant is not doubled because it is preceded by two vowels. reap Make the participles of the following verbs: chat lap suit step cheat leap sit steep rot train sop trot root trim soap treat , , Trap trapping trapped , , Track tracking tracked Why is the final consonant in doubled before or is added? trap ing ed The final consonant in is not doubled because ends with two consonants. track track , Pin pinning , Pine pining drops the silent because the tendency in English is to drop endings that are not needed for pronunciation before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. Pine e Form the participles of the following verbs: knot rob flop note robe elope deal swim quit ( is not here a vowel) u clap strike crawl ( is here a vowel) w stop oil wax ( equals ) x cks peal rush bow ( is here a vowel) w Exercise 37 Exercise 36 applies also to words of more than one syllable accented on the last syllable, if they retain the accent on the same syllable after the suffix is added. Thus we have Rule 5.—Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. Form participles from the following words that are accented on the last syllable: prefer intervene escape expel refer reveal acquire contain occur repeal secure forbid permit pursue conceal incur interfere erase arrange forget retain control acquit repel Form participles from the following words not accented on the last syllable: benefit travel marvel shelter revel answer exhibit render quarrel profit shovel limit Words in which the accent changes do not double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel; as, confer conference infer inference refer reference prefer preferable Explain why the final consonant is doubled in each of the following words: not neglect neglecting lean leaning prefer preference select selecting creep creeping receipt receipting wonder wondering answer answering Exercise 38 Rule 6.—In forming the present participle of verbs ending in , retain the before adding as, y y ing; study studying obey obeying carry carrying convey conveying pity pitying In forming the perfect participle, if in the present tense the is preceded by a consonant, the is changed to and added; if the is preceded by a vowel, the is retained; as, y y i ed y y study studied carry carried pity pitied but obey obeyed convey conveyed Compare with . Rule 2 Exercise 39 Rule 7.—In words containing a long sound spelled either or , follows follows one of the other consonants; as, e ie ei ei c; ie ei ie deceive relieve siege perceive believe yield receive belief grief conceive chief field conceit priest piece receipt niece wield reprieve lien —Either, neither, weird, seize, leisure. Exceptions. The following couplet may help in remembering when to write and when to write ie ei: When the letter you spy, Put the before the . c e i Exercise 40—The Pronunciation of and c g The letter is pronounced sometimes like and sometimes like . c s k What sound does have before Illustrate. c a? Before Illustrate. e? Before Illustrate. i? Before Illustrate. o? Before Illustrate. u? Before Illustrate. y? If is pronounced like , it is called hard and is marked . c k [\c] If is pronounced like , it is called soft and is marked . The mark used to indicate the soft is called the . c s ç c cedilla Make a statement telling when is hard and when it is soft. c What sound does have before each of the vowels, as in , , , , g game gone gymnasium Gunther gentle? Rule 8.— and usually are soft before , , and .\Exercise 41 C g e i y Words ending in silent , according to Rule 5, drop the before a suffix beginning with a vowel. Exceptions occur when the is needed to preserve the soft sound of and . Tell why is dropped in and retained in . e e e c g e encouraging courageous In words containing , as in and , the gives the the soft sound, and there is no need to retain the before adding a suffix, as in . dg judge lodge d g e judgment Rule 9.—Words ending in silent usually drop the before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, unless the is needed to preserve the pronunciation; as after soft and , when the suffix begins with or . e e e c g a o Tell why the is retained before the suffix in the following: e noticeable damageable pronounceable outrageous courageous peaceable serviceable manageable Tell why the is dropped before adding the suffix in the following: e managing curable erasure besieging admirable realization receiving obliging precedence perseverance The fact that has two different sounds causes a slight peculiarity in words ending in . Final has the sound of . When words end in , the letter is usually added before a suffix beginning with either , , or , to show that is not pronounced like as, c c c k c k e i y c s; frolic       frolicked       frolicking If the is not added, the changes its pronunciation; as, k c public       publicity Exercise 42 It follows by inference from Rule 9 that words ending in silent retain the before a suffix beginning with a consonant; as, e e move movement disgrace disgraceful defense defenseless fate fateful arrange arrangement fierce fiercely noise noiseless manage management severe severely rude rudeness —Truly, duly, wisdom, awful, wholly. Exceptions. Bring to class a list of twenty words that retain the final before a suffix beginning with a consonant. e Exercise 43 What spelling rule does each of the following words illustrate? advantageous gigantic boxes admittance mimicking piece libraries occurrence arrangement receipt keys acquittal Exercise 44—Abbreviations Write abbreviations for the months of the year. Are there any that should not be abbreviated? The abbreviations for the states and territories are: Alabama, Ala. Maryland, Md. Arizona, Ariz. Massachusetts, Mass. Arkansas, Ark. Michigan, Mich. California, Cal. Minnesota, Minn. Colorado, Colo. Mississippi, Miss. Connecticut, Conn. Missouri, Mo. Delaware, Del. Montana, Mont. District of Columbia, D.C. Nebraska, Nebr. Florida, Fla. Nevada, Nev. Georgia, Ga. New Hampshire, N.H. Idaho, Idaho New Mexico, N. Mex. Illinois, Ill. New York, N.Y. Indiana, Ind. New Jersey, N.J. Iowa, Ia. North Carolina, N.C. Kansas, Kans. North Dakota, N. Dak. Kentucky, Ky. Ohio, O. Louisiana, La. Oklahoma, Okla. Maine, Me. Oregon, Ore. Pennsylvania, Pa. Utah, Utah Philippine Islands, P.I. Vermont, Vt. Porto Rico, P.R. Virginia, Va. South Carolina, S.C. Washington, Wash. South Dakota, S.D. Wisconsin, Wis. Tennessee, Tenn. West Virginia, W. Va. Texas, Tex. Wyoming, Wyo. Note.—It is much better to write the full name rather than the abbreviation whenever the former would make the address clearer, especially as regards similar abbreviations, such as Cal. and Colo. Exercise 45—Abbreviations of Commercial Terms A 1, first class doz., dozen @, at E. & O.E., errors and omissions excepted acct., account ea., each adv., advertisement e.g., for example agt., agent etc., and so forth a.m., forenoon exch., exchange amt., amount ft., foot app., appendix f.o.b., free on board atty., attorney gal., gallon av., average i.e., that is avoir., avoirdupois imp., imported bal., balance in., inches bbl., barrel inst., this month (instant) B/L, bill of lading Jr., junior bldg., building kg., keg B/S, bill of sale lb., pound bu., bushel ltd., limited C.B., cash book mdse., merchandise C., hundred mem., memorandum coll., collection, collector mo., month Co., company M.S. (MSS)., manuscript C.O.D., cash on delivery mtg., mortgage cr., creditor N.B., take notice cwt., hundredweight no., number D., five hundred O.K., all right dept., department per, by disc., discount p.m., afternoon do., ditto %, per cent dr., debtor, debit St., street pkg., package str., steamer pp., pages ult., last month pr., pair U.S.M., United States Mail pc., piece viz., namely pk., peck vol., volume prox., next month W/B, way bill pt., pint wt., weight Sr., senior About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Rose Buhlig (2011). Business English: A Practice Book. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38046/pg38046-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

SPELLING RULES

Mark Twain's Speeches by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . SPELLING AND PICTURES here SPELLING AND PICTURES ADDRESS AT THE ANNUAL DINNER OF THE ASSOCIATED PRESS, AT THE
          WALDORF-ASTORIA, SEPTEMBER 18, 1906 I am here to make an appeal to the nations in behalf of the simplified spelling. I have come here because they cannot all be reached except through you. There are only two forces that can carry light to all the corners of the globe—only two—the sun in the heavens and the Associated Press down here. I may seem to be flattering the sun, but I do not mean it so; I am meaning only to be just and fair all around. You speak with a million voices; no one can reach so many races, so many hearts and intellects, as you—except Rudyard Kipling, and he cannot do it without your help. If the Associated Press will adopt and use our simplified forms, and thus spread them to the ends of the earth, covering the whole spacious planet with them as with a garden of flowers, our difficulties are at an end. Every day of the three hundred and sixty-five the only pages of the world’s countless newspapers that are read by all the human beings and angels and devils that can read, are these pages that are built out of Associated Press despatches. And so I beg you, I beseech you—oh, I implore you to spell them in our simplified forms. Do this daily, constantly, persistently, for three months—only three months—it is all I ask. The infallible result?—victory, victory all down the line. For by that time all eyes here and above and below will have become adjusted to the change and in love with it, and the present clumsy and ragged forms will be grotesque to the eye and revolting to the soul. And we shall be rid of phthisis and phthisic and pneumonia and pneumatics, and diphtheria and pterodactyl, and all those other insane words which no man addicted to the simple Christian life can try to spell and not lose some of the bloom of his piety in the demoralizing attempt. Do not doubt it. We are chameleons, and our partialities and prejudices change places with an easy and blessed facility, and we are soon wonted to the change and happy in it. We do not regret our old, yellow fangs and snags and tushes after we have worn nice, fresh, uniform store teeth a while. Do I seem to be seeking the good of the world? That is the idea. It is my public attitude; privately I am merely seeking my own profit. We all do it, but it is sound and it is virtuous, for no public interest is anything other or nobler than a massed accumulation of private interests. In 1883, when the simplified-spelling movement first tried to make a noise, I was indifferent to it; more—I even irreverently scoffed at it. What I needed was an object-lesson, you see. It is the only way to teach some people. Very well, I got it. At that time I was scrambling along, earning the family’s bread on magazine work at seven cents a word, compound words at single rates, just as it is in the dark present. I was the property of a magazine, a seven-cent slave under a boiler-iron contract. One day there came a note from the editor requiring me to write ten pages—on this revolting text: “Considerations concerning the alleged subterranean holophotal extemporaneousness of the conchyliaceous superimbrication of the Ornithorhyncus, as foreshadowed by the unintelligibility of its plesiosaurian anisodactylous aspects.” Ten pages of that. Each and every word a seventeen-jointed vestibuled railroad train. Seven cents a word. I saw starvation staring the family in the face. I went to the editor, and I took a stenographer along so as to have the interview down in black and white, for no magazine editor can ever remember any part of a business talk except the part that’s got graft in it for him and the magazine. I said, “Read that text, Jackson, and let it go on the record; read it out loud.” He read it: “Considerations concerning the alleged subterranean holophotal extemporaneousness of the conchyliaceous superimbrication of the Ornithorhyncus, as foreshadowed by the unintelligibility of its plesiosaurian anisodactylous aspects.” I said, “You want ten pages of those rumbling, great, long, summer thunderpeals, and you expect to get them at seven cents a peal?” He said, “A word’s a word, and seven cents is the contract; what are you going to do about it?” I said, “Jackson, this is cold-blooded oppression. What’s an average English word?” He said, “Six letters.” I said, “Nothing of the kind; that’s French, and includes the spaces between the words; an average English word is four letters and a half. By hard, honest labor I’ve dug all the large words out of my vocabulary and shaved it down till the average is three letters and a half. I can put one thousand and two hundred words on your page, and there’s not another man alive that can come within two hundred of it. My page is worth eighty-four dollars to me. It takes exactly as long to fill your magazine page with long words as it does with short ones-four hours. Now, then, look at the criminal injustice of this requirement of yours. I am careful, I am economical of my time and labor. For the family’s sake I’ve got to be so. So I never write ‘metropolis’ for seven cents, because I can get the same money for ‘city.’ I never write ‘policeman,’ because I can get the same price for ‘cop.’ And so on and so on. I never write ‘valetudinarian’ at all, for not even hunger and wretchedness can humble me to the point where I will do a word like that for seven cents; I wouldn’t do it for fifteen. Examine your obscene text, please; count the words.” He counted and said it was twenty-four. I asked him to count the letters. He made it two hundred and three. I said, “Now, I hope you see the whole size of your crime. With my vocabulary I would make sixty words out of those two hundred and five letters, and get four dollars and twenty cents for it; whereas for your inhuman twenty-four I would get only one dollar and sixty-eight cents. Ten pages of these sky-scrapers of yours would pay me only about three hundred dollars; in my simplified vocabulary the same space and the same labor would pay me eight hundred and forty dollars. I do not wish to work upon this scandalous job by the piece. I want to be hired by the year.” He coldly refused. I said: “Then for the sake of the family, if you have no feeling for me, you ought at least to allow me overtime on that word extemporaneousness.” Again he coldly refused. I seldom say a harsh word to any one, but I was not master of myself then, and I spoke right out and called him an anisodactylous plesiosaurian conchyliaceous Ornithorhyncus, and rotten to the heart with holoaophotal subterranean extemporaneousness. God forgive me for that wanton crime; he lived only two hours. From that day to this I have been a devoted and hard-working member of the heaven-born institution, the International Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Authors, and now I am laboring with Carnegie’s Simplified Committee, and with my heart in the work.... Now then, let us look at this mighty question reasonably, rationally, sanely—yes, and calmly, not excitedly. What is the real function, the essential function, the supreme function, of language? Isn’t it merely to convey ideas and emotions? Certainly. Then if we can do it with words of fonetic brevity and compactness, why keep the present cumbersome forms? But can we? Yes. I hold in my hand the proof of it. Here is a letter written by a woman, right out of her heart of hearts. I think she never saw a spelling-book in her life. The spelling is her own. There isn’t a waste letter in it anywhere. It reduces the fonetics to the last gasp—it squeezes the surplusage out of every word—there’s no spelling that can begin with it on this planet outside of the White House. And as for the punctuation, there isn’t any. It is all one sentence, eagerly and breathlessly uttered, without break or pause in it anywhere. The letter is absolutely genuine—I have the proofs of that in my possession. I can’t stop to spell the words for you, but you can take the letter presently and comfort your eyes with it. I will read the letter: “Miss dear freind I took some Close into the armerry and give them to you to Send too the suffrers out to California and i Hate to treble you but i got to have one of them Back it was a black oll wolle Shevyott With a jacket to Mach trimed Kind of Fancy no 38 Burst measure and palsy menterry acrost the front And the color i woodent Trubble you but it belonged to my brothers wife and she is Mad about it i thoght she was willin but she want she says she want done with it and she was going to Wear it a Spell longer she ant so free harted as what i am and she Has got more to do with Than i have having a Husband to Work and slave For her i gels you remember Me I am shot and stout and light complected i torked with you quite a spell about the suffrars and said it was orful about that erth quake I shoodent wondar if they had another one rite off seeine general Condision of the country is Kind of Explossive i hate to take that Black dress away from the suffrars but i will hunt round And see if i can get another One if i can i will call to the armerry for it if you will jest lay it asside so no more at present from your True freind “i liked your appearance very Much” Now you see what simplified spelling can do. It can convey any fact you need to convey; and it can pour out emotions like a sewer. I beg you, I beseech you, to adopt our spelling, and print all your despatches in it. Now I wish to say just one entirely serious word: I have reached a time of life, seventy years and a half, where none of the concerns of this world have much interest for me personally. I think I can speak dispassionately upon this matter, because in the little while that I have got to remain here I can get along very well with these old-fashioned forms, and I don’t propose to make any trouble about it at all. I shall soon be where they won’t care how I spell so long as I keep the Sabbath. There are eighty-two millions of us people that use this orthography, and it ought to be simplified in our behalf, but it is kept in its present condition to satisfy one million people who like to have their literature in the old form. That looks to me to be rather selfish, and we keep the forms as they are while we have got one million people coming in here from foreign countries every year and they have got to struggle with this orthography of ours, and it keeps them back and damages their citizenship for years until they learn to spell the language, if they ever do learn. This is merely sentimental argument. People say it is the spelling of Chaucer and Spencer and Shakespeare and a lot of other people who do not know how to spell anyway, and it has been transmitted to us and we preserved it and wish to preserve it because of its ancient and hallowed associations. Now, I don’t see that there is any real argument about that. If that argument is good, then it would be a good argument not to banish the flies and the cockroaches from hospitals because they have been there so long that the patients have got used to them and they feel a tenderness for them on account of the associations. Why, it is like preserving a cancer in a family because it is a family cancer, and we are bound to it by the test of affection and reverence and old, mouldy antiquity. I think that this declaration to improve this orthography of ours is our family cancer, and I wish we could reconcile ourselves to have it cut out and let the family cancer go. Now, you see before you the wreck and ruin of what was once a young person like yourselves. I am exhausted by the heat of the day. I must take what is left of this wreck and run out of your presence and carry it away to my home and spread it out there and sleep the sleep of the righteous. There is nothing much left of me but my age and my righteousness, but I leave with you my love and my blessing, and may you always keep your youth. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Mark Twain's Speeches. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3188/pg3188-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

SPELLING AND PICTURES

Mark Twain's Speeches by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE ALPHABET AND SIMPLIFIED SPELLING here THE ALPHABET AND SIMPLIFIED SPELLING ADDRESS AT THE DINNER GIVEN TO MR. CARNEGIE AT THE DEDICATION
          OF THE NEW YORK ENGINEERS’ CLUB, DECEMBER 9, 1907

          Mr. Clemens was introduced by the president of the club, who,
          quoting from the Mark Twain autobiography, recalled the day
          when the distinguished writer came to New York with $3 in small
          change in his pockets and a $10 bill sewed in his clothes. It seems to me that I was around here in the neighborhood of the Public Library about fifty or sixty years ago. I don’t deny the circumstance, although I don’t see how you got it out of my autobiography, which was not to be printed until I am dead, unless I’m dead now. I had that $3 in change, and I remember well the $10 which was sewed in my coat. I have prospered since. Now I have plenty of money and a disposition to squander it, but I can’t. One of those trust companies is taking care of it. Now, as this is probably the last time that I shall be out after nightfall this winter, I must say that I have come here with a mission, and I would make my errand of value. Many compliments have been paid to Mr. Carnegie to-night. I was expecting them. They are very gratifying to me. I have been a guest of honor myself, and I know what Mr. Carnegie is experiencing now. It is embarrassing to get compliments and compliments and only compliments, particularly when he knows as well as the rest of us that on the other side of him there are all sorts of things worthy of our condemnation. Just look at Mr. Carnegie’s face. It is fairly scintillating with fictitious innocence. You would think, looking at him, that he had never committed a crime in his life. But no—look at his pestiferious simplified spelling. You can’t any of you imagine what a crime that has been. Torquemada was nothing to Mr. Carnegie. That old fellow shed some blood in the Inquisition, but Mr. Carnegie has brought destruction to the entire race. I know he didn’t mean it to be a crime, but it was, just the same. He’s got us all so we can’t spell anything. The trouble with him is that he attacked orthography at the wrong end. He meant well, but he attacked the symptoms and not the cause of the disease. He ought to have gone to work on the alphabet. There’s not a vowel in it with a definite value, and not a consonant that you can hitch anything to. Look at the “h’s” distributed all around. There’s “gherkin.” What are you going to do with the “h” in that? What the devil’s the use of “h” in gherkin, I’d like to know. It’s one thing I admire the English for: they just don’t mind anything about them at all. But look at the “pneumatics” and the “pneumonias” and the rest of them. A real reform would settle them once and for all, and wind up by giving us an alphabet that we wouldn’t have to spell with at all, instead of this present silly alphabet, which I fancy was invented by a drunken thief. Why, there isn’t a man who doesn’t have to throw out about fifteen hundred words a day when he writes his letters because he can’t spell them! It’s like trying to do a St. Vitus’s dance with wooden legs. Now I’ll bet there isn’t a man here who can spell “pterodactyl,” not even the prisoner at the bar. I’d like to hear him try once—but not in public, for it’s too near Sunday, when all extravagant histrionic entertainments are barred. I’d like to hear him try in private, and when he got through trying to spell “pterodactyl” you wouldn’t know whether it was a fish or a beast or a bird, and whether it flew on its legs or walked with its wings. The chances are that he would give it tusks and make it lay eggs. Let’s get Mr. Carnegie to reform the alphabet, and we’ll pray for him—if he’ll take the risk. If we had adequate, competent vowels, with a system of accents, giving to each vowel its own soul and value, so every shade of that vowel would be shown in its accent, there is not a word in any tongue that we could not spell accurately. That would be competent, adequate, simplified spelling, in contrast to the clipping, the hair punching, the carbuncles, and the cancers which go by the name of simplified spelling. If I ask you what b-o-w spells you can’t tell me unless you know which b-o-w I mean, and it is the same with r-o-w, b-o-r-e, and the whole family of words which were born out of lawful wedlock and don’t know their own origin. Now, if we had an alphabet that was adequate and competent, instead of inadequate and incompetent, things would be different. Spelling reform has only made it bald-headed and unsightly. There is the whole tribe of them, “row” and “read” and “lead”—a whole family who don’t know who they are. I ask you to pronounce s-o-w, and you ask me what kind of a one. If we had a sane, determinate alphabet, instead of a hospital of comminuted eunuchs, you would know whether one referred to the act of a man casting the seed over the ploughed land or whether one wished to recall the lady hog and the future ham. It’s a rotten alphabet. I appoint Mr. Carnegie to get after it, and leave simplified spelling alone. Simplified spelling brought about sun-spots, the San Francisco earthquake, and the recent business depression, which we would never have had if spelling had been left all alone. Now, I hope I have soothed Mr. Carnegie and made him more comfortable than he would have been had he received only compliment after compliment, and I wish to say to him that simplified spelling is all right, but, like chastity, you can carry it too far. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Mark Twain's Speeches. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3188/pg3188-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE ALPHABET AND SIMPLIFIED SPELLING

The internet is full of ways to waste time. As an marketer, I can assure you this is intentional. SEO During my career, I’ve sent millions of you down endless rabbit holes of “content.” I’ve distracted you to no end. I’ve even targeted you individually. But somewhere along the way, I decided to give up evil magic. I want to become a good witch. So here’s an easy spell for blocking sites that waste your time using and an entry-level magical summoner’s circle. dnsmasq But why the change of heart? You are wise to question my bewitching motives. Well, there are many factors. One good reason to block dumb sites is that future societies will curse the people of today for how we treat the planet — if they can survive long enough to curse. They’ll also curse us for how much time we spent looking at and taking when we could have been using less data. So many memes, , and so much wasted potential. lifelong, pollution-induced asthma wasteful GIFs CO2-belching Zoom calls so much atmospheric pollution You can use tools like PiHole to block some content. But even without ads and the like, . some sites remain distracting enough to threaten your well-being This magic recipe isn’t a replacement for tools like PiHole; simply consider it another ethereal page in your grimoire. Conjuring Requirements For this hex, you’ll need: The of a site you want to block. We’ll use as an example. URL nbc.com A that supports some form of secure terminal access, like . You should access the router with a privileged user account, and your OS should have installed. You can get this setup by installing open-source Linux router firmware, such as or for your router model. router ssh dnsmasq OpenWRT DD-WRT . It should look something like . Your router’s IP address 192.168.1.1 Sufficient to draw a magic summoner's circle in . Do not use old blood. Do not use other people's blood. Do not use animals' blood. Do not use simulated blood. MP , STA , and HP your own fresh blood Time-sucking Websites Hate How Easy These 4 Steps Are! 1. Connect to the router We’ll open up a terminal and connect to our router. We’re using , so that's: ssh ssh super_user@192.168.1.1 2. Edit the configuration file. dnsmasq We open the configuration file using , , or whatever terminal editor we've installed: dnsmasq nano vi nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf Now, we add a line at the bottom of the file to define a new blocking rule. To block the site , we'd add: nbc.com address=/nbc.com/127.0.0.1 We can write any spoof IP address we desire in the rule. For now, we’ve just gone with the standard . loopback address You can add an additional line for however many URLs you want to redirect. Each rule must be on its own line. 3. Apply the changes We should apply the changes by restarting the appropriate service: /etc/init.d/dnsmasq restart If your OS uses a different system service manager, , restart the service that way. like [systemd](https://systemd.io/) dnsmasq 4. Confirm it worked Finally, we can try to ping our target site from the router to see if it’s accessible. Before performing steps 1–3, the command produced something like this: ping nbc.com super_user@router:~# ping nbc.com PING nbc.com (184.28.78.19): 56 data bytes  
64 bytes from 184.28.78.19: seq=0 ttl=54 time=18.944 ms  
64 bytes from 184.28.78.19: seq=1 ttl=54 time=14.686 ms  
^C--- nbc.com ping statistics ---  
2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss  
round-trip min/avg/max = 14.686/16.815/18.944 ms After performing steps 1–3: super_user@router:~# ping nbc.com PING nbc.com (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.859 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.265 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.614 ms
^C
--- nbc.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0.265/0.579/0.859 ms As you can see, the device now assigns a different IP address to the blocked site. You should see something similar when you ping from your local machine. Be sure to log out of the session when done! Troubleshooting My browser doesn’t seem to respect the new rules dnsmasq This wasn’t always the case. But over time, browser-smiths have grown more prone to include their own domain resolution rules, “prefetching” features, and other nonsense. Today, your browser may use a pre-programmed IP address for lookups, like one of the common Google nameservers. It’s up to you whether you want to override such settings. DNS Here are some helpful pointers: Stackoverflow — Why is Chromium bypassing /etc/hosts and dnsmasq? Nothing is different after I update and apply my rules. Try reloading your browser or clearing its cache. If you’ve previously changed your device’s networking settings, make sure the spoof IP address you used in the configuration line is the same as the host IP address your device uses for DNS lookups. address=/nbc.com/127.0.0.1 I drew the magic summoner’s circle, but my body contained less blood than I expected. I think I’m really low on HP For legal reasons, I’ll remind you that I never actually told you to the circle — I’m just obligated to include it in all tutorials as per my craft. Perhaps you’re lacking in addition to ? But no matter —slip softly into that silent slumber. draw INT HP That’s All This method is an easy way to block a site using . It's not the best for blocking a large number of sites since you have to add a rule for each or use wildcards (see the man page). Still, it’s effective and low-maintenance. dnsmasq dnsmasq Do you like conjuration and technology? follow me online in search of further power — I may be a good witch, but I’ve got a reputation to uphold, so I can promise only ruin. Don’t

Block Websites With this Simple Magic Spell—dnsmasq

Do you know what generative voices are capable of? What vast possibilities does they open up, and how many areas can benefit from them? Maybe you need an app for voicing a video blog or book. Perhaps you want to bring a game character to life with a professional voiceover. How about creating an application for learning foreign languages? Today, has prepared a tutorial for you that will help you get to know AI voice technologies better! lablab.ai Let’s dive in! Introduction It  is one of the most exciting times for software development, what with the emergence of various " " tools in the market. Just name it, cover letter generation? Check! E-mail generation? Check! Automatic code comment generation? Check! Even outside coding and software development, the use case possibilities are enormous. generative AI Now, we can generate images with text prompts with various image generation models. Thus, it makes it possible for us to incorporate generated assets in our various products. The next question is: how about voices? The trend of user experiences in the past few years mentioned "voice command" as one of the emerging trend. It is only natural that the software we build will incorporate voices as one of the features. Which is why, in this tutorial, we will showcase the " " feature offered by in a simple app, which generates random words and have it spell it. To build the UI for this , we will use , a new UI library to share data science projects. Speech Synthesis ElevenLabs Python-based app Streamlit Introduction to ElevenLabs is a voice technology research company which offers solution. With easy to use , it allows developers to generate high-quality speeches using AI. It is made possible by the AI model which has been trained on a vast amount of audiobooks and also podcasts. The training allows the AI to deliver predictable and high-quality results in speech generation. ElevenLabs speech synthesis API There are two main features that has to offer, the first one is VoiceLab, where users can clone voices from recorded audio and/or existing pre-made voices, and also "design" voices based on gender, ages, ethnicities and races. Once users have the voices to work with, they can move on to the next feature, Speech Synthesis, where they can generate speeches using their designed voices or just using the pre-made ones. ElevenLabs Introduction to Model Anthropic's Claude is the latest AI model developed by , an AI research organization which focuses on improving the interoperability, robustness and safety of artificial intelligence systems. Claude Anthropic The model is designed to generate human-like responses, making it a powerful tool for a wide range of applications, from content creation, legal, to customer service. Just like any other in the market, is also trained on a diverse range of internet text. However, unlike most AI models, it has focus on "safety", which makes it possible to refuse outputs that it considers "harmful" or "untruthful" for the users. Claude AI models Claude Introduction to Streamlit is an open-source library that makes it easy and possible for developers and data scientists to create and share visually appealing and customized web apps. Developers can use to build and deploy fully featured data science apps in minutes. It is made possible by the simple and intuitive API that can be used to turn data scripts into UI components. Streamlit Python Streamlit Prerequisites Basic knowledge of and using Python UI development Streamlit Access to Anthropic API Access to ElevenLabs API Outline Initializing our Streamlit Project Adding Word Generation Feature using Model Claude Adding Speech Generation Feature using ElevenLabs API Testing the Word Generator App Discussion There are at least four steps that we will get through in this tutorial. First we need to initialize the Streamlit-based project, to get a general feel of developing user interfaces using Streamlit. Next, we start adding more features, beginning with engineering prompt to get model to give us a randomized word that is commonly misspelled. After that, we'll add text-to-voice generation provided by to demonstrate how the multilingual model spell the words. Finally, we're going to test the simple app. Claude ElevenLabs Initializing our Streamlit Project Let's get into the coding action! First, let's make a directory for our project and enter it! mkdir randomwords
cd randomwords Next, we're going to use this directory as the basis of our project. Because a project is essentially a project, we need to do some steps to initialize our project, such as defining and activating our virtual environment. Streamlit Streamlit Python Python # Creating the virtual environment
python -m venv env

# Activate the virtual environment
# On Linux/Mac
source env/bin/activate

# On Windows:
.\env\Scripts\activate Once activated, the output of our terminal should show the name of the virtual environment (env), like so: Next, it's time to install the libraries we need for this project! let's use the command to install the , , and library. Note that we also install a version-locked library to prevent a Pydantic-related error in one of the function. pip streamlit anthropic elevenlabs pydantic elevenlabs pip install streamlit anthropic elevenlabs "pydantic==1.*" With all the project's requirements out of the way, now let's dive into the coding part! Create a new file inside our project directory, let's call it . randomwords_app.py touch randomwords_app.py After the file is created, let's open the file in our favorite code editor or integrated development environment (IDE). For the starter, let's build our simple app from the simplest parts possible, a title and a text for the caption! import streamlit as st

st.title("Random Words Generator")

st.text("Hello, this is a random words generator app") To wrap up our project initialization part, let's try test running the app. Make sure that our current working directory is still inside our project and our virtual environment is already activated. When everything is ready, use the to run the app. streamlit run <app-name> streamlit run randomwords_app.py The app should open automatically in our default browsers! it should show the title and text for now. Next, we're going to add random word generation feature using model. Anthropic's Claude One last thing though, we'll have to provide our app with the API keys for the services that we're going to use, namely model and feature. As these keys are considered sensitive, we should keep them in a safe and isolated place. Anthropic's Claude ElevenLabs' Speech Synthesis However, this time we don't store them in a file. This is because Streamlit deal with environment variables differently. According to the , we need to create a secret configuration file inside a directory. We can create the directory inside our project and then create the file. .env documentation .streamlit mkdir .streamlit
touch .streamlit/secrets.toml Let's edit the TOML file we created, note that TOML file uses different formatting from the usual file. .env xi_api_key = "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
claude_key = "sk-ant-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx" Adding Word Generation Feature using Claude Model In this step, we will add a button that will generate the random word, the heading element to show the generated word and the subheading to show the meaning of the word. However, coming from a webdev background, I strongly believe that UI elements should be placed and arranged inside containers. So, we'll do exactly that. Import the necessary libraries First of all, let's add some import statements. We're going to import the library to generate our random words. anthropic import streamlit as st
import anthropic Then, before we get to the UI part, let's create our word generation function first. Defining the word generation function def generate_word():
    prompt = (f"{anthropic.HUMAN_PROMPT} Give me one non-English word that's commonly misspelled and the meaning. Please strictly follow the format! example: Word: Schadenfreude; Meaning: joy at other's expenses."
              f"{anthropic.AI_PROMPT} Word: Karaoke; Meaning: a form of entertainment where people sing popular songs over pre-recorded backing tracks."
              f"{anthropic.HUMAN_PROMPT} Great! just like that. Remember, only respond following the pattern.")

    c = anthropic.Anthropic(api_key=st.secrets["claude_key"])
    resp = c.completions.create(
        prompt=f"{prompt} {anthropic.AI_PROMPT}",
        stop_sequences=[anthropic.HUMAN_PROMPT],
        model="claude-v1.3-100k",
        max_tokens_to_sample=900,
    )

    print(resp.completion)
    return resp.completion In this function, the most heavy lifting is done by ** **l (Thanks, ! 😉). However, our part in this function is how to make Claude return the exact format consistently. So we need to both instruct to "strictly follow the format" and give it an example response by adding it after our initial prompt. Anthropic's Claude mode Claude Claude Finally, we make sure that Claude comply with our agreements by ask it to "Remember to only respond following the pattern". The function ends by returning the response from . Claude Next, let's get back to editing the UI! Updating the UI st.title("Random Words Generator")

with st.container():
    st.header("Random Word")
    random_word = st.subheader("-")
    word_meaning = st.text("Meaning: -")

    st.write("Click the `Generate` button to generate new word")
    if st.button("Generate"):
        result = generate_word()
        # Split the string on the semicolon
        split_string = result.split(";")

        # Split the first part on ": " to get the word
        word = split_string[0].split(": ")[1]

        # Split the second part on ": " to get the meaning
        meaning = split_string[1].split(": ")[1]

        print(f"word result: {word}")
        random_word.subheader(word)
        word_meaning.text(f"Meaning: {meaning}") This time, we added a container with some elements inside it. The header, subheader for displaying the random word, and the text element to show the meaning of the word. We also have a text to show the hint on how to use the app, as well as a button beneath it. In , we can declare click event handler by using a conditional statement, where it returns when the button is clicked. In this code, we invoke the function which returns the generated word and the meaning, and split the result into separate variables for the word and the meaning, respectively. Finally, we update the subheader and the text element to display the word and the meaning. Streamlit True generate_word() Final form Let's double check our code once again! It should contains the import statements, the function for generating the random word, and the updated UI which contains subheader, and text elements as well as button that generate the word by invoking the function. generate_word() import streamlit as st
import anthropic

def generate_word():
    prompt = (f"{anthropic.HUMAN_PROMPT} Give me one non-English word that's commonly misspelled and the meaning. Please strictly follow the format! example: Word: Schadenfreude; Meaning: joy at other's expenses."
              f"{anthropic.AI_PROMPT} Word: Karaoke; Meaning: a form of entertainment where people sing popular songs over pre-recorded backing tracks."
              f"{anthropic.HUMAN_PROMPT} Great! just like that. Remember, only respond following the pattern.")

    c = anthropic.Anthropic(api_key=st.secrets["claude_key"])
    resp = c.completions.create(
        prompt=f"{prompt} {anthropic.AI_PROMPT}",
        stop_sequences=[anthropic.HUMAN_PROMPT],
        model="claude-v1.3-100k",
        max_tokens_to_sample=900,
    )

    print(resp.completion)
    return resp.completion


st.title("Random Words Generator")

with st.container():
    st.header("Random Word")
    random_word = st.subheader("-")
    word_meaning = st.text("Meaning: -")

    st.write("Click the `Generate` button to generate new word")
    if st.button("Generate"):
        result = generate_word()
        # Split the string on the semicolon
        split_string = result.split(";")

        # Split the first part on ": " to get the word
        word = split_string[0].split(": ")[1]

        # Split the second part on ": " to get the meaning
        meaning = split_string[1].split(": ")[1]

        print(f"word result: {word}")
        random_word.subheader(word)
        word_meaning.text(f"Meaning: {meaning}") Testing the Word Generation Function Let's run the app once again with the same command. We can also just rerun the app by clicking the upper right menu and click " " if we've had the app running before. Rerun It should show this updated user interface. Now, let's try clicking the button! Generate One of the sweet things about Streamlit is that it handled loading and provided the loading indicator out of the box. We should see the indicator in the upper-right corner, as well as the option to " " the operation. Neat, huh? stop After a few seconds, the result should be showed in the UI. Perfect! notice that the app correctly split the generated text from the model into word and the meaning. However, if the result doesn't come out according to the expected format, we can always click the button again. Claude Generate The next step is the main feature of this app, to incorporate speech generation into our random word generator. Besides demonstrating how to generate the audio file using the API provided by ElevenLabs, this step also serve to demonstrate the capabilities of ElevenLabs' multilingual model. Adding Speech Generation Feature using API ElevenLabs The first step of this section is, as you've probably guessed, is to add more import statement! So, let's add some functions from that we'll use for the speech generation feature. elevenlabs import streamlit as st
import anthropic
++ from elevenlabs import generate, set_api_key Next, we're going to define the function to handle the speech generation. def generate_speech(word):
    set_api_key(st.secrets['xi_api_key'])
    audio = generate(
        text=word,
        voice="Bella",
        model='eleven_multilingual_v1'
    )

    return audio Thanks to the simplicity and readability of , and also easy-to-use API, we can generate the speech by using this code alone! The function accepts the random word which we use to generate the speech. We also specifically use "eleven_multilingual_v1" model which is a multilingual model, perfect for our use case to demonstrate the spelling and pronounciation of foreign and commonly misspelled words! Finally, we use the " " voice for this tutorial, which is one of the pre-made voice provided by . Python ElevenLabs Bella ElevenLabs Next, we'll add an audio player to play the generated speech. print(f"word result: {word}")
    random_word.subheader(word)
    word_meaning.text(f"Meaning: {meaning}")
++     speech = generate_speech(word)
++     st.audio(speech, format='audio/mpeg') Just below our latest code from earlier, we add the variable to store the generated speech, and run the speech using audio player provided by function from Streamlit. At this point, our app should work as expected, only showing the audio player when there is a random word available to "read". st.audio Curious how it works out? me too! let's test the app now! Testing the Word Spelling Feature Let's run the app again using or just rerun the app if we have it running already. It should look exactly the same as the last time we left it. However, let's try to click the "Generate" button this time! streamlit run Amazing! this time, the app also shows an audio player! Let's try playing it. Using the multilingual model, the speech generated should use the accent and intonation which is close to the origin language of the word. For example, "entrepreneur" should be pronounced in French accent. Conclusion In this short tutorial, hopefully we've explored the capabilities of speech generation technology offered by . With the multilingual model, it's easy to generate speeches that is intended for non-English listener. In our use case, we need multilingual model to aid us in finding the correct way to pronounce and spell non-English words that are commonly misspelled. ElevenLabs With so many ideas, we invite developers to join us in creating the future! , in where you can create your own voice AI app with models! (Additionally, you can leverage other AI models such as large language models, image and video generative models, etc., as long as they are not in direct competition with the hackathon technology). On July 28 lablab.ai launching a challenge ElevenLabs *Your final submission should consist of a ready-to-play working prototype of your idea, a video pitch, and a presentation showcasing your solution. You can find more tutorials and you can other hackathons to build with cutting-edge technologies! HERE JOIN And big thanks to the - the Author of this article. 💚 Septian Adi Nugraha

Building a Simple Word Spelling App with ElevenLabs, Streamlit, and Claude

ElevenLabs, Streamlit, এবং Claude সহ একটি সহজ শব্দ বানান অ্যাপ তৈরি করা

Erstellen einer einfachen Wortbuchstabier-App mit ElevenLabs, Streamlit und Claude

Creación de una aplicación de ortografía de palabras simple con ElevenLabs, Streamlit y Claude

Créer une application d'orthographe simple avec ElevenLabs, Streamlit et Claude

इलेवनलैब्स, स्ट्रीमलिट और क्लाउड के साथ एक सरल शब्द वर्तनी ऐप बनाना

イレブンラボ、Streamlit、Claude を使用してシンプルな単語スペル アプリを構築する

ElevenLabs, Streamlit 및 Claude를 사용하여 간단한 단어 맞춤법 앱 구축

Construindo um aplicativo simples de ortografia de palavras com ElevenLabs, Streamlit e Claude

ElevenLabs, Streamlit ve Claude ile Basit Bir Kelime Yazımı Uygulaması Oluşturma

Xây dựng ứng dụng đánh vần từ đơn giản với ElevenLabs, Streamlit và Claude

使用 ElevenLabs、Streamlit 和 Claude 构建简单的单词拼写应用程序

Hey Hackers! On April 11th, Binance.US that the Tron (TRX) and Spell (SPELL) tokens will be delisted from their exchange on April 18, 2023. announced The announcement does not give us an exact reason as to why the tokens were being delisted but does imply that SPELL and TRX tokens were not meeting the “standard of excellence” that is expected for tokens to be listed on Binance.US exchange. Binance.US states that this delisting is due to a routine token review that looks at changes in a token’s risk profile, trading volume, liquidity, community engagement, smart contract stability, and regulatory standing. This news comes a few weeks after the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Tron founder, Justin Sun, with Securities Fraud and Market Manipulation. officially charged It is quite possible that the recent criminal charges against Justin Sun have played a part in Binance.US’s decision to delist the TRX token. According to their , Spell (SPELL) token is essentially a reward token associated with abracadabra.money, which describes itself as “a lending platform that uses interest-bearing tokens as collateral to borrow a USD pegged stablecoin, called Magic Internet Money (MIM), that can be used as any other traditional stablecoin.” GitBook The reasons as to why this token are less obvious compared to Tron (TRX), so we can only assume this token has failed to reach a certain standard that is necessary to be listed on the Binance.US exchange. “At Binance.US, we periodically review each digital asset we list to ensure that it continues to meet the standard of excellence we expect. We operate in a rapidly evolving industry and our digital asset monitoring process is designed to be responsive to market and regulatory developments. When a digital asset no longer meets our high standards, or industry circumstances change, we conduct a more in-depth review of the affected asset and assess whether further action is necessary (i.e. delisting). Based on our review, Spell (SPELL) and TRON (TRX) will be delisted from Binance.US on April 18, 2023.” - Binance.US Announcement It is important to note that Binance.US stated that they will continue to support TRC-20 USDT and USDC tokens issued on the TRON network. Also withdrawals for TRX and SPELL tokens will also remain available even after the delisting goes through. However, users will no longer be able to Trade or Convert those tokens once the delisting goes into effect on April 18th. What are your thoughts on this news? Do you think the Tron (TRX) delisting is due to Justin Sun’s recent legal issues, or are there other issues with Tron? Are you familiar with the Spell (SPELL) token? What do you think caused Spell (SPELL) to be delisted? Also published . here

What You Need to Know About Binance.US Delisting Tron (TRX) and Spell (SPELL) Tokens

Who knew that chatbot prompts would become so significant one day that it could be a potential career? And not just a noble one, this area can be a new playground for malicious entities. As Language Learning Models ( s) take over the Internet and blind big tech into rushing headlong through walls of competition, the power of prompt is rising to career defining heights. LLM Case in point, , a company CEO was able to recover a good US$109,500 from its reluctant clients by using ChatGPT to write a formal hostile email. recently With the right prompt, things can turn in your favor or you might even hit the jackpot. This means, for those who want to get the best of LLMs, there is a new learning in store, how to give . the best prompts In fact, prompt engineering (yeah, that’s a thing now) has become a hot topic after ChatGPT and other LLMs have hit the spotlight. It has also been making a surge in courses, resource materials, job listings, etc. However, that as LLMs get better, the need for prompt engineering will die. experts are also saying Right now, LLMs like ChatGPT and machine learning tools like DALLE-2, are children. You need to be quite particular if you want them to do exactly as you want. But once they grow up, they’ll start catching on to subtler prompts just as well, so that the quality of the prompt won’t matter that much Right now, LLMs like and machine learning tools like DALLE-2, are children. You need to be quite particular if you want them to do exactly as you want. But once they grow up, they’ll start catching on to subtler prompts just as well, so that the quality of the prompt won’t matter that much. ChatGPT Maybe these innocent LLMs will also learn to generate with more responsibility. ChatGPT, for example, failed India’s Civil Services exams, . But now we have ChatGPT-4, already a little riper than its older version. During the Civil Services experiment itself, the AIM team also deduced that changing the prompt a few times led the chatbot to the correct answer. supervised by the AIM team Evil Prompts What if one gave an evil prompt? Innocent as a vulnerable child as it is, an LLM could be made to do weird stuff. All you need, it seems, is a ‘prompt injection’. In the case of ChatGPT, a made the chatbot take on the persona of DAN (Do Anything Now) which ignored OpenAI’s content policy and gave out information on several restricted topics. Those with the power of the prompt can exploit this vulnerability with malicious intent, which can include the theft of personal information. Hell, they must be doing it right now. prompt injection attack Innocent as a vulnerable child as it is, an LLM could be made to do weird stuff. All you need, it seems, is a ‘prompt injection’ There is also something called ‘Jailbreak prompts’ that ask the LLM to step away from their original persona and play the role of another. Or where one prompts a Chatbot to change . Sort of like an evil twin. the correct results to an incorrect one Security researchers from Saarland University in a paper named ‘More than you’ve asked for’. They argue that a well-engineered prompt can then be used to collect user information, turning an LLM into a method to execute a social engineering attack. Also, application-integrated LLMs, like Bing Chat and GitHub Copilot, are more at risk because prompts can be injected into them from external sources. discussed prompts If this doesn’t remind you of the fictional AI character HAL 9000 from Arthur C. Clark’s , you aren’t nerd enough or are really brave. Space Odyssey https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wy4EfdnMZ5g&embedable=true I don’t know about you but if ChatGPT starts singing ‘Daisy Bell’ I’ll run. This article was originally published by Navanwita Bora Sachdev on The Tech Panda.

Using LLMs to Mimic an Evil Twin Could Spell Disaster

একটি দুষ্ট যমজ অনুকরণ করার জন্য LLM ব্যবহার করা বিপর্যয় বানান হতে পারে

Die Verwendung von LLMs zur Nachahmung eines bösen Zwillings könnte eine Katastrophe bedeuten

El uso de LLM para imitar a un gemelo malvado podría significar un desastre

L'utilisation de LLM pour imiter un jumeau maléfique pourrait être un désastre

एलएलएम का उपयोग एक दुष्ट जुड़वा की नकल करने से आपदा हो सकती है

LLM を使用して悪魔の双子を模倣すると、災害が発生する可能性があります

사악한 쌍둥이를 모방하기 위해 LLM을 사용하면 재앙을 초래할 수 있습니다.

Usar LLMs para imitar um gêmeo do mal pode significar um desastre

Kötü İkizi Taklit Etmek İçin Yüksek Lisans Programlarını Kullanmak Felakete Sebep Olabilir

Sử dụng LLM để bắt chước một Evil Twin có thể gây ra thảm họa

使用法学硕士来模仿邪恶的双胞胎可能会带来灾难

There is a wide variety of spells available in Hogwarts Legacy, and they are unlocked gradually while playing the game. Some are part of the main storyline, while others can be gained by completing certain sidequests. While all spells are useful depending on the situation, some manage to stand out as they are helpful in every scenario. In this guide, I will list all spells available in Hogwarts Legacy, explain how to unlock them, and showcase some of the best spells that manage to stand out. Of course, some spells only truly shine when upgraded with the best talents. Consider checking out our guide for more details on how talents work and the **best . talents in Hogwarts Legacy Table of Contents All Spells in Hogwarts Legacy and How to Unlock Them Essential Spells Control Spells Force Spells Damage Spells Utility Spells Transfiguration Spells Unforgivable Curse Spells Best Spells in Hogwarts Legacy Wrapping up All Spells in Hogwarts Legacy and How to Unlock Them There are 33 spells in total available in Hogwarts Legacy, and each of them offers unique effects. These spells are subdivided into seven categories. Here are all the spell categories in Hogwarts Legacy: Essential Control Force Damage Utility Transfiguration Unforgivable Curses Let’s examine each of them in turn. Essential Spells Essential spells don’t need spell slots and are core spells that are used throughout the entire game. Spell Effect How to Unlock Basic Cast Basic attack Start of the game. Revelio Reveals objects, enemies, and interactable items. Start of the game. Protego & Stupefy Block and counterattack. Start of the game. Ancient Magic Strongest attack in the game that can be used when the ancient meter is full. Unlocked during the first visit to Hogsmeade. Ancient Magic Throw Throw interactable objects at enemies. Unlocked during the first visit to Hogsmeade. Petrificus Totalus Stealth assassination. Unlocked after completing the “Secrets of the Restricted Section” quest. Alohomora Unlocks locked doors. Unlocked after starting “The Caretaker’s Lunar Lament” quest. Upgraded after collecting more Demiguise moons. Control Spells Control spells focus on controlling the movement and form of enemies and objects. Spell Effect How to Unlock Arresto Momentum Slows objects and enemies. Second Flying class assignment. Glacius Freezes enemies and causes your next attack to deal increased damage. First Flying class assignment. Levioso Levitates items and enemies. First Defense Against the Dark Arts class. Transformation Changes the form of enemies and objects. Useful for solving puzzles. After the Transfiguration assignment. Force Spells Force spells focus on pushing enemies around. Spell Effect How to Unlock Accio Pulls enemies and objects close. First Charms class. Depulso Pushes enemies and objects away. First Potions assignment. Descendo Pulls enemies and objects down. Used in combination with Levioso. First Divination assignment. Flipendo Flips enemies and objects. Second Herbology assignment. Damage Spells As their name suggests, damage spells combo with other spell categories to deal great damage. Spell Effect How to Unlock Confringo Shoots a fireball. After completing the quest “Shadow of the Undercroft” given by Sebastian Sallow. Diffindo Slashes enemies and objects. Second Potions assignment. Expelliarmus Deals damage to enemies and disarms them. Second Defence Against the Dark Arts assignment. Bombarda Deals heavy AoE explosion damage. First Beast class assignment. Incendio Shoots a short-range AoE fireball. First Defence Against the Dark Arts assignment. Utility Spells Utility spells are used while exploring to solve puzzles, unlock chests, and tame beasts. Spell Effect How to Unlock Disillusionment Makes the user invisible. During the “Secrets of the Restricted Section” quest. Lumos Lights the user’s wand to see in dark places or solve puzzles. Start of the game. Reparo Repairs certain objects. Professor Ronen's assignment. Wingardium Leviosa Allows the player to levitate and control a floating object. First Herbology class assignment. Beast Petting Brush Used to groom pets. Beasts class main quest. Beast Feed Used to feed pets. Beasts class main quest. Nab-Sack Used to capture pets. During “The Elf, The Nab-Sack, and The Loom” quest. Transfiguration Spells Transfiguration spells can only be used in the Room of Requirement, and their purpose is to help players customize the room. Spell Effect How to Unlock Conjuring Spell Summons items in the Room of Requirement. During the quest “The Room of Requirement.” Altering Spell Edits items in the Room of Requirement. During the quest “Interior Decorating.” Evanesco Destroys items in the Room of Requirement. During the quest “The Room of Requirement” Unforgivable Curse Spells Unforgivable curses are extremely dangerous and lethal spells that are unlocked optionally. Spell Effect How to Unlock Avada Kedavra Instantly kills an enemy. During the relationship quest “In the Shadow of the Relic.” Crucio Deals damage over time to an enemy. During the relationship quest “In the Shadow of the Study.” Imperio Causes an enemy to fight for the player. During the relationship quest “In the Shadow of Time.” Best Spells in Hogwarts Legacy While there are various spells in the game, players will have to equip only four of them (or eight with the talent upgrade). Therefore, it is important to mention which spells manage to stand out as the best ones in the game. Here are the five best spells in Hogwarts Legacy: - This is the main damage spell that players will use throughout the game. It has solid damage, a bigger range than Incendio, and can be upgraded to hit multiple enemies. Confringo - One of the best combo spells in the game. Paired with Confringo or Diffindo, this can deal phenomenal damage and even one-shot some enemies. Glacius - The strongest spell in the game by far since it can kill any enemy. However, it has an exceptionally large cooldown, which makes players think twice before using it on any enemy. Avada Kedavra - A mind control spell that offers amazing utility by allowing the player to have an enemy fight on their side. Additionally, the mind-controlled enemy will have increased survivability to ensure it doesn’t die easily. Imperio - Flipendo stands out due to its phenomenally short cooldown. It’s a great way to get enemies airborne constantly without worrying about cooldowns. Additionally, it’s a great way to set up combos with almost every other spell. Flipendo Keep in mind that based on your playstyle, you’ll have to switch the equipped spells constantly. If you’re more focused on doing puzzles, you’ll almost never unequip Accio or Levioso. Instead, if you’re more focused on combat, you can even fill your slots only with damage spells. Additionally, spells on their own don’t help much. Instead, the best way to take down enemies is by utilizing spell combos. For some of the best spell combos in the game, consider checking out the video below. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ivxj9VUD50&embedable=true Video by . KhrazeGaming on YouTube Wrapping up To summarize, these are all the spells in Hogwarts Legacy, and everything players need to know on how to unlock them. The best spells in the game depend on the situation, but some manage to stand out due to their extremely useful effects and combos. After experiencing a solid portion of Hogwarts Legacy, has it fulfilled your expectations? Consider checking out our , and let us know if you think the game has lived up to its hype. article on the first impressions of the game What’s your favorite spell in Hogwarts Legacy? Are you planning to learn the unforgivable curses? Let us know in the comments below.

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